1
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Sionov RV, Ahdut-HaCohen R. A Supportive Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Insulin-Producing Langerhans Islets with a Specific Emphasis on The Secretome. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2558. [PMID: 37761001 PMCID: PMC10527322 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by a gradual destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the endocrine pancreas due to innate and specific immune responses, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. T1D patients usually require regular insulin injections after meals to maintain normal serum glucose levels. In severe cases, pancreas or Langerhans islet transplantation can assist in reaching a sufficient β-mass to normalize glucose homeostasis. The latter procedure is limited because of low donor availability, high islet loss, and immune rejection. There is still a need to develop new technologies to improve islet survival and implantation and to keep the islets functional. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent non-hematopoietic progenitor cells with high plasticity that can support human pancreatic islet function both in vitro and in vivo and islet co-transplantation with MSCs is more effective than islet transplantation alone in attenuating diabetes progression. The beneficial effect of MSCs on islet function is due to a combined effect on angiogenesis, suppression of immune responses, and secretion of growth factors essential for islet survival and function. In this review, various aspects of MSCs related to islet function and diabetes are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Vogt Sionov
- The Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research (IBOR), Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Ronit Ahdut-HaCohen
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel;
- Department of Science, The David Yellin Academic College of Education, Jerusalem 9103501, Israel
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2
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Sani F, Sani M, Moayedfard Z, Darayee M, Tayebi L, Azarpira N. Potential advantages of genetically modified mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of acute and chronic liver diseases. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:138. [PMID: 37226279 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver damage caused by toxicity can lead to various severe conditions, such as acute liver failure (ALF), fibrogenesis, and cirrhosis. Among these, liver cirrhosis (LC) is recognized as the leading cause of liver-related deaths globally. Unfortunately, patients with progressive cirrhosis are often on a waiting list, with limited donor organs, postoperative complications, immune system side effects, and high financial costs being some of the factors restricting transplantation. Although the liver has some capacity for self-renewal due to the presence of stem cells, it is usually insufficient to prevent the progression of LC and ALF. One potential therapeutic approach to improving liver function is the transplantation of gene-engineered stem cells. Several types of mesenchymal stem cells from various sources have been suggested for stem cell therapy for liver disease. Genetic engineering is an effective strategy that enhances the regenerative potential of stem cells by releasing growth factors and cytokines. In this review, we primarily focus on the genetic engineering of stem cells to improve their ability to treat damaged liver function. We also recommend further research into accurate treatment methods that involve safe gene modification and long-term follow-up of patients to increase the effectiveness and reliability of these therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Sani
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Sani
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Moayedfard
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Darayee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Khalili Street, P.O. Box: 7193711351, Shiraz, Iran.
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3
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Melamed JR, Yerneni SS, Arral ML, LoPresti ST, Chaudhary N, Sehrawat A, Muramatsu H, Alameh MG, Pardi N, Weissman D, Gittes GK, Whitehead KA. Ionizable lipid nanoparticles deliver mRNA to pancreatic β cells via macrophage-mediated gene transfer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade1444. [PMID: 36706177 PMCID: PMC9882987 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Systemic messenger RNA (mRNA) delivery to organs outside the liver, spleen, and lungs remains challenging. To overcome this issue, we hypothesized that altering nanoparticle chemistry and administration routes may enable mRNA-induced protein expression outside of the reticuloendothelial system. Here, we describe a strategy for delivering mRNA potently and specifically to the pancreas using lipid nanoparticles. Our results show that delivering lipid nanoparticles containing cationic helper lipids by intraperitoneal administration produces robust and specific protein expression in the pancreas. Most resultant protein expression occurred within insulin-producing β cells. Last, we found that pancreatic mRNA delivery was dependent on horizontal gene transfer by peritoneal macrophage exosome secretion, an underappreciated mechanism that influences the delivery of mRNA lipid nanoparticles. We anticipate that this strategy will enable gene therapies for intractable pancreatic diseases such as diabetes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilian R. Melamed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Mariah L. Arral
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Samuel T. LoPresti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Namit Chaudhary
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Anuradha Sehrawat
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - George K. Gittes
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Kathryn A. Whitehead
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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4
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Palestino-Domínguez M, Escobedo-Calvario A, Salas-Silva S, Vergara-Mendoza M, Souza-Arroyo V, Lazzarini R, Miranda-Labra R, Bucio-Ortiz L, Gutiérrez-Ruiz MC, Gomez-Quiroz LE. Erk1/2 signaling mediates the HGF-induced protection against ethanol and acetaldehyde-induced toxicity in the pancreatic RINm5F cell line. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23302. [PMID: 36636782 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-induced pancreas damage remains as one of the main risk factors for pancreatitis development. This disorder is poorly understood, particularly the effect of acetaldehyde, the primary alcohol metabolite, in the endocrine pancreas. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a protective protein in many tissues, displaying antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and proliferative responses. In the present work, we were focused on characterizing the response induced by HGF and its protective mechanism in the RINm5F pancreatic cell line treated with ethanol and acetaldehyde. RINm5F cells were treated with ethanol or acetaldehyde for 12 h in the presence or not of HGF (50 ng/ml). Cells under HGF treatment decreased the content of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation induced by both toxics, improving cell viability. This effect was correlated to an improvement in insulin expression impaired by ethanol and acetaldehyde. Using a specific inhibitor of Erk1/2 abrogated the effects elicited by the growth factor. In conclusion, the work provides mechanistic evidence of the HGF-induced-protective response to the alcohol-induced damage in the main cellular component of the endocrine pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayrel Palestino-Domínguez
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.,Area de Medicina Experimental y Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Escobedo-Calvario
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.,Area de Medicina Experimental y Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Soraya Salas-Silva
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.,Area de Medicina Experimental y Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Moises Vergara-Mendoza
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.,Area de Medicina Experimental y Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Veronica Souza-Arroyo
- Area de Medicina Experimental y Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental, Unidad de Medicina Traslacional, IIB, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roberto Lazzarini
- Departamento de Biología de la Repducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roxana Miranda-Labra
- Area de Medicina Experimental y Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental, Unidad de Medicina Traslacional, IIB, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leticia Bucio-Ortiz
- Area de Medicina Experimental y Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental, Unidad de Medicina Traslacional, IIB, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Concepción Gutiérrez-Ruiz
- Area de Medicina Experimental y Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental, Unidad de Medicina Traslacional, IIB, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis E Gomez-Quiroz
- Area de Medicina Experimental y Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental, Unidad de Medicina Traslacional, IIB, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
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5
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Sargsyan A, Doridot L, Hannou SA, Tong W, Srinivasan H, Ivison R, Monn R, Kou HH, Haldeman JM, Arlotto M, White PJ, Grimsrud PA, Astapova I, Tsai LT, Herman MA. HGFAC is a ChREBP-regulated hepatokine that enhances glucose and lipid homeostasis. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e153740. [PMID: 36413406 PMCID: PMC9870088 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) is a carbohydrate-sensing transcription factor that regulates both adaptive and maladaptive genomic responses in coordination of systemic fuel homeostasis. Genetic variants in the ChREBP locus associate with diverse metabolic traits in humans, including circulating lipids. To identify novel ChREBP-regulated hepatokines that contribute to its systemic metabolic effects, we integrated ChREBP ChIP-Seq analysis in mouse liver with human genetic and genomic data for lipid traits and identified hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFAC) as a promising ChREBP-regulated candidate in mice and humans. HGFAC is a protease that activates the pleiotropic hormone hepatocyte growth factor. We demonstrate that HGFAC-KO mice had phenotypes concordant with putative loss-of-function variants in human HGFAC. Moreover, in gain- and loss-of-function genetic mouse models, we demonstrate that HGFAC enhanced lipid and glucose homeostasis, which may be mediated in part through actions to activate hepatic PPARγ activity. Together, our studies show that ChREBP mediated an adaptive response to overnutrition via activation of HGFAC in the liver to preserve glucose and lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashot Sargsyan
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ludivine Doridot
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah A. Hannou
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wenxin Tong
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Harini Srinivasan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachael Ivison
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ruby Monn
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Henry H. Kou
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Haldeman
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michelle Arlotto
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Phillip J. White
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul A. Grimsrud
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Inna Astapova
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Linus T. Tsai
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark A. Herman
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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6
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Nemati M, Karbalaei N, Mokarram P, Dehghani F, Dastghaib S, Aghaei Z. Cotransplant With Pancreatic Islet Homogenate Improved Survival and Long-Term Efficacy of Islet Transplant in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2022; 20:164-172. [PMID: 35282811 DOI: 10.6002/ect.2021.0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pancreatic islet transplant is suggested as a promising treatment option in diabetes, but the number of viable and functional islets and the long-term efficacy of transplanted islets have not been satisfactory. Islet isolation leads to destruction of the extracellular matrix and loss of trophic support of islets, which reduces their survival and function. Reconstruction of islet microenvironment with biomaterials may preserve islet survival and graft efficacy. Accordingly, we investigated the effects of pancreatic islet homogenate on islet quality and graft outcomes in diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Islets were isolated from the pancreas of Sprague Dawley rats and were cultured with or without pancreatic islet homogenate. Before transplant, viability, insulin content, and insulin released from cultured islets were assessed. Islets were then transplanted into subcapsular space of diabetic rat kidney. Transplant outcomes were evaluated by plasma glucose and insulin levels, glucose tolerance tests, and stress oxidative markers. RESULTS Viability and insulin release in the pancreatic islet homogenate-treated islets were significantly higher than that in the control islets. After transplant of islets, recipient rats with pancreatic islet homogenate showed significant decreases in blood glucose and malondialdehyde levels and increases in superoxide dismutase activity and plasma insulin levels. CONCLUSIONS Islet treatment with pancreatic islet homogenate could improve islet survival and transplant function and outcomes. Oxidative stress reduction might be a secondary beneficial effect of improved quality of treated islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Nemati
- From the Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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7
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Aggarwal R, Peng Z, Zeng N, Silva J, He L, Chen J, Debebe A, Tu T, Alba M, Chen CY, Stiles EX, Hong H, Stiles BL. Chronic Exposure to Palmitic Acid Down-Regulates AKT in Beta-Cells through Activation of mTOR. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:130-145. [PMID: 34619135 PMCID: PMC8759041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
High circulating lipids occurring in obese individuals and insulin-resistant patients are considered a contributing factor to type 2 diabetes. Exposure to high lipid concentration is proposed to both protect and damage beta-cells under different circumstances. Here, by feeding mice a high-fat diet (HFD) for 2 weeks to up to 14 months, the study showed that HFD initially causes the beta-cells to expand in population, whereas long-term exposure to HFD is associated with failure of beta-cells and the inability of animals to respond to glucose challenge. To prevent the failure of beta-cells and the development of type 2 diabetes, the molecular mechanisms that underlie this biphasic response of beta-cells to lipid exposure were explored. Using palmitic acid (PA) in cultured beta-cells and islets, the study demonstrated that chronic exposure to lipids leads to reduced viability and inhibition of cell cycle progression concurrent with down-regulation of a pro-growth/survival kinase AKT, independent of glucose. This AKT down-regulation by PA is correlated with the induction of mTOR/S6K activity. Inhibiting mTOR activity with rapamycin induced Raptor and restored AKT activity, allowing beta-cells to gain proliferation capacity that was lost after HFD exposure. In summary, a novel mechanism in which lipid exposure may cause the dipole effects on beta-cell growth was elucidated, where mTOR acts as a lipid sensor. These mechanisms can be novel targets for future therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhechu Peng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ni Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joshua Silva
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lina He
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anketse Debebe
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Taojian Tu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mario Alba
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chien-Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eileen X. Stiles
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Handan Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bangyan L. Stiles
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,Address correspondence to Bangyan L. Stiles, Ph.D., Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033.
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8
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Ghezelayagh Z, Zabihi M, Kazemi Ashtiani M, Ghezelayagh Z, Lynn FC, Tahamtani Y. Recapitulating pancreatic cell-cell interactions through bioengineering approaches: the momentous role of non-epithelial cells for diabetes cell therapy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7107-7132. [PMID: 34613423 PMCID: PMC11072828 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03951-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, extensive efforts have been made to generate in-vitro pancreatic micro-tissue, for disease modeling or cell replacement approaches in pancreatic related diseases such as diabetes mellitus. To obtain these goals, a closer look at the diverse cells participating in pancreatic development is necessary. Five major non-epithelial pancreatic (pN-Epi) cell populations namely, pancreatic endothelium, mesothelium, neural crests, pericytes, and stellate cells exist in pancreas throughout its development, and they are hypothesized to be endogenous inducers of the development. In this review, we discuss different pN-Epi cells migrating to and existing within the pancreas and their diverse effects on pancreatic epithelium during organ development mediated via associated signaling pathways, soluble factors or mechanical cell-cell interactions. In-vivo and in-vitro experiments, with a focus on N-Epi cells' impact on pancreas endocrine development, have also been considered. Pluripotent stem cell technology and multicellular three-dimensional organoids as new approaches to generate pancreatic micro-tissues have also been discussed. Main challenges for reaching a detailed understanding of the role of pN-Epi cells in pancreas development in utilizing for in-vitro recapitulation have been summarized. Finally, various novel and innovative large-scale bioengineering approaches which may help to recapitulate cell-cell interactions and are crucial for generation of large-scale in-vitro multicellular pancreatic micro-tissues, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ghezelayagh
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Zabihi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi Ashtiani
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Ghezelayagh
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Francis C Lynn
- Diabetes Research Group, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery and School of Biomedical Engineering , University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yaser Tahamtani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
- Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Tsai LW, Lu YH, Dubey R, Chiou JF. Reenvisioning Traditional to Regenerative Therapeutic Advances in Managing Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:7692447. [PMID: 34805412 PMCID: PMC8601846 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7692447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports indicate the increasing prevalence of liver disorders in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. Clinically, it has also been revealed that the existence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) enhances the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), while T2DM exacerbates NAFLD to extremely severe forms of steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. This implies the coexistence and bidirectional nature of NAFLD and T2DM, which function synergistically to drive adverse consequences in clinical practice. For treatment of such comorbid state, though the existing practices such as lifestyle management, traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), and pharmaceuticals have offered somewhat relief, the debate continues about the optimal therapeutic impacts. Recent developments in the field of tissue engineering have led to a renewed interest in novel biomaterial alternatives such as stem cells. This might be attributable to their differentiation potential towards hepatic and pancreatic lineage. These cellular therapies could be further complemented by platelet-derived biomaterials, TCM formulations, or any specific drug. Based on these abovementioned approaches, we aimed to comprehensively analyze various preclinical and clinical studies from traditional to regenerative therapeutic approaches in managing concomitant NAFLD and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lung-Wen Tsai
- Department of Medicine Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Information Technology Office, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Data Science, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Rajni Dubey
- Department of Medicine Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Fong Chiou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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10
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Adipose Tissue Macrophages Modulate Obesity-Associated β Cell Adaptations through Secreted miRNA-Containing Extracellular Vesicles. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092451. [PMID: 34572101 PMCID: PMC8472266 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity induces an adaptive expansion of β cell mass and insulin secretion abnormality. Expansion of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) is a hallmark of obesity. Here, we assessed a novel role of ATMs in mediating obesity-induced β cell adaptation through the release of miRNA-containing extracellular vesicles (EVs). In both in vivo and in vitro experiments, we show that ATM EVs derived from obese mice notably suppress insulin secretion and enhance β cell proliferation. We also observed similar phenotypes from human islets after obese ATM EV treatment. Importantly, depletion of miRNAs blunts the effects of obese ATM EVs, as evidenced by minimal effects of obese DicerKO ATM EVs on β cell responses. miR-155 is a highly enriched miRNA within obese ATM EVs and miR-155 overexpressed in β cells impairs insulin secretion and enhances β cell proliferation. In contrast, knockout of miR-155 attenuates the regulation of obese ATM EVs on β cell responses. We further demonstrate that the miR-155-Mafb axis plays a critical role in controlling β cell responses. These studies show a novel mechanism by which ATM-derived EVs act as endocrine vehicles delivering miRNAs and subsequently mediating obesity-associated β cell adaptation and dysfunction.
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11
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HGF can reduce accumulation of inflammation and regulate glucose homeostasis in T2D mice. J Physiol Biochem 2021; 77:613-624. [PMID: 34363605 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-021-00828-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been studied as a protective factor for the survival of islet β cells and regulatory glucose transport and metabolism in many studies. The addition of exogenous HGF to cells or mice is the most common way to study HGF, but the persistence and stability of the administered HGF are unclear. In this experiment, wild-type C57BL6 (WT) mice and HGF-overexpressing transgenic (HGF-Tg) mice were divided into a normal diet (ND) group and an HFD group. The HGF protein level in the liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, and VAT of HGF-Tg-ND mice was upregulated compared to that of WT-ND mice, and it was also upregulated in HGF-Tg-HFD mice compared to that in WT-HFD mice. In the ND group, though the HGF-Tg-ND mice showed higher fasted blood glucose levels and larger integrated density (IOD) of glucagon-positive cells than WT-ND mice, we found that HGF-Tg-ND mice can still maintain normal glucose tolerance based on an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and an intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (IPITT). In the HFD group, the HGF-Tg-HFD mice showed insulin sensitivity in IPGTT and IPITT and had larger areas and higher IOD values of islet β cells and smaller areas and IOD values of islet α cells than the WT-HFD mice. HGF-Tg-HFD mice had lower level of serum insulin than WT-HFD mice. The HGF-Tg-HFD mice showed inhibited accumulation of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, Ly6G+ neutrophils, and F4/80+ macrophages in the blood and tissues and protected liver and kidney functions. Oil Red O-stained liver sections revealed that WT-HFD mice had larger areas and higher IOD values of Oil Red O-positive cells than HGF-Tg-HFD mice, and WT-HFD mice had higher score of NASH. PAS-stained kidney sections found WT-HFD has higher mesangial area/glomerular area × 100% than HGF-Tg-HFD mice. Comparative analyses demonstrated that HGF reduces the proportions of inflammatory cells in the blood and tissues, and protects liver and kidney tissues by regulating glucose homeostasis of type 2 diabetic mice.
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Wang P, Karakose E, Choleva L, Kumar K, DeVita RJ, Garcia-Ocaña A, Stewart AF. Human Beta Cell Regenerative Drug Therapy for Diabetes: Past Achievements and Future Challenges. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:671946. [PMID: 34335466 PMCID: PMC8322843 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.671946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A quantitative deficiency of normally functioning insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells is a major contributor to all common forms of diabetes. This is the underlying premise for attempts to replace beta cells in people with diabetes by pancreas transplantation, pancreatic islet transplantation, and transplantation of beta cells or pancreatic islets derived from human stem cells. While progress is rapid and impressive in the beta cell replacement field, these approaches are expensive, and for transplant approaches, limited by donor organ availability. For these reasons, beta cell replacement will not likely become available to the hundreds of millions of people around the world with diabetes. Since the large majority of people with diabetes have some residual beta cells in their pancreata, an alternate approach to reversing diabetes would be developing pharmacologic approaches to induce these residual beta cells to regenerate and expand in a way that also permits normal function. Unfortunately, despite the broad availability of multiple classes of diabetes drugs in the current diabetes armamentarium, none has the ability to induce regeneration or expansion of human beta cells. Development of such drugs would be transformative for diabetes care around the world. This picture has begun to change. Over the past half-decade, a novel class of beta cell regenerative small molecules has emerged: the DYRK1A inhibitors. Their emergence has tremendous potential, but many areas of uncertainty and challenge remain. In this review, we summarize the accomplishments in the world of beta cell regenerative drug development and summarize areas in which most experts would agree. We also outline and summarize areas of disagreement or lack of unanimity, of controversy in the field, of obstacles to beta cell regeneration, and of challenges that will need to be overcome in order to establish human beta cell regenerative drug therapeutics as a clinically viable class of diabetes drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- The Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Esra Karakose
- The Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lauryn Choleva
- The Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kunal Kumar
- The Drug Discovery Institute, The Department of Pharmacological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Robert J. DeVita
- The Drug Discovery Institute, The Department of Pharmacological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Ocaña
- The Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Andrew F. Stewart
- The Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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13
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Nair S, Ormazabal V, Lappas M, McIntyre HD, Salomon C. Extracellular vesicles and their potential role inducing changes in maternal insulin sensitivity during gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 85:e13361. [PMID: 33064367 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common endocrine disorders during gestation and affects around 15% of all pregnancies worldwide, paralleling the global increase in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Normal pregnancies are critically dependent on the development of maternal insulin resistance balanced by an increased capacity to secrete insulin, which allows for the allocation of nutrients for adequate foetal growth and development. Several factors including placental hormones, inflammatory mediators and nutrients have been proposed to alter insulin sensitivity and insulin response and underpin the pathological outcomes of GDM. However, other factors may also be involved in the regulation of maternal metabolism and a complete understanding of GDM pathophysiology requires the identification of these factors, and the mechanisms associated with them. Recent studies highlight the potential utility of tissue-specific extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the diagnosis of disease onset and treatment monitoring for several pregnancy-related complications, including GDM. To date, there is a paucity of data defining changes in the release, content, bioactivity and diagnostic utility of circulating EVs in pregnancies complicated by GDM. Placental EVs may engage in paracellular interactions including local cell-to-cell communication between the cell constituents of the placenta and contiguous maternal tissues, and/or distal interactions involving the release of placental EVs into biological fluids and their transport to a remote site of action. Hence, the aim of this review is to discuss the biogenesis, isolation methods and role of EVs in the physiopathology of GDM, including changes in maternal insulin sensitivity during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyalekshmi Nair
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Valeska Ormazabal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Martha Lappas
- Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia.,Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - H David McIntyre
- Mater Research, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Boehmer BH, Wesolowski SR, Brown LD, Rozance PJ. Chronic Fetal Leucine Infusion Does Not Potentiate Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion or Affect Pancreatic Islet Development in Late-Gestation Growth-Restricted Fetal Sheep. J Nutr 2020; 151:312-319. [PMID: 33326574 PMCID: PMC7850025 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth-restricted fetuses have attenuated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), smaller pancreatic islets, less pancreatic β-cells, and less pancreatic vascularization compared with normally growing fetuses. Infusion of leucine into normal late-gestation fetal sheep potentiates GSIS, as well as increases pancreatic islet size, the proportion of the pancreas and islet comprising β-cells, and pancreatic and islet vascularity. In addition, leucine stimulates hepatocyte growth factor (HGF ) mRNA expression in islet endothelial cells isolated from normal fetal sheep. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that a 9-d leucine infusion would potentiate GSIS and increase pancreatic islet size, β-cells, and vascularity in intrauterine fetal growth restriction (IUGR) fetal sheep. We also hypothesized that leucine would stimulate HGF mRNA in islet endothelial cells isolated from IUGR fetal sheep. METHODS Late-gestation Columbia-Rambouillet IUGR fetal sheep (singleton or twin) underwent surgeries to place vascular sampling and infusion catheters. Fetuses were randomly allocated to receive a 9-d leucine infusion to achieve a 50-100% increase in leucine concentrations or a control saline infusion. GSIS was measured and pancreas tissue was processed for histologic analysis. Pancreatic islet endothelial cells were isolated from IUGR fetal sheep and incubated with supplemental leucine. Data were analyzed by mixed-models ANOVA; Student, Mann-Whitney, or a paired t test; or a test of equality of proportions. RESULTS Chronic leucine infusion in IUGR fetuses did not affect GSIS, islet size, the proportion of the pancreas comprising β-cells, or pancreatic or pancreatic islet vascularity. In isolated islet endothelial cells from IUGR fetuses, HGF mRNA expression was not affected by supplemental leucine. CONCLUSIONS IUGR fetal sheep islets are not responsive to a 9-d leucine infusion with respect to insulin secretion or any histologic features measured. This is in contrast to the response in normally growing fetuses. These results are important when considering nutritional strategies to prevent the adverse islet and β-cell consequences in IUGR fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brit H Boehmer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie R Wesolowski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laura D Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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15
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Good Cop, Bad Cop: The Opposing Effects of Macrophage Activation State on Maintaining or Damaging Functional β-Cell Mass. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10120485. [PMID: 33256225 PMCID: PMC7761161 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of functional β-cell mass is a hallmark of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. Macrophages play an integral role in the maintenance or destruction of pancreatic β-cells. The effect of the macrophage β-cell interaction is dependent on the activation state of the macrophage. Macrophages can be activated across a spectrum, from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory and tissue remodeling. The factors secreted by these differentially activated macrophages and their effect on β-cells define the effect on functional β-cell mass. In this review, the spectrum of macrophage activation is discussed, as are the positive and negative effects on β-cell survival, expansion, and function as well as the defined factors released from macrophages that impinge on functional β-cell mass.
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16
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Yang SY, Yang KC, Sumi S. Prevascularization-free Primary Subcutaneous Transplantation of Xenogeneic Islets Coencapsulated With Hepatocyte Growth Factor. Transplant Direct 2020; 6:e620. [PMID: 33134496 PMCID: PMC7587419 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous pouch is a potential site for islet transplantation. However, insufficient oxygen supply remains challenging. Pretreatment of neovascularization using basic fibroblast growth factor can solve this, but it needs 2× operations. We developed a device that contains rat islets in chitosan gel packed in a bag made of highly biocompatible ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer porous membrane. This study investigated whether coencapsulation of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) with islets in the device enables novel method of prevascularization-free primary subcutaneous transplantation. METHODS In vitro experiments examined slow release of HGF from the chitosan gel and islet-protection effect of HGF against hypoxia. In the latter, rat islets with/without HGF (200 ng/mL) was cultured in 1% oxygen. In in vivo experiment, fabricated device with/without HGF (10 μg/device) containing rat islets was primarily transplanted to streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice subcutaneously. RESULTS In vitro experiments showed sustained release of HGF for 28 d and alleviating effect of HGF on cell death and glucose-responsive insulin release after hypoxic culture. Islet + HGF mice, but not islet-alone mice, showed decreased nonfasting blood glucose and regained body weight after transplantation. In intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, islet + HGF mice exhibited decreased fasting blood glucose (200 ± 55 mg/dL) and good blood glucose disappearance rate (K value) (0.817 ± 0.101) comparing to normal mice (123 ± 28 mg/dL and 1.074 ± 0.374, respectively). However, in islet-alone mice, fasting blood glucose was high (365 ± 172 mg/dL) and K value was indeterminable. Serum insulin in islet + HGF mice (1.58 ± 0.94 μg/L) was close to normal mice (1.66 ± 0.55 μg/L), whereas those in islet-alone mice (0.279 ± 0.076 μg/L) and diabetic mice (0.165 ± 0.079 μg/L) were low. Immunohistochemical examination showed intact insulin- and glucagon-positive islets in retrieved devices with HGF, but no intact islet was found in the device without HGF. CONCLUSIONS HGF could enhance islet survival in hypoxia and enhance in vivo function of encapsulated islets after primary subcutaneous transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Yu Yang
- Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Reconstruction, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kai-Chiang Yang
- Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Reconstruction, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shoichiro Sumi
- Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Reconstruction, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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17
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Clough DW, King JL, Li F, Shea LD. Integration of Islet/Beta-Cell Transplants with Host Tissue Using Biomaterial Platforms. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5902435. [PMID: 32894299 PMCID: PMC8253249 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies are emerging for type I diabetes mellitus (T1D), an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells, as a means to provide long-term restoration of glycemic control. Biomaterial scaffolds provide an opportunity to enhance the manufacturing and transplantation of islets or stem cell-derived β-cells. In contrast to encapsulation strategies that prevent host contact with the graft, recent approaches aim to integrate the transplant with the host to facilitate glucose sensing and insulin distribution, while also needing to modulate the immune response. Scaffolds can provide a supportive niche for cells either during the manufacturing process or following transplantation at extrahepatic sites. Scaffolds are being functionalized to deliver oxygen, angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, or trophic factors, and may facilitate cotransplantation of cells that can enhance engraftment or modulate immune responses. This local engineering of the transplant environment can complement systemic approaches for maximizing β-cell function or modulating immune responses leading to rejection. This review discusses the various scaffold platforms and design parameters that have been identified for the manufacture of human pluripotent stem cell-derived β-cells, and the transplantation of islets/β-cells to maintain normal blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Clough
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jessica L King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Feiran Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Correspondence: Lonnie D. Shea, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. E-mail:
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18
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Guo J, Fu W. Immune regulation of islet homeostasis and adaptation. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 12:764-774. [PMID: 32236479 PMCID: PMC7816675 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The islet of Langerhans produces endocrine hormones to regulate glucose homeostasis. The normal function of the islet relies on the homeostatic regulations of cellular composition and cell–cell interactions within the islet microenvironment. Immune cells populate the islet during embryonic development and participate in islet organogenesis and function. In obesity, a low-grade inflammation manifests in multiple organs, including pancreatic islets. Obesity-associated islet inflammation is evident in both animal models and humans, characterized by the accumulation of immune cells and elevated production of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and metabolic mediators. Myeloid lineage cells (monocytes and macrophages) are the dominant types of immune cells in islet inflammation during the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this review, we will discuss the role of the immune system in islet homeostasis and inflammation and summarize recent findings of the cellular and molecular factors that alter islet microenvironment and β cell function in obesity and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglong Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wenxian Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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19
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Huang B, Zhu W, Zhao H, Zeng F, Wang E, Wang H, Chen J, Li M, Huang C, Ren L, Niu J, Zhang JV. Placenta-Derived Osteoprotegerin Is Required for Glucose Homeostasis in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:563509. [PMID: 32984349 PMCID: PMC7493629 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.563509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is involved in various biological processes, including bone remodeling, vascular calcification and pancreatic β-cell function. Although some clinical studies have shown an increase in serum OPG level during pregnancy, the role of OPG in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is largely unknown. Therefore, we explored the effect of OPG in metabolic homeostasis during pregnancy. We initially evaluated serum OPG levels using ELISA and western blotting techniques on samples from GDM patients. We also assessed OPG expression levels in maternal mice. We then used blastocysts transduced with lentiviruses capable of trophoblast-specific transgene expression to establish placenta-specific OPG knockdown or overexpression mouse models for functional and mechanistic investigation after embryo transplantation. We found that OPG expression was positively associated with GDM in clinical samples, and OPG levels were significantly increased in GDM patient sera and term placenta. Serum OPG was significantly increased in maternal compared to non-pregnant mice, and expression levels of OPG were the highest in placenta compared with other organs, including bone, liver and pancreas. OPG was also significantly increased in pregnant mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Placenta-specific OPG knockdown induced glucose intolerance, decreased β-cell proliferation and decreased serum insulin levels, whereas placenta-specific OPG overexpression promoted glucose tolerance and enhanced β-cell proliferation, which increased serum insulin production and decreased fetal weight in HFD-feeding pregnant mice. Placenta-derived OPG (pl-OPG) regulated glucose homeostasis during pregnancy via enhancement of β-cell proliferation, which suggests a potential therapeutic application of OPG for GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Huang
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen Zhu
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huashan Zhao
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biomedicine, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fa Zeng
- Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Esther Wang
- Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hefei Wang
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biomedicine, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biomedicine, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengxia Li
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biomedicine, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biomedicine, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lirong Ren
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianmin Niu
- Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian V Zhang
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biomedicine, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Shenzhen, China
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20
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Boehmer BH, Brown LD, Wesolowski SR, Hay WW, Rozance PJ. A Chronic Fetal Leucine Infusion Potentiates Fetal Insulin Secretion and Increases Pancreatic Islet Size, Vascularity, and β Cells in Late-Gestation Sheep. J Nutr 2020; 150:2061-2069. [PMID: 32470982 PMCID: PMC7398779 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infusion of a complete amino acid mixture into normal late-gestation fetal sheep potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Leucine acutely stimulates insulin secretion in late-gestation fetal sheep and isolated fetal sheep islets in vitro. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that a 9-d leucine infusion would potentiate GSIS in fetal sheep. METHODS Columbia-Rambouillet fetal sheep at 126 days of gestation received a 9-d leucine infusion to achieve a 50%-100% increase in leucine concentrations or a control infusion. At the end of the infusion we measured GSIS, pancreatic morphology, and expression of pancreatic mRNAs. Pancreatic islet endothelial cells (ECs) were isolated from fetal sheep and incubated with supplemental leucine or vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) followed by collection of mRNA. Data measured at multiple time points were compared with a repeated-measures 2-factor ANOVA. Data measured at 1 time point were compared using Student's t test or the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS Glucose-stimulated insulin concentrations were 80% higher in leucine-infused (LEU) fetuses than in controls (P < 0.05). In the pancreas, LEU fetuses had a higher proportion of islets >5000 μm2 than controls (75% more islets >5000 μm2; P < 0.05) and a larger proportion of the pancreas that stained for β cells (12% greater; P < 0.05). Pancreatic and pancreatic islet vascularity were both 25% greater in LEU fetuses (P < 0.05). Pancreatic VEGFA and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) mRNA expressions were 38% and 200% greater in LEU fetuses than in controls (P < 0.05), respectively. In isolated islet ECs, HGF mRNA was 20% and 50% higher after incubation in supplemental leucine (P < 0.05) or VEGFA (P < 0.01), respectively. CONCLUSIONS A 9-d leucine infusion potentiates fetal GSIS, demonstrating that glucose and leucine act synergistically to stimulate insulin secretion in fetal sheep. A greater proportion of the pancreas being comprised of β cells and higher pancreatic vascularity contributed to the higher GSIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brit H Boehmer
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laura D Brown
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie R Wesolowski
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - William W Hay
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Paul J Rozance
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA,Address correspondence to PJR (e-mail: )
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21
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Nemati M, Karbalaei N, Mokarram P, Dehghani F. Effects of platelet-rich plasma on the pancreatic islet survival and function, islet transplantation outcome and pancreatic pdx 1 and insulin gene expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Growth Factors 2020; 38:137-151. [PMID: 33569978 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2021.1881502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a therapeutic option in different fields based on its growth factors. We investigated influence of PRP on islet survival, function, transplantation outcomes, and pancreatic genes expression in diabetic rats. In vitro: pancreatic isolated islets were incubated with/without PRP then viability, insulin secretion, and content were assessed. In vivo: Series 1 were designed to determine whether islet treatment with PRP improves transplantation outcome in diabetic rats by evaluating plasma glucose and insulin concentrations and oxidative parameters. Series 2, effects of PRP subcutaneous injection were evaluated on pancreatic genes expression and glucose tolerance test in diabetic rats. PRP enhanced viability and secretary function of islet. Reduced glucose and malondialdehyde levels as well as increased insulin levels, superoxide dismutase activity, and expressions of pdx1 and insulin were observed in diabetic rats. PRP treatment has positive effects on islet viability, function, transplantation outcome, and pancreatic genes expression in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Nemati
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Narges Karbalaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Dehghani
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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22
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AKT1 Regulates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Mediates the Adaptive Response of Pancreatic β Cells. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00031-20. [PMID: 32179553 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00031-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoforms of protein kinase B (also known as AKT) play important roles in mediating insulin and growth factor signals. Previous studies have suggested that the AKT2 isoform is critical for insulin-regulated glucose metabolism, while the role of the AKT1 isoform remains less clear. This study focuses on the effects of AKT1 on the adaptive response of pancreatic β cells. Using a mouse model with inducible β-cell-specific deletion of the Akt1 gene (βA1KO mice), we showed that AKT1 is involved in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced growth and survival of β cells but is unnecessary for them to maintain a population in the absence of metabolic stress. When unchallenged, βA1KO mice presented the same metabolic profile and β-cell phenotype as the control mice with an intact Akt1 gene. When metabolic stress was induced by HFD, β cells in control mice with intact Akt1 proliferated as a compensatory mechanism for metabolic overload. Similar effects were not observed in βA1KO mice. We further demonstrated that AKT1 protein deficiency caused endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and potentiated β cells to undergo apoptosis. Our results revealed that AKT1 protein loss led to the induction of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 α subunit (eIF2α) signaling and ER stress markers under normal-chow-fed conditions, indicating chronic low-level ER stress. Together, these data established a role for AKT1 as a growth and survival factor for adaptive β-cell response and suggest that ER stress induction is responsible for this effect of AKT1.
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23
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de Souza BM, Rodrigues M, de Oliveira FS, da Silva LPA, Bouças AP, Portinho CP, Dos Santos BP, Camassola M, Rocha D, Lysakowski S, Martini J, Leitão CB, Nardi NB, Bauer AC, Crispim D. Improvement of human pancreatic islet quality after co-culture with human adipose-derived stem cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 505:110729. [PMID: 31972330 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether co-culture of human islets with adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) can improve islet quality and to evaluate which factors play a role in the protective effect of ASCs against islet dysfunction. Islets and ASCs were cultured in three experimental groups for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h: 1) indirect co-culture of islets with ASC monolayer (Islets/ASCs); 2) islets alone; and 3) ASCs alone. Co-culture with ASCs improved islet viability and function in all culture time-points analyzed. VEGFA, HGF, IL6, IL8, IL10, CCL2, IL1B, and TNF protein levels were increased in supernatants of islet/ASC group compared to islets alone, mainly after 24 h. Moreover, VEGFA, IL6, CCL2, HIF1A, XIAP, CHOP, and NFKBIA genes were differentially expressed in islets from the co-culture condition compared to islets alone. In conclusion, co-culture of islets with ASCs promotes improvements in islet quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca M de Souza
- Laboratory of Human Pancreatic Islet Biology, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clınicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Michelle Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Human Pancreatic Islet Biology, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clınicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil
| | - Fernanda S de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cell Differentiation, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Liana P A da Silva
- Laboratory of Human Pancreatic Islet Biology, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clınicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil
| | - Ana P Bouças
- Laboratory of Human Pancreatic Islet Biology, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clınicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ciro P Portinho
- Laboratory of Human Pancreatic Islet Biology, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clınicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil
| | - Bruno P Dos Santos
- Laboratory for Tissue Bioengineering (BioTis), Inserm U1026, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Melissa Camassola
- Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Post-Graduation Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Dagoberto Rocha
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Simone Lysakowski
- Organ Procurement Organization, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliano Martini
- Transplant Center, Surgery Department, Hospital Dom Vicente Scherer, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane B Leitão
- Laboratory of Human Pancreatic Islet Biology, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clınicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nance B Nardi
- Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Post-Graduation Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Andrea C Bauer
- Laboratory of Human Pancreatic Islet Biology, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clınicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daisy Crispim
- Laboratory of Human Pancreatic Islet Biology, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clınicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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24
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Ying W, Fu W, Lee YS, Olefsky JM. The role of macrophages in obesity-associated islet inflammation and β-cell abnormalities. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:81-90. [PMID: 31836875 PMCID: PMC8315273 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic, unresolved tissue inflammation is a well-described feature of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and other insulin-resistant states. In this context, adipose tissue and liver inflammation have been particularly well studied; however, abundant evidence demonstrates that inflammatory processes are also activated in pancreatic islets from obese animals and humans with obesity and/or T2DM. In this Review, we focus on the characteristics of immune cell-mediated inflammation in islets and the consequences of this with respect to β-cell function. In contrast to type 1 diabetes mellitus, the dominant immune cell type causing inflammation in obese and T2DM islets is the macrophage. The increased macrophage accumulation in T2DM islets primarily arises through local proliferation of resident macrophages, which then provide signals (such as platelet-derived growth factor) that drive β-cell hyperplasia (a classic feature of obesity). In addition, islet macrophages also impair the insulin secretory capacity of β-cells. Through these mechanisms, islet-resident macrophages underlie the inflammatory response in obesity and mechanistically participate in the β-cell hyperplasia and dysfunction that characterizes this insulin-resistant state. These findings point to the possibility of therapeutics that target islet inflammation to elicit beneficial effects on β-cell function and glycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ying
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wenxian Fu
- Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yun Sok Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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25
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Townsend SE, Gannon M. Extracellular Matrix-Associated Factors Play Critical Roles in Regulating Pancreatic β-Cell Proliferation and Survival. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1885-1894. [PMID: 31271410 PMCID: PMC6656423 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review describes formation of the islet basement membrane and the function of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in β-cell proliferation and survival. Implications for islet transplantation are discussed. The insulin-producing β-cell is key for maintaining glucose homeostasis. The islet microenvironment greatly influences β-cell survival and proliferation. Within the islet, β-cells contact the ECM, which is deposited primarily by intraislet endothelial cells, and this interaction has been shown to modulate proliferation and survival. ECM-localized growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor and cellular communication network 2, signal through specific receptors and integrins on the β-cell surface. Further understanding of how the ECM functions to influence β-cell proliferation and survival will provide targets for enhancing functional β-cell mass for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Townsend
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Correspondence: Maureen Gannon, PhD, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2213 Garland Avenue, MRB IV 7465, Nashville, Tennessee 37232. E-mail:
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26
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Santos AS, Cunha Neto E, Fukui RT, Ferreira LRP, Silva MER. Increased Expression of Circulating microRNA 101-3p in Type 1 Diabetes Patients: New Insights Into miRNA-Regulated Pathophysiological Pathways for Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1637. [PMID: 31396209 PMCID: PMC6665278 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are master regulators of post-transcriptional gene expression, and they are often dysregulated in individuals suffering from diabetes. We investigated the roles of miR-101-3p and miR-204-5p, both of which negatively regulate insulin secretion and cell survival and are highly expressed in pancreatic β cells, in the context of type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis. Using quantitative real time PCR, we evaluated serum levels of miR-101-3p and miR-204-5p in four groups, including recent-onset T1D patients (T1D group; n = 50), individuals with normal glucose levels expressing one islet autoantibody (Ab) (single Ab group; n = 26) or multiple autoantibodies (multiple Ab group; n = 12), and healthy controls (control group; n = 43). An in silico analysis was performed to identify potential target genes of these miRNAs and to delineate enriched pathways. The relative expression of serum miR-101-3p was approximately three times higher in the multiple Ab and T1D groups than that in the single Ab and control groups (p < 0.0001). When considering all groups together, miR-101-3p expression was positively correlated with the level of islet autoantibodies GADA (r = 0.267; p = 0.0027) and IA-2A (r = 0.291; p = 0.001), and the expression of the miRNA was not correlated with levels of ZnT8A (r = 0.125; p = 0.183). miR-101-3p expression did not correlate with HbA1c (r = 0.178; p = 0.052) or glucose levels (r = 0.177; p = 0.051). No significant differences were observed in miR-204-5p expression among the analyzed groups. Computational analysis of the miR-101-3p target gene pathways indicated a potential activation of the HGF/c-Met, Ephrin receptor, and STAT3 signaling pathways. Our study demonstrated that the circulating levels of miR-101-3p are higher in T1D patients and in individuals with normal glucose levels, testing positive for multiple autoantibodies, indicating that miR-101-3p precedes loss of glucose homeostasis. The pathogenic role of miR-101-3p in T1D may involve multiple molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritania S Santos
- Laboratório de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensios - LIM/18, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edecio Cunha Neto
- Heart Institute (InCor) and Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy - LIM60, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology, National Institutes of Science and Technology (iii-INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa T Fukui
- Laboratório de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensios - LIM/18, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ludmila R P Ferreira
- RNA Systems Biology Laboratory (RSBL), Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Elizabeth R Silva
- Laboratório de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensios - LIM/18, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Banerjee RR. Piecing together the puzzle of pancreatic islet adaptation in pregnancy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1411:120-139. [PMID: 29377199 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy places acute demands on maternal physiology, including profound changes in glucose homeostasis. Gestation is characterized by an increase in insulin resistance, counterbalanced by an adaptive increase in pancreatic β cell production of insulin. Failure of normal adaptive responses of the islet to increased maternal and fetal demands manifests as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The gestational changes and rapid reversal of islet adaptations following parturition are at least partly driven by an anticipatory program rather than post-factum compensatory adaptations. Here, I provide a comprehensive review of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying normal islet adaptation during pregnancy and how dysregulation may lead to GDM. Emerging areas of interest and understudied areas worthy of closer examination in the future are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronadip R Banerjee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and the Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
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28
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Cloud C, Duke T, Owczarski S, Mehrotra S, Adams DB, Morgan K, Gilkeson G, Wang H. Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Chronic Pancreatitis Patients Show Comparable Potency Compared to Cells from Healthy Donors. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:418-429. [PMID: 30680957 PMCID: PMC6477001 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are proven to be beneficial in islet transplantation, suggesting a potential therapeutic role of them in total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TP-IAT) for chronic pancreatitis (CP) patients. We investigated whether MSCs derived from CP patients are suitable for use in autologous cell therapy. MSCs from healthy donors (H-MSCs) and CP patients (CP-MSCs) were studied for phenotype, colony formation potential, multilineage differentiation ability, proliferation, senescence, secretory characters, and immunosuppressive functions. The potential protective effect of CP-MSCs was evaluated on hypoxia-induced islet cell death. Cell surface markers were similar between H-MSCs and CP-MSCs, as well as the ability of colony formation, multilineage differentiation, secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor (TGF-β), senescence, and inhibition of T cells proliferation in vitro. We found that growth differentiation factor 6 and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were significantly downregulated, whereas TGFβ and matrix metalloproteinase-2 were significantly upregulated in CP-MSCs compared with H-MSCs, among 84 MSC-related genes investigated in this study. MSCs from CP patients secreted less HGF, compared with the H-MSCs. A higher interferon-γ-induced indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression was observed in CP-MSCs compared to H-MSCs. Moreover, CP-MSCs prevented hypoxia-induced β cell deaths to a similar extent as H-MSCs. Regardless of moderate difference in gene expression, CP-MSCs possess similar immunomodulatory and prosurvival functions to H-MSCs, and may be suitable for autologous cell therapy in CP patients undergoing TP-IAT. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2019;8:418-429.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Department of SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Life ScienceQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoPeople's Republic of China
| | - Colleen Cloud
- Department of SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Tara Duke
- Department of SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Stefanie Owczarski
- Department of SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - David B. Adams
- Department of SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Katherine Morgan
- Department of SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Gary Gilkeson
- Department of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
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29
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Ying W, Lee YS, Dong Y, Seidman JS, Yang M, Isaac R, Seo JB, Yang BH, Wollam J, Riopel M, McNelis J, Glass CK, Olefsky JM, Fu W. Expansion of Islet-Resident Macrophages Leads to Inflammation Affecting β Cell Proliferation and Function in Obesity. Cell Metab 2019; 29:457-474.e5. [PMID: 30595478 PMCID: PMC6701710 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nature of obesity-associated islet inflammation and its impact on β cell abnormalities remains poorly defined. Here, we explore immune cell components of islet inflammation and define their roles in regulating β cell function and proliferation. Islet inflammation in obese mice is dominated by macrophages. We identify two islet-resident macrophage populations, characterized by their anatomical distributions, distinct phenotypes, and functional properties. Obesity induces the local expansion of resident intra-islet macrophages, independent of recruitment from circulating monocytes. Functionally, intra-islet macrophages impair β cell function in a cell-cell contact-dependent manner. Increased engulfment of β cell insulin secretory granules by intra-islet macrophages in obese mice may contribute to restricting insulin secretion. In contrast, both intra- and peri-islet macrophage populations from obese mice promote β cell proliferation in a PDGFR signaling-dependent manner. Together, these data define distinct roles and mechanisms for islet macrophages in the regulation of islet β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ying
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yun Sok Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yi Dong
- Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jason S Seidman
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Meixiang Yang
- Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Roi Isaac
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jong Bae Seo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bi-Huei Yang
- Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joshua Wollam
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Matthew Riopel
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joanne McNelis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Wenxian Fu
- Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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30
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Pancreas organogenesis: The interplay between surrounding microenvironment(s) and epithelium-intrinsic factors. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 132:221-256. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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31
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Oliveira AG, Araújo TG, Carvalho BDM, Rocha GZ, Santos A, Saad MJA. The Role of Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) in Insulin Resistance and Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:503. [PMID: 30214428 PMCID: PMC6125308 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and diabetes, there are proteins and hormones that may lead to the discovery of promising biomarkers and treatments for these metabolic disorders. For example, these molecules may impair the insulin signaling pathway or provide protection against IR. Thus, identifying proteins that are upregulated in IR states is relevant to the diagnosis and treatment of the associated disorders. It is becoming clear that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is an important component of the pathophysiology of IR, with increased levels in most common IR conditions, including obesity. HGF has a role in the metabolic flux of glucose in different insulin sensitive cell types; plays a key role in β-cell homeostasis; and is capable of modulating the inflammatory response. In this review, we discuss how, and to what extent HGF contributes to IR and diabetes pathophysiology, as well as its role in cancer which is more prevalent in obesity and diabetes. Based on the current literature and knowledge, it is clear that HGF plays a central role in these metabolic disorders. Thus, HGF levels could be employed as a biomarker for disease status/progression, and HGF/c-Met signaling pathway modulators could effectively regulate IR and treat diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre G. Oliveira
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Alexandre G. Oliveira
| | - Tiago G. Araújo
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Bruno de Melo Carvalho
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Z. Rocha
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Andrey Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mario J. A. Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Mario J. A. Saad
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32
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Pasek RC, Dunn JC, Elsakr JM, Aramandla M, Matta AR, Gannon M. Vascular-derived connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf) is critical for pregnancy-induced β cell hyperplasia in adult mice. Islets 2017; 9:150-158. [PMID: 29111856 PMCID: PMC5710701 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2017.1356963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, maternal β cells undergo compensatory changes including hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Failure of these adaptations to occur can result in gestational diabetes mellitus. The secreted protein, Connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf), is critical for normal β cell development and promotes regeneration after partial β cell ablation. During embryogenesis, Ctgf is expressed in pancreatic ducts, vasculature, and β cells. In the adult pancreas, Ctgf is expressed only in the vasculature. Here, we report that pregnant mice with global Ctgf haploinsufficiency (CtgfLacZ/+) have an impairment in maternal β cell proliferation, while β cell proliferation in virgin CtgfLacZ/+ females is unaffected. Additionally, α-cell proliferation, β cell size, and GSIS were unaffected in CtgfLacZ/+ mice, suggesting that vascular-derived Ctgf has a specific role in islet compensation during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond C. Pasek
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer C. Dunn
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joseph M. Elsakr
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mounika Aramandla
- School for Science and Math, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Anveetha R. Matta
- School for Science and Math, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- CONTACT Maureen Gannon Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2213 Garland Ave., 7465 MRB IV, Nashville, TN 37232-0475
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Kato T. Biological roles of hepatocyte growth factor-Met signaling from genetically modified animals. Biomed Rep 2017; 7:495-503. [PMID: 29188052 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is produced by stromal and mesenchymal cells, and it stimulates epithelial cell proliferation, motility, morphogenesis and angiogenesis in various organs via tyrosine phosphorylation of its cognate receptor, Met. The HGF-Met signaling pathway contributes in a paracrine manner to the development of epithelial organs, exerts regenerative effects on the epithelium, and promotes the regression of fibrosis in numerous organs. Additionally, the HGF-Met signaling pathway is correlated with the biology of cancer types, neurons and immunity. In vivo analyses using genetic modification have markedly increased the profound understanding of the HGF-Met system in basic biology and its clinical applications. HGF and Met knockout (KO) mice are embryonically lethal. Therefore, amino acids in multifunctional docking sites of Met have been exchanged with specific binding motifs for downstream adaptor molecules in order to investigate the signaling potential of the HGF-Met signaling pathway. Conditional Met KO mice were generated using Cre-loxP methodology and characterization of these mice indicated that the HGF-Met signaling pathway is essential in regeneration, protection, and homeostasis in various tissue types and cells. Furthermore, the results of studies using HGF-overexpressing mice have indicated the therapeutic potential of HGF for various types of disease and injury. In the present review, the phenotypes of Met gene-modified mice are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kato
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inadequate insulin-producing pancreatic β-cell mass is a key feature of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Efforts to regenerate β-cell mass from pancreatic precursors may thus ameliorate absolute or relative insulin deficiency, thereby improving glucose homeostasis. A clear understanding of the processes that govern the generation of new β-cells in the mature pancreas will be fundamental to success in this effort. This review discusses the current state of knowledge regarding β-cell regeneration and emphasizes recent studies of significance. RECENT FINDINGS Recent reports demonstrate regenerative potential in the adult human pancreas. Further, they build on the strong existing evidence that proliferation of preexisting β-cells is the predominant source of new β-cells in adulthood by dissecting the cell cycle machinery components and critical signaling pathways required for β-cell proliferation. Finally, β-cell trophic peptides have demonstrated preclinical potential as pharmacologic regenerative agents and may form the basis for clinical interventions in the future. SUMMARY Efforts to augment β-cell regeneration by enhancing β-cell viability and proliferation may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. An intimate understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of β-cell proliferation and survival will be fundamental to the optimization of endogenous β-cell regeneration.
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Alcarraz-Vizán G, Castaño C, Visa M, Montane J, Servitja JM, Novials A. BACE2 suppression promotes β-cell survival and function in a model of type 2 diabetes induced by human islet amyloid polypeptide overexpression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2827-2838. [PMID: 28337562 PMCID: PMC11107557 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACE2 (β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 2) is a protease expressed in the brain, but also in the pancreas, where it seems to play a physiological role. Amyloidogenic diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes (T2D), share the accumulation of abnormally folded and insoluble proteins that interfere with cell function. In T2D, islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) deposits have been shown to be a pathogenic key feature of the disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of BACE2 modulation on β-cell alterations in a mouse model of T2D induced by IAPP overexpression. Heterozygous mice carrying the human transcript of IAPP (hIAPP-Tg) were used as a model to study the deleterious effects of IAPP upon β-cell function. These animals showed glucose intolerance and impaired insulin secretion. When crossed with BACE2-deficient mice, the animals presented a significant improvement in glucose tolerance accompanied with an enhanced insulin secretion, as compared to hIAPP-Tg mice. BACE2 deficiency also partially reverted gene expression changes observed in islets from hIAPP-Tg mice, including a set of genes related to inflammation. Moreover, homozygous hIAPP mice presented a severe hyperglycemia and a high lethality rate from 8 weeks onwards due to a massive destruction of β-cell mass. This process was significantly reduced when crossed with the BACE2-KO model, improving the survival rate of the animals. Altogether, the absence of BACE2 ameliorates glucose tolerance defects induced by IAPP overexpression in the β-cell and promotes β-cell survival. Thus, targeting BACE2 may represent a promising therapeutic strategy to improve β-cell function in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Alcarraz-Vizán
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), C/Rosselló 149-153, 5th floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Castaño
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), C/Rosselló 149-153, 5th floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Visa
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), C/Rosselló 149-153, 5th floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joel Montane
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), C/Rosselló 149-153, 5th floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan-Marc Servitja
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), C/Rosselló 149-153, 5th floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Anna Novials
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), C/Rosselló 149-153, 5th floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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Liu JL, Kaddour N, Chowdhury S, Li Q, Gao ZH. Role of CCN5 (WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 2) in pancreatic islets. J Diabetes 2017; 9:462-474. [PMID: 27863006 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In search of direct targets of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 action, we discovered CCN5 (WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 2 [WISP2]) as a novel protein expressed in pancreatic β-cells. As a member of the "CCN" ( C ysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 [Cyr61], C onnective tissue growth factor [CTGF in humans], and N ephroblastoma overexpressed [Nov; in chickens]) family, the expression of CCN5/WISP2 is stimulated by IGF-1 together with Wnt signaling. When overexpressed in insulinoma cells, CCN5 promotes cell proliferation and cell survival against streptozotocin-induced cell death. The cell proliferation effect seems to be caused by AKT phosphorylation and increased cyclin D1 levels. These properties resemble those of CCN2/CTGF, another isoform of the CCN family, although CCN5 is the only one within the family of six proteins that lacks the C-terminal repeat. Treatment of primary mouse islets with recombinant CCN5 protein produced similar effects to those of gene transfection, indicating that either as a matricellular protein or a secreted growth factor, CCN5 stimulates β-cell proliferation and regeneration in a paracrine fashion. This review also discusses the regulation of CCN5/WISP2 by estrogen and its involvement in angiogenesis and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Li Liu
- Fraser Laboratories, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nancy Kaddour
- Fraser Laboratories, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Subrata Chowdhury
- Fraser Laboratories, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Qing Li
- Fraser Laboratories, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Zu-Hua Gao
- Department of Pathology, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
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Narayanan S, Loganathan G, Dhanasekaran M, Tucker W, Patel A, Subhashree V, Mokshagundam S, Hughes MG, Williams SK, Balamurugan AN. Intra-islet endothelial cell and β-cell crosstalk: Implication for islet cell transplantation. World J Transplant 2017; 7:117-128. [PMID: 28507914 PMCID: PMC5409911 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v7.i2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The intra-islet microvasculature is a critical interface between the blood and islet endocrine cells governing a number of cellular and pathophysiological processes associated with the pancreatic tissue. A growing body of evidence indicates a strong functional and physical interdependency of β-cells with endothelial cells (ECs), the building blocks of islet microvasculature. Intra-islet ECs, actively regulate vascular permeability and appear to play a role in fine-tuning blood glucose sensing and regulation. These cells also tend to behave as “guardians”, controlling the expression and movement of a number of important immune mediators, thereby strongly contributing to the physiology of islets. This review will focus on the molecular signalling and crosstalk between the intra-islet ECs and β-cells and how their relationship can be a potential target for intervention strategies in islet pathology and islet transplantation.
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Enderami SE, Mortazavi Y, Soleimani M, Nadri S, Biglari A, Mansour RN. Generation of Insulin-Producing Cells From Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Stepwise Differentiation Protocol Optimized With Platelet-Rich Plasma. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2878-2886. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ehsan Enderami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology Nanotechnology; Faculty of Medicine; Zanjan University of Medical Sciences; Zanjan Iran
| | - Yousef Mortazavi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology Nanotechnology; Faculty of Medicine; Zanjan University of Medical Sciences; Zanjan Iran
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center; Zanjan University of Medical Sciences; Zanjan Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology; Faculty of Medical Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Samad Nadri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology Nanotechnology; Faculty of Medicine; Zanjan University of Medical Sciences; Zanjan Iran
| | - Alireza Biglari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Faculty of Medicine; Zanjan University of Medical Sciences; Zanjan Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Nassiri Mansour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine; Zanjan University of Medical Sciences; Zanjan Iran
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Muratsu J, Iwabayashi M, Sanada F, Taniyama Y, Otsu R, Rakugi H, Morishita R. Hepatocyte Growth Factor Prevented High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Improved Insulin Resistance in Mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:130. [PMID: 28273932 PMCID: PMC5427909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its associated chronic inflammation in adipose tissue initiate insulin resistance, which is related to several pathologies including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Previous reports demonstrated that circulating hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) level was associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, its precise role in obesity and related-pathology is unclear. In this experiment, cardiac-specific over-expression of human HGF in mice (HGF-Tg mice) which showed 4–5 times higher serum HGF levels than wild-type mice were used. While body weight in wild-type mice fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 14 weeks was significantly increased accompanied with insulin resistance, HGF-Tg mice prevented body weight gain and insulin resistance. The accumulation of macrophages and elevated levels of inflammatory mediators in adipose tissue were significantly inhibited in HGF-Tg mice as compared to wild-type mice. The HFD-induced obesity in wild-type mice treated with HGF-neutralizing antibody showed an exacerbated response to the glucose tolerance test. These gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies demonstrated that the elevated HGF level induced by HFD have protective role against obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Muratsu
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaaki Iwabayashi
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Sanada
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Taniyama
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Rei Otsu
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Morishita
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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An optimized protocol for purification of functional islets of Langerhans. J Transl Med 2017; 97:70-83. [PMID: 27892930 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Islets of Langerhans and β-cell isolation constitute routinely used cell models for diabetic research, and refining islet isolation protocols and cell quality assessment is a high priority. Numerous protocols have been published describing isolate of islets, but often rigorous and systematic assessment of their integrity is lacking. Herein, we propose a new protocol for optimal generation of islets. Pancreases from mice and rats were excised and digested using a low-activity collagenase solution and islets were then purified by a series of sedimentations and a Percoll gradient. Islets were maintained in culture for 5 days, during which viability, pro/antiapoptotic, and islet-specific genes, glucose-stimulated calcium entry, glucose uptake, and insulin secretion were assessed. The commonly used islet isolation technique by collagenase injection through the common bile duct (CBD) was also performed and compared with the present approach. This new protocol produced islets that retained a healthy status as demonstrated by the yield of stable living cells. Furthermore, calcium oscillation, glucose uptake, and insulin secretion remained intact in the islet cultures. This was reproducible when many rodent species were used, and neither sex nor age affected the cells behavior. When compared with the CBD technique, islet physiology was similar. Finally, this approach was used to uncover new ion channel candidates implicated in insulin secretion. In conclusion, this study outlines an efficient protocol for islet preparation that may support research into new therapeutic targets in diabetes research.
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Rozance PJ, Hay WW. Pancreatic islet hepatocyte growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor A signaling in growth restricted fetuses. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 435:78-84. [PMID: 26820125 PMCID: PMC4959995 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Placental insufficiency leads to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and a lifelong risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Impaired islet development in the growth restricted fetus, including decreased β-cell replication, mass, and insulin secretion, is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of later life type 2 diabetes. Currently, standard medical management of a woman with a pregnancy complicated by placental insufficiency and fetal IUGR is increased fetal surveillance and indicated preterm delivery. This leads to the dual complications of IUGR and preterm birth - both of which may increase the lifelong risk for type 2 diabetes. In order to develop therapeutic interventions in IUGR pregnancies complicated by placental insufficiency and decrease the risk of later development of type 2 diabetes in the offspring, the mechanisms responsible for impaired islet development in these cases must be determined. This review focuses on current investigations testing the hypothesis that decreased nutrient supply to the IUGR fetus inhibits an intra-islet hepatocyte growth factor - vascular endothelial growth factor A (HGF - VEGFA) feed forward signaling pathway and that this is responsible for developmental islet defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Rozance
- Perinatal Research Center, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, USA.
| | - William W Hay
- Perinatal Research Center, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, USA
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Brown LD, Davis M, Wai S, Wesolowski SR, Hay WW, Limesand SW, Rozance PJ. Chronically Increased Amino Acids Improve Insulin Secretion, Pancreatic Vascularity, and Islet Size in Growth-Restricted Fetal Sheep. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3788-3799. [PMID: 27501184 PMCID: PMC5045508 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Placental insufficiency is associated with reduced supply of amino acids to the fetus and leads to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). IUGR fetuses are characterized by lower glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, smaller pancreatic islets with less β-cells, and impaired pancreatic vascularity. To test whether supplemental amino acids infused into the IUGR fetus could improve these complications of IUGR we used acute (hours) and chronic (11 d) direct fetal amino acid infusions into a sheep model of placental insufficiency and IUGR near the end of gestation. IUGR fetuses had attenuated acute amino acid-stimulated insulin secretion compared with control fetuses. These results were confirmed in isolated IUGR pancreatic islets. After the chronic fetal amino acid infusion, fetal glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and islet size were restored to control values. These changes were associated with normalization of fetal pancreatic vascularity and higher fetal pancreatic vascular endothelial growth factor A protein concentrations. These results demonstrate that decreased fetal amino acid supply contributes to the pathogenesis of pancreatic islet defects in IUGR. Moreover, the results show that pancreatic islets in IUGR fetuses retain their ability to respond to increased amino acids near the end of gestation after chronic fetal growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Brown
- Perinatal Research Center (L.D.B., S.W., W.W.H., P.J.R.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences (M.D., S.W.L.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719; and Center for Women's Health Research (L.D.B., S.R.W., P.J.R.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Melissa Davis
- Perinatal Research Center (L.D.B., S.W., W.W.H., P.J.R.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences (M.D., S.W.L.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719; and Center for Women's Health Research (L.D.B., S.R.W., P.J.R.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Sandra Wai
- Perinatal Research Center (L.D.B., S.W., W.W.H., P.J.R.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences (M.D., S.W.L.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719; and Center for Women's Health Research (L.D.B., S.R.W., P.J.R.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Stephanie R Wesolowski
- Perinatal Research Center (L.D.B., S.W., W.W.H., P.J.R.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences (M.D., S.W.L.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719; and Center for Women's Health Research (L.D.B., S.R.W., P.J.R.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - William W Hay
- Perinatal Research Center (L.D.B., S.W., W.W.H., P.J.R.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences (M.D., S.W.L.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719; and Center for Women's Health Research (L.D.B., S.R.W., P.J.R.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Sean W Limesand
- Perinatal Research Center (L.D.B., S.W., W.W.H., P.J.R.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences (M.D., S.W.L.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719; and Center for Women's Health Research (L.D.B., S.R.W., P.J.R.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Paul J Rozance
- Perinatal Research Center (L.D.B., S.W., W.W.H., P.J.R.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences (M.D., S.W.L.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719; and Center for Women's Health Research (L.D.B., S.R.W., P.J.R.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
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Pasek RC, Dunn JC, Elsakr JM, Aramandla M, Matta AR, Gannon M. Connective tissue growth factor is critical for proper β-cell function and pregnancy-induced β-cell hyperplasia in adult mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E564-74. [PMID: 27460898 PMCID: PMC5142004 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00194.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During pregnancy, maternal β-cells undergo compensatory changes, including increased β-cell mass and enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Failure of these adaptations to occur results in gestational diabetes mellitus. The secreted protein connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is critical for normal β-cell development and promotes regeneration after partial β-cell ablation. During embryogenesis, CTGF is expressed in pancreatic ducts, vasculature, and β-cells. In adult pancreas, CTGF is expressed only in the vasculature. Here we show that pregnant mice with global Ctgf haploinsufficiency (Ctgf(LacZ/+)) have an impairment in maternal β-cell proliferation; no difference was observed in virgin Ctgf(LacZ/+) females. Using a conditional CTGF allele, we found that mice with a specific inactivation of CTGF in endocrine cells (Ctgf(ΔEndo)) develop gestational diabetes during pregnancy, but this is due to a reduction in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion rather than impaired maternal β-cell proliferation. Moreover, virgin Ctgf(ΔEndo) females also display impaired GSIS with glucose intolerance, indicating that underlying β-cell dysfunction precedes the development of gestational diabetes in this animal model. This is the first time a role for CTGF in β-cell function has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond C Pasek
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jennifer C Dunn
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joseph M Elsakr
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Mounika Aramandla
- School for Science and Math, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Anveetha R Matta
- School for Science and Math, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
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Lakshmipathi J, Alvarez-Perez JC, Rosselot C, Casinelli GP, Stamateris RE, Rausell-Palamos F, O'Donnell CP, Vasavada RC, Scott DK, Alonso LC, Garcia-Ocaña A. PKCζ Is Essential for Pancreatic β-Cell Replication During Insulin Resistance by Regulating mTOR and Cyclin-D2. Diabetes 2016; 65:1283-96. [PMID: 26868297 PMCID: PMC4839210 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive β-cell replication occurs in response to increased metabolic demand during insulin resistance. The intracellular mediators of this compensatory response are poorly defined and their identification could provide significant targets for β-cell regeneration therapies. Here we show that glucose and insulin in vitro and insulin resistance in vivo activate protein kinase C ζ (PKCζ) in pancreatic islets and β-cells. PKCζ is required for glucose- and glucokinase activator-induced proliferation of rodent and human β-cells in vitro. Furthermore, either kinase-dead PKCζ expression (KD-PKCζ) or disruption of PKCζ in mouse β-cells blocks compensatory β-cell replication when acute hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia is induced. Importantly, KD-PKCζ inhibits insulin resistance-mediated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation and cyclin-D2 upregulation independent of Akt activation. In summary, PKCζ activation is key for early compensatory β-cell replication in insulin resistance by regulating the downstream signals mTOR and cyclin-D2. This suggests that alterations in PKCζ expression or activity might contribute to inadequate β-cell mass expansion and β-cell failure leading to type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayalakshmi Lakshmipathi
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Juan Carlos Alvarez-Perez
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Carolina Rosselot
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Gabriella P Casinelli
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Rachel E Stamateris
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Francisco Rausell-Palamos
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Christopher P O'Donnell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Rupangi C Vasavada
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Donald K Scott
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Laura C Alonso
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Ocaña
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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45
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Zhou Y, Hu Q, Chen F, Zhang J, Guo J, Wang H, Gu J, Ma L, Ho G. Human umbilical cord matrix-derived stem cells exert trophic effects on β-cell survival in diabetic rats and isolated islets. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:1625-33. [PMID: 26398949 PMCID: PMC4728317 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.021857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human umbilical cord matrix-derived stem cells (uMSCs), owing to their cellular and procurement advantages compared with mesenchymal stem cells derived from other tissue sources, are in clinical trials to treat type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the therapeutic basis remains to be fully understood. The immunomodulatory property of uMSCs could explain the use in treating T1D; however, the mere immune modulation might not be sufficient to support the use in T2D. We thus tested whether uMSCs could exert direct trophic effects on β-cells. Infusion of uMSCs into chemically induced diabetic rats prevented hyperglycemic progression with a parallel preservation of islet size and cellularity, demonstrating the protective effect of uMSCs on β-cells. Mechanistic analyses revealed that uMSCs engrafted long-term in the injured pancreas and the engraftment markedly activated the pancreatic PI3K pathway and its downstream anti-apoptotic machinery. The pro-survival pathway activation was associated with the expression and secretion of β-cell growth factors by uMSCs, among which insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) was highly abundant. To establish the causal relationship between the uMSC-secreted factors and β-cell survival, isolated rat islets were co-cultured with uMSCs in the transwell system. Co-culturing improved the islet viability and insulin secretion. Furthermore, reduction of uMSC-secreted IGF1 via siRNA knockdown diminished the protective effects on islets in the co-culture. Thus, our data support a model whereby uMSCs exert trophic effects on islets by secreting β-cell growth factors such as IGF1. The study reveals a novel therapeutic role of uMSCs and suggests that multiple mechanisms are employed by uMSCs to treat diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Qi Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Fuyi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Jincheng Guo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Hongwu Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Jiang Gu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Lian Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, The Women and Children's Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518122, China
| | - Guyu Ho
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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Bedinger DH, Adams SH. Metabolic, anabolic, and mitogenic insulin responses: A tissue-specific perspective for insulin receptor activators. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 415:143-56. [PMID: 26277398 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Insulin acts as the major regulator of the fasting-to-fed metabolic transition by altering substrate metabolism, promoting energy storage, and helping activate protein synthesis. In addition to its glucoregulatory and other metabolic properties, insulin can also act as a growth factor. The metabolic and mitogenic responses to insulin are regulated by divergent post-receptor signaling mechanisms downstream from the activated insulin receptor (IR). However, the anabolic and growth-promoting properties of insulin require tissue-specific inter-relationships between the two pathways, and the nature and scope of insulin-regulated processes vary greatly across tissues. Understanding the nuances of this interplay between metabolic and growth-regulating properties of insulin would have important implications for development of novel insulin and IR modulator therapies that stimulate insulin receptor activation in both pathway- and tissue-specific manners. This review will provide a unique perspective focusing on the roles of "metabolic" and "mitogenic" actions of insulin signaling in various tissues, and how these networks should be considered when evaluating selective pharmacologic approaches to prevent or treat metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean H Adams
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Hogan MF, Ravnskjaer K, Matsumura S, Huising MO, Hull RL, Kahn SE, Montminy M. Hepatic Insulin Resistance Following Chronic Activation of the CREB Coactivator CRTC2. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:25997-6006. [PMID: 26342077 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.679266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Under fasting conditions, increases in circulating concentrations of glucagon maintain glucose homeostasis via the induction of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Triggering of the cAMP pathway in hepatocytes stimulates the gluconeogenic program via the PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB and dephosphorylation of the cAMP-regulated CREB coactivators CRTC2 and CRTC3. In parallel, decreases in circulating insulin also increase gluconeogenic gene expression via the de-phosphorylation and activation of the forkhead transcription factor FOXO1. Hepatic gluconeogenesis is increased in insulin resistance where it contributes to the attendant hyperglycemia. Whether selective activation of the hepatic CREB/CRTC pathway is sufficient to trigger metabolic changes in other tissues is unclear, however. Modest hepatic expression of a phosphorylation-defective and therefore constitutively active CRTC2S171,275A protein increased gluconeogenic gene expression under fasting as well as feeding conditions. Circulating glucose concentrations were constitutively elevated in CRTC2S171,275A-expressing mice, leading to compensatory increases in circulating insulin concentrations that enhance FOXO1 phosphorylation. Despite accompanying decreases in FOXO1 activity, hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression remained elevated in CRTC2S171,275A mice, demonstrating that chronic increases in CRTC2 activity in the liver are indeed sufficient to promote hepatic insulin resistance and to disrupt glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan F Hogan
- From the Peptide Biology Laboratories, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98108
| | - Kim Ravnskjaer
- From the Peptide Biology Laboratories, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Shigenobu Matsumura
- From the Peptide Biology Laboratories, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan, and
| | - Mark O Huising
- From the Peptide Biology Laboratories, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Rebecca L Hull
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98108
| | - Steven E Kahn
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98108
| | - Marc Montminy
- From the Peptide Biology Laboratories, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037,
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48
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Alvarez-Perez JC, Rosa TC, Casinelli GP, Valle SR, Lakshmipathi J, Rosselot C, Rausell-Palamos F, Vasavada RC, García-Ocaña A. Hepatocyte growth factor ameliorates hyperglycemia and corrects β-cell mass in IRS2-deficient mice. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 28:2038-48. [PMID: 25361392 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance, when combined with decreased β-cell mass and relative insufficient insulin secretion, leads to type 2 diabetes. Mice lacking the IRS2 gene (IRS2(-/-) mice) develop diabetes due to uncompensated insulin resistance and β-cell failure. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway in β-cells without recruitment of IRS1 or IRS2 and increases β-cell proliferation, survival, mass, and function when overexpressed in β-cells of transgenic (TG) mice. We therefore hypothesized that HGF may protect against β-cell failure in IRS2 deficiency. For that purpose, we cross-bred TG mice overexpressing HGF in β-cells with IRS2 knockout (KO) mice. Glucose homeostasis analysis revealed significantly reduced hyperglycemia, compensatory hyperinsulinemia, and improved glucose tolerance in TG/KO mice compared with those in KO mice in the context of similar insulin resistance. HGF overexpression also increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in IRS2(-/-) islets. To determine whether this glucose homeostasis improvement correlated with alterations in β-cells, we measured β-cell mass, proliferation, and death in these mice. β-Cell proliferation was increased and death was decreased in TG/KO mice compared with those in KO mice. As a result, β-cell mass was significantly increased in TG/KO mice compared with that in KO mice, reaching levels similar to those in wild-type mice. Analysis of the intracellular targets involved in β-cell failure in IRS2 deficiency showed Pdx-1 up-regulation, Akt/FoxO1 phosphorylation, and p27 down-regulation in TG/KO mouse islets. Taken together, these results indicate that HGF can compensate for IRS2 deficiency and subsequent insulin resistance by normalizing β-cell mass and increasing circulating insulin. HGF may be of value as a therapeutic agent against β-cell failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Alvarez-Perez
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute (J.C.A.-P., J.L., C.R., F.R.-P., R.C.V., A.G.-O.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; and Department of Medicine (T.C.R., G.P.C., S.R.V.), Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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Baan M, Kibbe CR, Bushkofsky JR, Harris TW, Sherman DS, Davis DB. Transgenic expression of the human growth hormone minigene promotes pancreatic β-cell proliferation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015. [PMID: 26202070 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00244.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic mouse models are designed to study the role of specific proteins. To increase transgene expression the human growth hormone (hGH) minigene, including introns, has been included in many transgenic constructs. Until recently, it was thought that the hGH gene was not spliced, transcribed, and translated to produce functional hGH protein. We generated a transgenic mouse with the transcription factor Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1) followed by the hGH minigene, under control of the mouse insulin promoter (MIP) to target expression specifically in the pancreatic β-cell. Expression of FoxM1 in isolated pancreatic islets in vitro stimulates β-cell proliferation. We aimed to investigate the effect of FoxM1 on β-cell mass in a mouse model for diabetes mellitus. However, we found inadvertent coexpression of hGH protein from a spliced, bicistronic mRNA. MIP-FoxM1-hGH mice had lower blood glucose and higher pancreatic insulin content, due to increased β-cell proliferation. hGH signals through the murine prolactin receptor, and expression of its downstream targets tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (Tph1), tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (Tph2), and cytokine-inducible SH2 containing protein (Cish) was increased. Conversely, transcriptional targets of FoxM1 were not upregulated. Our data suggest that the phenotype of MIP-FoxM1-hGH mice is due primarily to hGH activity and that the FoxM1 protein remains largely inactive. Over the past decades, multiple transgenic mouse strains were generated that make use of the hGH minigene to increase transgene expression. Our work suggests that each will need to be carefully screened for inadvertent hGH production and critically evaluated for the use of proper controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Baan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Carly R Kibbe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Justin R Bushkofsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Ted W Harris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Dawn S Sherman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Dawn Belt Davis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; and William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
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Dishi M, Hevner K, Qiu C, Fida NG, Abetew DF, Williams MA, Enquobahrie DA. Early Pregnancy Maternal Hepatocyte Growth Factor and Risk of Gestational Diabetes. BRITISH JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND MEDICAL RESEARCH 2015; 9:BJMMR.18632. [PMID: 27158627 PMCID: PMC4856214 DOI: 10.9734/bjmmr/2015/18632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We investigated associations of serum hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We also examined whether pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity status or leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) modify these associations. METHODS In a nested case-control study (173 GDM cases and 187 controls) among participants of a pregnancy cohort, early pregnancy (16 weeks of gestation, on average) serum HGF was measured using enzyme-linked immunoassay. GDM was diagnosed using American Diabetes Association guidelines. Logistic regression was used to calculate odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Effect modifications by pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity status or LTPA during pregnancy were examined using stratified analyses and interaction terms. RESULTS Overall, we did not find significant associations of serum HGF with GDM risk (p-value> 0.05). However, compared with women who had low serum HGF concentrations (<2.29 ng/ml), women with high serum HGF concentrations (≥ 2.29 ng/ml) had 3.8-fold (95%CI: 1.30-10.98) and 4.5-fold (95%CI: 1.28-15.80) higher GDM risk among women who were overweight/obese, pre-pregnancy (body mass index≥25 kg/m2), or did not report LTPA, respectively. These associations were not present among women who were not overweight/obese (interaction p=0.05) or reported LTPA (interaction p=0.05). CONCLUSION Overweight/obesity status and LTPA may modify associations of early pregnancy serum HGF with subsequent GDM risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Dishi
- Center for Perinatal Studies, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karin Hevner
- Center for Perinatal Studies, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chunfang Qiu
- Center for Perinatal Studies, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Neway G. Fida
- Center for Perinatal Studies, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dejene F. Abetew
- Center for Perinatal Studies, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Daniel A. Enquobahrie
- Center for Perinatal Studies, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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