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Saron WAA, Shanmugam K, Tung CC, Patmanathan RK, Rathore APS, Anderson DE, St John AL. Exacerbated Zika virus-induced neuropathology and microcephaly in fetuses of dengue-immune nonhuman primates. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadd2420. [PMID: 37878671 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.add2420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that can vertically transmit from mother to fetus, potentially causing congenital defects, including microcephaly. It is not fully understood why some fetuses experience severe complications after in utero exposure to ZIKV, whereas others do not. Given the antigenic similarity between ZIKV and the closely related virus dengue (DENV) and the potential of DENV-specific antibodies to enhance ZIKV disease severity in mice, we questioned whether maternal DENV immunity could influence fetal outcomes in a nonhuman primate model of ZIKV vertical transmission. We found significantly increased severity of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) in fetuses of DENV-immune cynomolgus macaques infected with ZIKV in early pregnancy compared with naïve controls, which occurred despite no effect on maternal ZIKV infection or antibody responses. Ultrasound measurements of head circumference and biparietal diameter measurements taken sequentially throughout pregnancy demonstrated CZS in fetuses of DENV-immune pregnant macaques. Furthermore, severe CZS enhanced by DENV immunity was typified by reduced cortical thickness and increased frequency of neuronal death, hemorrhaging, cellular infiltrations, calcifications, and lissencephaly in fetal brains. This study shows that maternal immunity to DENV can worsen ZIKV neurological outcomes in fetal primates, and it provides an animal model of vertical transmission closely approximating human developmental timelines that could be used to investigate severe ZIKV disease outcomes and interventions in fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried A A Saron
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Keerthana Shanmugam
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Chi-Ching Tung
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | | | - Abhay P S Rathore
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Danielle E Anderson
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ashley L St John
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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2
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Krabbe NP, Razo E, Abraham HJ, Spanton RV, Shi Y, Bhattacharya S, Bohm EK, Pritchard JC, Weiler AM, Mitzey AM, Eickhoff JC, Sullivan E, Tan JC, Aliota MT, Friedrich TC, O’Connor DH, Golos TG, Mohr EL. Control of maternal Zika virus infection during pregnancy is associated with lower antibody titers in a macaque model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1267638. [PMID: 37809089 PMCID: PMC10556460 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1267638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy results in a spectrum of birth defects and neurodevelopmental deficits in prenatally exposed infants, with no clear understanding of why some pregnancies are more severely affected. Differential control of maternal ZIKV infection may explain the spectrum of adverse outcomes. Methods Here, we investigated whether the magnitude and breadth of the maternal ZIKV-specific antibody response is associated with better virologic control using a rhesus macaque model of prenatal ZIKV infection. We inoculated 18 dams with an Asian-lineage ZIKV isolate (PRVABC59) at 30-45 gestational days. Plasma vRNA and infectious virus kinetics were determined over the course of pregnancy, as well as vRNA burden in the maternal-fetal interface (MFI) at delivery. Binding and neutralizing antibody assays were performed to determine the magnitude of the ZIKV-specific IgM and IgG antibody responses throughout pregnancy, along with peptide microarray assays to define the breadth of linear ZIKV epitopes recognized. Results Dams with better virologic control (n= 9) cleared detectable infectious virus and vRNA from the plasma by 7 days post-infection (DPI) and had a lower vRNA burden in the MFI at delivery. In comparison, dams with worse virologic control (n= 9) still cleared detectable infectious virus from the plasma by 7 DPI but had vRNA that persisted longer, and had higher vRNA burden in the MFI at delivery. The magnitudes of the ZIKV-specific antibody responses were significantly lower in the dams with better virologic control, suggesting that higher antibody titers are not associated with better control of ZIKV infection. Additionally, the breadth of the ZIKV linear epitopes recognized did not differ between the dams with better and worse control of ZIKV infection. Discussion Thus, the magnitude and breadth of the maternal antibody responses do not seem to impact maternal virologic control. This may be because control of maternal infection is determined in the first 7 DPI, when detectable infectious virus is present and before robust antibody responses are generated. However, the presence of higher ZIKV-specific antibody titers in dams with worse virologic control suggests that these could be used as a biomarker of poor maternal control of infection and should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Krabbe
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Elaina Razo
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Hunter J. Abraham
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Rachel V. Spanton
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Yujia Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Saswati Bhattacharya
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ellie K. Bohm
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Julia C. Pritchard
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Andrea M. Weiler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ann M. Mitzey
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jens C. Eickhoff
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Healthy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Eric Sullivan
- Nimble Therapeutics, Inc, Madison, WI, United States
| | - John C. Tan
- Nimble Therapeutics, Inc, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Matthew T. Aliota
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Thomas C. Friedrich
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Thaddeus G. Golos
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Emma L. Mohr
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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3
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Li QH, Kim K, Shresta S. Mouse models of Zika virus transplacental transmission. Antiviral Res 2023; 210:105500. [PMID: 36567026 PMCID: PMC9852097 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Seven years after the onset of the Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic in the Americas, longitudinal studies are beginning to demonstrate that children infected in utero and born without severe birth defects exhibit motor skill deficits at up to 3 years of age. Long term health and socioeconomic impacts of fetal ZIKV infection appear imminent. ZIKV continues to circulate in low levels much as the virus did for decades prior to the 2015 epidemic, and the timing of the ZIKV outbreak is unknown. Thus, in the continued absence of ZIKV vaccines or antivirals, small animal models of ZIKV transplacental transmission have never been more necessary to test antiviral strategies for both mother and fetuses, and to elucidate mechanisms of immunity at the maternal-fetal interface. Here we review the state of ZIKV transplacental transmission models, highlight key unanswered questions, and set goals for the next generation of mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Hui Li
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kenneth Kim
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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4
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Grass V, Hardy E, Kobert K, Talemi SR, Décembre E, Guy C, Markov PV, Kohl A, Paris M, Böckmann A, Muñoz-González S, Sherry L, Höfer T, Boussau B, Dreux M. Adaptation to host cell environment during experimental evolution of Zika virus. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1115. [PMID: 36271143 PMCID: PMC9587232 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03902-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection can cause important developmental and neurological defects in Humans. Type I/III interferon responses control ZIKV infection and pathological processes, yet the virus has evolved various mechanisms to defeat these host responses. Here, we established a pipeline to delineate at high-resolution the genetic evolution of ZIKV in a controlled host cell environment. We uncovered that serially passaged ZIKV acquired increased infectivity and simultaneously developed a resistance to TLR3-induced restriction. We built a mathematical model that suggests that the increased infectivity is due to a reduced time-lag between infection and viral replication. We found that this adaptation is cell-type specific, suggesting that different cell environments may drive viral evolution along different routes. Deep-sequencing of ZIKV populations pinpointed mutations whose increased frequencies temporally coincide with the acquisition of the adapted phenotype. We functionally validated S455L, a substitution in ZIKV envelope (E) protein, recapitulating the adapted phenotype. Its positioning on the E structure suggests a putative function in protein refolding/stability. Taken together, our results uncovered ZIKV adaptations to the cellular environment leading to accelerated replication onset coupled with resistance to TLR3-induced antiviral response. Our work provides insights into Zika virus adaptation to host cells and immune escape mechanisms. In vitro analyses and computational modelling indicate that Zika virus adapts to the cellular environment of its host over time
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Grass
- CIRI, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, 69007, France
| | - Emilie Hardy
- CIRI, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, 69007, France
| | - Kassian Kobert
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive (LBBE), UMR CNRS 5558, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, 69622, France
| | - Soheil Rastgou Talemi
- Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Elodie Décembre
- CIRI, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, 69007, France
| | - Coralie Guy
- CIRI, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, 69007, France
| | - Peter V Markov
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive (LBBE), UMR CNRS 5558, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, 69622, France
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Mathilde Paris
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, 69007, France
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Lyon, 69007, France
| | - Sara Muñoz-González
- CIRI, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, 69007, France
| | - Lee Sherry
- CIRI, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, 69007, France
| | - Thomas Höfer
- Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Bastien Boussau
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive (LBBE), UMR CNRS 5558, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, 69622, France.
| | - Marlène Dreux
- CIRI, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, 69007, France.
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5
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Effect of prior Zika and dengue virus exposure on the severity of a subsequent dengue infection in adults. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17225. [PMID: 36241869 PMCID: PMC9568574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22231-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the structural similarity between Zika and dengue viruses, prior infection from one virus is hypothesized to modulate the severity of a subsequent infection from the other virus. A previous paediatric cohort study observed that a prior Zika infection may increase the risk of a subsequent symptomatic or severe dengue infection. The Colombo Dengue study is a prospective hospital-based cohort study in Sri Lanka that recruits symptomatic adult dengue patients within the first three days of fever. Anti-Dengue Envelope and anti-Zika NS1 IgG antibodies were tested by ELISA (Euroimmun, Lubeck, Germany) in all recruited patients. Associations between pre-morbid seroprevalence for either or both infections and adverse clinical outcomes of the current dengue infection were explored. A total of 507 dengue infected patients were assessed of whom 342 (68%) and 132 (26%) patients had anti-dengue IgG and anti-Zika IgG respectively. People with combined prior dengue and zika exposure as well as prior dengue exposure alone, were at increased risk of plasma leakage, compensated and uncompensated shock, and severe dengue (p < 0·05), compared to people without prior exposure to either infection. The effect of prior Zika exposure alone could not be established due to the small the number of primary dengue infections with prior Zika exposure.
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6
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Melo NDL, de Sousa DF, Laporta GZ. Microcephaly and Associated Risk Factors in Newborns: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:261. [PMID: 36288003 PMCID: PMC9611276 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital microcephaly is caused by a multitude of drivers affecting maternal−fetal health during pregnancy. It is a rare outcome in high-income industrial countries where microcephaly rates are in the range of 0.3−0.9 per 1000 newborns. Prevalence of microcephaly varies considerably across developing countries and can go as high as 58 cases per 1000 live births in pregnancies exposed to infection by Zika virus (ZIKV). Not only ZIKV-infected pregnancies, but other drivers can modulate the occurrence and severity of this outcome. Here, we sought to test the ZIKV−microcephaly association vs. competing hypotheses using a meta-analysis with 8341 microcephaly cases pooled from 10,250,994 newborns in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Analysis of risk ratios (RR) showed teratogens the most likely microcephaly-associated risk factor (RR = 3.43; 95%-CI 2.69−4.38; p-value < 0.0001), while the statistical significance of the ZIKV−microcephaly association was marginal (RR = 2.12; 95%-CI 1.01−4.48; p-value = 0.048). Other congenital infections showed strong but variable associations with microcephaly (RR = 15.24; 95%-CI 1.74−133.70; p-value = 0.014). Microcephaly cases were associated with impoverished socioeconomic settings, but this association was statistically non-significant (RR = 2.75; 95%-CI 0.55−13.78; p-value = 0.22). The marginal ZIKV−microcephaly association and statistical significance of the competing hypotheses suggest maternal ZIKV infection might not be a cause of microcephaly alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália de L. Melo
- Graduate Research and Innovation Program, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo André 09060-870, Brazil
- College of Medicine, Estacio University, Juazeiro 48924-999, Brazil
| | - Danilo F. de Sousa
- College of Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Z. Laporta
- Graduate Research and Innovation Program, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo André 09060-870, Brazil
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7
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Thompson D, Guenther B, Manayani D, Mendy J, Smith J, Espinosa DA, Harris E, Alexander J, Vang L, Morello CS. Zika virus-like particle vaccine fusion loop mutation increases production yield but fails to protect AG129 mice against Zika virus challenge. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010588. [PMID: 35793354 PMCID: PMC9292115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus with maternal infection associated with preterm birth, congenital malformations, and fetal death, and adult infection associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Recent widespread endemic transmission of ZIKV and the potential for future outbreaks necessitate the development of an effective vaccine. We developed a ZIKV vaccine candidate based on virus-like-particles (VLPs) generated following transfection of mammalian HEK293T cells using a plasmid encoding the pre-membrane/membrane (prM/M) and envelope (E) structural protein genes. VLPs were collected from cell culture supernatant and purified by column chromatography with yields of approximately 1-2mg/L. To promote increased particle yields, a single amino acid change of phenylalanine to alanine was made in the E fusion loop at position 108 (F108A) of the lead VLP vaccine candidate. This mutation resulted in a modest 2-fold increase in F108A VLP production with no detectable prM processing by furin to a mature particle, in contrast to the lead candidate (parent). To evaluate immunogenicity and efficacy, AG129 mice were immunized with a dose titration of either the immature F108A or lead VLP (each alum adjuvanted). The resulting VLP-specific binding antibody (Ab) levels were comparable. However, geometric mean neutralizing Ab (nAb) titers using a recombinant ZIKV reporter were significantly lower with F108A immunization compared to lead. After virus challenge, all lead VLP-immunized groups showed a significant 3- to 4-Log10 reduction in mean ZIKV RNAemia levels compared with control mice immunized only with alum, but the RNAemia reduction of 0.5 Log10 for F108A groups was statistically similar to the control. Successful viral control by the lead VLP candidate following challenge supports further vaccine development for this candidate. Notably, nAb titer levels in the lead, but not F108A, VLP-immunized mice inversely correlated with RNAemia. Further evaluation of sera by an in vitro Ab-dependent enhancement assay demonstrated that the F108A VLP-induced immune sera had a significantly higher capacity to promote ZIKV infection in FcγR-expressing cells. These data indicate that a single amino acid change in the fusion loop resulted in increased VLP yields but that the immature F108A particles were significantly diminished in their capacity to induce nAbs and provide protection against ZIKV challenge. Zika virus (ZIKV) is transmitted by mosquitoes and is a serious health threat due to potential epidemic spread. Infection in adults may lead to Guillain-Barré syndrome, a neurological disorder, or may cause harm to a developing fetus resulting in preterm birth, fetal death, or devastating congenital malformations. There are currently no approved vaccines against ZIKV. We previously developed a lead candidate vaccine based on a virus-like particle (VLP) that was generated in tissue culture. This ZIKV shell is devoid of any viral genetic material. In previous studies, this lead VLP candidate generated neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) that recognized wild-type ZIKV and prevented viral replication in both mice and non-human primates. To increase production of the lead VLP candidate and decrease cost-of-goods, we introduced a single amino acid change, phenylalanine to alanine, in the envelope glycoprotein. This change resulted in a modest increase in VLP yield. However, this single amino acid change resulted in reduced induction of nAbs following immunization and no significant reduction of RNAemia following challenge compared to the lead candidate. The results of this study suggest this investigational vaccine candidate is not suitable for further vaccine development and that ZIKV VLP maturation may have an important role in protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Thompson
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ben Guenther
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Darly Manayani
- PaxVax Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jason Mendy
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Smith
- PaxVax Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Diego A. Espinosa
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jeff Alexander
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
- PaxVax Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Lo Vang
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
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8
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Langel SN, Blasi M, Permar SR. Maternal immune protection against infectious diseases. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:660-674. [PMID: 35550669 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The maternal immune system protects developing offspring against pathogens before birth via transplacental transfer and after birth through secreted milk. This transferred maternal immunity influences each generation's susceptibility to infections and responsiveness to immunization. Thus, boosting immunity in the maternal-neonatal dyad is a potentially valuable public health strategy. Additionally, at critical times during fetal and postnatal development, environmental factors and immune stimuli influence immune development. These "windows of opportunity" offer a chance to identify both risk and protective factors that promote long-term health and limit disease. Here, we review pre- and postpartum maternal immune factors that protect against infectious agents in offspring and how they may shape the infant's immune landscape over time. Additionally, we discuss the influence of maternal immunity on the responsiveness to immunization in early life. Lastly, when maternal factors are insufficient to prevent neonatal infectious diseases, we discuss pre- and postnatal therapeutic strategies for the maternal-neonatal dyad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Langel
- Department of Surgery, Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Maria Blasi
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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Elgueta D, Murgas P, Riquelme E, Yang G, Cancino GI. Consequences of Viral Infection and Cytokine Production During Pregnancy on Brain Development in Offspring. Front Immunol 2022; 13:816619. [PMID: 35464419 PMCID: PMC9021386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.816619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections during pregnancy can seriously damage fetal neurodevelopment by aberrantly activating the maternal immune system, directly impacting fetal neural cells. Increasing evidence suggests that these adverse impacts involve alterations in neural stem cell biology with long-term consequences for offspring, including neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and cognitive impairment. Here we review how maternal infection with viruses such as Influenza A, Cytomegalovirus, and Zika during pregnancy can affect the brain development of offspring by promoting the release of maternal pro-inflammatory cytokines, triggering neuroinflammation of the fetal brain, and/or directly infecting fetal neural cells. In addition, we review insights into how these infections impact human brain development from studies with animal models and brain organoids. Finally, we discuss how maternal infection with SARS-CoV-2 may have consequences for neurodevelopment of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Elgueta
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Murgas
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Erick Riquelme
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gonzalo I Cancino
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
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10
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Measles-based Zika vaccine induces long-term immunity and requires NS1 antibodies to protect the female reproductive tract. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:43. [PMID: 35440656 PMCID: PMC9018676 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) can cause devastating effects in the unborn fetus of pregnant women. To develop a candidate vaccine that can protect human fetuses, we generated a panel of live measles vaccine (MV) vectors expressing ZIKV-E and -NS1. Our MV-based ZIKV-E vaccine, MV-E2, protected mice from the non-lethal Zika Asian strain (PRVABC59) and the lethal African strain (MR766) challenge. Despite 100% survival of the MV-E2 mice, however, complete viral clearance was not achieved in the brain and reproductive tract of the lethally challenged mice. We then tested MV-based vaccines that expressed E and NS1 together or separately in two different vaccines. We observed complete clearance of ZIKV from the female reproductive tract and complete fetal protection in the lethal African challenge model in animals that received the dual antigen vaccines. Additionally, MV-E2 and MV-NS1, when administered together, induced durable plasma cell responses. Our findings suggest that NS1 antibodies are required to enhance the protection of ZIKV-E antibodies in the female reproductive tract.
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11
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Villazana-Kretzer DL, Wuertz KM, Newhouse D, Damicis JR, Dornisch EM, Voss KM, Muruato AE, Paymaster JA, Schmiedecke SS, Edwards SM, Napolitano PG, Tisoncik-Go J, Ieronimakis N, Gale M. ZIKV can infect human term placentas in the absence of maternal factors. Commun Biol 2022; 5:243. [PMID: 35304593 PMCID: PMC8933440 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus infection can result in devastating pregnancy outcomes when it crosses the placental barrier. For human pregnancies, the mechanisms of vertical transmission remain enigmatic. Utilizing a human placenta-cotyledon perfusion model, we examined Zika virus exposure in the absence of maternal factors. To distinguish responses related to viral infection vs. recognition, we evaluated cotyledons perfused with either active or inactivated Zika virus. Active Zika virus exposure resulted in infection, cell death and syncytium injury. Pathology corresponded with transcriptional changes related to inflammation and innate immunity. Inactive Zika virus exposure also led to syncytium injury and related changes in gene expression but not cell death. Our observations reveal pathologies and innate immune responses that are dependent on infection or virus placenta interactions independent of productive infection. Importantly, our findings indicate that Zika virus can infect and compromise placentas in the absence of maternal humoral factors that may be protective. Villazana-Kretzer et al. compare histology, physiology and gene expression in cotyledons from term placentas perfused with either active or UV-inactivated Zika virus. They show that ZIKV can infect human term placentas in the absence of maternal factors and identify unique transcriptional responses to active ZIKA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn McGuckin Wuertz
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel Newhouse
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Damicis
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Elisabeth M Dornisch
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Voss
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Antonio E Muruato
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Paymaster
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Stacey S Schmiedecke
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Sarah M Edwards
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Peter G Napolitano
- Department of OB/GYN, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer Tisoncik-Go
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas Ieronimakis
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA, USA. .,Department of Clinical Investigation, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA, USA.
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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12
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Paiva IA, Familiar-Macedo D, Badolato-Corrêa J, Carvalho FR, Dias HG, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, dos Santos CF, Silva AA, de Azeredo EL, Vianna RADO, Cardoso CAA, Grifoni A, Sette A, Weiskopf D, de-Oliveira-Pinto LM. Involvement of Th1Th17 Cell Subpopulations in the Immune Responses of Mothers Who Gave Birth to Children with Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS). Viruses 2022; 14:v14020250. [PMID: 35215843 PMCID: PMC8879837 DOI: 10.3390/v14020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of T helper 17 cell (Th17)-related cytokines have been shown in acute Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. We hypothesized that the high levels of Th17-related cytokines, associated with a regulatory environment during pregnancy, create a favorable milieu for the differentiation of CD4+Th17 cells. We present data from a cross-sectional study on mothers who confirmed ZIKV infection by qRT-PCR and their children. We also recruited non-pregnant women infected with ZIKV in the same period. ZIKV infection occurred between 2015 and 2017. We collected samples for this study between 2018 and 2019, years after the initial infection. We highlight that, after in vitro stimulation with ZIKV CD4 megapool (ZIKV MP), we found a lower frequency of IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells (Th17), especially in the mothers, confirmed by the decrease in IL-17 production in the supernatant. However, a higher frequency of CD4+ IL-17+ IFN-γ+ T cells (Th1Th17) responding to the ZIKV MP was observed in the cells of the mothers and children but not in those of the non-pregnant women. Our data indicate that the priming of CD4 T cells of the Th1Th17 phenotype occurred preferentially in the mothers who gave birth to children with CZS and in the children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iury Amancio Paiva
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (I.A.P.); (D.F.-M.); (J.B.-C.); (H.G.D.); (C.F.d.S.); (E.L.d.A.)
| | - Débora Familiar-Macedo
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (I.A.P.); (D.F.-M.); (J.B.-C.); (H.G.D.); (C.F.d.S.); (E.L.d.A.)
| | - Jéssica Badolato-Corrêa
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (I.A.P.); (D.F.-M.); (J.B.-C.); (H.G.D.); (C.F.d.S.); (E.L.d.A.)
| | - Fabiana Rabe Carvalho
- Multiuser Laboratory for Research in Nephrology and Medical Science, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24033-900, Brazil; (F.R.C.); (A.A.S.); (C.A.A.C.)
| | - Helver Gonçalves Dias
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (I.A.P.); (D.F.-M.); (J.B.-C.); (H.G.D.); (C.F.d.S.); (E.L.d.A.)
| | - Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA;
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Caroline Fernandes dos Santos
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (I.A.P.); (D.F.-M.); (J.B.-C.); (H.G.D.); (C.F.d.S.); (E.L.d.A.)
| | - Andréa Alice Silva
- Multiuser Laboratory for Research in Nephrology and Medical Science, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24033-900, Brazil; (F.R.C.); (A.A.S.); (C.A.A.C.)
| | - Elzinandes Leal de Azeredo
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (I.A.P.); (D.F.-M.); (J.B.-C.); (H.G.D.); (C.F.d.S.); (E.L.d.A.)
| | | | - Claudete Aparecida Araújo Cardoso
- Multiuser Laboratory for Research in Nephrology and Medical Science, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24033-900, Brazil; (F.R.C.); (A.A.S.); (C.A.A.C.)
- Department of Maternal and Child, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24033-900, Brazil;
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (A.G.); (A.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (A.G.); (A.S.); (D.W.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (A.G.); (A.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Luzia Maria de-Oliveira-Pinto
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (I.A.P.); (D.F.-M.); (J.B.-C.); (H.G.D.); (C.F.d.S.); (E.L.d.A.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Liu Z, Zhang Y, Cheng M, Ge N, Shu J, Xu Z, Su X, Kou Z, Tong Y, Qin C, Jin X. A single nonsynonymous mutation on ZIKV E protein-coding sequences leads to markedly increased neurovirulence in vivo. Virol Sin 2022; 37:115-126. [PMID: 35234632 PMCID: PMC8922429 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) can infect a wide range of tissues including the developmental brain of human fetus. Whether specific viral genetic variants are linked to neuropathology is incompletely understood. To address this, we have intracranially serially passaged a clinical ZIKV isolate (SW01) in neonatal mice and discovered variants that exhibit markedly increased virulence and neurotropism. Deep sequencing analysis combining with molecular virology studies revealed that a single 67D (Aspartic acid) to N (Asparagine) substitution on E protein is sufficient to confer the increased virulence and neurotropism in vivo. Notably, virus clones with D67N mutation had higher viral production and caused more severe cytopathic effect (CPE) in human neural astrocytes U251 cells in vitro, indicating its potential neurological toxicity to human brain. These findings revealed that a single mutation D67N on ZIKV envelope may lead to severe neuro lesion that may help to explain the neurovirulence of ZIKV and suggest monitoring the occurrence of this mutation during nature infection may be important. Construction of a ZIKV adaptation mouse mode. Specific viral genetic changes of ZIKV are associated with severe neuropathology. D67N mutation on E protein markedly increase the neurovirulence of ZIKA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Liu
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Vaccine and Immunology Research Center, Translational Medical Research Institute, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Yawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Mengli Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Ningning Ge
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Vaccine and Immunology Research Center, Translational Medical Research Institute, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jiayi Shu
- Vaccine and Immunology Research Center, Translational Medical Research Institute, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Zhiheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiao Su
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhihua Kou
- Vaccine and Immunology Research Center, Translational Medical Research Institute, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Chengfeng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Xia Jin
- Vaccine and Immunology Research Center, Translational Medical Research Institute, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
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14
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Haese NN, Roberts VHJ, Chen A, Streblow DN, Morgan TK, Hirsch AJ. Nonhuman Primate Models of Zika Virus Infection and Disease during Pregnancy. Viruses 2021; 13:2088. [PMID: 34696518 PMCID: PMC8539636 DOI: 10.3390/v13102088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the explosive outbreak of Zika virus in Brazil and South/Central America in 2015-2016, the frequency of infections has subsided, but Zika virus remains present in this region as well as other tropical and sub-tropical areas of the globe. The most alarming aspect of Zika virus infection is its association with severe birth defects when infection occurs in pregnant women. Understanding the mechanism of Zika virus pathogenesis, which comprises features unique to Zika virus as well as shared with other teratogenic pathogens, is key to future prophylactic or therapeutic interventions. Nonhuman primate-based research has played a significant role in advancing our knowledge of Zika virus pathogenesis, especially with regard to fetal infection. This review summarizes what we have learned from these models and potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole N. Haese
- The Vaccine & Gene Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; (N.N.H.); (D.N.S.)
| | - Victoria H. J. Roberts
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA;
| | - Athena Chen
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (A.C.); (T.K.M.)
| | - Daniel N. Streblow
- The Vaccine & Gene Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; (N.N.H.); (D.N.S.)
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Terry K. Morgan
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (A.C.); (T.K.M.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Alec J. Hirsch
- The Vaccine & Gene Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; (N.N.H.); (D.N.S.)
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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15
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Larocca RA, Abbink P, Ventura JD, Chandrashekar A, Mercado N, Li Z, Borducchi E, De La Barrera RA, Eckels KH, Modjarrad K, Busch MP, Michael NL, Barouch DH. Impact of prior Dengue immunity on Zika vaccine protection in rhesus macaques and mice. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009673. [PMID: 34170962 PMCID: PMC8266125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing immunity to flaviviruses can influence the outcome of subsequent flavivirus infections. Therefore, it is critical to determine whether baseline DENV immunity may influence subsequent ZIKV infection and the protective efficacy of ZIKV vaccines. In this study, we investigated the impact of pre-existing DENV immunity induced by vaccination on ZIKV infection and the protective efficacy of an inactivated ZIKV vaccine. Rhesus macaques and mice inoculated with a live attenuated DENV vaccine developed neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to multiple DENV serotypes but no cross-reactive NAbs responses to ZIKV. Animals with baseline DENV NAbs did not exhibit enhanced ZIKV infection and showed no overall reduction in ZIKV vaccine protection. Moreover, passive transfer of purified DENV-specific IgG from convalescent human donors did not augment ZIKV infection in STAT2 -/- and BALB/c mice. In summary, these results suggest that baseline DENV immunity induced by vaccination does not significantly enhance ZIKV infection or impair the protective efficacy of candidate ZIKV vaccines in these models. These data can help inform immunization strategies in regions of the world with multiple circulating pathogenic flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A. Larocca
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter Abbink
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John D. Ventura
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Abishek Chandrashekar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Noe Mercado
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zhenfeng Li
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erica Borducchi
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Kenneth H. Eckels
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kayvon Modjarrad
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Busch
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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16
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CD4 + T Cells Cross-Reactive with Dengue and Zika Viruses Protect against Zika Virus Infection. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107566. [PMID: 32348763 PMCID: PMC7261136 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms by which prior immunity to dengue virus (DENV) affords cross-protection against the related flavivirus Zika virus (ZIKV) are poorly understood. Here, we examine the ability of DENV/ZIKV-cross-reactive CD4+ T cells to protect against versus exacerbate ZIKV infection by using a histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1*0101 transgenic, interferon α/β receptor-deficient mouse model that supports robust DENV and ZIKV replication. By mapping the HLA-DRB1*0101-restricted T cell response, we identify DENV/ZIKV-cross-reactive CD4+ T cell epitopes that stimulate interferon gamma (IFNγ) and/or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production. Vaccination of naive HLA-DRB1*0101 transgenic mice with these peptides induces a CD4+ T cell response sufficient to reduce tissue viral burden following ZIKV infection. Notably, this protective response requires IFNγ and/or TNF secretion but not anti-ZIKV immunoglobulin G (IgG) production. Thus, DENV/ZIKV-cross-reactive CD4+ T cells producing canonical Th1 cytokines can suppress ZIKV replication in an antibody-independent manner. These results may have important implications for increasing the efficacy and safety of DENV/ZIKV vaccines and for developing pan-flavivirus vaccines.
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Zika Virus Pathogenesis: A Battle for Immune Evasion. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030294. [PMID: 33810028 PMCID: PMC8005041 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and its associated congenital and other neurological disorders, particularly microcephaly and other fetal developmental abnormalities, constitute a World Health Organization (WHO) Zika Virus Research Agenda within the WHO’s R&D Blueprint for Action to Prevent Epidemics, and continue to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) today. ZIKV pathogenicity is initiated by viral infection and propagation across multiple placental and fetal tissue barriers, and is critically strengthened by subverting host immunity. ZIKV immune evasion involves viral non-structural proteins, genomic and non-coding RNA and microRNA (miRNA) to modulate interferon (IFN) signaling and production, interfering with intracellular signal pathways and autophagy, and promoting cellular environment changes together with secretion of cellular components to escape innate and adaptive immunity and further infect privileged immune organs/tissues such as the placenta and eyes. This review includes a description of recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying ZIKV immune modulation and evasion that strongly condition viral pathogenesis, which would certainly contribute to the development of anti-ZIKV strategies, drugs, and vaccines.
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18
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Three-Year Clinical Follow-Up of Children Intrauterine Exposed to Zika Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030523. [PMID: 33810110 PMCID: PMC8005078 DOI: 10.3390/v13030523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital Zika virus (ZIKV) infection may present with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. Some sequelae, particularly neurodevelopmental problems, may have a later onset. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 799 high-risk pregnant women who were followed up until delivery. Eighty-three women and/or newborns were considered ZIKV exposed and/or infected. Laboratory diagnosis was made by polymerase chain reaction in the pregnant mothers and their respective newborns, as well as Dengue virus, Chikungunya virus, and ZIKV serology. Serology for toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and syphilis infections were also performed in microcephalic newborns. The newborns included in the study were followed up until their third birthday. Developmental delay was observed in nine patients (13.2%): mild cognitive delay in three patients, speech delay in three patients, autism spectrum disorder in two patients, and severe neurological abnormalities in one microcephalic patient; sensorineural hearing loss, three patients and dysphagia, six patients. Microcephaly due to ZIKV occurred in three patients (3.6%). Clinical manifestations can appear after the first year of life in children infected/exposed to ZIKV, emphasizing the need for long-term follow-up.
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19
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Vang L, Morello CS, Mendy J, Thompson D, Manayani D, Guenther B, Julander J, Sanford D, Jain A, Patel A, Shabram P, Smith J, Alexander J. Zika virus-like particle vaccine protects AG129 mice and rhesus macaques against Zika virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009195. [PMID: 33711018 PMCID: PMC7990201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, is a re-emerging virus that constitutes a public health threat due to its recent global spread, recurrent outbreaks, and infections that are associated with neurological abnormalities in developing fetuses and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. To date, there are no approved vaccines against ZIKV infection. Various preclinical and clinical development programs are currently ongoing in an effort to bring forward a vaccine for ZIKV. Methodology/Principle findings We have developed a ZIKV vaccine candidate based on Virus-Like-Particles (VLPs) produced in HEK293 mammalian cells using the prM (a precursor to M protein) and envelope (E) structural protein genes from ZIKV. Transient transfection of cells via plasmid and electroporation produced VLPs which were subsequently purified by column chromatography yielding approximately 2mg/L. Initially, immunogenicity and efficacy were evaluated in AG129 mice using a dose titration of VLP with and without Alhydrogel 2% (alum) adjuvant. We found that VLP with and without alum elicited ZIKV-specific serum neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and that titers correlated with protection. A follow-up immunogenicity and efficacy study in rhesus macaques was performed using VLP formulated with alum. Multiple neutralization assay methods were performed on immune sera including a plaque reduction neutralization test, a microneutralization assay, and a Zika virus Renilla luciferase neutralization assay. All of these assays indicate that following immunization, VLP induces high titer nAbs which correlate with protection against ZIKV challenge. Conclusions/Significance These studies confirm that ZIKV VLPs could be efficiently generated and purified. Upon VLP immunization, in both mice and NHPs, nAb was induced that correlate with protection against ZIKV challenge. These studies support translational efforts in developing a ZIKV VLP vaccine for evaluation in human clinical trials. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a significant global health threat particularly due to the speed in which epidemics can occur. The resulting infections have been demonstrated to harm a developing fetus and, in some adults, be a co-factor for the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome. ZIKV is typically spread by the Aedes mosquito, but sexual transmission is also possible. We sought to develop a ZIKV prophylactic vaccine based on surface glycoproteins of the virus that would be devoid of any viral genetic material. This Virus-Like-Particle (VLP) was generated in vitro following introduction of plasmid DNA encoding Zika structural protein (prM-E) genes into mammalian cells. The aluminum-adjuvanted VLP induced nAbs in mice and nonhuman primates and protected against ZIKV challenge in vivo. These studies support the evaluation of this VLP candidate vaccine in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lo Vang
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Jason Mendy
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Danielle Thompson
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Darly Manayani
- PaxVax Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America (PaxVax was acquired by Emergent BioSolutions Inc. Oct 2018)
| | - Ben Guenther
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Justin Julander
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Daniel Sanford
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center, West Jefferson, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amit Jain
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amish Patel
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul Shabram
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Smith
- PaxVax Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America (PaxVax was acquired by Emergent BioSolutions Inc. Oct 2018)
| | - Jeff Alexander
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
- PaxVax Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America (PaxVax was acquired by Emergent BioSolutions Inc. Oct 2018)
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20
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Badolato-Corrêa J, Carvalho FR, Paiva IA, Familiar-Macedo D, Dias HG, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Fernandes-Santos C, Lima MDRQ, Gandini M, Silva AA, Baeta Cavalcanti SM, de Oliveira SA, de Oliveira Vianna RA, de Azeredo EL, Cardoso CAA, Grifoni A, Sette A, Weiskopf D, de-Oliveira-Pinto LM. Differential Longevity of Memory CD4 and CD8 T Cells in a Cohort of the Mothers With a History of ZIKV Infection and Their Children. Front Immunol 2021; 12:610456. [PMID: 33679748 PMCID: PMC7928292 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.610456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Zika virus (ZIKV) infection causes for mild and self-limiting disease in healthy adults. In newborns, it can occasionally lead to a spectrum of malformations, the congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). Thus, little is known if mothers and babies with a history of ZIKV infection were able to develop long-lasting T-cell immunity. To these issues, we measure the prevalence of ZIKV T-cell immunity in a cohort of mothers infected to the ZIKV during pregnancy in the 2016–2017 Zika outbreak, who gave birth to infants affected by neurological complications or asymptomatic ones. Results: Twenty-one mothers and 18 children were tested for IFN-γ ELISpot and T-cell responses for flow cytometry assays in response to CD4 ZIKV and CD8 ZIKV megapools (CD4 ZIKV MP and CD8 ZIKV MP). IFN-γ ELISpot responses to ZIKV MPs showed an increased CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses in mothers compared to children. The degranulation activity and IFN-γ-producing CD4 T cells were detected in most mothers, and children, while in CD8 T-cells, low responses were detected in these study groups. The total Temra T cell subset is enriched for IFN-γ+ CD4 T cells after stimulation of CD4 ZIKV MP. Conclusion: Donors with a history of ZIKV infection demonstrated long-term CD4 T cell immunity to ZIKV CD4 MP. However, the same was not observed in CD8 T cells with the ZIKV CD8 MP. One possibility is that the cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory activities of CD8 T cells are markedly demonstrated in the early stages of infection, but less detected in the disease resolution phase, when the virus has already been eliminated. The responses of mothers' T cells to ZIKV MPs do not appear to be related to their children's clinical outcome. There was also no marked difference in the T cell responses to ZIKV MP between children affected or not with CZS. These data still need to be investigated, including the evaluation of the response of CD8 T cells to other ZIKV peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabiana Rabe Carvalho
- Multiuser Laboratory for Research in Nephrology and Medical Science, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Iury Amancio Paiva
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.,Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mariana Gandini
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andréa Alice Silva
- Multiuser Laboratory for Research in Nephrology and Medical Science, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Claudete Aparecida Araújo Cardoso
- Multiuser Laboratory for Research in Nephrology and Medical Science, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Department of Maternal and Child, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), San Diego, CA, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), San Diego, CA, United States
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21
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Zhou Y, Liu Z, Li S, Xu W, Zhang Q, Silva IT, Li C, Wu Y, Jiang Q, Liu Z, Wang Q, Guo Y, Wu J, Gu C, Cai X, Qu D, Mayer CT, Wang X, Jiang S, Ying T, Yuan Z, Xie Y, Wen Y, Lu L, Wang Q. Enhancement versus neutralization by SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from a convalescent donor associates with distinct epitopes on the RBD. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108699. [PMID: 33485405 PMCID: PMC7802522 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several potent neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus have been identified. However, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) has not been comprehensively studied for SARS-CoV-2, and the relationship between enhancing versus neutralizing activities and antibody epitopes remains unknown. Here, we select a convalescent individual with potent IgG neutralizing activity and characterize his antibody response. Monoclonal antibodies isolated from memory B cells target four groups of five non-overlapping receptor-binding domain (RBD) epitopes. Antibodies to one group of these RBD epitopes mediate ADE of entry in Raji cells via an Fcγ receptor-dependent mechanism. In contrast, antibodies targeting two other distinct epitope groups neutralize SARS-CoV-2 without ADE, while antibodies against the fourth epitope group are poorly neutralizing. One antibody, XG014, potently cross-neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants, as well as SARS-CoV-1, with respective IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) values as low as 5.1 and 23.7 ng/mL, while not exhibiting ADE. Therefore, neutralization and ADE of human SARS-CoV-2 antibodies correlate with non-overlapping RBD epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zezhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Shibo Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Israel T Silva
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-010, Brazil
| | - Cheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qingling Jiang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhenmi Liu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiujing Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Yu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jianbo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chengjian Gu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xia Cai
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Di Qu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Christian T Mayer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yumei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Qiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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22
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Elong Ngono A, Syed T, Nguyen AV, Regla-Nava JA, Susantono M, Spasova D, Aguilar A, West M, Sparks J, Gonzalez A, Branche E, DeHart JL, Vega JB, Karmali PP, Chivukula P, Kamrud K, Aliahmad P, Wang N, Shresta S. CD8 + T cells mediate protection against Zika virus induced by an NS3-based vaccine. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb2154. [PMID: 33148638 PMCID: PMC7673678 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is associated with congenital malformations in infants born to infected mothers, and with Guillain-Barré syndrome in infected adults. Development of ZIKV vaccines has focused predominantly on the induction of neutralizing antibodies, although a suboptimal antibody response may theoretically enhance disease severity through antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Here, we report induction of a protective anti-ZIKV CD8+ T cell response in the HLA-B*0702 Ifnar1-/- transgenic mice using an alphavirus-based replicon RNA vaccine expressing ZIKV nonstructural protein NS3, a potent T cell antigen. The NS3 vaccine did not induce a neutralizing antibody response but elicited polyfunctional CD8+ T cells that were necessary and sufficient for preventing death in lethally infected adult mice and fetal growth restriction in infected pregnant mice. These data identify CD8+ T cells as the major mediators of ZIKV NS3 vaccine-induced protection and suggest a new strategy to develop safe and effective anti-flavivirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Elong Ngono
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thasneem Syed
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anh-Viet Nguyen
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jose Angel Regla-Nava
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mercylia Susantono
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Darina Spasova
- Synthetic Genomics Inc., 11149 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Allison Aguilar
- Synthetic Genomics Inc., 11149 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Melissa West
- Synthetic Genomics Inc., 11149 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jessica Sparks
- Synthetic Genomics Inc., 11149 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew Gonzalez
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Emilie Branche
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jason L DeHart
- Synthetic Genomics Inc., 11149 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jerel Boyd Vega
- Arcturus Therapeutics Inc., 10628 Science Center Drive, Suite 250, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Priya Prakash Karmali
- Arcturus Therapeutics Inc., 10628 Science Center Drive, Suite 250, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Padmanabh Chivukula
- Arcturus Therapeutics Inc., 10628 Science Center Drive, Suite 250, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Kurt Kamrud
- Synthetic Genomics Inc., 11149 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Parinaz Aliahmad
- Synthetic Genomics Inc., 11149 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nathaniel Wang
- Synthetic Genomics Inc., 11149 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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23
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Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT) in the Congenital Zika Syndrome: Positivity and Associations with Laboratory, Clinical, and Imaging Characteristics. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111244. [PMID: 33142747 PMCID: PMC7692785 DOI: 10.3390/v12111244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The short duration of viremia, low blood viral load, inaccessibility to timely specific diagnostic tests, and cross-reactions with other flaviviruses have hindered laboratory confirmation of Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS). This study analyzes the positivity of the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) in children with clinical or imaging characteristics of CZS and its association with laboratory, clinical, and imaging characteristics. The 94 clinical cases of CZS submitted to the ZIKV PRNT90 test were followed from 2016 to 2018. The mean age of children at PRNT90 collection was 22 ± 6 months Standard Deviation. The ZIKV PRNT90 was positive (titer ≥ 10) in 40 (42.5%) children. ZIKV PRNT90 positivity was associated with severe microcephaly in newborns (p = 0.016), lower head circumference z-score at birth (p = 0.043) and 24 months of age (p = 0.031), and severe reduction of the cerebral parenchyma volume (p = 0.021), expressing greater disease severity. Negative PRNT90 in children with characteristic signs of CZS may be due to false-negative results, indicating that the diagnosis of CZS should be primarily syndromic.
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24
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Passive immunisation of convalescent human anti-Zika plasma protects against challenge with New World Zika virus in cynomolgus macaques. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:86. [PMID: 33014434 PMCID: PMC7492244 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) causes neurological complications in susceptible individuals, highlighted in the recent South American epidemic. Natural ZIKV infection elicits host responses capable of preventing subsequent re-infection, raising expectations for effective vaccination. Defining protective immune correlates will inform viral intervention strategies, particularly vaccine development. Non-human primate (NHP) species are susceptible to ZIKV and represent models for vaccine development. The protective efficacy of a human anti-ZIKV convalescent plasma pool (16/320-14) developed as a candidate reference material for a WHO International Standard was evaluated in macaques. Convalescent plasma administered to four cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) intra-peritoneally 24 hrs prior to sub-cutaneous challenge with 103 pfu ZIKVPRVABC59 protected against detectable infection, with absence of detectable ZIKV RNA in blood and lymphoid tissues. Passively immunised anti-ZIKV immunoglobulin administered prior to time of challenge remained present only at very low levels 42 days post-challenge. Absence of de novo antibody responses in passively immunised macaques indicate sterilising immunity compared with naïve challenge controls that exhibited active ZIKV-specific IgM and IgG responses post-challenge. Demonstration that the presence of convalescent anti-ZIKV at levels of 400 IU/mL neutralising antibody protects against virus challenge provides a scientific framework for development of anti-ZIKV vaccines and facilitates regulatory approval.
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25
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Chen D, Duan Z, Zhou W, Zou W, Jin S, Li D, Chen X, Zhou Y, Yang L, Zhang Y, Shresta S, Wen J. Japanese encephalitis virus-primed CD8+ T cells prevent antibody-dependent enhancement of Zika virus pathogenesis. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20192152. [PMID: 32501510 PMCID: PMC7478723 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20192152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-reactive anti-flaviviral immunity can influence the outcome of infections with heterologous flaviviruses. However, it is unclear how the interplay between cross-reactive antibodies and T cells tilts the balance toward pathogenesis versus protection during secondary Zika virus (ZIKV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infections. We show that sera and IgG from JEV-vaccinated humans and JEV-inoculated mice cross-reacted with ZIKV, exacerbated lethal ZIKV infection upon transfer to mice, and promoted viral replication and mortality upon ZIKV infection of the neonates born to immune mothers. In contrast, transfer of CD8+ T cells from JEV-exposed mice was protective, reducing the viral burden and mortality of ZIKV-infected mice and abrogating the lethal effects of antibody-mediated enhancement of ZIKV infection in mice. Conversely, cross-reactive anti-ZIKV antibodies or CD8+ T cells displayed the same pathogenic or protective effects upon JEV infection, with the exception that maternally acquired anti-ZIKV antibodies had no effect on JEV infection of the neonates. These results provide clues for developing safe anti-JEV/ZIKV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- The Sixth People’s Hospital of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhiliang Duan
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Wenhua Zhou
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Weiwei Zou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shengwei Jin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dezhou Li
- Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yongchao Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lan Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jinsheng Wen
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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26
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Macedo-da-Silva J, Marinho CRF, Palmisano G, Rosa-Fernandes L. Lights and Shadows of TORCH Infection Proteomics. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E894. [PMID: 32764347 PMCID: PMC7464470 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital abnormalities cause serious fetal consequences. The term TORCH is used to designate the most common perinatal infections, where: (T) refers to toxoplasmosis, (O) means "others" and includes syphilis, varicella-zoster, parvovirus B19, zika virus (ZIKV), and malaria among others, (R) refers to rubella, (C) relates to cytomegalovirus infection, and (H) to herpes simplex virus infections. Among the main abnormalities identified in neonates exposed to congenital infections are central nervous system (CNS) damage, microcephaly, hearing loss, and ophthalmological impairment, all requiring regular follow-up to monitor its progression. Protein changes such as mutations, post-translational modifications, abundance, structure, and function may indicate a pathological condition before the onset of the first symptoms, allowing early diagnosis and understanding of a particular disease or infection. The term "proteomics" is defined as the science that studies the proteome, which consists of the total protein content of a cell, tissue or organism in a given space and time, including post-translational modifications (PTMs) and interactions between proteins. Currently, quantitative bottom-up proteomic strategies allow rapid and high throughput characterization of complex biological mixtures. Investigating proteome modulation during host-pathogen interaction helps in elucidating the mechanisms of infection and in predicting disease progression. This "molecular battle" between host and pathogen is a key to identify drug targets and diagnostic markers. Here, we conducted a survey on proteomic techniques applied to congenital diseases classified in the terminology "TORCH", including toxoplasmosis, ZIKV, malaria, syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCVM). We have highlighted proteins and/or protein complexes actively involved in the infection. Most of the proteomic studies reported have been performed in cell line models, and the evaluation of tissues (brain, muscle, and placenta) and biofluids (plasma, serum and urine) in animal models is still underexplored. Moreover, there are a plethora of studies focusing on the pathogen or the host without considering the triad mother-fetus-pathogen as a dynamic and interconnected system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Macedo-da-Silva
- Glycoproteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Claudio Romero Farias Marinho
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunoparasitology, Department of Parasitology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Glycoproteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Livia Rosa-Fernandes
- Glycoproteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunoparasitology, Department of Parasitology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
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27
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Gardinali NR, Marchevsky RS, Oliveira JM, Pelajo-Machado M, Kugelmeier T, Castro MP, Silva ACA, Pinto DP, Fonseca LB, Vilhena LS, Pereira HM, Lima SMB, Miranda EH, Trindade GF, Linhares JHR, Silva SA, Melgaço JG, Alves AMB, Moran J, Silva MCC, Soares-Bezerra RJ, Soriano A, Bentes GA, Bottino FO, Salvador Castro Faria SB, Nudelman RF, Lopes CAA, Perea JAS, Sarges K, Andrade MCR, Motta MCVA, Freire MS, Souza TML, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Pinto MA. Sofosbuvir shows a protective effect against vertical transmission of Zika virus and the associated congenital syndrome in rhesus monkeys. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104859. [PMID: 32649965 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in Brazil, 2015-2016, were associated with severe congenital malformations. Our translational study aimed to test the efficacy of the antiviral agent sofosbuvir (SOF) against vertical transmission of ZIKV and the associated congenital syndrome (CZS), using a rhesus monkey model. Eight pregnant macaques were successfully infected during the organogenesis phase with a Brazilian ZIKV strain; five of them received SOF from two to fifteen days post-infection. Both groups of dams showed ZIKV-associated clinical signals, detectable ZIKV RNA in several specimens, specific anti-ZIKV IgM and IgG antibodies, and maternal neutralizing antibodies. However, malformations occurred only among non-treated dam offspring. Compared to non-treated animals, all SOF-treated dams had a shorter ZIKV viremia and four of five neonates had undetectable ZIKV RNA in blood and tissue samples. These results support further clinical evaluations aiming for the prevention of CZS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi R Gardinali
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renato S Marchevsky
- Laboratório de Neurovirulência, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline M Oliveira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Pelajo-Machado
- Laboratório de Patologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Kugelmeier
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcio P Castro
- Centro de Diagnóstico Veterinário (CEVET), Avenida Rui Barbosa 29, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline C A Silva
- Serviço de Equivalência e Farmacocinética (SEFAR), Vice-Presidência de Produção e Inovação em Saúde (VPPIS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Douglas P Pinto
- Serviço de Equivalência e Farmacocinética (SEFAR), Vice-Presidência de Produção e Inovação em Saúde (VPPIS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lais B Fonseca
- Serviço de Equivalência e Farmacocinética (SEFAR), Vice-Presidência de Produção e Inovação em Saúde (VPPIS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leandro S Vilhena
- Serviço de Equivalência e Farmacocinética (SEFAR), Vice-Presidência de Produção e Inovação em Saúde (VPPIS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Heliana M Pereira
- Serviço de Equivalência e Farmacocinética (SEFAR), Vice-Presidência de Produção e Inovação em Saúde (VPPIS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sheila M B Lima
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Emily H Miranda
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gisela F Trindade
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José H R Linhares
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Stephanie A Silva
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana Gil Melgaço
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ada M B Alves
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Fisiologia de Infecções Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Julio Moran
- Dr. Julio Moran Laboratories, Vordergrüt 30, Herrliberg, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria C C Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Patógenos, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal Do ABC, Avenida Dos Estados, 5001, São Bernardo Do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rômulo J Soares-Bezerra
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andreza Soriano
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gentil A Bentes
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda O Bottino
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sarah Beatriz Salvador Castro Faria
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael F Nudelman
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Claudia A A Lopes
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Javier A S Perea
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Klena Sarges
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Márcia C R Andrade
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Márcia C V A Motta
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos S Freire
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago M L Souza
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Gestão da Inovação em Doenças Negligenciadas (INCT/IDN), Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico Em Saúde (CDTS), Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcelo A Pinto
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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28
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Serrano-Collazo C, Pérez-Guzmán EX, Pantoja P, Hassert MA, Rodríguez IV, Giavedoni L, Hodara V, Parodi L, Cruz L, Arana T, Martínez MI, White L, Brien JD, de Silva A, Pinto AK, Sariol CA. Effective control of early Zika virus replication by Dengue immunity is associated to the length of time between the 2 infections but not mediated by antibodies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008285. [PMID: 32463814 PMCID: PMC7255596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the contribution of virus-specific and cross-reacting antibodies (Abs) or the cellular immune response generated by a primary dengue (DENV) infection on the course of a secondary zika (ZIKV) infection in vivo. Here we show that the length of time between DENV/ZIKV infections has a qualitative impact on controlling early ZIKV replication. Depletion of DENV2-specific Abs in sera confirmed that those type-specific Abs do not contribute to ZIKV control. We show that the magnitude and durability of the neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) induced by a secondary ZIKV infection is modest compared to the response induced after a secondary heterologous DENV infection. Our in vivo results are showing a complex interplay between the cellular and innate immune responses characterized by a high frequency of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) correlating with an increase in the frequency of DENV antigen specific T cells and a significant control of ZIKV replication which is time dependent. Taken together, our results suggest that early after ZIKV infection other mechanisms such as the innate and cellular immune responses may play a predominant role in controlling ZIKV replication. Regardless of the time elapsed between infections there was no evidence of in vivo antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of ZIKV by DENV immunity. These findings have pivotal implications while interpreting ZIKV pathogenesis in flavivirus-experimented populations, diagnostic results interpretation and vaccine designs and schedules among others. From our previous work in non-human primates and others using humans, we believe that previous DENV immunity confers some degree of protection against ZIKV infection. However, at least two highly relevant questions remain unanswered. One is precisely if the time between primary DENV and a subsequent ZIKV infections may play a role in the degree of protection conferred by DENV immunity. The second question is related to the mechanisms of cross-protection. In this work we provide evidences that a period of 12 months between DENV and ZIKV infections has a significant impact controlling ZIKV replication compared to a shorter period of 3 months. We also provide evidences that the pre-existing DENV Abs play no role controlling early ZIKV replication. Our results strongly suggest that the mechanisms controlling ZIKV replication are related to the complex interaction between the innate and the cellular immune responses. Our results have significant implications for vaccine design and schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crisanta Serrano-Collazo
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Erick X. Pérez-Guzmán
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Petraleigh Pantoja
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Mariah A. Hassert
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Idia V. Rodríguez
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Luis Giavedoni
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vida Hodara
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laura Parodi
- University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lorna Cruz
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Teresa Arana
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Melween I. Martínez
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Laura White
- University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - James D. Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Aravinda de Silva
- University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amelia K. Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carlos A. Sariol
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Esswein SR, Gristick HB, Jurado A, Peace A, Keeffe JR, Lee YE, Voll AV, Saeed M, Nussenzweig MC, Rice CM, Robbiani DF, MacDonald MR, Bjorkman PJ. Structural basis for Zika envelope domain III recognition by a germline version of a recurrent neutralizing antibody. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9865-9875. [PMID: 32321830 PMCID: PMC7211955 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919269117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemics demonstrate the global threat of Zika virus (ZIKV), a flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes. Although infection is usually asymptomatic or mild, newborns of infected mothers can display severe symptoms, including neurodevelopmental abnormalities and microcephaly. Given the large-scale spread, symptom severity, and lack of treatment or prophylaxis, a safe and effective ZIKV vaccine is urgently needed. However, vaccine design is complicated by concern that elicited antibodies (Abs) may cross-react with other flaviviruses that share a similar envelope protein, such as dengue virus, West Nile virus, and yellow fever virus. This cross-reactivity may worsen symptoms of a subsequent infection through Ab-dependent enhancement. To better understand the neutralizing Ab response and risk of Ab-dependent enhancement, further information on germline Ab binding to ZIKV and the maturation process that gives rise to potently neutralizing Abs is needed. Here we use binding and structural studies to compare mature and inferred-germline Ab binding to envelope protein domain III of ZIKV and other flaviviruses. We show that affinity maturation of the light-chain variable domain is important for strong binding of the recurrent VH3-23/VK1-5 neutralizing Abs to ZIKV envelope protein domain III, and identify interacting residues that contribute to weak, cross-reactive binding to West Nile virus. These findings provide insight into the affinity maturation process and potential cross-reactivity of VH3-23/VK1-5 neutralizing Abs, informing precautions for protein-based vaccines designed to elicit germline versions of neutralizing Abs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R Esswein
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Harry B Gristick
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Andrea Jurado
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Avery Peace
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jennifer R Keeffe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Yu E Lee
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Alisa V Voll
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Mohsan Saeed
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Davide F Robbiani
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Margaret R MacDonald
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125;
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30
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Subramaniam KS, Lant S, Goodwin L, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Turtle L. Two Is Better Than One: Evidence for T-Cell Cross-Protection Between Dengue and Zika and Implications on Vaccine Design. Front Immunol 2020; 11:517. [PMID: 32269575 PMCID: PMC7109261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV, family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus) exists as four distinct serotypes. Generally, immunity after infection with one serotype is protective and lifelong, though exceptions have been described. However, secondary infection with a different serotype can result in more severe disease for a minority of patients. Host responses to the first DENV infection involve the development of both cross-reactive antibody and T cell responses, which, depending upon their precise balance, may mediate protection or enhance disease upon secondary infection with a different serotype. Abundant evidence now exists that responses elicited by DENV infection can cross-react with other members of the genus Flavivirus, particularly Zika virus (ZIKV). Cohort studies have shown that prior DENV immunity is associated with protection against Zika. Cross-reactive antibody responses may enhance infection with flaviviruses, which likely accounts for the cases of severe disease seen during secondary DENV infections. Data for T cell responses are contradictory, and even though cross-reactive T cell responses exist, their clinical significance is uncertain. Recent mouse experiments, however, show that cross-reactive T cells are capable of mediating protection against ZIKV. In this review, we summarize and discuss the evidence that T cell responses may, at least in part, explain the cross-protection seen against ZIKV from DENV infection, and that T cell antigens should therefore be included in putative Zika vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishanthi S Subramaniam
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Centre for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Suzannah Lant
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Centre for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lynsey Goodwin
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Centre for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Centre for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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31
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A combination of two human monoclonal antibodies limits fetal damage by Zika virus in macaques. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:7981-7989. [PMID: 32209664 PMCID: PMC7149495 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000414117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy can cause fetal abnormalities. Vaccines against ZIKV are under development, but because of potential safety concerns due to disease-enhancing antibodies, and the time required by active immunization to induce protective antibodies, there is a need to explore alternative strategies. Recombinant monoclonal antibodies can be modified to prevent enhancement of infection, and thus could be an efficacious and safe alternative to vaccines to confer rapid protection. We show that prophylactic administration of two engineered antibodies, Z004 and Z021, to pregnant macaques partially protects against fetal neurologic damage and limits vertical transmission of ZIKV. Human infection by Zika virus (ZIKV) during pregnancy can lead to vertical transmission and fetal aberrations, including microcephaly. Prophylactic administration of antibodies can diminish or prevent ZIKV infection in animal models, but whether passive immunization can protect nonhuman primates and their fetuses during pregnancy has not been determined. Z004 and Z021 are neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to domain III of the envelope (EDIII) of ZIKV. Together the two antibodies protect nonpregnant macaques against infection even after Fc modifications to prevent antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) in vitro and extend their half-lives. Here we report on prophylactic coadministration of the Fc-modified antibodies to pregnant rhesus macaques challenged three times with ZIKV during first and second trimester. The two antibodies did not entirely eliminate maternal viremia but limited vertical transmission, protecting the fetus from neurologic damage. Thus, maternal passive immunization with two antibodies to EDIII can shield primate fetuses from the harmful effects of ZIKV.
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32
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Barsosio HC, Gitonga JN, Karanja HK, Nyamwaya DK, Omuoyo DO, Kamau E, Hamaluba MM, Nyiro JU, Kitsao BS, Nyaguara A, Mwakio S, Newton CR, Sang R, Wright D, Sanders EJ, Seale AC, Agoti CN, Berkley JA, Bejon P, Warimwe GM. Congenital microcephaly unrelated to flavivirus exposure in coastal Kenya. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 4:179. [PMID: 32175480 PMCID: PMC7059837 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15568.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Zika virus (ZIKV) was first discovered in East Africa in 1947. ZIKV has caused microcephaly in the Americas, but it is not known whether ZIKV is a cause of microcephaly in East Africa. Methods: We used surveillance data from 11,061 live births at Kilifi County Hospital in coastal Kenya between January 2012 and October 2016 to identify microcephaly cases and conducted a nested case-control study to determine risk factors for microcephaly. Gestational age at birth was estimated based on antenatal ultrasound scanning ('Scanned cohort') or last menstrual period ('LMP cohort', including births ≥37 weeks' gestation only). Controls were newborns with head circumference Z scores between >-2 and ≤2 SD that were compared to microcephaly cases in relation to ZIKV exposure and other maternal and newborn factors. Results: Of the 11,061 newborns, 214 (1.9%, 95%CI 1.69, 2.21) had microcephaly. Microcephaly prevalence was 1.0% (95%CI 0.64, 1.70, n=1529) and 2.1% (95%CI 1.81, 2.38, n=9532) in the scanned and LMP cohorts, respectively. After excluding babies <2500 g (n=1199) in the LMP cohort the prevalence was 1.1% (95%CI 0.93, 1.39). Microcephaly showed an association with being born small for gestational age (p<0.001) but not with ZIKV neutralising antibodies (p=0.6) or anti-ZIKV NS1 IgM response (p=0.9). No samples had a ZIKV neutralising antibody titre that was at least fourfold higher than the corresponding dengue virus (DENV) titre. No ZIKV or other flavivirus RNA was detected in cord blood from cases or controls. Conclusions: Microcephaly was prevalent in coastal Kenya, but does not appear to be related to ZIKV exposure; the ZIKV response observed in our study population was largely due to cross-reactive responses to DENV or other related flaviviruses. Further research into potential causes and the clinical consequences of microcephaly in this population is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen C Barsosio
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Everlyn Kamau
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Joyce U Nyiro
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Amek Nyaguara
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Stella Mwakio
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Charles R Newton
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Daniel Wright
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Anna C Seale
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - James A Berkley
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - George M Warimwe
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Rathore APS, St John AL. Cross-Reactive Immunity Among Flaviviruses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:334. [PMID: 32174923 PMCID: PMC7054434 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses consist of significant human pathogens responsible for hundreds of millions of infections each year. Their antigenic relationships generate immune responses that are cross-reactive to multiple flaviviruses and their widespread and overlapping geographical distributions, coupled with increases in vaccination coverage, increase the likelihood of exposure to multiple flaviviruses. Depending on the antigenic properties of the viruses to which a person is exposed, flavivirus cross-reactivity can be beneficial or could promote immune pathologies. In this review we describe our knowledge of the functional immune outcomes that arise from varied flaviviral immune statuses. The cross-reactive antibody and T cell immune responses that are protective versus pathological are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay P S Rathore
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ashley L St John
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,SingHealth Duke-National University of Singapore Global Health Institute, Singapore, Singapore
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Zimmerman MG, Wrammert J, Suthar MS. Cross-Reactive Antibodies during Zika Virus Infection: Protection, Pathogenesis, and Placental Seeding. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:14-24. [PMID: 31917957 PMCID: PMC7802743 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Humoral immunity is an essential component of the protective immune response to flavivirus infection. Typically, primary infection generates a robust neutralizing antibody response that mediates viral control and protection. It is becoming increasingly apparent that secondary infection with a closely related flavivirus strain can result in immunological cross-reactivity; however, the consequences to infection outcome remain controversial. Since its introduction to Brazil in 2015, Zika virus (ZIKV) has caused an epidemic of fetal congenital malformations within the Americas. Because ZIKV is a mosquito-borne flavivirus with a high degree of sequence and structural homology to Dengue virus (DENV), the role of immunological cross-reactivity in ZIKV and DENV infections has become a great concern. In this review, we highlight contemporary findings that implicate a role for flavivirus antibodies in mediating protection, contributing to pathogenesis, and seeding the human placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Zimmerman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jens Wrammert
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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Zika Virus Pathogenesis: From Early Case Reports to Epidemics. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100886. [PMID: 31546589 PMCID: PMC6832697 DOI: 10.3390/v11100886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
For the first 60 years following its isolation, Zika virus (ZIKV) remained a relatively poorly described member of the Flaviviridae family. However, since 2007, it has caused a series of increasingly severe outbreaks and is now associated with neurological symptoms such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). A number of reports have improved our understanding of rare complications that may be associated with ZIKV infection in adults, the areas of the body to which it spreads, and viral persistence in various tissues. Likewise, studies on the effect of ZIKV infection during pregnancy have identified risk factors for CZS and the impact this syndrome has on early childhood. Understanding these outcomes and the factors that drive ZIKV pathogenesis are key to developing vaccination and therapeutic approaches to avoid these severe and potentially debilitating symptoms.
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