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Ferreira EA, Clements JE, Veenhuis RT. HIV-1 Myeloid Reservoirs - Contributors to Viral Persistence and Pathogenesis. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2024; 21:62-74. [PMID: 38411842 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-024-00692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV reservoirs are the main barrier to cure. CD4+ T cells have been extensively studied as the primary HIV-1 reservoir. However, there is substantial evidence that HIV-1-infected myeloid cells (monocytes/macrophages) also contribute to viral persistence and pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies in animal models and people with HIV-1 demonstrate that myeloid cells are cellular reservoirs of HIV-1. HIV-1 genomes and viral RNA have been reported in circulating monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages from the brain, urethra, gut, liver, and spleen. Importantly, viral outgrowth assays have quantified persistent infectious virus from monocyte-derived macrophages and tissue-resident macrophages. The myeloid cell compartment represents an important target of HIV-1 infection. While myeloid reservoirs may be more difficult to measure than CD4+ T cell reservoirs, they are long-lived, contribute to viral persistence, and, unless specifically targeted, will prevent an HIV-1 cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna A Ferreira
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Janice E Clements
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Rebecca T Veenhuis
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.
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2
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Cegarra C, Cameron B, Chaves C, Dabdoubi T, Do TM, Genêt B, Roudières V, Shi Y, Tchepikoff P, Lesuisse D. An innovative strategy to identify new targets for delivering antibodies to the brain has led to the exploration of the integrin family. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274667. [PMID: 36108060 PMCID: PMC9477330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Increasing brain exposure of biotherapeutics is key to success in central nervous system disease drug discovery. Accessing the brain parenchyma is especially difficult for large polar molecules such as biotherapeutics and antibodies because of the blood-brain barrier. We investigated a new immunization strategy to identify novel receptors mediating transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier.
Method
We immunized mice with primary non-human primate brain microvascular endothelial cells to obtain antibodies. These antibodies were screened for their capacity to bind and to be internalized by primary non-human primate brain microvascular endothelial cells and Human Cerebral Microvascular Endothelial Cell clone D3. They were further evaluated for their transcytosis capabilities in three in vitro blood-brain barrier models. In parallel, their targets were identified by two different methods and their pattern of binding to human tissue was investigated using immunohistochemistry.
Results
12 antibodies with unique sequence and internalization capacities were selected amongst more than six hundred. Aside from one antibody targeting Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule and one targeting Striatin3, most of the other antibodies recognized β1 integrin and its heterodimers. The antibody with the best transcytosis capabilities in all blood-brain barrier in vitro models and with the best binding capacity was an anti-αnβ1 integrin. In comparison, commercial anti-integrin antibodies performed poorly in transcytosis assays, emphasizing the originality of the antibodies derived here. Immunohistochemistry studies showed specific vascular staining on human and non-human primate tissues.
Conclusions
This transcytotic behavior has not previously been reported for anti-integrin antibodies. Further studies should be undertaken to validate this new mechanism in vivo and to evaluate its potential in brain delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Cegarra
- Rare and Neurologic Diseases Research Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Catarina Chaves
- Rare and Neurologic Diseases Research Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | | | - Tuan-Minh Do
- Rare and Neurologic Diseases Research Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Bruno Genêt
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France
| | - Valérie Roudières
- Rare and Neurologic Diseases Research Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Yi Shi
- Histology, Translational Sciences, Sanofi, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France
| | | | - Dominique Lesuisse
- Rare and Neurologic Diseases Research Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
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3
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Real F, Ganor Y, Bomsel M. Experimental Models to Study HIV Latency Reversal from Male Genital Myeloid Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2407:189-204. [PMID: 34985666 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1871-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
HIV reservoirs in tissues are poorly understood and their establishment largely depends on the nature of tissues that interact with the virus. In this chapter, we will describe in vitro and ex vivo models of human urethral mucosal macrophages used in the investigation of the establishment and maintenance of tissue HIV reservoirs. In addition, we will describe how macrophage latent HIV infection was assessed in these models by reverting a nonproductive state of infection back into a productive state. Consequently, infectious particles are released to the macrophage extracellular milieu and detected by adapted viral outgrowth assays. Altogether, these approaches provide invaluable tools for the investigation on tissue-specific pathways that HIV-1 employs to reach host cells and form reservoirs in the genital mucosa. These models will contribute to the development of an efficient and targeted prophylaxis against HIV and of a HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Real
- Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Yonatan Ganor
- Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Bomsel
- Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
- INSERM U1016, Paris, France.
- CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France.
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4
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Perez-Zsolt D, Raïch-Regué D, Muñoz-Basagoiti J, Aguilar-Gurrieri C, Clotet B, Blanco J, Izquierdo-Useros N. HIV-1 trans-Infection Mediated by DCs: The Tip of the Iceberg of Cell-to-Cell Viral Transmission. Pathogens 2021; 11:39. [PMID: 35055987 PMCID: PMC8778849 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission is key for an effective viral replication that evades immunity. This highly infectious mechanism is orchestrated by different cellular targets that utilize a wide variety of processes to efficiently transfer HIV-1 particles. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen presenting cells that initiate antiviral immune responses, but are also the cells with highest capacity to transfer HIV-1. This mechanism, known as trans-infection, relies on the capacity of DCs to capture HIV-1 particles via lectin receptors such as the sialic acid-binding I-type lectin Siglec-1/CD169. The discovery of the molecular interaction of Siglec-1 with sialylated lipids exposed on HIV-1 membranes has enlightened how this receptor can bind to several enveloped viruses. The outcome of these interactions can either mount effective immune responses, boost the productive infection of DCs and favour innate sensing, or fuel viral transmission via trans-infection. Here we review these scenarios focusing on HIV-1 and other enveloped viruses such as Ebola virus or SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Perez-Zsolt
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (D.P.-Z.); (D.R.-R.); (J.M.-B.); (C.A.-G.); (B.C.); (J.B.)
| | - Dàlia Raïch-Regué
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (D.P.-Z.); (D.R.-R.); (J.M.-B.); (C.A.-G.); (B.C.); (J.B.)
| | - Jordana Muñoz-Basagoiti
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (D.P.-Z.); (D.R.-R.); (J.M.-B.); (C.A.-G.); (B.C.); (J.B.)
| | - Carmen Aguilar-Gurrieri
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (D.P.-Z.); (D.R.-R.); (J.M.-B.); (C.A.-G.); (B.C.); (J.B.)
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (D.P.-Z.); (D.R.-R.); (J.M.-B.); (C.A.-G.); (B.C.); (J.B.)
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (D.P.-Z.); (D.R.-R.); (J.M.-B.); (C.A.-G.); (B.C.); (J.B.)
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (D.P.-Z.); (D.R.-R.); (J.M.-B.); (C.A.-G.); (B.C.); (J.B.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain
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5
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Wiche Salinas TR, Gosselin A, Raymond Marchand L, Moreira Gabriel E, Tastet O, Goulet JP, Zhang Y, Vlad D, Touil H, Routy JP, Bego MG, El-Far M, Chomont N, Landay AL, Cohen ÉA, Tremblay C, Ancuta P. IL-17A reprograms intestinal epithelial cells to facilitate HIV-1 replication and outgrowth in CD4+ T cells. iScience 2021; 24:103225. [PMID: 34712922 PMCID: PMC8531570 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and Th17-polarized CD4+ T cells is critical for mucosal homeostasis, with HIV-1 causing significant alterations in people living with HIV (PLWH) despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). In a model of IEC and T cell co-cultures, we investigated the effects of IL-17A, the Th17 hallmark cytokine, on IEC ability to promote de novo HIV infection and viral reservoir reactivation. Our results demonstrate that IL-17A acts in synergy with TNF to boost IEC production of CCL20, a Th17-attractant chemokine, and promote HIV trans-infection of CD4+ T cells and viral outgrowth from reservoir cells of ART-treated PLWH. Importantly, the Illumina RNA-sequencing revealed an IL-17A-mediated pro-inflammatory and pro-viral molecular signature, including a decreased expression of type I interferon (IFN-I)-induced HIV restriction factors. These findings point to the deleterious features of IL-17A and raise awareness for caution when designing therapies aimed at restoring the paucity of mucosal Th17 cells in ART-treated PLWH. IL-17A acts in synergy with TNF to enhance CCL20 production in IEC exposed to HIV IL-17A/TNF-activated IEC efficiently promote HIV trans-infection of CD4+ T cells IL-17A reprograms IEC to boost HIV outgrowth from CD4+ T cells of ART-treated PLWH IL-17A decreases the expression of IFN-I-induced HIV restriction factors in IEC
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Raul Wiche Salinas
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Annie Gosselin
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Etiene Moreira Gabriel
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Tastet
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Yuwei Zhang
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Dragos Vlad
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Hanane Touil
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Division of Hematology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mariana G. Bego
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohamed El-Far
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Éric A. Cohen
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Corresponding author
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6
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Van de Perre P, Molès J, Nagot N, Tuaillon E, Ceccaldi P, Goga A, Prendergast AJ, Rollins N. Revisiting Koch's postulate to determine the plausibility of viral transmission by human milk. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2021; 32:835-842. [PMID: 33594740 PMCID: PMC8359252 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As breastfeeding is of utmost importance for child development and survival, identifying whether breast milk is a route of transmission for human viruses is critical. Based on the principle of Koch's postulate, we propose an analytical framework to determine the plausibility of viral transmission by breast milk. This framework is based on five criteria: viral infection in children receiving breast milk from infected mothers; the presence of virus, viral antigen, or viral genome in the breast milk of infected mothers; the evidence for the virus in breast milk being infectious; the attempts to rule out other transmission modalities; and the reproduction of viral transmission by oral inoculation in an animal model. We searched for evidence in published reports to determine whether the 5 criteria are fulfilled for 16 human viruses that are suspected to be transmissible by breast milk. We considered breast milk transmission is proven if all 5 criteria are fulfilled, as probable if 4 of the 5 criteria are met, as possible if 3 of the 5 criteria are fulfilled, and as unlikely if less than 3 criteria are met. Only five viruses have proven transmission through breast milk: human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1, human immunodeficiency virus, human cytomegalovirus, dengue virus, and Zika virus. The other 11 viruses fulfilled some but not all criteria and were categorized accordingly. Our framework analysis is useful for guiding public health recommendations and for identifying knowledge gaps amenable to original experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging InfectionsUniversity of MontpellierINSERMEtablissement Français du SangAntilles UniversityMontpellierFrance
- CHU MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Jean‐Pierre Molès
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging InfectionsUniversity of MontpellierINSERMEtablissement Français du SangAntilles UniversityMontpellierFrance
- CHU MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Nicolas Nagot
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging InfectionsUniversity of MontpellierINSERMEtablissement Français du SangAntilles UniversityMontpellierFrance
- CHU MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Edouard Tuaillon
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging InfectionsUniversity of MontpellierINSERMEtablissement Français du SangAntilles UniversityMontpellierFrance
- CHU MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Pierre‐Emmanuel Ceccaldi
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus OncogènesCNRS UMR 3569Institut PasteurUniversité de ParisParisFrance
| | - Ameena Goga
- HIV Prevention Research UnitSouth African Medical Research CouncilCape TownSouth Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child HealthUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Andrew J. Prendergast
- Blizard InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonUK
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health ResearchHarareZimbabwe
| | - Nigel Rollins
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and AgeingWorld Health OrganizationGenevaSwitzerland
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7
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Bruxelle JF, Trattnig N, Mureithi MW, Landais E, Pantophlet R. HIV-1 Entry and Prospects for Protecting against Infection. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020228. [PMID: 33499233 PMCID: PMC7911371 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) establishes a latent viral reservoir soon after infection, which poses a major challenge for drug treatment and curative strategies. Many efforts are therefore focused on blocking infection. To this end, both viral and host factors relevant to the onset of infection need to be considered. Given that HIV-1 is most often transmitted mucosally, strategies designed to protect against infection need to be effective at mucosal portals of entry. These strategies need to contend also with cell-free and cell-associated transmitted/founder (T/F) virus forms; both can initiate and establish infection. This review will discuss how insight from the current model of HIV-1 mucosal transmission and cell entry has highlighted challenges in developing effective strategies to prevent infection. First, we examine key viral and host factors that play a role in transmission and infection. We then discuss preventive strategies based on antibody-mediated protection, with emphasis on targeting T/F viruses and mucosal immunity. Lastly, we review treatment strategies targeting viral entry, with focus on the most clinically advanced entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Bruxelle
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.-F.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Nino Trattnig
- Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Marianne W. Mureithi
- KAVI—Institute of Clinical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box, Nairobi 19676–00202, Kenya;
| | - Elise Landais
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ralph Pantophlet
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.-F.B.); (R.P.)
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8
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Kamel M, Pavulraj S, Fauler B, Mielke T, Azab W. Equid Herpesvirus-1 Exploits the Extracellular Matrix of Mononuclear Cells to Ensure Transport to Target Cells. iScience 2020; 23:101615. [PMID: 33015592 PMCID: PMC7521387 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear cells are the first line of defense against microbial infection. Yet, several viruses have evolved different mechanisms to overcome host defenses to ensure their spread. Here, we show unique mechanisms of how equid herpesvirus-1 manipulates peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to travel further in the body. (1) "PBMC-hitching": at the initial contact, herpesviruses lurk in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of PBMC without entering the cells. The virus exploits the components of the ECM to bind, transport, and then egress to infect other cells. (2) "Intracellular delivery": transendothelial migration is a physiological mechanism where mononuclear cells can transmigrate through the endothelial cells. The virus was intangible and probably did not interfere with such a mechanism where the infected PBMC can probably deliver the virus inside the endothelium. (3) "Classical-fusion": this process is well mastered by herpesviruses due to a set of envelope glycoproteins that facilitate cell-cell fusion and virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Kamel
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Selvaraj Pavulraj
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatrix Fauler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Genetik, Mikroskopie und Kryo-Elektronenmikroskopie Servicegruppe, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Mielke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Genetik, Mikroskopie und Kryo-Elektronenmikroskopie Servicegruppe, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Walid Azab
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Biosynthesis and Post Synthesis Mechanisms Combine Few Enzymes and Few Core Proteins to Generate Extensive Structural and Functional Diversity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184215. [PMID: 32937952 PMCID: PMC7570499 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a common and widespread post-translational modification that affects a large majority of proteins. Of these, a small minority, about 20, are specifically modified by the addition of heparan sulfate, a linear polysaccharide from the glycosaminoglycan family. The resulting molecules, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, nevertheless play a fundamental role in most biological functions by interacting with a myriad of proteins. This large functional repertoire stems from the ubiquitous presence of these molecules within the tissue and a tremendous structural variety of the heparan sulfate chains, generated through both biosynthesis and post synthesis mechanisms. The present review focusses on how proteoglycans are “gagosylated” and acquire structural complexity through the concerted action of Golgi-localized biosynthesis enzymes and extracellular modifying enzymes. It examines, in particular, the possibility that these enzymes form complexes of different modes of organization, leading to the synthesis of various oligosaccharide sequences.
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10
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Real F, Sennepin A, Ganor Y, Schmitt A, Bomsel M. Live Imaging of HIV-1 Transfer across T Cell Virological Synapse to Epithelial Cells that Promotes Stromal Macrophage Infection. Cell Rep 2019; 23:1794-1805. [PMID: 29742434 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During sexual intercourse, HIV-1 crosses epithelial barriers composing the genital mucosa, a poorly understood feature that requires an HIV-1-infected cell vectoring efficient mucosal HIV-1 entry. Therefore, urethral mucosa comprising a polarized epithelium and a stroma composed of fibroblasts and macrophages were reconstructed in vitro. Using this system, we demonstrate by live imaging that efficient HIV-1 transmission to stromal macrophages depends on cell-mediated transfer of the virus through virological synapses formed between HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells and the epithelial cell mucosal surface. We visualized HIV-1 translocation through mucosal epithelial cells via transcytosis in regions where virological synapses occurred. In turn, interleukin-13 is secreted and HIV-1 targets macrophages, which develop a latent state of infection reversed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation. The live observation of virological synapse formation reported herein is key in the design of vaccines and antiretroviral therapies aimed at blocking HIV-1 access to cellular reservoirs in genital mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Real
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, 3I Department, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France; INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Alexis Sennepin
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, 3I Department, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France; INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Yonatan Ganor
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, 3I Department, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France; INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Alain Schmitt
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Cochin Institute, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France; INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Morgane Bomsel
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, 3I Department, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France; INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France.
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11
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Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are found in tissues that are in close contact with external environment, such as skin, lungs, or intestinal mucosa but also in the placenta during pregnancy. If their role in mediating allergic conditions is established, several studies now highlight their importance during infection with extracellular pathogens. This study showed a new and effective antimicrobial mechanism of MCs against Coxiella burnetii, an intracellular bacterium whose infection during pregnancy is associated with abortion, preterm labor, and stillbirth. The data reveal that in response to C. burnetii, MCs release extracellular actin filaments that contain antimicrobial agents and are capable to trap and kill bacteria. We show that this mechanism is dependent on the cooperation of two membrane receptors, CD36 and Toll-like receptor 4, and may occur in the placenta during pregnancy by using ex vivo placental MCs. Overall, this study reports an unexpected role for MCs during infection with intracellular bacteria and suggests that MC response to C. burnetii infection is a protective defense mechanism during pregnancy. Mast cells (MCs) are critical mediators of inflammation; however, their microbicidal activity against invading pathogens remains largely unknown. Here, we describe a nonpreviously reported antibacterial mechanism used by MCs against Coxiella burnetii, the agent of Q fever. We show that C. burnetii interaction with MCs does not result in bacterial uptake but rather induces the formation of extracellular actin filaments named cytonemes. MC cytonemes express cathelicidin and neutrophil elastase and mediate the capture and destruction of entrapped bacteria. We provide evidence that MC cytoneme formation and microbicidal activity are dependent on the cooperation of the scavenger receptor CD36 and Toll-like receptor 4. Taken together, our results suggest that MCs use an extracellular sophisticated mechanism of defense to eliminate intracellular pathogens, such as C. burnetii, before their entry into host cells.
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12
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Gonzalez SM, Aguilar-Jimenez W, Su RC, Rugeles MT. Mucosa: Key Interactions Determining Sexual Transmission of the HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:144. [PMID: 30787929 PMCID: PMC6373783 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of HIV sexual transmission at the genital mucosa, initial interactions between the virus and the mucosal immunity determine the outcome of the exposure. Hence, these interactions have been deeply explored in attempts to undercover potential targets for developing preventative strategies. The knowledge gained has led to propose a hypothetical model for mucosal HIV transmission. Subsequent research studies on this topic further revealed new mechanisms and identified new host-HIV interactions. This review aims at integrating these findings to inform better and update the current model of HIV transmission. At the earliest stage of virus exposure, the epithelial integrity and the presence of antiviral factors are critical in preventing viral entry to the submucosa. However, the virus has been shown to enter to the submucosa in the presence of physical abrasion or via epithelial transmigration using paracellular passage or transcytosis mechanisms. The efficiency of these processes is greater with cell-associated viral inoculums and can be influenced by the presence of viral and immune factors, and by the structure of the exposed epithelium. Once the virus reaches the submucosa, dendritic cells and fibroblasts, as recently described, have been shown in vitro of being capable of facilitating the transfer of viral particles to susceptible cells, leading to viral dissemination, most likely in a trans-infection manner. The presence of activated CD4+ T cells in submucosa increases the probability of infection, where the predominant microbiota could be implicated through the modulation of an inflammatory microenvironment. Other factors such as genital fluids and hormones could also play an essential role in HIV transmission. Here, we review the most recent evidence described for mucosal HIV-transmission contributing with the understanding of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Gonzalez
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratory, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Ruey-Chyi Su
- National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratory, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Maria T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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13
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Dufloo J, Bruel T, Schwartz O. HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission and broadly neutralizing antibodies. Retrovirology 2018; 15:51. [PMID: 30055632 PMCID: PMC6064125 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0434-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 spreads through contacts between infected and target cells. Polarized viral budding at the contact site forms the virological synapse. Additional cellular processes, such as nanotubes, filopodia, virus accumulation in endocytic or phagocytic compartments promote efficient viral propagation. Cell-to-cell transmission allows immune evasion and likely contributes to HIV-1 spread in vivo. Anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) defeat the majority of circulating viral strains by binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env). Several bNAbs have entered clinical evaluation during the last years. It is thus important to understand their mechanism of action and to determine how they interact with infected cells. In experimental models, HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission is sensitive to neutralization, but the effect of antibodies is often less marked than during cell-free infection. This may be due to differences in the conformation or accessibility of Env at the surface of virions and cells. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission and discuss the role of bNAbs during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Dufloo
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS-UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS-UMR3569, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,CNRS-UMR3569, Paris, France. .,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.
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14
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Zhou Z, Xu L, Sennepin A, Federici C, Ganor Y, Tudor D, Damotte D, Barry Delongchamps N, Zerbib M, Bomsel M. The HIV-1 viral synapse signals human foreskin keratinocytes to secrete thymic stromal lymphopoietin facilitating HIV-1 foreskin entry. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:158-171. [PMID: 28443609 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of signal transduction resulting from the contact of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected cells and mucosal cells has hampered our comprehension of HIV-1 mucosal entry. Such process is driven efficiently only by viral synapse contacts, whereas cell-free HIV-1 remains poorly infectious. Using CD4+ T-cells expressing only HIV-1 envelope inoculated on human adult foreskin tissues, we designed methodologies to identify the signals transduced in foreskin keratinocytes following HIV-1-envelope-dependent viral synapse formation. We find that the viral synapse activates the MyD88-independent TLR-4-nuclear factor (NfκB) signaling pathway in keratinocytes and the subsequent secretion of cytokines including thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a cytokine linking innate and T-helper type 2-adaptive immune responses. Moreover, the viral synapse upregulates the non-coding microRNA miR-375, known to control TSLP, and transfection of keratinocytes with anti-miR-375 blocks significantly TSLP secretion. Thus, the secretion of TSLP by keratinocytes is induced by the viral synapse in a miR-375 controlled manner. At the tissue level, these signals translate into the epidermal redistribution of Langerhans cells and formation of conjugates with T-cells, recapitulating the initial events observed in human foreskin infection by HIV-1. These results open new possibilities for designing strategies to block mucosal HIV-1 transmission, the major pathway by which HIV-1 spreads worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhou
- Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Cochin Institute, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - L Xu
- Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Cochin Institute, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - A Sennepin
- Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Cochin Institute, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - C Federici
- INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - Y Ganor
- Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Cochin Institute, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - D Tudor
- Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Cochin Institute, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - D Damotte
- Anatomy and Pathological Cytology Service, GH Cochin-St Vincent de Paul, Paris, France
| | | | - M Zerbib
- Urology Service, GH Cochin-St Vincent de Paul, Paris, France
| | - M Bomsel
- Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Cochin Institute, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France
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15
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In vitro models for deciphering the mechanisms underlying the sexual transmission of viruses at the mucosal level. Virology 2017; 515:1-10. [PMID: 29220713 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sexually transmitted viruses infect the genital and colorectal mucosa of the partner exposed to contaminated genital secretions through a wide range of mechanisms, dictated in part by the organization of the mucosa. Because understanding the modes of entry into the organism of viruses transmitted through sexual intercourse is a necessary prerequisite to the design of treatments to block those infections, in vitro modeling of the transmission is essential. The aim of this review is to present the models and methodologies available for the in vitro study of the interactions between viruses and mucosal tissue and for the preclinical evaluation of antiviral compounds, and to point out their advantages and limitations according to the question being studied.
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16
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Broadly neutralizing antibodies suppress post-transcytosis HIV-1 infectivity. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:814-826. [PMID: 27966557 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) offer promising opportunities for preventing HIV-1 infection in humans. Immunoprophylaxis with potent bNAbs efficiently protects non-human primates from mucosal transmission even after repeated challenges. However, the precise mechanisms of bNAb-mediated viral inhibition in mucosal tissues are currently unknown. Here, we show that immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA bNAbs do not interfere with the endocytic transport of HIV-1 across epithelial cells, a process referred to as transcytosis. Instead, both viruses and antibodies are translocated to the basal pole of epithelial cells, possibly in the form of an immune complex. Importantly, as opposed to free virions, viral particles bound by bNAbs are no longer infectious after transepithelial transit. Post-transcytosis neutralization activity of bNAbs displays comparable inhibitory concentrations as those measured in classical neutralization assays. Thus, bNAbs do not block the transport of incoming HIV-1 viruses across the mucosal epithelium but rather neutralize the transcytosed virions, highlighting their efficient prophylactic and protective activity in vivo.
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17
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Unraveling the role of membrane microdomains during microbial infections. Cell Biol Toxicol 2017; 33:429-455. [PMID: 28275881 PMCID: PMC7088210 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-017-9386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases pose major socioeconomic and health-related threats to millions of people across the globe. Strategies to combat infectious diseases derive from our understanding of the complex interactions between the host and specific bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens. Lipid rafts are membrane microdomains that play important role in life cycle of microbes. Interaction of microbial pathogens with host membrane rafts influences not only their initial colonization but also their spread and the induction of inflammation. Therefore, intervention strategies aimed at modulating the assembly of membrane rafts and/or regulating raft-directed signaling pathways are attractive approaches for the. management of infectious diseases. The current review discusses the latest advances in terms of techniques used to study the role of membrane microdomains in various pathological conditions and provides updated information regarding the role of membrane rafts during bacterial, viral and fungal infections.
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18
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Yasen A, Herrera R, Rosbe K, Lien K, Tugizov SM. Release of HIV-1 sequestered in the vesicles of oral and genital mucosal epithelial cells by epithelial-lymphocyte interaction. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006247. [PMID: 28241053 PMCID: PMC5344537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal mucosal epithelia of fetuses/neonates/infants and the genital epithelia of adults play a critical role in HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission and sexual transmission of virus, respectively. To study the mechanisms of HIV-1 transmission through mucosal epithelium, we established polarized tonsil, cervical and foreskin epithelial cells. Analysis of HIV-1 transmission through epithelial cells showed that approximately 0.05% of initially inoculated virions transmigrated via epithelium. More than 90% of internalized virions were sequestered in the endosomes of epithelial cells, including multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and vacuoles. Intraepithelial HIV-1 remained infectious for 9 days without viral release. Release of sequestered intraepithelial HIV-1 was induced by the calcium ionophore ionomycin and by cytochalasin D, which increase intracellular calcium and disrupt the cortical actin of epithelial cells, respectively. Cocultivation of epithelial cells containing HIV-1 with activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes led to the disruption of epithelial cortical actin and spread of virus from epithelial cells to lymphocytes. Treatment of epithelial cells with proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon gamma also induced reorganization of cortical actin and release of virus. Inhibition of MVB formation by small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of its critical protein hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hrs) expression reduced viral sequestration in epithelial cells and its transmission from epithelial cells to lymphocytes by ~60-70%. Furthermore, inhibition of vacuole formation of epithelial cells by siRNA-inactivated rabankyrin-5 expression also significantly reduced HIV-1 sequestration in epithelial cells and spread of virus from epithelial cells to lymphocytes. Interaction of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 of epithelial cells with the function-associated antigen-1 of lymphocytes was important for inducing the release of sequestered HIV-1 from epithelial cells and facilitating cell-to-cell spread of virus from epithelial cells to lymphocytes. This mechanism may serve as a pathway of HIV-1 mucosal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizezi Yasen
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rossana Herrera
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kristina Rosbe
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kathy Lien
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sharof M. Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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19
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Molecular Studies of HTLV-1 Replication: An Update. Viruses 2016; 8:v8020031. [PMID: 26828513 PMCID: PMC4776186 DOI: 10.3390/v8020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first human retrovirus discovered. Studies on HTLV-1 have been instrumental for our understanding of the molecular pathology of virus-induced cancers. HTLV-1 is the etiological agent of an adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and can lead to a variety of neurological pathologies, including HTLV-1-associated-myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The ability to treat the aggressive ATL subtypes remains inadequate. HTLV-1 replicates by (1) an infectious cycle involving virus budding and infection of new permissive target cells and (2) mitotic division of cells harboring an integrated provirus. Virus replication initiates host antiviral immunity and the checkpoint control of cell proliferation, but HTLV-1 has evolved elegant strategies to counteract these host defense mechanisms to allow for virus persistence. The study of the molecular biology of HTLV-1 replication has provided crucial information for understanding HTLV-1 replication as well as aspects of viral replication that are shared between HTLV-1 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Here in this review, we discuss the various stages of the virus replication cycle—both foundational knowledge as well as current updates of ongoing research that is important for understanding HTLV-1 molecular pathogenesis as well as in developing novel therapeutic strategies.
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20
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Buckner LR, Amedee AM, Albritton HL, Kozlowski PA, Lacour N, McGowin CL, Schust DJ, Quayle AJ. Chlamydia trachomatis Infection of Endocervical Epithelial Cells Enhances Early HIV Transmission Events. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146663. [PMID: 26730599 PMCID: PMC4701475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis causes a predominantly asymptomatic, but generally inflammatory, genital infection that is associated with an increased risk for HIV acquisition. Endocervical epithelial cells provide the major niche for this obligate intracellular bacterium in women, and the endocervix is also a tissue in which HIV transmission can occur. The mechanism by which CT infection enhances HIV susceptibility at this site, however, is not well understood. Utilizing the A2EN immortalized endocervical epithelial cell line grown on cell culture inserts, we evaluated the direct role that CT-infected epithelial cells play in facilitating HIV transmission events. We determined that CT infection significantly enhanced the apical-to-basolateral migration of cell-associated, but not cell-free, HIVBaL, a CCR5-tropic strain of virus, across the endocervical epithelial barrier. We also established that basolateral supernatants from CT-infected A2EN cells significantly enhanced HIV replication in peripheral mononuclear cells and a CCR5+ T cell line. These results suggest that CT infection of endocervical epithelial cells could facilitate both HIV crossing the mucosal barrier and subsequent infection or replication in underlying target cells. Our studies provide a mechanism by which this common STI could potentially promote the establishment of founder virus populations and the maintenance of local HIV reservoirs in the endocervix. Development of an HIV/STI co-infection model also provides a tool to further explore the role of other sexually transmitted infections in enhancing HIV acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey R. Buckner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States of America
| | - Angela M. Amedee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States of America
| | - Hannah L. Albritton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States of America
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States of America
| | - Nedra Lacour
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States of America
| | - Chris L. McGowin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, United States of America
| | - Danny J. Schust
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, United States of America
| | - Alison J. Quayle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States of America
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21
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Valere K, Rapista A, Eugenin E, Lu W, Chang TL. Human Alpha-Defensin HNP1 Increases HIV Traversal of the Epithelial Barrier: A Potential Role in STI-Mediated Enhancement of HIV Transmission. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:609-15. [PMID: 26379091 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-defensins, including human neutrophil peptides 1-3 (HNP1-3) and human defensin 5 (HD5), are elevated at the genital mucosa in individuals with sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The presence of STIs is associated with an increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, suggesting there may be a role for defensins in early events of HIV transmission. HD5 has been demonstrated to contribute to STI-mediated increased HIV infectivity in vitro. HNPs exhibit anti-HIV activity in vitro. However, increased levels of HNPs have been associated with enhanced HIV acquisition and higher viral load in breast milk. This study found that HNP1, but not HD5, significantly disrupted epithelial integrity and promoted HIV traversal of epithelial barriers. Linear HNP1 with the same charges did not affect epithelial permeability, indicating that the observed effect of HNP1 on the epithelial barrier was structure dependent. These results suggest a role for HNP1 in STI-mediated enhancement of HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimyata Valere
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Aprille Rapista
- 2 Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Eliseo Eugenin
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.,2 Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- 3 Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Theresa L Chang
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.,2 Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
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22
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Anderson DJ. Modeling mucosal cell-associated HIV type 1 transmission in vitro. J Infect Dis 2015; 210 Suppl 3:S648-53. [PMID: 25414419 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can efficiently spread by direct cell-to-cell contact, a mechanism termed cell-associated HIV transmission. By some estimates, cell-associated HIV transmission is 10-1000-fold more effective than cell-free HIV infection. Mucosal cell-associated HIV transmission may occur when HIV-bearing cells in mucosal secretions from an HIV-infected donor transfer virus directly to recipient target cells in or below the mucosal epithelium, or through HIV transcytosis across the mucosal epithelium of a noninfected host. This mechanism may play an important role in the sexual and vertical transmission of HIV-1, yet most in vitro tests of vaccine and microbicide efficacy assess cell-free virus transmission. This article reviews in vitro assays that have been used to model mucosal cell-associated transmission, including microscopy, immune cell cocultures, use of HIV-infected cells in epithelial cell transcytosis assays, and cell-associated infection of mucosal tissue explants. Assays that authentically simulate mucosal cell-associated HIV transmission could provide valuable insight into mechanisms and molecules that can potentially be targeted for HIV prevention, as well as critical models for testing novel HIV prevention strategies for efficacy against cell-associated HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Anderson
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyDepartment of MicrobiologyDepartment of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts
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23
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Milligan C, Overbaugh J. The role of cell-associated virus in mother-to-child HIV transmission. J Infect Dis 2015; 210 Suppl 3:S631-40. [PMID: 25414417 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to contribute to the global burden of disease despite great advances in antiretroviral (ARV) treatment and prophylaxis. In this review, we discuss the proposed mechanisms of MTCT, evidence for cell-free and cell-associated transmission in different routes of MTCT, and the impact of ARVs on virus levels and transmission. Many population-based studies support a role for cell-associated virus in transmission and in vitro studies also provide some support for this mode of transmission. However, animal model studies provide proof-of-principle that cell-free virus can establish infection in infants, and studies of ARVs in HIV-infected pregnant women show a strong correlation with reduction in cell-free virus levels and protection. ARV treatment in MTCT potentially provides opportunities to better define the infectious form of virus, but these studies will require better tools to measure the infectious cell reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Milligan
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington School of Medicine Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington School of Medicine
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24
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25
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Mucosal immunity in the female genital tract, HIV/AIDS. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:350195. [PMID: 25313360 PMCID: PMC4181941 DOI: 10.1155/2014/350195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal immunity consists of innate and adaptive immune responses which can be influenced by systemic immunity. Despite having been the subject of intensive studies, it is not fully elucidated what exactly occurs after HIV contact with the female genital tract mucosa. The sexual route is the main route of HIV transmission, with an increased risk of infection in women compared to men. Several characteristics of the female genital tract make it suitable for inoculation, establishment of infection, and systemic spread of the virus, which causes local changes that may favor the development of infections by other pathogens, often called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The relationship of these STDs with HIV infection has been widely studied. Here we review the characteristics of mucosal immunity of the female genital tract, its alterations due to HIV/AIDS, and the characteristics of coinfections between HIV/AIDS and the most prevalent STDs.
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26
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Abstract
In spite of several attempts over many years at developing a HIV vaccine based on classical strategies, none has convincingly succeeded to date. As HIV is transmitted primarily by the mucosal route, particularly through sexual intercourse, understanding antiviral immunity at mucosal sites is of major importance. An ideal vaccine should elicit HIV-specific antibodies and mucosal CD8⁺ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) as a first line of defense at a very early stage of HIV infection, before the virus can disseminate into the secondary lymphoid organs in mucosal and systemic tissues. A primary focus of HIV preventive vaccine research is therefore the induction of protective immune responses in these crucial early stages of HIV infection. Numerous approaches are being studied in the field, including building upon the recent RV144 clinical trial. In this article, we will review current strategies and briefly discuss the use of adjuvants in designing HIV vaccines that induce mucosal immune responses.
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Barreto-de-Souza V, Arakelyan A, Margolis L, Vanpouille C. HIV-1 vaginal transmission: cell-free or cell-associated virus? Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 71:589-99. [PMID: 24730358 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of new HIV infections in male-to-female transmission occurs through semen, where HIV-1 is present in two different forms: as free and as cell-associated virus. In the female lower genital tract, semen mixes with female genital secretions that contain various factors, some of which facilitate or inhibit HIV-1 transmission. Next, HIV-1 crosses the genital epithelia, reaches the regional lymph nodes, and disseminates through the female host. Cervico-vaginal mucosa contains multiple barriers, resulting in a low probability of vaginal transmission. However, in some cases, HIV-1 is able to break these barriers. Although the exact mechanisms of how these barriers function remain unclear, their levels of efficiency against cell-free and cell-associated HIV-1 are different, and both cell-free and cell-associated virions seem to use different strategies to overcome these barriers. Understanding the basic mechanisms of HIV-1 vaginal transmission is required for the development of new antiviral strategies to contain HIV-1 epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Barreto-de-Souza
- Section of Intercellular Interactions, Program in Physical Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Wood LF, Chahroudi A, Chen HL, Jaspan HB, Sodora DL. The oral mucosa immune environment and oral transmission of HIV/SIV. Immunol Rev 2014; 254:34-53. [PMID: 23772613 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The global spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is dependent on the ability of this virus to efficiently cross from one host to the next by traversing a mucosal membrane. Unraveling how mucosal exposure of HIV results in systemic infection is critical for the development of effective therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on understanding the immune events associated with the oral route of transmission (via breastfeeding or sexual oral intercourse), which occurs across the oral and/or gastrointestinal mucosa. Studies in both humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) monkey models have identified viral changes and immune events associated with oral HIV/SIV exposure. This review covers our current knowledge of HIV oral transmission in both infants and adults, the use of SIV models in understanding early immune events, oral immune factors that modulate HIV/SIV susceptibility (including mucosal inflammation), and interventions that may impact oral HIV transmission rates. Understanding the factors that influence oral HIV transmission will provide the foundation for developing immune therapeutic and vaccine strategies that can protect both infants and adults from oral HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianna F Wood
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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Bernard-Stoecklin S, Gommet C, Corneau AB, Guenounou S, Torres C, Dejucq-Rainsford N, Cosma A, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Le Grand R. Semen CD4+ T cells and macrophages are productively infected at all stages of SIV infection in macaques. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003810. [PMID: 24348253 PMCID: PMC3861532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal events of HIV transmission have been extensively studied, but the role of infected cells present in the genital and rectal secretions, and in the semen, in particular, remains a matter of debate. As a prerequisite to a thorough in vivo investigation of the early transmission events through infected cells, we characterized in detail by multi-parameter flow cytometry the changes in macaque seminal leukocytes during SIVmac251 infection, focusing on T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. Using immunocytofluorescence targeting SIV proteins and real-time quantitative PCR targeting SIV DNA, we investigated the nature of the infected cells on sorted semen leukocytes from macaques at different stages of infection. Finally, we cocultured semen CD4+ T cells and macrophages with a cell line permissive to SIV infection to assess their infectivity in vitro. We found that primary infection induced strong local inflammation, which was associated with an increase in the number of leukocytes in semen, both factors having the potential to favor cell-associated virus transmission. Semen CD4+ T cells and macrophages were productively infected at all stages of infection and were infectious in vitro. Lymphocytes had a mucosal phenotype and expressed activation (CD69 & HLA-DR) and migration (CCR5, CXCR4, LFA-1) markers. CD69 expression was increased in semen T cells by SIV infection, at all stages of infection. Macrophages predominated at all stages and expressed CD4, CCR5, MAC-1 and LFA-1. Altogether, we demonstrated that semen contains the two major SIV-target cells (CD4+ T cells and macrophages). Both cell types can be productively infected at all stages of SIV infection and are endowed with markers that may facilitate transmission of infection during sexual exposure. Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection is predominantly transmitted by mucosal exposure, after sexual intercourse. Although substantial progresses have been recently achieved in our understanding of the mechanisms of HIV mucosal transmission, many questions remain. Semen is one of the major sources for HIV which contains both cell-free viral particles and viral infected cells. However, today, the role of cell-associated virus has been largely understudied. We provide here a detailed characterization of the semen leukocyte populations in the highly relevant experiment model of SIV infection of macaques. We demonstrate that the major target cells for the virus, CD4+ T cells and macrophages, are present in macaques semen at all stages of infection. Both cell types are productively infected in vivo and are endowed with adhesion and migration markers that may facilitate virus transmission during sexual exposure. The acute phase of infection is associated with a strong seminal inflammation that may increase semen leukocytes infectivity. This work supports for a role of cell-associated virus in HIV transmission which needs to be considered for the design of prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Bernard-Stoecklin
- CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, iMETI/DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR-E1, Université Paris Sud 11, Orsay, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Céline Gommet
- CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, iMETI/DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR-E1, Université Paris Sud 11, Orsay, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Aurélien B. Corneau
- CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, iMETI/DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR-E1, Université Paris Sud 11, Orsay, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Sabrina Guenounou
- CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, iMETI/DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR-E1, Université Paris Sud 11, Orsay, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Claire Torres
- CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, iMETI/DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR-E1, Université Paris Sud 11, Orsay, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Nathalie Dejucq-Rainsford
- INSERM U1085-IRSET, Université de Rennes 1, Structure Fédérative Recherche Biosit, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Antonio Cosma
- CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, iMETI/DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR-E1, Université Paris Sud 11, Orsay, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, iMETI/DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR-E1, Université Paris Sud 11, Orsay, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, iMETI/DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR-E1, Université Paris Sud 11, Orsay, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
- * E-mail:
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30
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Gupta S, Gach JS, Becerra JC, Phan TB, Pudney J, Moldoveanu Z, Joseph SB, Landucci G, Supnet MJ, Ping LH, Corti D, Moldt B, Hel Z, Lanzavecchia A, Ruprecht RM, Burton DR, Mestecky J, Anderson DJ, Forthal DN. The Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) enhances human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transcytosis across epithelial cells. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003776. [PMID: 24278022 PMCID: PMC3836734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) crosses mucosal surfaces to establish infection are unknown. Acidic genital secretions of HIV-1-infected women contain HIV-1 likely coated by antibody. We found that the combination of acidic pH and Env-specific IgG, including that from cervicovaginal and seminal fluids of HIV-1-infected individuals, augmented transcytosis across epithelial cells as much as 20-fold compared with Env-specific IgG at neutral pH or non-specific IgG at either pH. Enhanced transcytosis was observed with clinical HIV-1 isolates, including transmitted/founder strains, and was eliminated in Fc neonatal receptor (FcRn)-knockdown epithelial cells. Non-neutralizing antibodies allowed similar or less transcytosis than neutralizing antibodies. However, the ratio of total:infectious virus was higher for neutralizing antibodies, indicating that they allowed transcytosis while blocking infectivity of transcytosed virus. Immunocytochemistry revealed abundant FcRn expression in columnar epithelia lining the human endocervix and penile urethra. Acidity and Env-specific IgG enhance transcytosis of virus across epithelial cells via FcRn and could facilitate translocation of virus to susceptible target cells following sexual exposure. HIV-1 causes a sexually transmitted disease. However, the mechanisms employed by the virus to cross genital tract tissue and establish infection are uncertain. Since cervicovaginal fluid is acidic and HIV-1 in cervicovaginal fluid is likely coated with antibodies, we explored the effect of low pH and HIV-1-specific antibodies on transcytosis, the movement of HIV-1 across tight-junctioned epithelial cells. We found that the combination of HIV-1-specific antibodies and low pH enhanced transcytosis as much as 20-fold. Virus that underwent transcytosis under these conditions was infectious, and infectivity was highly influenced by whether or not the antibody neutralized the virus. We observed enhanced transcytosis using antibody from cervicovaginal and seminal fluids and using transmitted/founder strains of HIV-1. We also found that the enhanced transcytosis was due to the Fc neonatal receptor (FcRn), which binds immune complexes at acidic pH and releases them at neutral pH. Finally, staining of human tissue revealed abundant FcRn expression on columnar epithelial cells of penile urethra and endocervix. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism wherein HIV-1 may facilitate its own transmission by usurping the antibody response directed against itself. These results have important implications for HIV vaccine development and for understanding the earliest events in HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Gupta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Johannes S. Gach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Juan C. Becerra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Tran B. Phan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Pudney
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Sarah B. Joseph
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gary Landucci
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Medalyn Jude Supnet
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Li-Hua Ping
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Davide Corti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Humabs BioMed SA, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Brian Moldt
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Zdenek Hel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First School of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Deborah J. Anderson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Donald N. Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Harman AN, Kim M, Nasr N, Sandgren KJ, Cameron PU. Tissue dendritic cells as portals for HIV entry. Rev Med Virol 2013; 23:319-33. [PMID: 23908074 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are found at the portals of pathogen entry such as the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genital tracts where they represent the first line of contact between the immune system and the foreign invaders. They are found throughout the body in multiple subsets where they express unique combinations of C-type lectin receptors to best aid them in detection of pathogens associated with their anatomical location. DCs are important in the establishment in HIV infection for two reasons. Firstly, they are one of the first cells to encounter the virus, and the specific interaction that occurs between these cells and HIV is critical to HIV establishing a foothold infection. Secondly and most importantly, HIV is able to efficiently transfer the virus to its primary target cell, the CD4(+) T lymphocyte, in which it replicates explosively. Infection of CD4(+) T lymphocytes via DCs is far more efficient than direct infection. This review surveys the various DCs subsets found within the human sexual mucosa and their interactions with HIV. Mechanisms of HIV uptake are discussed as well as how the virus then traffics through the DC and is transferred to T cells. Until recently, most research has focussed on vaginal transmission despite the increased transmission rate associated with anal intercourse. Here, we also discuss recent advances in our understanding of HIV transmission in the colon.
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32
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Zhong P, Agosto LM, Ilinskaya A, Dorjbal B, Truong R, Derse D, Uchil PD, Heidecker G, Mothes W. Cell-to-cell transmission can overcome multiple donor and target cell barriers imposed on cell-free HIV. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53138. [PMID: 23308151 PMCID: PMC3538641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus transmission can occur either by a cell-free mode through the extracellular space or by cell-to-cell transmission involving direct cell-to-cell contact. The factors that determine whether a virus spreads by either pathway are poorly understood. Here, we assessed the relative contribution of cell-free and cell-to-cell transmission to the spreading of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We demonstrate that HIV can spread by a cell-free pathway if all the steps of the viral replication cycle are efficiently supported in highly permissive cells. However, when the cell-free path was systematically hindered at various steps, HIV transmission became contact-dependent. Cell-to-cell transmission overcame barriers introduced in the donor cell at the level of gene expression and surface retention by the restriction factor tetherin. Moreover, neutralizing antibodies that efficiently inhibit cell-free HIV were less effective against cell-to-cell transmitted virus. HIV cell-to-cell transmission also efficiently infected target T cells that were relatively poorly susceptible to cell-free HIV. Importantly, we demonstrate that the donor and target cell types influence critically the extent by which cell-to-cell transmission can overcome each barrier. Mechanistically, cell-to-cell transmission promoted HIV spread to more cells and infected target cells with a higher proviral content than observed for cell-free virus. Our data demonstrate that the frequently observed contact-dependent spread of HIV is the result of specific features in donor and target cell types, thus offering an explanation for conflicting reports on the extent of cell-to-cell transmission of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhong
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Luis M. Agosto
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Anna Ilinskaya
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Batsukh Dorjbal
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rosaline Truong
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - David Derse
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pradeep D. Uchil
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Gisela Heidecker
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Keebler D, Walwyn D, Welte A. Biology as population dynamics: heuristics for transmission risk. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012. [PMID: 23194160 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Population-type models, accounting for phenomena such as population lifetimes, mixing patterns, recruitment patterns, genetic evolution and environmental conditions, can be usefully applied to the biology of HIV infection and viral replication. A simple dynamic model can explore the effect of a vaccine-like stimulus on the mortality and infectiousness, which formally looks like fertility, of invading virions; the mortality of freshly infected cells; and the availability of target cells, all of which impact on the probability of infection. Variations on this model could capture the importance of the timing and duration of different key events in viral transmission, and hence be applied to questions of mucosal immunology. The dynamical insights and assumptions of such models are compatible with the continuum of between- and within-individual risks in sexual violence and may be helpful in making sense of the sparse data available on the association between HIV transmission and sexual violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Keebler
- South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University, 19 Jonkershoek Road, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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34
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Pique C, Jones KS. Pathways of cell-cell transmission of HTLV-1. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:378. [PMID: 23109932 PMCID: PMC3479854 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The deltaretroviruses human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and human T cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) have long been believed to differ from retroviruses in other genera by their mode of transmission. While other retroviruses were thought to primarily spread by producing cell-free particles that diffuse through extracellular fluids prior to binding to and infecting target cells, HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were believed to transmit the virus solely by cell–cell interactions. This difference in transmission was believed to reflect the fact that, relative to other retroviruses, the cell-free virions produced by HTLV-infected cells are very poorly infectious. Since HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are primarily found in T cells in the peripheral blood, spread of these viruses was believed to occur between infected and uninfected, T cells, although little was known about the cellular and viral proteins involved in this interaction. Recent studies have revealed that the method of transmission of HTLV is not unique: other retroviruses including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are also transmitted from cell-to-cell, and this method is dramatically more efficient than cell-free transmission. Moreover, cell–cell transmission of HTLV-1, as well as HIV, can occur following interactions between dendritic cells and T cells, as well as between T cells. Conversely, other studies have shown that cell-free HTLV-1 is not as poorly infectious as previously thought, since it is capable of infecting certain cell types. Here we summarize the recent insights about the mechanisms of cell–cell transmission of HTLV-1 and other retroviruses. We also review in vitro and in vivo studies of infection and discuss how these finding may relate to the spread of HTLV-1 between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Pique
- CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U567, Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Cochin Paris, France
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35
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Abstract
The virological synapse (VS) is a tight adhesive junction between an HIV-infected cell and an uninfected target cell, across which virus can be efficiently transferred from cell to cell in the absence of cell-cell fusion. The VS has been postulated to resemble, in its morphology, the well-studied immunological synapse (IS). This review article discusses the structural similarities between IS and VS and the shared T cell receptor (TCR) signaling components that are found in the VS. However, the IS and the VS display distinct kinetics in disassembly and intracellular signaling events, possibly leading to different biological outcomes. Hence, HIV-1 exploits molecular components of IS and TCR signaling machinery to trigger unique changes in cellular morphology, migration, and activation that facilitate its transmission and cell-to-cell spread.
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36
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Schust DJ, Ibana JA, Buckner LR, Ficarra M, Sugimoto J, Amedee AM, Quayle AJ. Potential mechanisms for increased HIV-1 transmission across the endocervical epithelium during C. trachomatis infection. Curr HIV Res 2012; 10:218-27. [PMID: 22384841 DOI: 10.2174/157016212800618093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Among the now pandemic sexually transmitted infections (STIs), Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is the predominant bacterial pathogen and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the most lethal of the viral pathogens. The female genital tract is the primary site for heterosexual transmission of both C. trachomatis and HIV-1. Infection with C. trachomatis, and with a variety of other STIs, increases the risk for transmission of HIV-1, although the mechanisms for this finding remain unclear. We have used in vitro modeling to assess the mechanisms by which infection with genital C. trachomatis serovars might increase the transmission of HIV-1 across the female genital tract. C. trachomatis infection of an immortalized endocervical epithelial cell line (A2EN) increases the cell surface expression of the HIV-1 alternative primary receptor, galactosyl ceramide (GalCer), and of the HIV-1 co-receptors, CXCR4 and CCR5. C. trachomatis infection also increases the binding of HIV-1 to A2EN cells, and, subsequently, increases levels of virus in co-cultures of HIV-exposed A2EN and susceptible MT4-R5 T cells. Finally, in vivo endocervical cell sampling reveals a dramatic increase in the number of CD4+, CXCR4 and/or CCR5 positive T cell targets in the endocervix of C. trachomatis positive women when compared to those who are C. trachomatis negative. This combination of in vitro and in vivo results suggests several mechanisms for increased transmission of HIV-1 across the endocervices of C. trachomatis-infected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny J Schust
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.
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37
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Morris BJ, Wamai RG. Biological basis for the protective effect conferred by male circumcision against HIV infection. Int J STD AIDS 2012; 23:153-9. [PMID: 22581866 DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2011.011228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we provide an up-to-date review of research that explains why uncircumcised men are at higher risk of HIV infection. The inner foreskin is a mucosal epithelium deficient in protective keratin, yet rich in HIV target cells. Soon after sexual exposure to infected mucosal secretions of a HIV-positive partner, infected T-cells from the latter form viral synapses with keratinocytes and transfer HIV to Langerhans cells via dendrites that extend to just under the surface of the inner foreskin. The Langerhans cells with internalized HIV migrate to the basal epidermis and then pass HIV on to T-cells, thus leading to the systemic infection that ensues. Infection is exacerbated in inflammatory states associated with balanoposthitis, the presence of smegma and ulceration - including that caused by infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 and some other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). A high foreskin surface area and tearing of the foreskin or associated frenulum during sexual intercourse also facilitate HIV entry. Thus, by various means, the foreskin is the primary biological weak point that permits HIV infection during heterosexual intercourse. The biological findings could explain why male circumcision protects against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Morris
- Basic & Clinical Genomics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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38
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Van de Perre P, Rubbo PA, Viljoen J, Nagot N, Tylleskar T, Lepage P, Vendrell JP, Tuaillon E. HIV-1 Reservoirs in Breast Milk and Challenges to Elimination of Breast-Feeding Transmission of HIV-1. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:143sr3. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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39
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Virologic determinants of breast milk transmission of HIV-1. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 743:69-80. [PMID: 22454342 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2251-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Isotype modulates epitope specificity, affinity, and antiviral activities of anti-HIV-1 human broadly neutralizing 2F5 antibody. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:12680-5. [PMID: 22723360 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1200024109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The constant heavy chain (CH1) domain affects antibody affinity and fine specificity, challenging the paradigm that only variable regions contribute to antigen binding. To investigate the role of the CH1 domain, we constructed IgA2 from the broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 2F5 IgG1, and compared 2F5 IgA2 and IgG binding affinity and functional activities. We found that 2F5 IgA2 bound to the gp41 membrane proximal external region with higher affinity than IgG1. Functionally, compared with IgG1, 2F5 IgA2 more efficiently blocked HIV-1 transcytosis across epithelial cells and CD4(+) cell infection by R5 HIV-1. The 2F5 IgG1 and IgA2 acted synergistically to fully block HIV-1 transfer from Langerhans to autologous CD4(+) T cells and to inhibit CD4(+) T-cell infection. Epitope mapping performed by screening a random peptide library and in silico docking modeling suggested that along with the 2F5 IgG canonical ELDKWA epitope on gp41, the IgG1 recognized an additional 3D-conformational epitope on the gp41 C-helix. In contrast, the IgA2 epitope included a unique conformational motif on the gp41 N-helix. Overall, the CH1 region of 2F5 contributes to shape its epitope specificity, antibody affinity, and functional activities. In the context of sexually transmitted infections such as HIV-1/AIDS, raising a mucosal IgA-based vaccine response should complement an IgG-based vaccine response in blocking HIV-1 transmission.
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Nzounza P, Chazal M, Guedj C, Schmitt A, Massé JM, Randriamampita C, Pique C, Ramirez BC. The scaffolding protein Dlg1 is a negative regulator of cell-free virus infectivity but not of cell-to-cell HIV-1 transmission in T cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30130. [PMID: 22272285 PMCID: PMC3260186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell-to-cell virus transmission of Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) is predominantly mediated by cellular structures such as the virological synapse (VS). The VS formed between an HIV-1-infected T cell and a target T cell shares features with the immunological synapse (IS). We have previously identified the human homologue of the Drosophila Discs Large (Dlg1) protein as a new cellular partner for the HIV-1 Gag protein and a negative regulator of HIV-1 infectivity. Dlg1, a scaffolding protein plays a key role in clustering protein complexes in the plasma membrane at cellular contacts. It is implicated in IS formation and T cell signaling, but its role in HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission was not studied before. Methodology/Principal Findings Kinetics of HIV-1 infection in Dlg1-depleted Jurkat T cells show that Dlg1 modulates the replication of HIV-1. Single-cycle infectivity tests show that this modulation does not take place during early steps of the HIV-1 life cycle. Immunofluorescence studies of Dlg1-depleted Jurkat T cells show that while Dlg1 depletion affects IS formation, it does not affect HIV-1-induced VS formation. Co-culture assays and quantitative cell-to-cell HIV-1 transfer analyses show that Dlg1 depletion does not modify transfer of HIV-1 material from infected to target T cells, or HIV-1 transmission leading to productive infection via cell contact. Dlg1 depletion results in increased virus yield and infectivity of the viral particles produced. Particles with increased infectivity present an increase in their cholesterol content and during the first hours of T cell infection these particles induce higher accumulation of total HIV-1 DNA. Conclusion Despite its role in the IS formation, Dlg1 does not affect the VS and cell-to-cell spread of HIV-1, but plays a role in HIV-1 cell-free virus transmission. We propose that the effect of Dlg1 on HIV-1 infectivity is at the stage of virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Nzounza
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Chazal
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Guedj
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alain Schmitt
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Massé
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Clotilde Randriamampita
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Claudine Pique
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Bertha Cecilia Ramirez
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Cellular immunity in breast milk: implications for postnatal transmission of HIV-1 to the infant. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 743:161-9. [PMID: 22454348 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2251-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Challacombe SJ, Fidel PL, Tugizov S, Tao L, Wahl SM. HIV infection and specific mucosal immunity: workshop 4B. Adv Dent Res 2011; 23:142-51. [PMID: 21441496 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511400222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most HIV infections are transmitted across mucosal epithelium. An area of fundamental importance is understanding the role of innate and specific mucosal immunity in susceptibility or protection against HIV infection, as well as the effect of HIV infection on mucosal immunity, which leads to increased susceptibility to bacterial, fungal, and viral infections of oral and other mucosae. This workshop attempted to address 5 basic issues-namely, HIV acquisition across mucosal surfaces, innate and adaptive immunity in HIV resistance, antiviral activity of breast milk as a model mucosal fluid, neutralizing immunoglobulin A antibodies against HIV, and progress toward a mucosal vaccine against HIV. The workshop attendants agreed that progress had been made in each area covered, with much recent information. However, these advances revealed how little work had been performed on stratified squamous epithelium compared with columnar epithelium, and the attendants identified several important biological questions that had not been addressed. It is increasingly clear that innate immunity has an important biological role, although basic understanding of the mechanisms of normal homeostasis is still being investigated. Application of the emerging knowledge was lacking with regard to homeostatic mucosal immunity to HIV and its role in changing this homeostasis. With regard to breast milk, a series of studies have demonstrated the differences between transmitters and nontransmitters, although whether these findings could be generalized to other secretions such as saliva was less clear. Important progress toward an oral mucosal HIV vaccine has been made, demonstrating proof of principle for administering vaccine candidates into oral lymphoid tissues to trigger anti-HIV local and systemic immune responses. Similarly, experimental data emphasized the central role of neutralizing antibodies to prevent HIV infection via mucosal routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Challacombe
- Department of Oral Medicine, Kings College London Dental Institute, London, UK.
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Abstract
The quest for an effective and safe HIV-1 vaccine has been and still is the aspiration of many scientists and clinicians worldwide. Until recently, the hopes for an effective vaccine were thwarted by the disappointing results and early termination in September 2007 of the STEP study, which saw a subgroup of male vaccine recipients at an increased risk of HIV-1 infection, and the failure of earlier trials of vaccines based on recombinant envelope proteins to provide any level of protection. The results of the STEP study raised important questions in the field of HIV vaccines, including the use of recombinant adenovirus vectors as immunogens, the rationale for the development of T-cell-based vaccines and the development pathway for these vaccines, in terms of assessment of immunogenicity and the challenge models used. The study of neutralizing antibodies has demonstrated that the induction of high-titre, broadly neutralizing antibodies in the majority of recipients is likely to be highly problematic. However, the results of the RV144 Thai trial released in September 2009 have brought new optimism to the field. This study employed envelope-based immunogens delivered as a priming vaccination with a recombinant poxvirus vector and boosting with recombinant proteins. This regimen provided modest protection to HIV-1 infection in a low-risk population. Although the correlates of protection are currently unknown, extensive studies are underway to try to determine these. Neutralizing antibodies were not induced in the RV144 study; however, considerable titres of binding antibodies to HIV-1 viral envelope (Env) were. It is speculated that these antibodies may have provided a means of protection by a mechanism such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In addition, no CD8+ T-cell responses were induced, but robust CD4+ T-cell responses were, and correlates of protection are being sought by analysing the quality of this aspect of the vaccine-induced immune response. The current paradigm for an optimal HIV-1 vaccine is to design immunogens and vaccination protocols that allow the induction of both broadly neutralizing humoral and broadly reactive and effective cell-mediated immunity, to act at sites of possible infection and post-infection, respectively. However, this is challenged by the results of the RV144 trial as neither of these responses were induced but modest protection was observed. Understanding the biology and immunopathology of HIV-1 early following infection, its modes of transmission and the human immune system's response to the virus should aid in the rational design of vaccines of increased efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mee Ling Munier
- HIV Immunovirology Laboratory, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Matoba N, Shah NR, Mor TS. Humoral immunogenicity of an HIV-1 envelope residue 649-684 membrane-proximal region peptide fused to the plague antigen F1-V. Vaccine 2011; 29:5584-90. [PMID: 21693158 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The membrane-proximal region spanning residues 649-684 of the HIV-1 envelope protein gp41 (MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄) is an attractive vaccine target for humoral immunity that blocks viral transcytosis across the mucosal epithelia. However, induction of high-titer MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄-specific antibodies remains a challenging task. To explore potential solutions for this challenge, we tested a new translational fusion protein comprising the plague F1-V antigen and MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄ (F1-V-MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄). We employed systemic immunization for initial feasibility analyses. Despite strong immunogenicity demonstrated for the immunogen, repeated systemic immunizations of mice with F1-V-MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄ hardly induced MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄-specific IgG. In contrast, a single immunization with F1-V-MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄ mounted a significant anti-MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄ IgG response in animals that were primed with another MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄ fusion protein based on the cholera toxin B subunit. Additional boost immunizations with F1-V-MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄ recalled and maintained the antibody response and expanded the number of specific antibody-secreting B cells. Thus, while F1-V-MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄ alone was not sufficiently immunogenic to induce detectable levels of MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄-specific antibodies, these results suggest that prime-boost immunization using heterologous antigen-display platforms may overcome the poor humoral immunogenicity of MPR₆₄₉₋₆₈₄ for the induction of durable humoral immunity. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the feasibility of this strategy in mucosal immunization. Lastly, our findings add to a growing body of evidence in support of this strategy for immunogen design for poorly immunogenic epitopes besides the MPR of HIV-1's transmembrane envelope protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Matoba
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology at the Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA.
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Patel TR, Meier M, Li J, Morris G, Rowe AJ, Stetefeld J. T-shaped arrangement of the recombinant agrin G3-IgG Fc protein. Protein Sci 2011; 20:931-40. [PMID: 21448912 PMCID: PMC3104224 DOI: 10.1002/pro.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Agrin is a large heparin sulphate proteoglycan with multiple domains, which is located in the extracellular matrix. The C-terminal G3 domain of agrin is functionally one of the most important domains. It harbors an α-dystroglycan binding site and carries out acetylcholine receptor clustering activities. In the present study, we have fused the G3 domain of agrin to an IgG Fc domain to produce a G3-Fc fusion protein that we intend to use as a tool to investigate new binding partners of agrin. As a first step of the study, we have characterized the recombinant fusion protein using a multidisciplinary approach using dynamic light scattering, analytical ultracentrifugation and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Interestingly, our SAXS analysis using the high-resolution structures of G3 and Fc domain as models indicates that the G3-Fc protein forms a T-shaped molecule with the G3 domains extruding perpendicularly from the Fc scaffold. To validate our models, we have used the program HYDROPRO to calculate the hydrodynamic properties of the solution models. The calculated values are in excellent agreement with those determined experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trushar R Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T2N2, Canada
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Visciano ML, Diomede L, Tagliamonte M, Tornesello ML, Asti V, Bomsel M, Buonaguro FM, Lopalco L, Buonaguro L. Generation of HIV-1 Virus-Like Particles expressing different HIV-1 glycoproteins. Vaccine 2011; 29:4903-12. [PMID: 21596074 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Elicitation of a potent and broadly neutralizing antibody response is the main goal of an effective preventive HIV-1 vaccine. It has been shown by us and others that the expression of Env glycoproteins on the surface of particulate structures, such as Virus-Like Particles (VLPs), could be a more efficient strategy to deliver conformational epitopes to the immune system. To this aim, VLPs expressing native HIV Env gp140 or gp41 glycoproteins have been produced in insect cells using a baculovirus expression system and characterized for appropriate protein expression. VLP-bound HIV gp140 glycoprotein showed the appropriate expression and trimeric conformation. Immunogenicity studies have been performed in BALB/C mice by intra-peritoneal administration and sera from immunized mice have been tested in ELISA assays, for their reactivity with HIV specific antigens, as well as in ex vivo neutralization assay. Sera from immunized animals showed a high reactivity with individual HIV proteins expressed in VLPs. Results of TZM-bl based neutralization assay show that combined sera from animals independently immunized with gp140- or full-length-gp41-expressing VLPs have an additive/synergistic effect in the neutralization activity of HIV pseudoviruses. In conclusion, novel VLPs expressing different HIV Env glycoproteins with native trimeric conformation have been generated, showing the induction of effective antibody response with neutralization activity in TZM-bl neutralization assay. These results confirm the effectiveness of VLPs as presentation and delivery system for conformational proteins and show the improved neutralization activity upon the combination of anti-sera elicited by different HIV envelope antigens, suggesting the possibility of broadening the spectrum of viral epitopes targeted by immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Visciano
- Lab. of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis & AIDS Reference Center, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fond. G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
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Valea D, Tuaillon E, Al Tabaa Y, Rouet F, Rubbo PA, Meda N, Foulongne V, Bollore K, Nagot N, Van de Perre P, Vendrell JP. CD4+ T cells spontaneously producing human immunodeficiency virus type I in breast milk from women with or without antiretroviral drugs. Retrovirology 2011; 8:34. [PMID: 21569457 PMCID: PMC3120758 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) through breast-feeding may involve both cell-free and cell-associated virus. This latter viral reservoir remains, however, to be fully explored. CD4+ T cell-associated virus production in breast milk was therefore investigated. Methods The ex vivo spontaneous production of HIV-1 antigen and HIV-1 RNA by CD4+ T cells was measured in paired blood and breast milk samples from 15 HIV-1 infected women treated or not with antiretroviral drugs. Spontaneous antigen secreting cells (HIV-1-AgSCs) from breast milk and blood were enumerated by an ELISpot assay, and cell-associated HIV-1 RNA was quantified by real-time PCR in supernatants of CD4+ T cells cultured for 18 hours without addition of polyclonal activators. Results Among the CD4+ T cells present in breast milk, memory cells expressing high levels of cell-surface activation markers were predominant. Spontaneous HIV-1-AgSCs were detected and enumerated in the breast milk of all 15 women, with a median number of 13.0 and 9.5 HIV-1- AgSCs/106 CD4+ T cells in aviremic (n = 7) and viremic (n = 8) women, respectively. Cell- associated HIV-1 RNA was detected in cell-free supernatants from 4/7 aviremic and 5/8 viremic individuals at median levels of 190 and 245 copies/ml, respectively. Conclusions Activated CD4+ T cells producing HIV-1 are detected in the breast milk of untreated individuals as well as those receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. This finding strongly suggests that HIV-1 replication occurs in latently infected CD4+ T cells that, upon spontaneous activation, revert to productively infected cells. These cells might be responsible for a residual breast milk transmission despite maternal highly active antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Valea
- Laboratoire Virologie, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina-Faso
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The broadly neutralizing HIV-1 IgG 2F5 elicits gp41-specific antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity in a FcγRI-dependent manner. AIDS 2011; 25:751-9. [PMID: 21330910 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32834507bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A role for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in controlling initial development of HIV-1 infection is supported by a growing number of studies. 2F5, a broadly HIV-1-neutralizing IgG specific for HIV-1 envelope gp41, has been extensively studied in vitro and in vivo for its neutralizing and transcytosis-blocking activities. In the present paper, we have studied the in vitro ADCC potential of 2F5. DESIGN We have developed an ADCC model based on either monocytic cell line THP1 or monocytes, both FcγRI(+) FcγRIII(-) as effector cells, and natural killer resistant-CEM (NKr-CEM) either coated with HIV envelope subunit, or stably expressing an X4 tropic HIV-1 envelope as target cells. Finally, in order to better simulate the in vivo situation, we used R5-tropic JR-CSF HIV-1-infected NKr-CEM as targets. METHODS ADCC was monitored using a fluorescently based, nonradioactive, easy to use assay. RESULTS 2F5 triggered ADCC of HIV-1 envelope subunit coated cells. Remarkably, 2F5 at ng/ml concentration elicited ADCC of both X4-tropic HIV-1 envelope-expressing cells, and R5-HIV-infected cells. ADCC relied on binding to the FcγRI on effector cell and was abolished by preincubation of 2F5 with its cognate epitope ELDKWA. CONCLUSION The capacity of the broadly neutralizing 2F5 to elicit ADCC, and thereby linking adaptive and innate immunity, expands its prophylactic potential. Raising antibodies to the membrane proximal region of HIV-1 envelope with similar ADCC properties, in addition to neutralization, should be taken into account in HIV-1 vaccine design.
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Chen P, Chen BK, Mosoian A, Hays T, Ross MJ, Klotman PE, Klotman ME. Virological synapses allow HIV-1 uptake and gene expression in renal tubular epithelial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22:496-507. [PMID: 21335514 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2010040379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In animal models of HIV-associated nephropathy, the expression of HIV regulatory genes in epithelial cells is sufficient to cause disease, but how the CD4-negative epithelial cells come to express HIV genes is unknown. Here, we co-cultured T cells infected with fluorescently tagged HIV with renal tubular epithelial cells and observed efficient virus transfer between these cells. The quantity of HIV transferred was much greater than that achieved by exposure to large amounts of cell-free virus and occurred without a requirement for CD4 or Env. The transfer required stable cell-cell adhesion, which could be blocked by sulfated polysaccharides or poly-anionic compounds. We found that the internalization of virus could lead to de novo synthesis of viral protein from incoming viral RNAs even in the presence of a reverse transcriptase inhibitor. These results illustrate an interaction between infected T cells and nonimmune cells, supporting the presence of virological synapses between HIV-harboring T cells and renal tubular epithelial cells, allowing viral uptake and gene expression in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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