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Naidoo L, Arumugam T, Ramsuran V. Host Genetic Impact on Infectious Diseases among Different Ethnic Groups. ADVANCED GENETICS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2023; 4:2300181. [PMID: 38099246 PMCID: PMC10716055 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.202300181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis (TB), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) are problematic globally, with high prevalence particularly in Africa, attributing to most of the death rates. There have been immense efforts toward developing effective preventative and therapeutic strategies for these pathogens globally, however, some remain uncured. Disease susceptibility and progression for malaria, TB, HIV, and COVID-19 vary among individuals and are attributed to precautionary measures, environment, host, and pathogen genetics. While studying individuals with similar attributes, it is suggested that host genetics contributes to most of an individual's susceptibility to disease. Several host genes are identified to associate with these pathogens. Interestingly, many of these genes and polymorphisms are common across diseases. This paper analyzes genes and genetic variations within host genes associated with HIV, TB, malaria, and COVID-19 among different ethnic groups. The differences in host-pathogen interaction among these groups, particularly of Caucasian and African descent, and which gene polymorphisms are prevalent in an African population that possesses protection or risk to disease are reviewed. The information in this review could potentially help develop personalized treatment that could effectively combat the high disease burden in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Naidoo
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical SciencesCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurban4041South Africa
| | - Thilona Arumugam
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical SciencesCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurban4041South Africa
| | - Veron Ramsuran
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical SciencesCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurban4041South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA)University of KwaZulu‐NatalDurban4041South Africa
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2
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Jahan I, Hayat S, Khalid MM, Ahammad RU, Asad A, Islam B, Mohammad QD, Jacobs BC, Islam Z. Association of mannose-binding lectin 2 gene polymorphisms with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5791. [PMID: 35388043 PMCID: PMC8987049 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement activation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), a debilitating immune-mediated neuropathy. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a complement activation factor of lectin pathway which as genetic host factor may influence the susceptibility or severity of GBS. We investigated the frequency of MBL2 promoter (- 550H/L and - 221X/Y) and functional region (exon 1 A/O) polymorphisms and their association with disease susceptibility, clinical features and serum MBL among GBS patients (n = 300) and healthy controls (n = 300) in Bangladesh. The median patient age was 30 years (IQR: 18-42; males, 68%). MBL2 polymorphisms were not significantly associated with GBS susceptibility compared to healthy controls. HL heterozygosity in GBS patients was significantly associated with mild functional disability at enrolment (P = 0.0145, OR, 95% CI 2.1, 1.17-3.82). The HY, YA, HA and HYA heterozygous haplotypes were more common among mildly affected (P = 0.0067, P = 0.0086, P = 0.0075, P = 0.0032, respectively) than severely affected patients with GBS. Reduced serum MBL was significantly associated with the LL, OO and no HYA variants and GBS disease severity. No significant association was observed between MBL2 polymorphisms and electrophysiological variants, recent Campylobacter jejuni infection or anti-ganglioside (GM1) antibody responses in GBS. In conclusion, MBL2 gene polymorphisms are related to reduced serum MBL and associated with the severity of GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israt Jahan
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr, b, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shoma Hayat
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr, b, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mir M Khalid
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr, b, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | | | - Asaduzzaman Asad
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr, b, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Badrul Islam
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr, b, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Quazi D Mohammad
- National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Bart C Jacobs
- Department of Neurology and Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zhahirul Islam
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr, b, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
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Futagbi G, Otu PS, Abdul-Rahman M, Aidoo EK, Lo AC, Gyan BA, Afrane YA, Amoah LE. Association of TNF-Alpha, MBL2, NOS2, and G6PD with Malaria Outcomes in People in Southern Ghana. Genet Res (Camb) 2022; 2022:6686406. [PMID: 35291755 PMCID: PMC8901335 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6686406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One major issue that has set back the gains of the numerous malaria control interventions that national malaria control programs have implemented is asymptomatic malaria. Certain host genetic factors are known to influence symptomatic malaria; however, not much is known about how host genetics influences the acquisition of asymptomatic malaria. Methods Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood collected from 60 symptomatic and 149 nonfebrile (asymptomatic, N = 109, and uninfected, N = 40) volunteers aged between 2 and 69 years from a high (Obom) and a low (Asutsuare) malaria transmission setting in Southern Ghana. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used to determine polymorphisms at the MBL2 54, TNF-α 308, NOS2 954, and G6PD 202/376 gene loci. Results Polymorphisms at the MBL2 54 and TNF-α 308 loci were significantly different amongst the three categories of volunteers in both Asutsuare (p = 0.006) and Obom (p=0.05). In Asutsuare, a low malaria transmission area, the allele G has significantly higher odds (3.15) of supporting asymptomatic malaria as against symptomatic malaria. There were significantly higher odds of TNF-α genotype GA being associated with symptomatic malaria as against asymptomatic malaria in both sites, Obom (p=0.027) and Asutsuare (p=0.027). The allele B of the G6PD gene was more prevalent in symptomatic rather than asymptomatic parasite-infected individuals in both Obom (p=0.001) and Asutsuare (p=0.003). Conclusion Individuals in Southern Ghana carrying the TNF-α 308 GA genotype are more likely to exhibit symptoms of malaria when infected with the malaria parasite as opposed to harboring an asymptomatic infection. Also, the B allele of the G6PD gene is likely to prevent a P. falciparum-infected person from exhibiting symptoms and thereby promote asymptomatic parasite carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfred Futagbi
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Paulina S Otu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mubarak Abdul-Rahman
- Department of Pathology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer K Aidoo
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Accra Technical University, Accra, Ghana
| | - Aminata C Lo
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ben A Gyan
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yaw A Afrane
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Linda E Amoah
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- West Africa Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Raballah E, Anyona SB, Cheng Q, Munde EO, Hurwitz IF, Onyango C, Ndege C, Hengartner NW, Pacheco MA, Escalante AA, Lambert CG, Ouma C, Obama HCJT, Scheider KA, Seidenberg PD, McMahon BH, Perkins DJ. Complement component 3 mutations alter the longitudinal risk of pediatric malaria and severe malarial anemia. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 247:672-682. [PMID: 34842470 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211056272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe malarial anemia (SMA) is a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in holoendemic Plasmodium falciparum transmission regions. To gain enhanced understanding of predisposing factors for SMA, we explored the relationship between complement component 3 (C3) missense mutations [rs2230199 (2307C>G, Arg>Gly102) and rs11569534 (34420G>A, Gly>Asp1224)], malaria, and SMA in a cohort of children (n = 1617 children) over 36 months of follow-up. Variants were selected based on their ability to impart amino acid substitutions that can alter the structure and function of C3. The 2307C>G mutation results in a basic to a polar residue change (Arg to Gly) at position 102 (β-chain) in the macroglobulin-1 (MG1) domain, while 34420G>A elicits a polar to acidic residue change (Gly to Asp) at position 1224 (α-chain) in the thioester-containing domain. After adjusting for multiple comparisons, longitudinal analyses revealed that inheritance of the homozygous mutant (GG) at 2307 enhanced the risk of SMA (RR = 2.142, 95%CI: 1.229-3.735, P = 0.007). The haplotype containing both wild-type alleles (CG) decreased the incident risk ratio of both malaria (RR = 0.897, 95%CI: 0.828-0.972, P = 0.008) and SMA (RR = 0.617, 95%CI: 0.448-0.848, P = 0.003). Malaria incident risk ratio was also reduced in carriers of the GG (Gly102Gly1224) haplotype (RR = 0.941, 95%CI: 0.888-0.997, P = 0.040). Collectively, inheritance of the missense mutations in MG1 and thioester-containing domain influence the longitudinal risk of malaria and SMA in children exposed to intense Plasmodium falciparum transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evans Raballah
- 1104University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu and Siaya 40100, Kenya.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, 118970School of Public Health Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, 50100 Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Samuel B Anyona
- 1104University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu and Siaya 40100, Kenya.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, 118971School of Medicine, Maseno University, 40105 Maseno, Kenya
| | - Qiuying Cheng
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, 1104University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87131 NM, USA
| | - Elly O Munde
- 1104University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu and Siaya 40100, Kenya.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Kirinyaga University School of Health Sciences, Kerugoya 10300, Kenya
| | - Ivy-Foo Hurwitz
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, 1104University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87131 NM, USA
| | - Clinton Onyango
- 1104University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu and Siaya 40100, Kenya
| | - Caroline Ndege
- 1104University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu and Siaya 40100, Kenya
| | - Nicolas W Hengartner
- Theoretical Division, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, 87544 NM, USA
| | - Maria Andreína Pacheco
- Biology Department/Institute of Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine (iGEM), Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Ananias A Escalante
- Biology Department/Institute of Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine (iGEM), Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Christophe G Lambert
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, 1104University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87131 NM, USA
| | - Collins Ouma
- 1104University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu and Siaya 40100, Kenya.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, 118971School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, 40105 Maseno, Kenya
| | - Henri C Jr T Obama
- Department of Applied Computer and Biosciences, University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, Technikumplatz, Mittweida 09648, Germany
| | - Kristan A Scheider
- Department of Applied Computer and Biosciences, University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, Technikumplatz, Mittweida 09648, Germany
| | - Philip D Seidenberg
- Department of Emergency Medicine, 1104University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Benjamin H McMahon
- Theoretical Division, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, 87544 NM, USA
| | - Douglas J Perkins
- 1104University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu and Siaya 40100, Kenya.,Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, 1104University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87131 NM, USA
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Rathnayake D, Aitken EH, Rogerson SJ. Beyond Binding: The Outcomes of Antibody-Dependent Complement Activation in Human Malaria. Front Immunol 2021; 12:683404. [PMID: 34168652 PMCID: PMC8217965 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody immunity against malaria is effective but non-sterile. In addition to antibody-mediated inhibition, neutralisation or opsonisation of malaria parasites, antibody-mediated complement activation is also important in defense against infection. Antibodies form immune complexes with parasite-derived antigens that can activate the classical complement pathway. The complement system provides efficient surveillance for infection, and its activation leads to parasite lysis or parasite opsonisation for phagocytosis. The induction of complement-fixing antibodies contributes significantly to the development of protective immunity against clinical malaria. These complement-fixing antibodies can form immune complexes that are recognised by complement receptors on innate cells of the immune system. The efficient clearance of immune complexes is accompanied by complement receptor internalisation, abrogating the detrimental consequences of excess complement activation. Here, we review the mechanisms of activation of complement by alternative, classical, and lectin pathways in human malaria at different stages of the Plasmodium life cycle with special emphasis on how complement-fixing antibodies contribute to protective immunity. We briefly touch upon the action of anaphylatoxins, the assembly of membrane attack complex, and the possible reasons underlying the resistance of infected erythrocytes towards antibody-mediated complement lysis, relevant to their prolonged survival in the blood of the human host. We make suggestions for further research on effector functions of antibody-mediated complement activation that would guide future researchers in deploying complement-fixing antibodies in preventive or therapeutic strategies against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen J. Rogerson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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6
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Murugaiah V, Tsolaki AG, Kishore U. Collectins: Innate Immune Pattern Recognition Molecules. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1204:75-127. [PMID: 32152944 PMCID: PMC7120701 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1580-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Collectins are collagen-containing C-type (calcium-dependent) lectins which are important pathogen pattern recognising innate immune molecules. Their primary structure is characterised by an N-terminal, triple-helical collagenous region made up of Gly-X-Y repeats, an a-helical coiled-coil trimerising neck region, and a C-terminal C-type lectin or carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). Further oligomerisation of this primary structure can give rise to more complex and multimeric structures that can be seen under electron microscope. Collectins can be found in serum as well as in a range of tissues at the mucosal surfaces. Mannanbinding lectin can activate the complement system while other members of the collectin family are extremely versatile in recognising a diverse range of pathogens via their CRDs and bring about effector functions designed at the clearance of invading pathogens. These mechanisms include opsonisation, enhancement of phagocytosis, triggering superoxidative burst and nitric oxide production. Collectins can also potentiate the adaptive immune response via antigen presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells through modulation of cytokines and chemokines, thus they can act as a link between innate and adaptive immunity. This chapter describes the structure-function relationships of collectins, their diverse functions, and their interaction with viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valarmathy Murugaiah
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Anthony G Tsolaki
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Uday Kishore
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UB8 3PH, UK.
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7
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Mortazavi E, Eslami B, Aghahosseini P, Ahron F, Amininejad A, Mahmoodi S, Satarpour H, Radmanesh N, Rassi H. Association of Mannose-Binding Lectin rs1800450 and Tumor Necrotic Factor-α rs1800620 Polymorphism with Helicobacter pylori in Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2018; 36:236-241. [PMID: 29053425 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2017.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the prevalent type of diabetes, including 90% of the cases world-wide. Helicobacter pylori plays a pathogenic role in the development of T2DM. The host genetic factors have a significant impact on the clinical outcome and anatomical distribution of H. pylori infection and polymorphisms in several genes such as tumor necrotic factor (TNF)-α and mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and are considered to increase the risk for the development of T2DM. In this study, we investigate the prevalence rate of H. pylori infection and its relationship to MBL rs1800450 and TNF-α rs1800620 polymorphism in T2DM. In this case-control study, 174 patients with type II diabetes and 185 healthy controls were studied. Also, demographics, physical, and biochemical parameters were performed in all patients. The DNA extracted from blood specimens was amplified by H. pylori cagA-specific primers. The MBL rs1800450 and TNF-α rs1800620 genotyping were detected by amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR). The results show that H. pylori cagA positivity was detected in 42.82% of the diabetic patients and in 22.16% of the control group, and H. pylori infection was closely correlated with MBL rs1800450 AA genotype and TNF-α rs1800620 GG genotype when compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, these two genotypes were strongly associated with H. pylori cagA(+) samples when compared with cagA(-) samples. In addition, the presence of H. pylori cagA(+) infection was significantly associated with the elevated serum levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In general, it can be concluded that molecular analysis of MBL rs1800450 AA genotype and TNF-α rs1800620 AA genotype is important in the early detection and treatment of T2DM with H. pylori cagA(+) infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Mortazavi
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University , Karaj, Iran .,2 Academy of Gene Gostar , Karaj, Iran
| | - Behnaz Eslami
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University , Karaj, Iran
| | - Parisa Aghahosseini
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University , Karaj, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ahron
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University , Karaj, Iran
| | | | | | - Hadis Satarpour
- 3 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Pharmaceutical Science Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Rassi
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University , Karaj, Iran .,2 Academy of Gene Gostar , Karaj, Iran
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8
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Marquet S. Overview of human genetic susceptibility to malaria: From parasitemia control to severe disease. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 66:399-409. [PMID: 28579526 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening blood disease caused by the protozoan Plasmodium. Infection may lead to several different patterns of symptoms in the host: asymptomatic state, uncomplicated disease or severe disease. Severe malaria occurs mostly in young children and is a major cause of death. Disease is thought to result from the sequestration of parasites in the small blood vessels of the brain and the deregulation of key immune system elements. The cellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of disease are however not fully understood. What is known it is that the genetic determinants of the host play an important role in the severity of the disease and the outcome of infection. Here we review the most convincing results obtained through genetic epidemiology studies concerning the genetic control of malaria in human caused by Plasmodium falciparum infection. The identification of genes conferring susceptibility or resistance to malaria might improve diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Marquet
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, GIMP, Labex ParaFrap, Marseille, France.
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9
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Quach QH, Kah JCY. Non-specific adsorption of complement proteins affects complement activation pathways of gold nanomaterials. Nanotoxicology 2017; 11:382-394. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2017.1306131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Quang Huy Quach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - James Chen Yong Kah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Zinyama-Gutsire RBL, Chasela C, Kallestrup P, Rusakaniko S, Christiansen M, Ngara B, Gomo E, Ullum H, Erikstrup C, Madsen HO, Stray-Pedersen B, Garred P, Mduluza T. HIV-1 Disease Progression and Survival in an Adult Population in Zimbabwe: Is There an Effect of the Mannose Binding Lectin Deficiency? OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 19:542-52. [PMID: 26348711 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection remains a major global health burden since its discovery in 1983. Sub-Saharan Africa is the region hardest hit by the HIV/AIDS pandemic where 63% of the 33 million infected people live. While there is marked person-to-person variability in susceptibility, progression, and survival with HIV infection, there is a paucity of predictive diagnostics associated with these clinical endpoints. In this regard, the deficiency in plasma Mannose Binding Lectin (MBL) is a common opsonic defect reported to increase susceptibility infections, including HIV. To the best of our knowledge, we report here the first study on the putative role of MBL deficiency on HIV progression and survival in an African adult population. We hypothesized that MBL deficiency has a role to play in HIV infection by increasing HIV disease progression and decreasing survival. We assessed the role of MBL deficiency on HIV disease progression and survival in a Zimbabwean adult population enrolled in the Mupfure Schistosomiasis and HIV (MUSH) cohort. We analyzed blood samples for MBL levels, MBL2 genotypes, HIV-1 status, viral load, and CD4(+) T cell counts. Participants were followed for 3 years wherein the endpoints were measured at baseline, 6 weeks, and 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months. Disease progression was measured as the rate of decline in CD4(+) T cell counts and the rate of increase in HIV viral load. We assessed 197 HIV positive adults where 83% (164) were women with a median age of 31 years. Prevalence of plasma MBL deficiency (less than 100 μg/L) and MBL2 deficient genetic variants (A/O and O/O genotypes) was 21% (42 out of 197) and 39% (74 out of 190), respectively. We did not observe a significant role to explain individual variation in mortality, change of CD4(+) T cell count, and viral load by MBL plasma deficiency or MBL2 genetic variants from baseline to 3 years follow up period in this adult population. We suggest the need for global OMICS research and that the present findings attest to the large between-population variability in a host of factors that can predispose individuals susceptible to HIV progression and mortality. We therefore cannot recommend at this time the use of plasma MBL levels or MBL2 genetic variants as a prognostic marker in HIV infection, disease progression, and survival in this adult population in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutendo B L Zinyama-Gutsire
- 1 Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, South Africa .,2 Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe , Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, Harare, Zimbabwe .,3 Letten Research Foundation , Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Charles Chasela
- 1 Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, South Africa .,13 Epidemiology and Strategic Information Unit, Human Sciences Research Council , Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Per Kallestrup
- 4 Centre for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simbarashe Rusakaniko
- 3 Letten Research Foundation , Harare, Zimbabwe .,5 College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe , Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Michael Christiansen
- 6 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics, Statens Serum Institute , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Exnevia Gomo
- 7 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe Harare , Zimbabwe
| | - Henrik Ullum
- 8 Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen University , Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- 9 Tissue Typing Laboratory, Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University , Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans O Madsen
- 9 Tissue Typing Laboratory, Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University , Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Babill Stray-Pedersen
- 3 Letten Research Foundation , Harare, Zimbabwe .,5 College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe , Harare, Zimbabwe .,10 Division of Women and Children, Rigshospitalet Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Garred
- 9 Tissue Typing Laboratory, Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University , Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Takafira Mduluza
- 12 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal , Durban, South Africa
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11
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Xu J, Nakamura S, Islam MS, Guo Y, Ihara K, Tomioka R, Masuda M, Yoneyama H, Isogai E. Mannose-Binding Lectin Inhibits the Motility of Pathogenic Salmonella by Affecting the Driving Forces of Motility and the Chemotactic Response. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154165. [PMID: 27104738 PMCID: PMC4841586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a key pattern recognition molecule in the lectin pathway of the complement system, an important component of innate immunity. MBL functions as an opsonin which enhances the sequential immune process such as phagocytosis. We here report an inhibitory effect of MBL on the motility of pathogenic bacteria, which occurs by affecting the energy source required for motility and the signaling pathway of chemotaxis. When Salmonella cells were treated with a physiological concentration of MBL, their motile fraction and free-swimming speed decreased. Rotation assays of a single flagellum showed that the flagellar rotation rate was significantly reduced by the addition of MBL. Measurements of the intracellular pH and membrane potential revealed that MBL affected a driving force for the Salmonella flagellum, the electrochemical potential difference of protons. We also found that MBL treatment increased the reversal frequency of Salmonella flagellar rotation, which interfered with the relative positive chemotaxis toward an attractive substrate. We thus propose that the motility inhibition effect of MBL may be secondarily involved in the attack against pathogens, potentially facilitating the primary role of MBL in the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Department of Animal Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- * E-mail: (SN); (JX)
| | - Shuichi Nakamura
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- * E-mail: (SN); (JX)
| | - Md. Shafiqul Islam
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yijie Guo
- Department of Immunobiology and Pathogenic Biology, Medical School of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Kohei Ihara
- Department of Animal Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Rintaro Tomioka
- Department of Animal Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mizuki Masuda
- Department of Animal Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoneyama
- Department of Animal Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Emiko Isogai
- Department of Animal Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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12
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Li E, Tako EA, Singer SM. Complement Activation by Giardia duodenalis Parasites through the Lectin Pathway Contributes to Mast Cell Responses and Parasite Control. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1092-1099. [PMID: 26831470 PMCID: PMC4807472 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00074-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Giardia duodenalis is one of the most common causes of diarrheal disease in the world. While numerous studies have identified important contributions of adaptive immune responses to parasite control, much less work has examined innate immunity and its connections to the adaptive response during this infection. We explored the role of complement in immunity to Giardia using mice deficient in mannose-binding lectin (Mbl2) or complement factor 3a receptor (C3aR). Both strains exhibited delayed clearance of parasites and a reduced ability to recruit mast cells in the intestinal submucosa. C3aR-deficient mice had normal production of antiparasite IgA, butex vivo T cell recall responses were impaired. These data suggest that complement is a key factor in the innate recognition of Giardia and that recruitment of mast cells and activation of T cell immunity through C3a are important for parasite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erqiu Li
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ernest A Tako
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Steven M Singer
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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13
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Das BK, Panda AK. MBL-2 polymorphisms (codon 54 and Y-221X) and low MBL levels are associated with susceptibility to multi organ dysfunction in P. falciparum malaria in Odisha, India. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:778. [PMID: 26284055 PMCID: PMC4521172 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mannose binding lectin, a plasma protein protects host from virus, bacteria, and parasites. Deficiency in MBL levels has been associated with susceptibility to various infectious diseases including P. falciparum malaria. Common MBL polymorphisms in promoter and coding regions are associated with decrease in plasma MBL levels or production of deformed MBL, respectively. In the present study, we hypothesized that MBL2 variants and plasma MBL levels could be associated with different clinical phenotypes of severe P. falciparum malaria. Methods: A hospital based study was conducted in eastern Odisha, India which is endemic to P. falciparum malaria. Common MBL-2 polymorphisms (codon 54, H-550L, and Y-221X) were typed in 336 cases of severe malaria (SM) [94 cerebral malaria (CM), 120 multi-organ dysfunction (MOD), 122 non-cerebral severe malaria (NCSM)] and 131 un-complicated malaria patients (UM). Plasma MBL levels were quantified by ELISA. Results: Severe malaria patients displayed lower plasma levels of MBL compared to uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Furthermore, on categorization of severe malaria patients into various subtypes, plasma MBL levels were very low in MOD patients compared to other categories. Higher frequency of AB genotype and allele B was observed in MOD compared to UM (AB genotype: P = 0.006; B allele: P = 0.008). In addition, prevalence of YX genotype of MBL Y-221X polymorphism was also statistically more frequent in MOD case than UM (P = 0.009). Conclusions: The observations of the present study reveal that MBL-2 polymorphisms (codon 54 and Y-221X) and lower plasma MBL levels are associated with increased susceptibility to multi organ dysfunctions in P. falciparum malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidyut K Das
- Department of Medicine, SCB Medical College Cuttack, India
| | - Aditya K Panda
- Centre for Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand Ranchi, India
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Kanchan K, Pati SS, Mohanty S, Mishra SK, Sharma SK, Awasthi S, Venkatesh V, Habib S. Polymorphisms in host genes encoding NOSII, C-reactive protein, and adhesion molecules thrombospondin and E-selectin are risk factors for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in India. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:2029-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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15
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Beltrame MH, Boldt ABW, Catarino SJ, Mendes HC, Boschmann SE, Goeldner I, Messias-Reason I. MBL-associated serine proteases (MASPs) and infectious diseases. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:85-100. [PMID: 25862418 PMCID: PMC7112674 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.03.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MASP-1 and MASP-2 are central players of the lectin pathway of complement. MASP1 and MASP2 gene polymorphisms regulate protein serum levels and activity. MASP deficiencies are associated with increased infection susceptibility. MASP polymorphisms and serum levels are associated with disease progression.
The lectin pathway of the complement system has a pivotal role in the defense against infectious organisms. After binding of mannan-binding lectin (MBL), ficolins or collectin 11 to carbohydrates or acetylated residues on pathogen surfaces, dimers of MBL-associated serine proteases 1 and 2 (MASP-1 and MASP-2) activate a proteolytic cascade, which culminates in the formation of the membrane attack complex and pathogen lysis. Alternative splicing of the pre-mRNA encoding MASP-1 results in two other products, MASP-3 and MAp44, which regulate activation of the cascade. A similar mechanism allows the gene encoding MASP-2 to produce the truncated MAp19 protein. Polymorphisms in MASP1 and MASP2 genes are associated with protein serum levels and functional activity. Since the first report of a MASP deficiency in 2003, deficiencies in lectin pathway proteins have been associated with recurrent infections and several polymorphisms were associated with the susceptibility or protection to infectious diseases. In this review, we summarize the findings on the role of MASP polymorphisms and serum levels in bacterial, viral and protozoan infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia H Beltrame
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Angelica B W Boldt
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Sandra J Catarino
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Hellen C Mendes
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Stefanie E Boschmann
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Isabela Goeldner
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Iara Messias-Reason
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Complement activation by merozoite antigens of Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105093. [PMID: 25144772 PMCID: PMC4140736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Complement (C) is a crucial part of the innate immune system and becomes over activated during malaria, resulting in depletion of C components, especially those for lectin pathway (LP), thereby compromising the host's innate defense. In this study, involvement of P. falciparum antigens in C activation was investigated. Methods A highly synchronous culture of the Dd2 clone of P. falciparum was established in a serum free medium. Supernatants harvested from rings, trophozoites and schizonts at various parasite densities were tested for ability to activate C by quantifying amount of C3b deposited on erythrocytes (E). Uninfected sham culture was used as control. Remnants of each C pathway were determined using Wieslab complement System Screenkit (Euro-diagnostica, Sweden). To identify MBL binding antigens of LP, culture supernatants were added to MBL sepharose columns and trapped antigens eluted with increasing concentrations of EDTA (10 mM, 50 mM and 100 mM) and then desalted before being tested for ability to activate C. The EDTA eluate with highest activity was run on a polyacrylamide gel and silver stained proteins analyzed by mass spectroscopy. Results Antigens released by P. falciparum growing in culture activated C leading to C3b deposition on E. Maximal activation at 7% parasitemia was associated with schizont stage (36.7%) compared to 22% for rings, 21% for trophozoites and 3% for sham culture. All the three pathways of C were activated, with highest activation being for the alternative pathway (only 6% of C activation potential remained), 65% for classiical and 43% for the LP. Seven MBL binding merozoite proteins were identified by mass spectrometry in the 50 mM EDTA eluate. Conclusions MBL binding merozoite adhesins with ability to activate C pathway were identified. The survival advantage for such pronounced C activation is unclear, but opsonisation could facilitate recognition and invasion of E.
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Complement activation in malaria: friend or foe? Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:293-301. [PMID: 24508275 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Complement is activated during malaria infection, but there is little evidence that it benefits the host. On the contrary, growing evidence points to the central role of complement activation in the pathogenesis of complicated malaria. Recent evidence suggests a critical role for C5a and the membrane attack complex in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria, and for C5a in the pathogenesis of placental malaria. In addition, erythrocytes of children with severe malarial anemia have increased deposition of C3b and decreased capacity to regulate complement activation, that probably increase their susceptibility to destruction by liver and splenic macrophages. These observations justify further investigation of the role of complement in malaria and the testing of complement inhibitors as adjunctive treatment for severe malaria.
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Hernandez-Valladares M, Rihet P, Iraqi FA. Host susceptibility to malaria in human and mice: compatible approaches to identify potential resistant genes. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:1-16. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00044.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence for human genetic factors controlling the outcome of malaria infection, while molecular basis of this genetic control is still poorly understood. Case-control and family-based studies have been carried out to identify genes underlying host susceptibility to malarial infection. Parasitemia and mild malaria have been genetically linked to human chromosomes 5q31-q33 and 6p21.3, and several immune genes located within those regions have been associated with malaria-related phenotypes. Association and linkage studies of resistance to malaria are not easy to carry out in human populations, because of the difficulty in surveying a significant number of families. Murine models have proven to be an excellent genetic tool for studying host response to malaria; their use allowed mapping 14 resistance loci, eight of them controlling parasitic levels and six controlling cerebral malaria. Once quantitative trait loci or genes have been identified, the human ortholog may then be identified. Comparative mapping studies showed that a couple of human and mouse might share similar genetically controlled mechanisms of resistance. In this way, char8, which controls parasitemia, was mapped on chromosome 11; char8 corresponds to human chromosome 5q31-q33 and contains immune genes, such as Il3, Il4, Il5, Il12b, Il13, Irf1, and Csf2. Nevertheless, part of the genetic factors controlling malaria traits might differ in both hosts because of specific host-pathogen interactions. Finally, novel genetic tools including animal models were recently developed and will offer new opportunities for identifying genetic factors underlying host phenotypic response to malaria, which will help in better therapeutic strategies including vaccine and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascal Rihet
- UMR1090 TAGC, INSERM, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; and
| | - Fuad A. Iraqi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Abstract
Human mannose-binding lectin (MBL) encoded by the MBL2 gene is a pattern recognition protein and has been associated with many infectious diseases, including malaria. We sought to investigate the contribution of functional MBL2 gene variations to Plasmodium falciparum malaria in well-defined cases and in matched controls. We resequenced the 8.7 kb of the entire MBL2 gene in 434 individuals clinically classified with malaria from regions of India where malaria is endemic. The study cohort included 176 patients with severe malaria, 101 patients with mild malaria, and 157 ethnically matched asymptomatic individuals. In addition, 830 individuals from 32 socially, linguistically, and geographically diverse endogamous populations of India were investigated for the distribution of functional MBL2 variants. The MBL2 -221C (X) allelic variant is associated with increased risk of malaria (mild malaria odds ratio [OR] = 1.9, corrected P value [P(Corr)] = 0.0036; severe malaria OR = 1.6, P(Corr) = 0.02). The exon1 variants MBL2*B (severe malaria OR = 2.1, P(Corr) = 0.036; mild versus severe malaria OR = 2.5, P(Corr) = 0.039) and MBL2*C (mild versus severe malaria OR = 5.4, P(Corr) = 0.045) increased the odds of having malaria. The exon1 MBL2*D/*B/*C variant increased the risk for severe malaria (OR = 3.4, P(Corr) = 0.000045). The frequencies of low MBL haplotypes were significantly higher in severe malaria (14.2%) compared to mild malaria (7.9%) and asymptomatic (3.8%). The MBL2*LYPA haplotypes confer protection, whereas MBL2*LXPA increases the malaria risk. Our findings in Indian populations demonstrate that MBL2 functional variants are strongly associated with malaria and infection severity.
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Li H, Fu WP, Hong ZH. Replication study in Chinese Han population and meta-analysis supports association between the MBL2 gene polymorphism and HIV-1 infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 20:163-70. [PMID: 24035792 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) plays an important role in immunity to HIV-1 infection. The exon1 coding polymorphisms of the MBL2 gene have been implicated in the susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, but the results were controversial. In the present study, a case-control study in a Chinese population was conducted to replicate the association, and then a meta-analysis combing our new data and published data was performed to clarify these findings. In total, 15 studies consisting 2219 HIV-1 patients and 2744 controls were included. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were assessed in the main analyses. By dividing the controls into two groups, healthy controls and HIV-1 exposed but seronegative (HESN) controls, we explored different genetic models and allelic model to detect the association. By using the healthy controls, we found that the MBL2 exon 1 polymorphisms were associated with hosts' susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in dominant model (p=0.01, 95% CI 1.05-1.43), recessive model (p<0.0001, 95% CI 1.35-2.28), allelic model (p<0.0001, 95% CI 1.12-1.37) and O/O vs. A/A model (p<0.00001, 95% CI 1.40-2.38). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, significant elevated risks were found in Caucasians (recessive model: p<0.0001, 95% CI 1.36-2.51), but not in Asians (recessive model: p=0.10, 95% CI 0.91-2.77). Collectively, our findings from our case-control replication study and meta-analysis suggested that the MBL2 gene exon 1 coding variants were associated with hosts' susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, especially in Caucasians, but not in Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210009, China; The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Boldt ABW, Goeldner I, Stahlke ERS, Thiel S, Jensenius JC, de Messias-Reason IJT. Leprosy association with low MASP-2 levels generated by MASP2 haplotypes and polymorphisms flanking MAp19 exon 5. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69054. [PMID: 23935922 PMCID: PMC3728295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The gene MASP2 (mannan-binding lectin (MBL)-associated serine protease 2) encodes two proteins, MASP-2 and MAp19 (MBL-associated protein of 19 kDa), bound in plasma to MBL and ficolins. The binding of MBL/MASP-2 and ficolin/MASP-2 complexes to microorganisms activates the lectin pathway of complement and may increase the ingestion of intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium leprae. Methods We haplotyped 11 MASP2 polymorphisms with multiplex sequence-specific PCR in 219 Brazilian leprosy patients (131 lepromatous, 29 borderline, 21 tuberculoid, 14 undetermined, 24 unspecified), 405 healthy Brazilians and 291 Danish blood donors with previously determined MASP-2 and MAp19 levels. We also evaluated MASP-2 levels in further 46 leprosy patients and 69 Brazilian controls. Results Two polymorphisms flanking exon 5 of MASP2 were associated with a dominant effect on high MASP-2 levels and an additive effect on low MAp19 levels. Patients presented lower MASP-2 levels (P = 0.0012) than controls. The frequency of the p.126L variant, associated with low MASP-2 levels (below 200 ng/mL), was higher in the patients (P = 0.0002, OR = 4.92), as was the frequency of genotypes with p.126L (P = 0.00006, OR = 5.96). The *1C2-l [AG] haplotype, which harbors p.126L and the deficiency-causing p.439H variant, has a dominant effect on the susceptibility to the disease (P = 0.007, OR = 4.15). Genotypes composed of the *2B1-i and/or *2B2A-i haplotypes, both associated with intermediate MASP-2 levels (200–600 ng/mL), were found to be protective against the disease (P = 0.0014, OR = 0.6). Low MASP-2 levels (P = 0.022), as well as corresponding genotypes with *1C2-l and/or *2A2-l but without *1B1-h or *1B2-h, were more frequent in the lepromatous than in other patients (P = 0.008, OR = 8.8). Conclusions In contrast with MBL, low MASP-2 levels increase the susceptibility to leprosy in general and to lepromatous leprosy in particular. MASP2 genotypes and MASP-2 levels might thus be of prognostic value for leprosy progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Beate Winter Boldt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Molecular - Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, BR.
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Antony JS, Ojurongbe O, van Tong H, Ouf EA, Engleitner T, Akindele AA, Sina-Agbaje OR, Adeyeba AO, Kremsner PG, Velavan TP. Mannose-binding lectin and susceptibility to schistosomiasis. J Infect Dis 2013; 207:1675-83. [PMID: 23448728 PMCID: PMC7107301 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human ficolin 2 (encoded by FCN2) and mannose-binding lectin (encoded by MBL2) bind to specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns, activate the complement lectin cascade in a similar manner, and are associated with several infectious diseases. Our recently published study established certain FCN2 promoter variants and ficolin-2 serum levels as protective factors against schistosomiasis. METHODS We used the Nigerian cohort from our recently published study, which included 163 Schistosoma haematobium-infected individuals and 183 matched healthy subjects, and investigated whether MBL deficiency and MBL2 polymorphisms are associated with schistosomiasis. RESULTS MBL serum levels were significantly higher in controls and were associated with protection (P < .0001). The -550H minor allele was significantly associated with protection (P = .03), and the heterozygous genotypes -550HL were observed to confer protection (P = .03). The MBL2*HYPA haplotype was significantly associated with protection (P = .03), with significantly higher serum MBL levels in controls (P = .00073). The heterozygous 6-bp deletion in the promoter was observed to be a susceptibility factor in schistosomiasis (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS In agreement with findings from our recently published study, the findings reported here support the observation that MBL is also associated with protection in schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Antony
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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The emerging role of complement lectin pathway in trypanosomatids: molecular bases in activation, genetic deficiencies, susceptibility to infection, and complement system-based therapeutics. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:675898. [PMID: 23533355 PMCID: PMC3595680 DOI: 10.1155/2013/675898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is evolutionary and ancient and is the pivotal line of the host defense system to protect against invading pathogens and abnormal self-derived components. Cellular and molecular components are involved in recognition and effector mechanisms for a successful innate immune response. The complement lectin pathway (CLP) was discovered in 1990. These new components at the complement world are very efficient. Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) and ficolin not only recognize many molecular patterns of pathogens rapidly to activate complement but also display several strategies to evade innate immunity. Many studies have shown a relation between the deficit of complement factors and susceptibility to infection. The recently discovered CLP was shown to be important in host defense against protozoan microbes. Although the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by MBL and Ficolins reveal efficient complement activations, an increase in deficiency of complement factors and diversity of parasite strategies of immune evasion demonstrate the unsuccessful effort to control the infection. In the present paper, we will discuss basic aspects of complement activation, the structure of the lectin pathway components, genetic deficiency of complement factors, and new therapeutic opportunities to target the complement system to control infection.
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Pathogenesis of malaria in tissues and blood. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2012; 4:e2012061. [PMID: 23170190 PMCID: PMC3499994 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2012.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical manifestations of severe malaria are several and occur in different anatomical sites. Both parasite- and host-related factors contribute to the pathogenicity of the severe forms of the disease. Cytoadherence of infected red blood cells to the vascular endothelium of different organs and rosetting are unique features of malaria parasites which are likely to contribute to the vascular damage and the consequent excessive inflammatory/immune response of the host. In addition to cerebral malaria or severe anaemia, which are quite common manifestation of severe malaria, clinical evidences of thrombocytopenia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), liver and kidney disease, are reported. In primigravidae from endemic areas, life threatening placental malaria may also be present. In the following pages, some of the pathogenetic aspects will be briefly reviewed and then data on selected and less frequent manifestation of severe malaria, such as liver or renal failure or ARDS will be discussed.
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Holmberg V, Onkamo P, Lahtela E, Lahermo P, Bedu-Addo G, Mockenhaupt FP, Meri S. Mutations of complement lectin pathway genes MBL2 and MASP2 associated with placental malaria. Malar J 2012; 11:61. [PMID: 22380611 PMCID: PMC3320545 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Innate immunity plays a crucial role in the host defense against malaria including Plasmodium falciparum malaria in pregnancy, but the roles of the various underlying genes and mechanisms predisposing to the disease are poorly understood. Methods 98 single-nucletoide polymorphisms were genotyped in a set of 17 functionally related genes of the complement system in 145 primiparous Ghanaian women with placental malaria, defined by placental parasitaemia or malaria pigment, and as a control, in 124 non-affected primiparae. Results Placental malaria was significantly associated with SNPs in the lectin pathway genes MBL2, MASP2, FCN2 and in properdin. In particular, the main African mannose-binding lectin deficiency variant (MBL2*G57E, rs1800451) increased the odds of placental malaria (OR 1.6; permuted p-value 0.014). In contrast, a common MASP2 mutation (R439H, rs12085877), which reduces the activity of MBL-MASP2 complexes occurred in 33% of non-affected women and in 22% primiparae with placental malaria (OR 0.55, permuted p-value 0.020). Conclusions Excessive complement activation is of importance in the pathogenesis of placental malaria by mediating inflammation, coagulation, and endothelial dysfunction. Mutated MBL and MASP2 proteins could have direct intrinsic effects on the susceptibility to placental malaria, in addition to their roles in regulation of downstream complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Holmberg
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Driss A, Hibbert JM, Wilson NO, Iqbal SA, Adamkiewicz TV, Stiles JK. Genetic polymorphisms linked to susceptibility to malaria. Malar J 2011; 10:271. [PMID: 21929748 PMCID: PMC3184115 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of host genetics on susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum malaria has been extensively studied over the past twenty years. It is now clear that malaria parasites have imposed strong selective forces on the human genome in endemic regions. Different genes have been identified that are associated with different malaria related phenotypes. Factors that promote severity of malaria include parasitaemia, parasite induced inflammation, anaemia and sequestration of parasitized erythrocytes in brain microvasculature. Recent advances in human genome research technologies such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and fine genotyping tools have enabled the discovery of several genetic polymorphisms and biomarkers that warrant further study in host-parasite interactions. This review describes and discusses human gene polymorphisms identified thus far that have been shown to be associated with susceptibility or resistance to P. falciparum malaria. Although some polymorphisms play significant roles in susceptibility to malaria, several findings are inconclusive and contradictory and must be considered with caution. The discovery of genetic markers associated with different malaria phenotypes will help elucidate the pathophysiology of malaria and enable development of interventions or cures. Diversity in human populations as well as environmental effects can influence the clinical heterogeneity of malaria, thus warranting further investigations with a goal of developing new interventions, therapies and better management against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Driss
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Thye T, Niemann S, Walter K, Homolka S, Intemann CD, Chinbuah MA, Enimil A, Gyapong J, Osei I, Owusu-Dabo E, Rüsch-Gerdes S, Horstmann RD, Ehlers S, Meyer CG. Variant G57E of mannose binding lectin associated with protection against tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium africanum but not by M. tuberculosis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20908. [PMID: 21695215 PMCID: PMC3112207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural variants of the Mannose Binding Lectin (MBL) cause quantitative and qualitative functional deficiencies, which are associated with various patterns of susceptibility to infectious diseases and other disorders. We determined genetic MBL variants in 2010 Ghanaian patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and 2346 controls and characterized the mycobacterial isolates of the patients. Assuming a recessive mode of inheritance, we found a protective association between TB and the MBL2 G57E variant (odds ratio 0.60, confidence interval 0.4–0.9, P 0.008) and the corresponding LYQC haplotype (Pcorrected 0.007) which applied, however, only to TB caused by M. africanum but not to TB caused by M. tuberculosis. In vitro, M. africanum isolates bound recombinant human MBL more efficiently than did isolates of M. tuberculosis. We conclude that MBL binding may facilitate the uptake of M. africanum by macrophages, thereby promoting infection and that selection by TB may have favoured the spread of functional MBL deficiencies in regions endemic for M. africanum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Thye
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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Faik I, Oyedeji SI, Idris Z, de Messias-Reason IJ, Lell B, Kremsner PG, Kun JFJ. Ficolin-2 levels and genetic polymorphisms of FCN2 in malaria. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:74-9. [PMID: 20937340 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human ficolin-2 (L-ficolin; FCN2) is a serum protein binding to sugar moieties of different human micro-pathogens forcing phagocytosis. Here, we investigate the clinical significance of FCN2 in African children with either mild or severe malaria (n = 130 and n = 108, respectively) from Gabon by analyzing three promoter SNPs (-986G>A, -602G>A, and -4A>G) and one single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in exon 8 (+6424G>T) using quantitative TaqMan, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, we measured the ficolin-2 plasma levels at two time points: on admission (t(0), acute disease) and 4 weeks after treatment (t(1), healthy phase). Comparison of ficolin-2 plasma levels shows that ficolin-2 concentration is highest during acute severe disease. In addition, we determined polymorphisms in the promoter and all coding regions of FCN2 in 40 Gabonese. Linkage disequilibrium data revealed polymorphic allelic combination patterns in the FCN2 promoter region; strong allelic combinations at -986 and -4, and -557 and -64 were found. No FCN2 promoter haplotypes were significantly distributed between mild and severe cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Faik
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Infections of people with complement deficiencies and patients who have undergone splenectomy. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010; 23:740-80. [PMID: 20930072 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00048-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system comprises several fluid-phase and membrane-associated proteins. Under physiological conditions, activation of the fluid-phase components of complement is maintained under tight control and complement activation occurs primarily on surfaces recognized as "nonself" in an attempt to minimize damage to bystander host cells. Membrane complement components act to limit complement activation on host cells or to facilitate uptake of antigens or microbes "tagged" with complement fragments. While this review focuses on the role of complement in infectious diseases, work over the past couple of decades has defined several important functions of complement distinct from that of combating infections. Activation of complement in the fluid phase can occur through the classical, lectin, or alternative pathway. Deficiencies of components of the classical pathway lead to the development of autoimmune disorders and predispose individuals to recurrent respiratory infections and infections caused by encapsulated organisms, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. While no individual with complete mannan-binding lectin (MBL) deficiency has been identified, low MBL levels have been linked to predisposition to, or severity of, several diseases. It appears that MBL may play an important role in children, who have a relatively immature adaptive immune response. C3 is the point at which all complement pathways converge, and complete deficiency of C3 invariably leads to severe infections, including those caused by meningococci and pneumococci. Deficiencies of the alternative and terminal complement pathways result in an almost exclusive predisposition to invasive meningococcal disease. The spleen plays an important role in antigen processing and the production of antibodies. Splenic macrophages are critical in clearing opsonized encapsulated bacteria (such as pneumococci, meningococci, and Escherichia coli) and intraerythrocytic parasites such as those causing malaria and babesiosis, which explains the fulminant nature of these infections in persons with anatomic or functional asplenia. Paramount to the management of patients with complement deficiencies and asplenia is educating patients about their predisposition to infection and the importance of preventive immunizations and seeking prompt medical attention.
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Silver KL, Higgins SJ, McDonald CR, Kain KC. Complement driven innate immune response to malaria: fuelling severe malarial diseases. Cell Microbiol 2010; 12:1036-45. [PMID: 20545944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Severe malaria remains a major cause of global mortality. The innate immune response to infection is a key determinant of malaria severity and outcome. The complement system plays a key role in initiating and augmenting innate immune responses, including inflammation, endothelial activation, opsonization and coagulation, processes which have been implicated in malaria pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the evidence supporting a role for excessive complement activation in the pathogenesis of severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlee L Silver
- McLaughlin-Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Kremsner PG. Tropical Medicine at the University of Tübingen. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2010; 122 Suppl 1:1-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s00508-010-1324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Carmolli M, Duggal P, Haque R, Lindow J, Mondal D, Petri WA, Mourningstar P, Larsson CJ, Sreenivasan M, Khan S, Kirkpatrick BD. Deficient serum mannose-binding lectin levels and MBL2 polymorphisms increase the risk of single and recurrent Cryptosporidium infections in young children. J Infect Dis 2009; 200:1540-7. [PMID: 19827946 DOI: 10.1086/606013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an evolutionarily conserved protein that functions in human innate immunity by binding to microbial surfaces and promoting opsonophagocytosis. MBL has been shown to bind to Cryptosporidium sporozoites, and earlier work has suggested that the protective role of MBL may be most important in childhood. We evaluated the association between polymorphisms in the MBL gene (MBL2), serum MBL deficiency, and infection with Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia intestinalis in children. A large, prospective cohort of Bangladeshi preschool children was followed up for >3 years. Clinical outcomes, serum MBL levels, and MBL2 polymorphisms and haplotypes were determined. Statistically significant associations with E. histolytica and G. intestinalis were not found. Serum MBL deficiency, polymorphisms in the -221 promoter region, and the YO/XA MBL2 haplotype were strongly associated with Cryptosporidium infections, particularly recurrent infection. Children with multiple infections with Cryptosporidium were more likely to be MBL deficient (odds ratio [OR], 10.45), carry the -221 promoter variant (OR, 4.02), and have the YO/XA haplotype (OR, 4.91). We have identified a potentially important component of the human innate immune response to Cryptosporidum infection. Further work is needed to evaluate the mechanism of protection of MBL in Cryptosporidium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marya Carmolli
- University of Vermont College of Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Burlington, VT, USA
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Faik I, de Carvalho EG, Kun JF. Parasite-host interaction in malaria: genetic clues and copy number variation. Genome Med 2009; 1:82. [PMID: 19725943 PMCID: PMC2768989 DOI: 10.1186/gm82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, infections contribute highly to mortality and morbidity rates worldwide. Malaria tropica is one of the major infectious diseases globally and is caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Plasmodia have accompanied human beings since the emergence of humankind. Due to its pathogenicity, malaria is a powerful selective force on the human genome. Genetic epidemiology approaches such as family and twin studies, candidate gene studies, and disease-association studies have identified a number of genes that mediate relative protection against the severest forms of the disease. New molecular approaches, including genome-wide association studies, have recently been performed to expand our knowledge on the functional effect of human variation in malaria. For the future, a systematic determination of gene-dosage effects and expression profiles of protective genes might unveil the functional impact of structural alterations in these genes on either side of the host-parasite interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Faik
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University Tübingen, Wilhelmstr, 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
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Verra F, Mangano VD, Modiano D. Genetics of susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum: from classical malaria resistance genes towards genome-wide association studies. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31:234-53. [PMID: 19388945 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum represents one of the strongest selective forces on the human genome. This stable and perennial pressure has contributed to the progressive accumulation in the exposed populations of genetic adaptations to malaria. Descriptive genetic epidemiology provides the initial step of a logical procedure of consequential phases spanning from the identification of genes involved in the resistance/susceptibility to diseases, to the determination of the underlying mechanisms and finally to the possible translation of the acquired knowledge in new control tools. In malaria, the rational development of this strategy is traditionally based on complementary interactions of heterogeneous disciplines going from epidemiology to vaccinology passing through genetics, pathogenesis and immunology. New tools including expression profile analysis and genome-wide association studies are recently available to explore the complex interactions of host-parasite co-evolution. Particularly, the combination of genome-wide association studies with large multi-centre initiatives can overcome the limits of previous results due to local population dynamics. Thus, we anticipate substantial advances in the interpretation and validation of the effects of genetic variation on malaria susceptibility, and thereby on molecular mechanisms of protective immune responses and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Verra
- Department of Public Health, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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Boldt ABW, Messias-Reason IJ, Lell B, Issifou S, Pedroso MLA, Kremsner PG, Kun JFJ. Haplotype specific-sequencing reveals MBL2 association with asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection. Malar J 2009; 8:97. [PMID: 19432958 PMCID: PMC2689254 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mannose binding lectin (MBL) has an important role in the activation of the complement system and opsonization of pathogenic microorganisms. Frequent polymorphisms found in the MBL2 gene affect the concentration and functionality of the protein and are associated with enhanced susceptibility to severe malaria in African children. Most MBL2 typing strategies were designed to the analysis of selected variants, the significance of whole haplotypes is poorly known. In this work, a new typing strategy was developed and validated in an association analysis of MBL2 with adult asymptomatic infection. Methods MBL2 allele-specific fragments of 144 healthy Gabonese adults were amplified by using haplotype-specific sequencing (HSS), a new strategy that combines sequence-specific PCR and sequence-based typing. The Gabonese were investigated for the presence of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia by the amplification of parasite genes, immunochromatographic antigen detection and microscopic analysis. HSS results were also compared with a previously used real-time PCR (RT-PCR) method in 72 Euro-Brazilians. Results Fourteen polymorphisms were identified beside the commonly investigated promoter (H, L; X, Y; P, Q) and exon 1 (A, O; O = B, C or D) variants. The MBL2*LYPA/LYPA genotype was associated with the absence of asymptomatic infection (P = 0.017), whereas the MBL2*LYQC haplotype and YA/YO + YO/YO genotypes were associated with positive parasite counts in asymptomatic adults (P = 0.033 and 0.018, respectively). The associations were specific to LYPA (identical to the reference sequence Y16577) and LYQC (Y16578) and would not have been revealed by standard genotyping, as there was no association with LYPA and LYQC haplotypes carrying new polymorphisms defined by sequence-based typing. In contrast, HSS and RT-PCR produced very similar results in the less diverse European-derived population. Conclusion In this work, a new typing strategy for a highly polymorphic gene was developed and validated focusing on the asymptomatic status of P. falciparum-infected adults. In populations with high nucleotide diversity, it allowed for the identification of associations with fine-scaled haplotypes that would not have been found using common typing techniques. In this preliminary study, MBL2 haplotypes or SNPs linked to them were found associated with susceptibility to infection and parasitaemia control of asymptomatic adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica B W Boldt
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
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Dhangadamajhi G, Mohapatra BN, Kar SK, Ranjit MR. The CCTTT pentanucleotide microsatellite in iNOS promoter influences the clinical outcome in P. falciparum infection. Parasitol Res 2009; 104:1315-20. [PMID: 19153766 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1329-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To assess the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO) is critical in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria, we analyzed those single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and microsatellite (MS) of the promoter region of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene which are known to enhance the NO production in vivo. A total of 428 (204 severe, 224 mild) adult patients living in the eastern part of India were analyzed. The single nucleotide substitutions -954G-->C was found to be very rare, and -1173C-->T was absent in this population. But interestingly, longer forms of MS were found to be significantly associated with severe malaria (OR = 2.89, 95% CI = 1.955-4.295, P < 0.0001), and the linear regression analysis revealed that the risk of severe malaria significantly increases as the summed repeat number in an individual increase (OR = 1.16, P = 0.0013). Further, the median plasma level of nitrate/nitrite (NOx) was observed to be high in mild patients compared to severe patients, and the level of parasitemia was significantly low among mild patients than severe ones. These findings suggest that the CCTTT repeats in iNOS may play a key role in the pathogenesis of severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dhangadamajhi
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
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Genetic polymorphisms of mannose-binding lectin do not influence placental malaria but are associated with preterm deliveries. Infect Immun 2009; 77:1483-91. [PMID: 19139195 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01069-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IE) sequester in the placenta where they induce pathology and increase the risk of low-birth-weight (LBW) babies. The innate immune mediator, mannose-binding lectin (MBL), enhances phagocytosis of pathogens. Since MBL is reported to bind to IE, we hypothesized that it might aid in clearance of IE from the placenta, thereby reducing the risk of LBW babies. To test this hypothesis, molecular genotyping was used to detect polymorphisms at codon 57 (A/C) in exon 1 of MBL2 in 401 pregnant Cameroonian women, with or without placental malaria, who had LBW and normal-weight babies. Polymorphisms in the promoter region at positions -550 (H/L), -221 (X/Y), and +4 (P/Q) were also determined, and plasma MBL levels were measured during pregnancy and at delivery. The expected correlation between genotype and plasma MBL levels was confirmed. However, asymptomatic infections were not associated with an increase in MBL levels in the peripheral blood, and MBL levels were similar in the placental and cord blood of women with or without placental malaria at delivery. There was no evidence that MBL levels at delivery were associated with malaria-related poor pregnancy outcomes. Women with the LXPA haplotype, however, were more likely to have LBW babies, but the risk was not related to malaria. These results do not support the hypothesis that MBL aids in the clearance of parasites from the placenta but suggest that Cameroonian women with LXPA are at risk of having LBW babies due to other causes.
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Nyakoe NK, Taylor RP, Makumi JN, Waitumbi JN. Complement consumption in children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Malar J 2009; 8:7. [PMID: 19134190 PMCID: PMC2645421 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complement (C) can be activated during malaria, C components consumed and inflammatory mediators produced. This has potential to impair host innate defence. METHODS In a case-control study, C activation was assessed by measuring serum haemolytic activity (CH50), functional activity of each pathway and levels of C3a, C4a and C5a in children presenting at Kisumu District Hospital, western Kenya, with severe malarial anaemia (SMA) or uncomplicated malaria (UM). RESULTS CH50 median titers for lysis of sensitized sheep erythrocytes in SMA (8.6 U/mL) were below normal (34-70 U/mL) and were one-fourth the level in UM (34.6 U/mL (P < 0.001). Plasma C3a median levels were 10 times higher than in normals forSMA (3,200 ng/ml) and for UM (3,500 ng/ml), indicating substantial C activation in both groups. Similar trends were obtained for C4a and C5a. The activities of all three C pathways were greatly reduced in SMA compared to UM (9.9% vs 83.4% for CP, 0.09% vs 30.7% for MBL and 36.8% vs 87.7% for AP respectively, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION These results indicate that, while C activation occurs in both SMA and UM, C consumption is excessive in SMA. It is speculated that in SMA, consumption of C exceeds its regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy K Nyakoe
- Walter Reed Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya.
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Ampel NM, Dionne SO, Giblin A, Podany AB, Galgiani J. Mannose-binding lectin serum levels are low in persons with clinically active coccidioidomycosis. Mycopathologia 2008; 167:173-80. [PMID: 19083122 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-008-9172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a circulating collectin that is part of the innate immune response. We explored the serum levels of MBL in persons with different forms of coccidioidomycosis. METHODS Serum MBL was measured by ELISA from samples obtained from healthy donors with immunity to Coccidioides, and those with various forms of active coccidioidomycosis. Blood cell specimens from a subgroup of subjects with active coccidioidomycosis were examined for single nucleotide polymorphisms of the MBL gene and promoter regions. RESULTS The control group comprised 29 healthy immune subjects. Patient groups with active coccidioidomycosis consisted of 20 patients with symptomatic primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis, 26 with non-meningeal disseminated coccidioidomycosis, and nine with coccidioidal meningitis. The group with active coccidioidomycosis was significantly older and more likely to be male than the control group (for both, P < 0.001). The mean +/- SEM level of serum MBL in the healthy controls was 169.4 +/- 28.6 ng/ml, significantly higher than the 79.2 +/- 10.9 ng/ml for all active groups (P < 0.001). Moreover, the active coccidioidomycosis group was significantly more likely to have serum MBL level <or=70 ng/ml compared to the control group (P = 0.001). Genetic analysis in 27 subjects with active coccidioidomycosis revealed marked variation based on race and ethnicity. Among a subgroup of 10 white, non-hispanic men with active coccidioidomycosis, there was a significant association between the H and P haplotypes and MBL levels <or=70 ng/ml (P < 0.036 and P < 0.035, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that there is an association between low serum MBL levels and symptomatic coccidioidomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Ampel
- The Valley Fever Center for Excellence, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85723, USA.
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Eisen DP, Dean MM, Boermeester MA, Fidler KJ, Gordon AC, Kronborg G, Kun JFJ, Lau YL, Payeras A, Valdimarsson H, Brett SJ, Ip WKE, Mila J, Peters MJ, Saevarsdottir S, van Till JWO, Hinds CJ, McBryde ES. Low serum mannose-binding lectin level increases the risk of death due to pneumococcal infection. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:510-6. [PMID: 18611155 PMCID: PMC7107952 DOI: 10.1086/590006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown associations between low mannose-binding lectin (MBL) level or variant MBL2 genotype and sepsis susceptibility. However, MBL deficiency has not been rigorously defined, and associations with sepsis outcomes have not been subjected to multivariable analysis. METHODS We reanalyzed MBL results in a large cohort with use of individual data from 4 studies involving a total of 1642 healthy control subjects and systematically defined a reliable deficiency cutoff. Subsequently, data were reassessed to extend previous MBL and sepsis associations, with adjustment for known outcome predictors. We reanalyzed individual data from 675 patients from 5 adult studies and 1 pediatric study of MBL and severe bacterial infection. RESULTS XA/O and O/O MBL2 genotypes had the lowest median MBL concentrations. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that an MBL cutoff value of 0.5 microg/mL was a reliable predictor of low-producing MBL2 genotypes (sensitivity, 82%; specificity, 82%; negative predictive value, 98%). MBL deficiency was associated with increased likelihood of death among patients with severe bacterial infection (odds ratio, 2.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.30-3.43). In intensive care unit-based studies, there was a trend toward increased risk of death among MBL-deficient patients (odds ratio, 1.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.90-2.77) after adjustment for Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Enquiry II score. The risk of death was increased among MBL-deficient patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae infection (odds ratio, 5.62; 95% confidence interval, 1.27-24.92) after adjustment for bacteremia, comorbidities, and age. CONCLUSIONS We defined a serum level for MBL deficiency that can be used with confidence in future studies of MBL disease associations. The risk of death was increased among MBL-deficient patients with severe pneumococcal infection, highlighting the pathogenic significance of this innate immune defence protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon P Eisen
- Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Infectious Diseases, Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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41
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Holmberg V, Schuster F, Dietz E, Sagarriga Visconti JC, Anemana SD, Bienzle U, Mockenhaupt FP. Mannose-binding lectin variant associated with severe malaria in young African children. Microbes Infect 2007; 10:342-8. [PMID: 18396436 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 12/09/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a serum protein which initiates innate immune responses to microbial pathogens by binding to non-self surface oligosaccharides. MBL deficiency is the most common congenital immunodeficiency of human and has been shown to predispose to infections, particularly in children and immune compromised. In a matched case-control study among 870 Ghanaian children, we examined the influence of six polymorphisms of the MBL2 gene on Plasmodium falciparum infection and severe malaria. A missense mutation resulting in low MBL activity (MBL2*C) was found in 35% of healthy controls, but in 42% of asymptomatically infected children (P=0.01), and in 46% of patients with severe malaria (P=0.007). Heterozygosity for MBL2*C was associated with increased odds of infection (odds ratio (OR), 1.6; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-2.1), severe malaria (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.4), and of severe anemia in particular (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.4-3.8). The population attributable fraction of severe malaria cases attributable to MBL2*C heterozygosity was 17%. Our results suggest that the MBL pathway of the complement system is a critical determinant of both, susceptibility to P. falciparum infection and manifestation of severe malaria, particularly in young children in whom specific immune responses are weak or absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Holmberg
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Spandauer Damm 130, 14050 Berlin, Germany.
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42
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Young KM, Russell S, Smith M, Huber P, Ostland VE, Brooks AS, Anthony Hayes M, Lumsden JS. Bacterial-binding activity and plasma concentration of ladderlectin in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 23:305-15. [PMID: 17383895 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Soluble, defense lectins bind conserved microbial patterns leading to pathogen opsonization, enhanced phagocytosis and activation of complement. These immune functions, however, vary widely among individuals due to genetic and acquired differences affecting binding capacity or plasma concentration. Most evidence for the defensive function of soluble lectins is based on mammals, but several functionally homologous, but less well-characterized, lectins have been identified in fish. In this study, we compared binding of rainbow trout plasma ladderlectin to relevant, intact bacterial targets. A polyclonal antiserum raised against a synthetic peptide identical to the 20 N-terminal amino acids of the reduced 16 kDa rainbow trout ladderlectin subunit was used to detect plasma ladderlectin in immunoblots and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Ladderlectin binding to Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, Aeromonas hydrophila, Yersinia ruckeri and Pseudomonas sp. was detected by PAGE and immunoblots of saccharide elutions from intact bacteria incubated in the presence of normal trout plasma. Although plasma concentrations of immunoreactive ladderlectin were low in the majority of trout, significant (P < 0.0001) variation between individual fish was observed in two separate populations. In addition, one population demonstrated a subset of individuals whose ladderlectin levels were approximately seven-fold higher than the population median. These findings indicate that rainbow trout have variable amounts of plasma ladderlectin capable of binding to the surfaces of several relevant bacterial targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karrie M Young
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
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43
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Schofield L. Intravascular infiltrates and organ-specific inflammation in malaria pathogenesis. Immunol Cell Biol 2007; 85:130-7. [PMID: 17344907 DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Malaria infects 5-10% of humanity and causes around two million deaths annually, mostly in children. The disease is of significant interest to immunologists, as acquired host immunity can limit the clinical impact of infection and partially reduces parasite replication; however, immunological reactions also contribute significantly to pathogenesis and fatalities. This review addresses the view that immunopathology in severe malaria arises predominantly from intravascular lesions resulting from a pathogen-initiated cascade of activated immune effector and regulatory cells infiltrating the vascular beds of diverse target organs, including bone marrow, spleen, brain, placenta and lungs. The main feature distinguishing these processes from classical cellular inflammation is the absence of extravasation, resulting from the intravascular location of the pathogen. Clinical and epidemiological observations combined with experimental infections in animal models suggest that parasite 'molecular patterns' or toxins cause cytokine and chemokine enhancement of infiltrates, composed of macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, gamma/delta T cells and both CD4(+) and CD8(+) effector T cells, leading to local vascular and organ derangement. Diverse pattern recognition and NK receptors crucially regulate these responding cell populations. Thus, innate immune mechanisms lie at the heart of this massive global public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Schofield
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Roestenberg M, McCall M, Mollnes TE, van Deuren M, Sprong T, Klasen I, Hermsen CC, Sauerwein RW, van der Ven A. Complement activation in experimental human malaria infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007; 101:643-9. [PMID: 17481680 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate complement activation in uncomplicated, early phases of human malaria. Fifteen healthy volunteers were experimentally infected with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Parasitemia and complement activation products were assessed. During blood stage parasitemia, volunteers showed a significant increase in soluble terminal complement complex (TCC) formation. After start of a curative regimen of artemether/lumefantrine, TCC further increased due to activation of both the classical and the alternative pathway. In-vitro studies confirmed activation of complement by parasite cultures. We thus detected an increase in complement activation in volunteers with experimentally induced malaria, even before parasitemia could be detected microscopically. This significant increase in complement activation occurred despite the possible control of TCC formation by complement regulatory proteins on erythrocytes and the extremely low levels of parasitemia. Treatment with artemether/lumefantrine was followed by classical and alternative pathway complement activation, without evidence for mannan-binding-lectin-mediated complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meta Roestenberg
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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45
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Baccarelli A, Hou L, Chen J, Lissowska J, El-Omar EM, Grillo P, Giacomini SM, Yaeger M, Bernig T, Zatonski W, Fraumeni JF, Chanock SJ, Chow WH. Mannose-binding lectin-2 genetic variation and stomach cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:1970-5. [PMID: 16721783 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of the mannose-binding lectin (MBL) protein, an antigen-recognition molecule involved in systemic and mucosal innate immunity, is determined by variant alleles in MBL2 gene promoter and exon-1 regions. We conducted a population-based study on 305 stomach cancer cases and 427 controls in Warsaw, Poland to determine whether MBL2 gene variants predispose to stomach cancer. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MBL2 were determined by TaqMan. The 5 tested MBL2 variants are in complete linkage disequilibrium and comprise 6 different haplotypes. The risk of stomach cancer was increased in subjects carrying the H/H promoter genotype (OR = 1.8, 95%CI 1.1-2.9; p = 0.020) relative to L/L carriers, after adjustment for age, gender, education and smoking. Carrying at least one D exon-1 allele was associated with nonsignificant excess risk (OR = 1.5, 95% CI 0.9-2.4; p = 0.081). In haplotype analysis, the HYD haplotype was associated with increased risk of stomach cancer when compared with HYA, the most common haplotype (OR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.2; p = 0.021). In diplotype analysis, subjects carrying the YA/D haplotype combination showed the highest risk (OR = 3.0, 95% CI 1.2-7.1; p = 0.015), compared with YA/YA. Further analyses to examine the joint effect of MBL2 and IL-1B polymorphisms, previously shown to predispose to stomach cancer, indicated that the combination of at-risk IL-1B genotypes (CT or TT at location -511) and HYD MBL2 haplotype was associated with a 3.5-fold risk (OR = 3.5, 95% CI 1.6-7.6; p = 0.001). Our findings suggest that the codon 52 D MBL2 variant causing a cysteine > arginine replacement, but not B and C variants producing glycine substitutions, is specifically associated with gastric cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Baccarelli
- EPOCA Epidemiology Research Centre, Maggiore Hospital IRCCS Foundation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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46
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Kirkpatrick BD, Huston CD, Wagner D, Noel F, Rouzier P, Pape JW, Bois G, Larsson CJ, Alston WK, Tenney K, Powden C, O'Neill JP, Sears CL. Serum mannose-binding lectin deficiency is associated with cryptosporidiosis in young Haitian children. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43:289-94. [PMID: 16804841 DOI: 10.1086/505396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a component of the innate immune response and binds microbial surfaces through carbohydrate recognition domains. MBL deficiency may contribute to susceptibility to a variety of infectious diseases, particularly in young children. MBL binds to the Cryptosporidium sporozoite and may be important in resistance to cryptosporidiosis. METHODS We studied the association of serum MBL levels and cryptosporidiosis in a case-control study of young Haitian children with cryptosporidiosis versus children who were control subjects. RESULTS Ninety-nine children were enrolled, as follows: 49 children with cryptosporidiosis, 41 healthy controls, and 9 children with diarrhea from other causes. Case children were more malnourished than controls, and 49% had persistent or chronic diarrhea. At enrollment, mean serum MBL levels were markedly lower in children with cryptosporidiosis (P = .002), as was the number of children with an MBL deficiency of < or = 70 ng/mL (P = .005). In multivariate analysis, the association of cryptosporidiosis and MBL deficiency persisted (P = .002; adjusted odds ratio, 22.4), as did the association of cryptosporidiosis with general malnutrition. The subset of children with cryptosporidiosis and MBL deficiency were more likely to be male (P = .025). CONCLUSIONS MBL may be an important component of innate immune protection against Cryptosporidium infection in young children. Additional studies are necessary to determine whether MBL intestinal losses, deficient epithelial expression, and/or genetic polymorphisms in the MBL gene contribute to MBL deficiency in cryptosporidiosis and other enteric infections in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Kirkpatrick
- Department of Medicine Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
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Boldt ABW, Luty A, Grobusch MP, Dietz K, Dzeing A, Kombila M, Kremsner PG, Kun JFJ. Association of a new mannose-binding lectin variant with severe malaria in Gabonese children. Genes Immun 2006; 7:393-400. [PMID: 16738667 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL2) variants that decrease the plasma level of the protein or encode dysfunctional proteins are frequently associated with the severity of a number of infections and autoimmune disorders. The high frequencies of these variants in most populations of the world are probably maintained by some selective advantage against widespread diseases. We found 14 new MBL2 allelic haplotypes, two of them with non-synonymous variants, by screening 136 children with uncomplicated malaria, 131 children with severe malaria and 39 older healthy schoolchildren. We also found a significant association of a novel variant with susceptibility to severe malaria (P=0.010). Increased MBL plasma levels and corresponding MBL2 genotypes were associated with lower concentration of several cytokines and chemokines in plasma of malaria patients. We suggest that malaria could have been one of the evolutionary driving forces shaping the MBL2 polymorphism in the African population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B W Boldt
- Department of Parasitology, Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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48
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Bak-Romaniszyn L, Cedzyński M, Szemraj J, St Swierzko A, Zeman K, Kałuzyński A, Płaneta-Małecka I. Mannan-binding lectin in children with chronic gastritis. Scand J Immunol 2006; 63:131-5. [PMID: 16476012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of mannan-binding lectin (MBL) insufficiency in the pathogenesis of chronic gastritis (CG) in children was investigated. Blood samples were collected from 78 paediatric patients suffering from CG associated with Helicobacter pylori infection (group Hp(+)) and from 41 with the disease not associated with such an infection (group Hp(-)). Control group consisted of 77 children. The frequency of mbl-2 gene mutations and serum protein concentrations did not differ significantly in both groups as compared with controls. An expression of mbl-2 gene in gastric biopsies of CG patients was demonstrated. It was found to be stronger in H. pylori-infected children. The results presented in this paper suggest that MBL deficit/dysfunction probably does not contribute to an increased risk of CG (both associated and not associated with H. pylori infection) in children. However, MBL opsonic effect and/or the lectin pathway of complement activation may be taken into account as possible host defence mechanisms in gastric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bak-Romaniszyn
- Department of Paediatrics, Preventive Cardiology and Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
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49
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Vallinoto ACR, Menezes-Costa MR, Alves AEM, Machado LFA, de Azevedo VN, Souza LLB, Ishak MDOG, Ishak R. Mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphism and its impact on human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection. Mol Immunol 2006; 43:1358-62. [PMID: 16214215 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a serum protein whose low concentration is associated with the occurrence of allele variants named MBL*B, MBL*C and MBL*D. The present study investigated the association between MBL gene polymorphism and the susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. The study of 145 HIV-1-infected subjects and 99 healthy controls showed the presence of alleles MBL*A, MBL*B and MBL*D, whose frequencies were 69%, 22% and 09% among patients and 71%, 13% and 16% among healthy controls, respectively. The presence of the variant MBL*B was associated with higher plasma viral load levels, suggesting the importance of the MBL gene polymorphism in the clinical evolution of HIV-1-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Virologia, 66075-900 Belém, PA, Brazil.
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50
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Ambrosio AR, De Messias-Reason IJT. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis: interaction of mannose-binding lectin with surface glycoconjugates and complement activation. An antibody-independent defence mechanism. Parasite Immunol 2005; 27:333-40. [PMID: 16149991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2005.00782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The activation of complement on the surface of Leishmania promastigotes appears to be an important factor for parasite infectivity in the mammalian host, allowing their attachment and the invasion of macrophages via complement receptors. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a well-known complement activator and an efficient opsonine. We have investigated here whether serum and purified MBL bind to and promote lysis of live promastigotes of L. braziliensis; and evaluated the deposition of MBL, C1q, C4 and C3 on the parasite surface after interaction with non-immune normal human serum (NHS). We observed that both serum MBL and the purified MBL-MASP complex bind to the surface of L. braziliensis and that this binding occurred via the carbohydrate recognition domains of MBL. The binding of MBL, however, did not affect the lytic effect of complement on the parasites. The deposition of C1q, C4, C3 and parasite lysis was observed after incubation with NHS. EDTA but not EGTA abolished C3 deposition on the parasite surface, indicating the involvement of the alternative pathway in this process. Our results indicate that MBL binds to L. braziliensis and that this is mediated by a specific carbohydrate on the surface of parasites and provides evidence for antibody-independent mechanisms that complement activation on the parasite surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Ambrosio
- Immunopathology Laboratory and Department of Clinical Pathology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
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