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Minich DM. The Phytoneuroendocrine System: Connecting Plants to Human Systems Biology. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2024; 23:28-31. [PMID: 38618161 PMCID: PMC11007616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Traditional medicine, exemplified by systems such as Ayurveda, inherently adopts a holistic framework. This framework extends beyond mere consideration of the human body to encompass broader systems of health, integrating elements of nature, particularly plants. Over time, there has been a notable integration between traditional medical philosophies and modern scientific methodologies. This integration is evident in published works that blend these disciplines, resulting in the creation of innovative terminology, such as «Ayurnutrigenomics». Concurrently, the lexicon within medical science has evolved to highlight the connection of body systems, as illustrated by terms like «gut-brain axis», which emphasize the relationship between physiological and psychological factors. This integration of perspectives is further demonstrated by terms such as «psychoneuroendocrine» and «mind-heart-body», reflecting a holistic approach to health. Alongside the emergence of these novel terms, there has been a proliferation of literature exploring the diverse functions of plants, particularly focusing on phytonutrients such as those found in the polyphenol category of compounds. In many ways, these emerging findings suggest a fundamental relationship between humans and plants, aligning with the principles of traditional medicine and indicating a profound connection between the two. Thus, in harmony with the increasing recognition of the interconnectedness between human systems biology, the study of phytochemicals, and the ability of plants to influence neuroendocrine responses, this article proposes a new term: the phytoneuroendocrine system.
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Li Y, Zhang M, Liu X, Zhang X, Pan P, Tan R, Jiang H. Quality assessment and Q-markers discovery in Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus by integrating serum pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2024. [PMID: 38369680 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus (CSF), a common fruit and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been hindered in its further development and research owing to the lack of comprehensive and specific quality evaluation standards. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to establish clear TCM quality standards related to the therapeutic mechanisms of CSF and to provide a basis for subsequent research and development. METHODS Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-orbitrap HRMS) technology was used to comprehensively identify CSF components and explore their absorbance levels in rat serum. Network pharmacology research methods were employed to investigate the potential mechanisms of action of the identified components in the treatment of major clinical diseases. Subsequently, a combination of HPLC chromatographic fingerprinting for qualitative analysis and multi-index content determination was used to evaluate the detectability of the identified quality markers (Q-markers). RESULTS Twenty-six prototype components were tentatively characterized in rat serum. Network pharmacology analysis showed six effective components, namely 7-hydroxycoumarin, isoscopoletin, diosmin, hesperidin, 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin, and bergapten, which played important roles in the treatment of chronic gastritis, functional dyspepsia, peptic ulcer, and depression and were preliminarily identified as Q-markers. The results of content determination in 15 batches of CSF indicated significant differences in the content of medicinal materials from different origins. However, compared with the preliminarily determined Q-markers, all six components could be measured and were determined as Q-markers of CSF. CONCLUSION The chemical Q-markers obtained in this study could be used for effective quality control of CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengyu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobin Zhang
- Irradiation Preservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Institute of Atomic Energy, Chengdu, China
| | - Pingchuan Pan
- Irradiation Preservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Institute of Atomic Energy, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Tan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hezhong Jiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
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Minich DM, Ross K, Frame J, Fahoum M, Warner W, Meissner HO. Not All Maca Is Created Equal: A Review of Colors, Nutrition, Phytochemicals, and Clinical Uses. Nutrients 2024; 16:530. [PMID: 38398854 PMCID: PMC10892513 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Maca (Lepidium meyenii, Lepidium peruvianum) is part of the Brassicaceae family and grows at high altitudes in the Peruvian Andes mountain range (3500-5000 m). Historically, it has been used as a nutrient-dense food and for its medicinal properties, primarily in enhancing energy and fertility. Scientific research has validated these traditional uses and other clinical applications by elucidating maca's mechanisms of action, nutrition, and phytochemical content. However, research over the last twenty years has identified up to seventeen different colors (phenotypes) of maca. The color, hypocotyl size, growing location, cultivation, and post-harvest processing methods can have a significant effect on the nutrition content, phytochemical profile, and clinical application. Yet, research differentiating the colors of maca and clinical applications remains limited. In this review, research on the nutrition, phytochemicals, and various colors of maca, including black, red, yellow (predominant colors), purple, gray (lesser-known colors), and any combination of colors, including proprietary formulations, will be discussed based on available preclinical and clinical trials. The gaps, deficiencies, and conflicts in the studies will be detailed, along with quality, safety, and efficacy criteria, highlighting the need for future research to specify all these factors of the maca used in publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M. Minich
- Human Nutrition and Functional Medicine, Adjunct Faculty, University of Western States, Portland, OR 97213, USA
- Food & Spirit, LLC, Port Orchard, WA 98366, USA
- Symphony Natural Health, Inc., West Valley City, UT 84119, USA; (K.R.); (M.F.); (W.W.)
- Symphony Natural Health Institute, West Valley City, UT 84119, USA
| | - Kim Ross
- Symphony Natural Health, Inc., West Valley City, UT 84119, USA; (K.R.); (M.F.); (W.W.)
- Symphony Natural Health Institute, West Valley City, UT 84119, USA
- Kim Ross Consulting, LLC, Lakewood Ranch, FL 34211, USA
- College of Nutrition, Sonoran University of Health Sciences, Tempe, AZ 85282, USA
| | - James Frame
- Symphony Natural Health Holdings Inc., Craigmuir Chambers, Road Town, Tortola VG1110, (BVI), UK;
- Natural Health International Pty Ltd., Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Mona Fahoum
- Symphony Natural Health, Inc., West Valley City, UT 84119, USA; (K.R.); (M.F.); (W.W.)
- Meridian Medicine, Seattle, WA 98133, USA
- Bastyr Center for Natural Health, Bastyr University, Kenmore, WA 98028, USA
| | - Wendy Warner
- Symphony Natural Health, Inc., West Valley City, UT 84119, USA; (K.R.); (M.F.); (W.W.)
- Wendy Warner, MD, PC, Yardley, PA 19067, USA
| | - Henry O. Meissner
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine, Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Building J, 158-160 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia;
- Therapeutic Research, TTD International Pty Ltd., 39 Leopard Ave., Elanora-Gold Coast, QLD 4221, Australia
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Trivedi A, Hasan A, Ahmad R, Siddiqui S, Srivastava A, Misra A, Mir SS. Flavonoid Myricetin as Potent Anticancer Agent: A Possibility towards Development of Potential Anticancer Nutraceuticals. Chin J Integr Med 2024; 30:75-84. [PMID: 37340205 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-023-3701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Good nutrition plays a crucial role in maintaining a balanced lifestyle. The beneficial effects of nutrition have been found to counteract nutritional disturbances with the expanded use of nutraceuticals to treat and manage cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and other developmental defects over the last decade. Flavonoids are found abundantly in plant-derived foods such as fruits, vegetables, tea, cocoa, and wine. Fruits and vegetables contain phytochemicals like flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids. Flavonoids can act as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-microbial (antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral) antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-diarrheal agents. Flavonoids are also reported to upregulate apoptotic activity in several cancers such as hepatic, pancreatic, breast, esophageal, and colon. Myricetin is a flavonol which is naturally present in fruits and vegetables and has shown possible nutraceutical value. Myricetin has been portrayed as a potent nutraceutical that may protect against cancer. The focus of the present review is to present an updated account of studies demonstrating the anticancer potential of myricetin and the molecular mechanisms involved therein. A better understanding of the molecular mechanism(s) underlying its anticancer activity would eventually help in its development as a novel anticancer nutraceutical having minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Trivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, 226003, India
| | - Adria Hasan
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, India
| | - Rumana Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, 226003, India
| | - Sahabjada Siddiqui
- Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, 226003, India
| | - Aditi Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, 226003, India
| | - Aparna Misra
- Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, 226003, India
| | - Snober S Mir
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, India.
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, India.
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Wang J, Tao C, Xu G, Ling J, Tong J, Goh BH, Xu Y, Qian L, Chen Y, Liu X, Wu Y, Xu T. A Q-marker screening strategy based on ADME studies and systems biology for Chinese herbal medicine, taking Qianghuo Shengshi decoction in treating rheumatoid arthritis as an example. Mol Omics 2023; 19:769-786. [PMID: 37498608 DOI: 10.1039/d3mo00029j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) exhibits a broad spectrum of clinical applications and demonstrates favorable therapeutic efficacy. Nonetheless, elucidating the underlying mechanism of action (MOA) of CHM in disease treatment remains a formidable task due to its inherent characteristics of multi-level, multi-linked, and multi-dimensional non-linear synergistic actions. In recent years, the concept of a Quality marker (Q-marker) proposed by Liu et al. has significantly contributed to the monitoring and evaluation of CHM products, thereby fostering the advancement of CHM research. Within this study, a Q-marker screening strategy for CHM formulas has been introduced, particularly emphasising efficacy and biological activities, integrating absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) studies, systems biology, and experimental verification. As an illustrative case, the Q-marker screening of Qianghuo Shengshi decoction (QHSSD) for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been conducted. Consequently, from a pool of 159 compounds within QHSSD, five Q-markers exhibiting significant in vitro anti-inflammatory effects have been identified. These Q-markers encompass notopterol, isoliquiritin, imperatorin, cimifugin, and glycyrrhizic acid. Furthermore, by employing an integrated analysis of network pharmacology and metabolomics, several instructive insights into pharmacological mechanisms have been gleaned. This includes the identification of key targets and pathways through which QHSSD exerts its crucial roles in the treatment of RA. Notably, the inhibitory effect of QHSSD on AKT1 and MAPK3 activation has been validated through western blot analysis, underscoring its potential to mitigate RA-related inflammatory responses. In summary, this research demonstrates the proposed strategy's feasibility and provides a practical reference model for the systematic investigation of CHM formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Cimin Tao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Guangzheng Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jiawei Ling
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jie Tong
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Yipeng Xu
- Department of urology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Linghui Qian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yong Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xuesong Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yongjiang Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Tengfei Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Muyskens K. A Human Right to What Kind of Medicine? THE JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHY 2023; 48:577-590. [PMID: 37129452 DOI: 10.1093/jmp/jhad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human right to health, insofar as it is widely recognized, is typically thought to include the right to fair access to adequate healthcare, but the operating conception of healthcare in this context has been under-defined. This lack of conceptual clarity has often led in practice to largely Western cultural assumptions about what validly constitutes "healthcare" and "medicine." Ethnocentric and parochial assumptions ought to be avoided, lest they give justification to the accusation that universal human rights are mere tools for Western imperial agendas. At the same time, a right to healthcare that is not also explicitly the right to effective healthcare rapidly loses meaning. This paper strives to provide an account of medicine with the flexibility to accommodate cultural difference in forms of practice, while also aiding in the articulation of a minimum for medical systems to meet the standards set out in a human right.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Muyskens
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Sahu N, Madan S, Walia R, Tyagi R, Fantoukh OI, Hawwal MF, Akhtar A, Almarabi I, Alam P, Saxena S. Multi-target mechanism of Solanum xanthocarpum for treatment of psoriasis based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101788. [PMID: 37811124 PMCID: PMC10551897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Solanum xanthocarpum (SX) has been used to treat a variety of diseases, including skin disorders like psoriasis (PSO). SX possesses many pharmacological activities of anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, immunosuppressive, and healing qualities. However, the multi-target mechanism of SX on PSO still needs clarity. Materials and methods: The Indian Medicinal Plants, Phytochemicals and Therapeutics (IMPPAT) database and the Swiss Target Prediction online tool were used to find the active phytochemical components and their associated target proteins. OMIM and GeneCards databases were used to extract PSO-related targets. A Venn diagram analysis determined the common targets of SX against PSO. Subsequently, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and core PPI target analysis were carried out using the STRING network and Cytoscape software. Also, utilising the online Metascape and bioinformatics platform tool, a pathway enrichment analysis of common targets using the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) databases was conducted to verify the role of targets in biological processes, cellular components and molecular functions with respect to KEGG pathways. Lastly, molecular docking simulations were performed to validate the strong affinity between components of SX and key target receptors. Results: According to the IMPPAT Database information, 8 active SX against PSO components were active. According to the PPI network and core targets study, the main targets against PSO were EGFR, SRC, STAT3, ERBB2, PTK2, SYK, EP300, CBL, TP53, and AR. Moreover, molecular docking simulations verified the binding interaction of phytochemical SX components with their PSO targets. Last but not least, enrichment analysis showed that SX is involved in several biological processes, including peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation, peptidyl-tyrosine modification, and peptidyl-serine modification. The relevant KEGG signalling pathways are the PI3K-AKT signalling pathway, the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance pathway, and the MAPK signalling pathway. Conclusion: The network pharmacology technique, which is based on data interpretation and molecular docking simulation techniques, has proven the multi-target function of SX phytoconstituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanchala Sahu
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India
| | - Swati Madan
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India
| | - Ramanpreet Walia
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India
| | - Rama Tyagi
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India
| | - Omer I. Fantoukh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 2457, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed F. Hawwal
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 2457, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 2457, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Almarabi
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Perwez Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 2457, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shikha Saxena
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India
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Cavaleri F, Chattopadhyay S, Palsule V, Kar PK, Chatterjee R. Study of Drug Target Identification and Associated Molecular Mechanisms for the Therapeutic Activity and Hair Follicle Induction of Two Ashwagandha Extracts Having Differential Withanolide Constitutions. J Nutr Metab 2023; 2023:9599744. [PMID: 37808919 PMCID: PMC10560109 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9599744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ashwagandha extracts play a significant role in traditional Indian medicine to help treat a wide range of disorders from amnesia, erectile dysfunction, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, cancer, stress, anxiety, and many more. Ashwagandha root is enriched with bioactive plant metabolites of which withanolides are the most important ones. The concentration and constitution of withanolides primarily determine ashwagandha's potency and pharmacology. Various factors modulate the withanolide constitution in the plant-derived extracts, rendering inconsistent therapeutic efficacy. Standardisation of the extraction protocol and a better understanding of the pharmacology mechanism of different extracts with varied withanolide constitutions is therefore critical for developing reliable, repeatable, and effective ashwagandha-based treatment. Objectives Here, we work toward defining indication mechanisms for two varieties of ashwagandha extract-ASHWITH (ASH-Ext1) and Regenolide (ASH-Ext2)-with different proprietary withanolide proportions. Methods ASH-Ext1 was studied for antioxidant signaling modulation using HEK293, HeLa, and A549 cells, and ASH-Ext2 was studied for subcellular drug targets associated with the reactivation and longevity of human hair follicles, using primary human hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs). Results Study findings support the antioxidant activity and Nrf2 signaling modulation by ASH-Ext1 in various cell models. Of note, ASH-Ext2 was found to increase β-catenin and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) protein expression levels in HFDPCs. Conclusion The results of drug target modulation show us that the withanolide constitution associated with different extraction protocols influences the pharmacological potential of the extract significantly and points to the value of standardisation not only of total withanolide content but also of internal withanolide proportions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Cavaleri
- Biologic Pharmamedical Research, 688-2397 King George Blvd, White Rock V4A 7E9, BC, Canada
- Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Panchanan Nagar, Vivekananda Street, Cooch Behar 736101, West Bengal, India
| | - Sukalpa Chattopadhyay
- Biologic Pharmamedical Research, 688-2397 King George Blvd, White Rock V4A 7E9, BC, Canada
| | - Vrushalee Palsule
- Biologic Pharmamedical Research, 688-2397 King George Blvd, White Rock V4A 7E9, BC, Canada
| | - Pradip Kumar Kar
- Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Panchanan Nagar, Vivekananda Street, Cooch Behar 736101, West Bengal, India
| | - Ritam Chatterjee
- Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Panchanan Nagar, Vivekananda Street, Cooch Behar 736101, West Bengal, India
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Saki M, De Villiers H, Ntsapi C, Tiloke C. The Hepatoprotective Effects of Moringa oleifera against Antiretroviral-Induced Cytotoxicity in HepG 2 Cells: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3235. [PMID: 37765399 PMCID: PMC10537654 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a lentivirus species that attacks immune cells (CD4+ T cells), causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV-positive people manage HIV/AIDS by using antiretroviral therapy (ART). The ART treatment regimen contains two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and one non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor/integrase strand transfer inhibitor. Tenofovir, an NRTI approved for managing HIV infection, is associated with hepatic steatosis and lactic acidosis, which are linked to mitochondrial toxicity and oxidative stress. Due to side-effects associated with ART, people living with HIV often use medicinal plants or a combination of medicinal plants with ART to promote adherence and diminish the side-effects and cytotoxicity. The Moringa oleifera (MO) tree from the family of Moringaceae is among the medicinal trees studied in managing HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. The MO tree extracts have been reported to have inhibitory activity primarily against HIV due to their bioactive compounds. However, there is a scarcity of knowledge about the use of the MO tree amongst HIV/AIDS patients receiving ART in South Africa and its effect on patient compliance and outcomes. Thus, this review aims to outline the impact of MO aqueous leaf extract on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in human HepG2 liver cells after exposure to antiretrovirals such as tenofovir. The review will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the potential protective effect of MO aqueous leaf extract on tenofovir-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Charlette Tiloke
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (M.S.); (H.D.V.); (C.N.)
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Ojha D, Jessop F, Bosio CM, Peterson KE. Effective inhibition of HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 by phytochemicals in vitro and in vivo. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2023; 62:106893. [PMID: 37339711 PMCID: PMC10277159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.106893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), can cause respiratory infections in humans. To address the need for reliable anti-coronavirus therapeutics, we screened 16 active phytochemicals selected from medicinal plants used in traditional applications for respiratory-related illnesses. METHODS An initial screen was completed using HCoV-OC43 to identify compounds that inhibit virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) and cell death inhibition. Then the top hits were validated in vitro against both HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 by determining virus titer in cell supernatant and virus-induced cell death. Finally, the most active phytochemical was validated in vivo in the SARS-CoV-2-infected B6.Cg-Tg(K18-ACE2)2Prlmn/J mouse model. RESULTS The phytochemicals lycorine (LYC), capsaicin, rottlerin (RTL), piperine and chebulinic acid (CHU) inhibited HCoV-OC43-induced cytopathic effect and reduced viral titres by up to 4 log. LYC, RTL and CHU also suppressed virus replication and cell death following SARS-CoV-2 infection. In vivo, RTL significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2-induced mortality by ∼40% in human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-expressing K18 mice. CONCLUSION Collectively, these studies indicate that RTL and other phytochemicals have therapeutic potential to reduce SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durbadal Ojha
- Neuroimmunology Section, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, USA.
| | - Forrest Jessop
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Catharine M Bosio
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Neuroimmunology Section, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, USA.
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Dembitsky VM. Biological Activity and Structural Diversity of Steroids Containing Aromatic Rings, Phosphate Groups, or Halogen Atoms. Molecules 2023; 28:5549. [PMID: 37513423 PMCID: PMC10384810 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This review delves into the investigation of the biological activity and structural diversity of steroids and related isoprenoid lipids. The study encompasses various natural compounds, such as steroids with aromatic ring(s), steroid phosphate esters derived from marine invertebrates, and steroids incorporating halogen atoms (I, Br, or Cl). These compounds are either produced by fungi or fungal endophytes or found in extracts of plants, algae, or marine invertebrates. To assess the biological activity of these natural compounds, an extensive examination of referenced literature sources was conducted. The evaluation encompassed in vivo and in vitro studies, as well as the utilization of the QSAR method. Numerous compounds exhibited notable properties such as strong anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic, anti-proliferative, anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-Parkinsonian, diuretic, anti-eczematic, anti-psoriatic, and various other activities. Throughout the review, 3D graphs illustrating the activity of individual steroids are presented alongside images of selected terrestrial or marine organisms. Additionally, the review provides explanations for specific types of biological activity associated with these compounds. The data presented in this review hold scientific interest for academic science as well as practical implications in the fields of pharmacology and practical medicine. The analysis of the biological activity and structural diversity of steroids and related isoprenoid lipids provides valuable insights that can contribute to advancements in both theoretical understanding and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Centre for Applied Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Lethbridge College, 3000 College Drive South, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1L6, Canada
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12
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Kj S, Nk M, Pg A. Ayurveda, yoga, and acupuncture therapies in alleviating the symptom score among patients with spinal cord injury - A systematic review. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2023; 14:100749. [PMID: 37467569 PMCID: PMC10372387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2023.100749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is the leading cause of motor and sensory abnormalities due to damage caused to any part of the spinal cord resulting from trauma, disease, or degeneration. Most of the disability caused will be irreversible with various systemic manifestations. Hence, management of SCI focuses on minimising disability, diminishing limitations due to impairment, and improving quality of life, emotional, and psychological aspects. AIM This review is aimed at describing Ayurveda, Yoga, and Acupuncture therapies in the management of SCI as individual and integrated approaches for alleviating the symptom score in patients with SCI. METHODS The data was collected from six databases, including PubMed Central, the Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Scopus, MEDLINE, and Grey Literature. The subjects in these studies were between the ages group 21-70 years and had been previously diagnosed with SCI and its clinical presentation. The interventions used in the selected studies incorporate Ayurveda (medicinal system of longevity) herbal medications, Panchakarma (five methods) treatment, diet, and yoga (mind-body medicine) therapy. Full-text publications in English, and research designs such as randomised controlled trials, case studies, review articles and cohort studies were included. Letter to the editor, study protocol, animal trials, and in vitro studies were excluded. RESULTS 216 records were identified using keywords such as spinal cord injury, Äyurveda, Acupuncture, païca karma, rehabilitation, and yoga. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 28 articles were selected for synthesis, which contain 12 case studies, 12 literature review articles, 2 randomised controlled trials, 1 cohort study, and 1 meta-analysis. CONCLUSION The integration of Ayurveda management, including Panchakarmatherapy and Ayurveda medications, with other alternative therapies like Acupuncture, Yoga, and Rehabilitation improved muscle strength, quality of life, range of motion, and neuronal function, and reduced depression, stress, and pain with symptom scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha Kj
- Division of Natural Therapeutics, SDM College of Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences, Ujire, D.K. Affiliated to RGUHS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | | | - Ahalya Pg
- SDM College of Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences, Ujire, D.K.Affiliated to RGUHS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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13
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Kuttithodi AM, Narayanankutty A, Visakh NU, Job JT, Pathrose B, Olatunji OJ, Alfarhan A, Ramesh V. Chemical Composition of the Cinnamomum malabatrum Leaf Essential Oil and Analysis of Its Antioxidant, Enzyme Inhibitory and Antibacterial Activities. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050940. [PMID: 37237843 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cinnamomum species are a group of plants belonging to the Lauraceae family. These plants are predominantly used as spices in various food preparations and other culinary purposes. Furthermore, these plants are attributed to having cosmetic and pharmacological potential. Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burm. f.) J. Presl is an underexplored plant in the Cinnamomum genus. The present study evaluated the chemical composition by a GC-MS analysis and antioxidant properties of the essential oil from C. malabatrum (CMEO). Further, the pharmacological effects were determined as radical quenching, enzyme inhibition and antibacterial activity. The results of the GC-MS analysis indicated the presence of 38.26 % of linalool and 12.43% of caryophyllene in the essential oil. Furthermore, the benzyl benzoate (9.60%), eugenol (8.75%), cinnamaldehyde (7.01%) and humulene (5.32%) were also present in the essential oil. The antioxidant activity was indicated by radical quenching properties, ferric-reducing potential and lipid peroxidation inhibition ex vivo. Further, the enzyme-inhibitory potential was confirmed against the enzymes involved in diabetes and diabetic complications. The results also indicated the antibacterial activity of these essential oils against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration analysis revealed a higher antibacterial potential for C. malabatrum essential oil. Overall, the results identified the predominant chemical compounds of C. malabatrum essential oil and its biological and pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathi Moothakoottil Kuttithodi
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, PG & Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut 673008, Kerala, India
| | - Arunaksharan Narayanankutty
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, PG & Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut 673008, Kerala, India
| | - Naduvilthara U Visakh
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur 680656, Kerala, India
| | - Joice Tom Job
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, PG & Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut 673008, Kerala, India
| | - Berin Pathrose
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur 680656, Kerala, India
| | - Opeyemi Joshua Olatunji
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
- Traditional Thai Medical Research and Innovation Center, Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand
| | - Ahmed Alfarhan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Varsha Ramesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia
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Adebisi YA. Decolonizing Epidemiological Research: A Critical Perspective. Avicenna J Med 2023; 13:68-76. [PMID: 37435557 PMCID: PMC10332938 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1769088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Decolonizing epidemiological research is a crucial endeavor. Historically, colonial and imperialistic ideologies have pervaded epidemiology, leading to an emphasis on Western perspectives and the neglect of indigenous and other marginalized communities' needs and experiences. To effectively address health disparities and promote justice and equality, acknowledging and addressing these power imbalances are imperative. In this article, I highlight the need of decolonizing epidemiological research and make recommendations. These include increasing the representation of researchers from underrepresented communities, ensuring that epidemiological research is contextually relevant and responsive to the experiences of these communities, and collaborating with policymakers and advocacy groups to inform policies and practices that benefit all populations. Moreover, I underscore the importance of recognizing and valuing the knowledge and skills of marginalized populations, and integrating traditional knowledge-the distinct, culturally specific understanding unique to a particular group-into research efforts. I also emphasize the need of capacity building and equitable research collaborations and authorship as well as epidemiological journal editorship. Decolonizing epidemiology research is a continual process that requires continuing discourse, collaboration, and education.
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15
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A chemodosimeter with high selectivity for ratiometric detection of mercury ions in buffer solution. Tetrahedron Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2023.154435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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16
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Tansaz M, Akhtari M, Naseri M, Majdzadeh R, Saberi Isfeedvajani M, Shams-Ardakani MR, Nejatbakhsh F, Ebadi A, Mojahedi M. Relationship between anthropometric indices and Mizaj (temperament) in Persian medicine. CASPIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2023; 14:205-212. [PMID: 37223290 PMCID: PMC10201113 DOI: 10.22088/cjim.14.2.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Background The process of diagnosis and treatment in Persian medicine (PM) are based on the concept of Mizaj (temperament). Among the indices of Mizaj determination, anthropometric indices are less influenceable regarding age change and other environmental factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between anthropometric indices and Mizaj. Methods Four PM experts determined the Mizaj of 121 participants. Those who had ≥70% agreement in their Mizaj determination by the experts were selected and their anthropometric indices were measured. The best cutoff point of each index and its relationship with the defined Mizaj were extracted using Receiver Operative Characteristic Curve and Binary Logistic Regression. Results 52 out of 121 participants entered the main study. The warm-Mizaj people had larger dimensions in height, shoulder, chest, palm and sole width, and head height. Cold-Mizaj people had smaller dimensions in weight, height, shoulder, chest and head. High levels of BMI, chest depth and head dimensions had the highest correlation with the wet Mizaj and lower dimensions of these indices had the highest correlation with the dry Mizaj. Conclusion Among the anthropometric indices, chest, palm, sole dimensions, head height and weight had the highest correlation with warmness/coldness and BMI, head width and chest dimensions had the highest correlation with wetness/dryness. The BMI which is more closely related to the soft tissue, only correlates with the wetness/dryness, while, bone dimensions are associated with warmness/coldness. Further studies are needed to metricize the anthropometric indices for Mizaj determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Tansaz
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Akhtari
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohsen Naseri
- Traditional Medicine Clinical Trial Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Majdzadeh
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department of Public Health School, Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Saberi Isfeedvajani
- Quran and Hadith Research Center and Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Nejatbakhsh
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ebadi
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Nursing Faculty, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Mojahedi
- Traditional Medicine and History of Medical Sciences Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Umashankar M, Sahoo M. Metabolite fingerprinting and profiling of selected medicinal plants using nuclear magnetic resonance. ASIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND HEALTH CARE 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/ajprhc.ajprhc_93_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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18
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Arnold JT. Integrating ayurvedic medicine into cancer research programs part 1: Ayurveda background and applications. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2022:100676. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2022.100676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Immunostimulatory Activity of Cordyceps militaris Fermented with Pediococcus pentosaceus SC11 Isolated from a Salted Small Octopus in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunocompromised Mice and Its Inhibitory Activity against SARS-CoV 3CL Protease. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122321. [PMID: 36557573 PMCID: PMC9781638 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the immune-enhancing and anti-viral effects of germinated Rhynchosia nulubilis (GRC) fermented with Pediococcus pentosaceus SC11 (GRC-SC11) isolated from a salted small octopus. The cordycepin, β-glucan, and total flavonoid contents increased in GRC after SC11 fermentation. GRC-SC11 inhibits 3CL protease activity in severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). GRC-SC11 significantly increased thymus and spleen indices in immunocompromised mice. The rate of splenocyte proliferation was higher in GRC-SC11-treated immunocompromised mice than that in GRC-treated immunocompromised mice in the presence or absence of concanavalin A. In addition, GRC-SC11 increased the phagocytic activity and nitric oxide production in immunocompromised mice. The mRNA expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interferon-alpha (IFN-α), and interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) was up-regulated in GRC-SC11 treated RAW 264.7 macrophages, compared to GRC. Our study indicates that GRC-SC11 might be a potential therapeutic agent for immunocompromised patients who are vulnerable to SARS-CoV infection.
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Dragoș D, Petran M, Gradinaru TC, Gilca M. Phytochemicals and Inflammation: Is Bitter Better? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11212991. [PMID: 36365444 PMCID: PMC9654259 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The taste of a herb influences its use in traditional medicine. A molecular basis for the taste-based patterns ruling the distribution of herbal (ethno) pharmacological activities may not be excluded. This study investigated the potential correlations between the anti-inflammatory activity (AIA) and the phytocompound taste and/or its chemical class. The study relies on information gathered by an extensive literature (articles, books, databases) search and made public as PlantMolecularTasteDB. Out of a total of 1527 phytotastants with reliably documented taste and structure available in PlantMolecularTasteDB, 592 (for each of which at least 40 hits were found on PubMed searches) were included in the statistical analysis. A list of 1836 putative molecular targets of these phytotastants was afterwards generated with SwissTargetPrediction tool. These targets were systematically evaluated for their potential role in inflammation using an international databases search. The correlations between phytochemical taste and AIA, between chemical class and AIA, and between the taste and the number of inflammation related targets were statistically analyzed. Phytochemical taste may be a better predictor of AIA than the chemical class. Bitter phytocompounds have a higher probability of exerting AIA when compared with otherwise phytotastants. Moreover, bitter phytotastants act upon more inflammation related targets than non-bitter tasting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorin Dragoș
- Department of Medical Semiology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- 1st Internal Medicine Clinic, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Madalina Petran
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Teodora-Cristiana Gradinaru
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marilena Gilca
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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Mendo B, Gonçalves M, Lopes L, Matos LC, Machado J. Can Yoga, Qigong, and Tai Chi Breathing Work Support the Psycho-Immune Homeostasis during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic? A Narrative Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10101934. [PMID: 36292380 PMCID: PMC9601556 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10101934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Breathing is crucial in life; nevertheless, the healthcare community often overlooks the health potential of breathing techniques. Conscious manipulation of breathing to achieve specific health goals is found in yoga, Qigong and Tai Chi. This paper reviews the value of breathing exercises as a foremost mechanism for promoting, recuperating and maintaining health. Practices involving breathing techniques are described, and their prophylactic or therapeutic characteristics are explored. The main goals of this review are: (i) to summarize the evidence supporting the hypothesis that breathing practices have a significant beneficial impact on human health; (ii) to provide a deeper understanding of traditional biofeedback practices, particularly yoga, Qigong and Tai Chi, and outline their focus on breathing techniques; (iii) to outline specific immune-related responses, relevant for COVID-19 disorders; and (iv) to call for committed attention and action from the scientific community and health agencies in promoting the implementation of a practical and costless health program based on breathing techniques. This review shows the health potentials of breathing practices and exercises, which, by having a high benefit-cost ratio, could be selected and implemented as a primary standard routine in public health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Mendo
- ICBAS–Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CBSin–Center of BioSciences in Integrative Health, 4250-105 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Mário Gonçalves
- ICBAS–Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CBSin–Center of BioSciences in Integrative Health, 4250-105 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lara Lopes
- ICBAS–Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CBSin–Center of BioSciences in Integrative Health, 4250-105 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Carlos Matos
- CBSin–Center of BioSciences in Integrative Health, 4250-105 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- CTEC–Centro Transdisciplinar de Estudos da Consciência, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Machado
- ICBAS–Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CBSin–Center of BioSciences in Integrative Health, 4250-105 Porto, Portugal
- LABIOMEP–Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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Arunachalam K, Sasidharan SP, Yang X. A concise review of mushrooms antiviral and immunomodulatory properties that may combat against COVID-19. FOOD CHEMISTRY ADVANCES 2022; 1:100023. [PMID: 36686330 PMCID: PMC8887958 DOI: 10.1016/j.focha.2022.100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on March 11, 2020, because of its widespread transmission and infection rates. The unique severe disease was found in Wuhan, China, since December 2019, and swiftly spread throughout the world. Natural chemicals derived from herbal medicines and medicinal mushrooms provide a significant resource for the development of novel antiviral drugs. Many natural drugs have been proven to have antiviral properties against a variety of virus strains, such as the coronavirus and the herpes simplex virus (HSV).. In this research, successful dietary treatments for different COVID illnesses were compared to potential of mushroom products in its therapy. In Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, and Scopus, search keywords like COVID, COVID-19, SARS, MERS, mushrooms, and their compounds were utilized. In this review of the literature we foucsed popular mushrooms such as Agaricus subrufescens Peck, Agaricus blazei Murill, Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc., Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis.) P. Karst., Grifola frondosa (Dicks.) Gray, Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Pers., Inonotus obliquus (Arch. Ex Pers.) Pilát., Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler, Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm., Poria cocos F.A. Wolf, and Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd.,. Changed forms of β-Glucan seem to have a good impact on viral replication suppression and might be used in future studies. However, the results seems terpenoids, lectins, glycoproteins, lentinan, galactomannan, and polysaccharides from mushrooms are promising prophylactic or therapeutic agents against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppusamy Arunachalam
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, The Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,Corresponding authors at: Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, The Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | | | - Xuefei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, The Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,Corresponding authors at: Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, The Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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Orman E, Bekoe SO, Jato J, Spiegler V, Asare-Nkansah S, Agyare C, Hensel A, Bekoe EO. Quality assessment of African herbal medicine: A systematic review and the way forward. Fitoterapia 2022; 162:105287. [PMID: 36031027 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Africa, herbalism supplements allopathic medicine's efforts to ensure Universal Health Coverage attainment. This review was conducted to identify and to summarise current literature on methodological approaches used for quality control of herbal medicines in Africa, to evaluate the gaps associated with existing strategies within context of best practices, and make recommendations for future improvements. METHODS A systematic search was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Articles were screened and assessed for eligibility. RESULTS 118 articles were included into the study. There was a high preference for impurity profiling tests (77%) indicating the prioritization for tests that guarantee safety despite the limited analytical resources available. Other classes of tests reported included identification tests (29%), physicochemical tests (18%), and content assays (12%). Although standard methods exist in preparing samples for impurity tests, different techniques were observed in different studies, and this could lead to differences in analytical outcomes. Content assays focused on single marker assessments, which may be inadequate to comprehensively assess the quality of products. CONCLUSION This review provides knowledge of existing strengths and challenges for herbal medicine quality assessments in Africa. For future it is recommended to implement more studies on contaminants (e.g. mycotoxins) and pharmaceutical adulterants. The use of chemometrics to develop analytical methods should be promoted. Also, stakeholders in the medicine quality industry in Africa need to effectively collaborate to establish a well co-ordinated and harmonized system to provide a sustainable framework for the GACP and GMP guided production and quality assurance of herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Orman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel Oppong Bekoe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Jonathan Jato
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany; Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Verena Spiegler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Samuel Asare-Nkansah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Christian Agyare
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Andreas Hensel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Emelia Oppong Bekoe
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Bhat AK, Krishna Kumar V, Johnson JD. "An integrative approach with Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Acupuncture in post covid parosmia - A case study". J Ayurveda Integr Med 2022; 14:100560. [PMID: 35851219 PMCID: PMC9287594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2022.100560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This case is about a post viral olfactory dysfunction due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, since six months treated effectively by a unique integrative approach with Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Acupuncture (TCA). It started as a sudden onset of anosmia in the month of August 2020 with fever history two weeks prior. After three months Parosmia commenced which gradually worsened. A month later she experienced dysgeusia and nausea leading to tremendous stress and sleep disturbances. Ayurveda treatment included Shadbindu taila marsha nasya for seven days followed by Shadbindu taila pratimarsha nasya (intra nasal oil instillation) for a period of four months. Naradiya laxmivilasa rasa orally for one month. GV.20, LI.20, Ex.1, H.7, LI.11, GB.8, GB.21 and GV.25 Points were selected for TCA. The Indian Smell identification test score on day one of treatment was zero, day seven was four, at the end of one month was eight and after four months it was ten. Parosmia was assessed by VAS which was ten on day one and zero on day seven. We could achieve complete normalcy in olfactory function within four months of this treatment. This integrative approach was found to be safe and effective in treating Post covid parosmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshatha K. Bhat
- Department of Shalakya Tantra, Yenepoya Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Naringana, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India,Corresponding author
| | - Venugopalan Krishna Kumar
- Research Officer (Ayurveda), National Ayurveda Research Institute for Panchakarma, CCRAS, Cheruthuruthy, Thrissur, 679531, India
| | - Jim Daniel Johnson
- President, Indian Association of Acupuncturists. T.D. Johnson Memorial, Acupuncture Clinic, Mourishka Tower Bendoor, Kadri, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575002, India
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Wali R, Khan MF, Mahmood A, Mahmood M, Qureshi R, Ahmad KS, Mashwani ZUR. Ethnomedicinal appraisal of plants used for the treatment of gastrointestinal complaints by tribal communities living in Diamir district, Western Himalayas, Pakistan. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269445. [PMID: 35675300 PMCID: PMC9176800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Majority of the mountain dwelling communities living in the Himalayas rely on traditional herbal medicines for primary healthcare needs. Present study was conducted in fairy meadows and allied valleys in District Diamir, Gilgit Baltistan autonomous territory in northern Pakistan. Documentation of traditional medicinal knowledge (TMK) of local communities for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders was carried out as a component of a wider medico-botanical expedition conducted in the entire base camp of the great Nanga Parbat peak during 2016–19. Various ethnobotanical parameters i.e. use value (UV), informant consensus factor (ICF), Fidelity level (FL), direct matrix ranking test (DMRT) and preference ranking (PR) were applied to evaluate the data collected during field surveys. The plants were also subjected to a comparative review for novelty assessment. A total of 61 medicinal plant species belonging to 55 genera and 35 families are reported here for the treatment of GIDs. Compositae was the leading family with 8 (13%) species. Fourteen gastrointestinal disorders were cured with 32% taxon were reported for stomachic followed by diarrhea (15%) and constipation (14%). Highest use reports (5) and use citations (207) were reported for Mentha longifolia L. while highest UV (1.79) was obtained for Artemisia maritima L. Hylotelephium telephioides (Ledeb.), A. maritima, M. longifolia, M. piperita L., Allium cepa L., and A. annua L. exhibited 100% FL. Highest ICF was calculated against dysentery and flatulence. DMRT ranked Prunus persica L. first for its multipurpose uses. Taking constipation as a reference gastrointestinal disease, PR for ten plant species was calculated where H. telephioides was ranked first followed by A. maritima. Present study concluded that 19 out of 61 plant species were documented for the first time with novel medicinal uses to cure GIDs. These plant species could act as potential reservoirs of novel lead compounds for the treatments of gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmat Wali
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- * E-mail: (MFK); (RW)
| | - Muhammad Faraz Khan
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, AJ&K, Pakistan
- * E-mail: (MFK); (RW)
| | - Ansar Mahmood
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, AJ&K, Pakistan
| | - Majid Mahmood
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, AJ&K, Pakistan
| | - Rahmatullah Qureshi
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Khawaja Shafique Ahmad
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, AJ&K, Pakistan
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Zohmachhuana A, Malsawmdawngliana, Lalnunmawia F, Mathipi V, Lalrinzuali K, Kumar NS. Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. exhibits cytotoxicity in A-549 and HeLa cells by inducing apoptosis through caspase-dependent pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:113039. [PMID: 35658209 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to examine the efficacy of the leaf, stem and rhizome of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. for their phytochemical content, antioxidant and anti-cancer activities. The different parts of C. aeruginosa were subjected to sequential extraction to give three fractions viz., hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extract. The cytotoxic effect and the mode of action against A-549 human lung adenocarcinoma and HeLa cell lines were examined. C. aeruginosa presented no significant toxic effect in normal human lung cells (L-132). The methanol extracts were found to be the most cytotoxic and further investigation was carried out to understand the effects. The methanol extracts induced DNA damage after 24 h with significant increase in tail DNA and tail moment when compared to untreated control. Up-regulation in the expression of the caspase - 8 and - 3 activity was observed after 48 h of treatment. The mechanism of cell death and apoptosis induced by the methanol extracts on A549 and HeLa cells were studied using fluorescent staining. Bioactive compounds detected from the HPLC revealed phenol and flavonoid compounds: Gallic acid, quercetin, caffeic acid, kaempferol, rutin, coumaric acid and naringenin. GC-MS results identified the presence of sesquiterpenoids: α-curcumene, curzerene curcumenol, curzerenone epicurzerenone, caryophyllene oxide and diterpenoid, andrographolide. These compounds are known for inducing apoptosis in human cancer cells through caspase - dependent pathways. Therefore, C. aeruginosa and its potential to induce apoptosis in cancer cells suggest that they have potential in medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Zohmachhuana
- Department of Botany, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India
| | | | - F Lalnunmawia
- Department of Botany, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India
| | | | | | - N Senthil Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India
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Rauf A, Akram M, Anwar H, Daniyal M, Munir N, Bawazeer S, Bawazeer S, Rebezov M, Bouyahya A, Shariati MA, Thiruvengadam M, Sarsembenova O, Mabkhot YN, Islam MN, Emran TB, Hodak S, Zengin G, Khan H. Therapeutic potential of herbal medicine for the management of hyperlipidemia: latest updates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:40281-40301. [PMID: 35320475 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19733-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia, the most common form of dyslipidemia, is the main source of cardiovascular disorders, characterized by elevated level of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in peripheral blood. It is caused by a defect in lipid metabolism in the surface of Apoprotein C-II or a defect in lipoprotein lipase activity as well as reported in genetic, dietary and environmental factors. Several electronic databases were investigated as information sources, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Semantic Scholar, MEDLINE and CNKI Scholar. The current review focused on the risk factors of dyslipidemia, synthetic medication with their side effects and different types of medicinal plants having significant potential for the management of hyperlipidemia. The management of hyperlipidemia mostly involves a constant decrease in lipid level using different remedial drugs like statin, fibrate, bile acid sequestrates and niacin. However, this extensive review suggested that the consequences of these drugs are arguable, due to their numerous adverse effects. The selected parts of herb plants are used intact or their extracts containing active phytoconstituents to regulate the lipids in blood level. It was also noted that the Chinese herbal medicine and combination therapy is promising for the lowering of hyperlipidemia. This review intends to provide a scientific base for future endeavors, such as in-depth biological and chemical investigations into previously researched topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar, 23430, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hina Anwar
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Daniyal
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Naveed Munir
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sami Bawazeer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 42, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Bawazeer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 42, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maksim Rebezov
- V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (the First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathology Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathology, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (the First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Yahia N Mabkhot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Nazmul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Sergey Hodak
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (the First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Campus, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
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Vallish BN, Dang D, Dang A. Nature and mechanism of immune boosting by Ayurvedic medicine: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. World J Methodol 2022; 12:132-147. [PMID: 35721243 PMCID: PMC9157632 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v12.i3.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many Ayurvedic preparations are claimed to have immune-boosting properties, as suggested in various published randomized clinical trials (RCTs)
AIM To compile evidence on the nature and mechanism of immune system enhancement by Ayurvedic preparations in healthy and sick individuals.
METHODS After prospectively registering study protocol with PROSPERO, we searched PubMed, DOAJ, Google Scholar, three dedicated Ayurveda research portals, two specialty Ayurveda journals, and reference lists for relevant records published until February 6, 2021 using appropriate search strategies. Baseline features and data pertaining to the nature and mechanism of immune system function were extracted from all eligible records. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane RoB-2 tool.
RESULTS Of 12554 articles screened, 19 studies reporting 20 RCTs (17 parallel group design, three crossover design) with 1661 unique patients were included; 11/19 studies had Indian first authors. Healthy population was included in nine studies, of which one study included pregnant women and two included pediatric population; remaining studies included patients with different health conditions, including one study with coronavirus disease 2019 patients. A total of 21 Ayurvedic interventions were studied, out of which five were composite mixtures. The predominant route of administration was oral; dose and frequency of administration of the intervention varied across the studies. The results reported with five RCTs exploring five Ayurvedic interventions were incomplete, ambiguous, or confusing. Of the remaining 16 interventions, indirect evidence of immune enhancement was reported with four interventions, while lack of the same was reported with two interventions. Enhancement of T helper cells and natural killer cells was reported with three and four interventions, respectively, while the pooled results did not clearly point toward enhancement of other components of the immune system, including cytotoxic T cells, B lymphocytes, immunoglobulins, cytokines, complement components, leucocyte counts, and other components. Nine of the 20 RCTs had a high risk of bias, and the remaining 11 RCTs had some concerns according to RoB-2.
CONCLUSION Various Ayurvedic preparations appear to enhance the immune system, particularly via enhancements in natural killer cells and T helper cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Vallish
- Medical Writing and Biostatistics, MarksMan Healthcare Communications, Hyderabad 500091, Telangana, India
| | - Dimple Dang
- Co-founder, MarksMan Healthcare Communications, Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India
| | - Amit Dang
- Founder and CEO, MarksMan Helathcare Communications Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad 500091, Telangana, India
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Van Vuuren SF, Motlhatlego KE, Netshia V. Traditionally used polyherbals in a southern African therapeutic context. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 288:114977. [PMID: 35017037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.114977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In African traditional medicine, there are several plant species that are used in combination with either other plant species or non-plant derived combinations such as sugar and honey, salt and vinegar, milk, fat etc. This review examines the role of these combinations and postulates the scientific and therapeutic validation of such combinations. AIM OF THE STUDY This study reviewed the ethnopharmacological literature and documented the use of southern African plant combinations to find a scientific rationale for such combinations, and provide recommendations for future studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethnobotanical books and online databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed and Google Scholar were used to find ethnobotanical studies within the southern African context that focus on the combinations of plants with other plants or various additional ingredients. The scientific literature was examined to determine if evidence was available to substantiate such combinations. RESULTS One hundred and eighty-seven medicinal plant (plant-to-plant) combinations that are used in the southern African traditional healing system were recorded. These plant combinations were used against infections of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and skin as well other non-infectious diseases such as reproductive and psychiatric disorders. Respiratory infections were the most documented infections to be treated using plant combinations. The plant that was documented to be most commonly used in combination with other plants was Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. While plant-plant combinations have drawn a marked interest, comparatively, plant-adjuvant (e.g. milk, sugar, honey, salt, vinegar, fats) combinations have attracted less research interest. Milk was reported as the most used additional ingredient in combination with medicinal plants. The combination of animal urine and dung with medicinal plants has been reported as a treatment for treat prostate infections, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Other ingredients such as clay and flour were also documented, and these are often mixed with medicinal plants to treat fever, stomach ailments, sexually transmitted infections (STI) and skin conditions. Although combination therapy has been frequently reported in ethnobotanical records, over 90% of the combinations reviewed still need to be scientifically validated. CONCLUSION Scientific reports on the antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and other pharmacological effects of these combinations may offer an understanding of traditional combination therapy. In addition, investigation into the mechanisms of action of these combinations are also recommended to supplement the findings. Nonetheless, the use of plant combinations is still an untapped research area in southern Africa and there is a need to validate the use of those documented combinations to obtain a better understanding of combined traditional medicinal plant use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Van Vuuren
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - K E Motlhatlego
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - V Netshia
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
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The Multifaceted Role of Neuroprotective Plants in Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment. Geriatrics (Basel) 2022; 7:geriatrics7020024. [PMID: 35314596 PMCID: PMC8938774 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics7020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by impaired cognition, memory loss, and altered personality. Many of the available pharmaceutical treatments do not alter the onset of disease progression. Recently, alternatives to developed drug candidates have been explored including medicinal plants and herbal treatments for the treatment of AD. This article examines the role of herbal plant extracts and the neuroprotective effects as alternative modes of intervention for AD progression. These extracts contain key metabolites that culminate alterations in AD progression. The traditional plant extracts explored in this article induce a variety of beneficial properties, including antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and enhanced cognition, while also inducing activity on AD drug targets such as Aβ degradation. While these neuroprotective aspects for AD are relatively recent, there is great potential in the drug discovery aspect of these plant extracts for future use in AD treatment.
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Li X, Wu L, Wu R, Sun M, Fu K, Kuang T, Wang Z. Comparison of medicinal preparations of Ayurveda in India and five traditional medicines in China. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 284:114775. [PMID: 34742863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ayurveda is the main traditional healthcare system in Indian medicine. Tibetan medicine (TM), Mongolian medicine (MM), Buddhist medicine (BM), Dai medicine (DM), and Uyghur medicine (UM) are main traditional medicines practiced in China. These are existing traditional medical systems that still play a role in disease prevention and treatment. AIM OF THE STUDY To reveal the similarities and differences of traditional medicinal preparations between Ayurveda in India and five traditional medicines in China to deepen medical exchanges and cooperation between the two countries and beyond. METHODS All preparations were extracted from statutory pharmacopoeias, ministry standards, and prescription textbooks from China and India. The information of each preparation, such as therapeutic uses, medicinal materials, and preparation forms, was recorded in Excel for statistical analysis and visual comparison. RESULTS A total of 645 Ayurvedic preparations, 458 TM preparations, 164 MM preparations, 616 BM preparations, 227 DM preparations, and 94 UM preparations were identified. Preparations of the six traditional medicines were mostly used for treating digestive, respiratory, and urogenital system diseases. The preparation forms of these six traditional medicines are mainly pills and powders. There are 38 shared-use medicinal materials in Ayurveda and TM preparations, 25 in Ayurveda and MM preparations, 30 in Ayurveda and BM preparations, 39 in Ayurveda and DM preparations, and 31 in Ayurveda and UM preparations. Finally, we selected one important shared-use preparation (Triphala) and 51 medicinal materials to research traditional use and modern pharmacology. CONCLUSIONS These preparations are used by different prescribers and users of medicinal materials in different medical systems with the similarities and differences. The similarities may reflect the historical exchanges of traditional medicines between the two countries. The differences showed that traditional medicines in China have absorbed some theories, diagnoses, and treatments from Ayurveda but also retained their own ethnic and regional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Lei Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ruixia Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ming Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ke Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Tingting Kuang
- College of Ethnomedicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Research Institute of Traditional Indian Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zhang Wang
- College of Ethnomedicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Research Institute of Traditional Indian Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Cote B, Elbarbry F, Bui F, Su JW, Seo K, Nguyen A, Lee M, Rao DA. Mechanistic Basis for the Role of Phytochemicals in Inflammation-Associated Chronic Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030781. [PMID: 35164043 PMCID: PMC8838908 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases occur in a large portion of the population and are associated with a poor diet. Key natural products found in fruits and vegetables may assist in lowering inflammation associated with chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. This review seeks to examine the roles of several natural products, resveratrol (RES), quercetin (QUE), curcumin (CUR), piperine (PIP), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and gingerol (GIN), in their ability to attenuate inflammatory markers in specific diseases states. Additionally, we will discuss findings in past and ongoing clinical trials, detail possible phytochemical–drug interactions, and provide a brief resource for researchers and healthcare professionals on natural product and supplement regulation as well as names of databases with information on efficacy, indications, and natural product–drug interactions. As diet and over-the-counter supplement use are modifiable factors and patients are interested in using complementary and alternative therapies, understanding the mechanisms by which natural products have demonstrated efficacy and the types of drugs they interact with and knowing where to find information on herbs and supplements is important for practicing healthcare providers and researchers interested in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Cote
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA;
| | - Fawzy Elbarbry
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR 97123, USA; (F.E.); (F.B.); (K.S.); (A.N.); (M.L.)
| | - Fiona Bui
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR 97123, USA; (F.E.); (F.B.); (K.S.); (A.N.); (M.L.)
| | - Joe W. Su
- School of Pharmacy, West Coast University, Los Angeles, CA 90004, USA;
| | - Karen Seo
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR 97123, USA; (F.E.); (F.B.); (K.S.); (A.N.); (M.L.)
| | - Arthur Nguyen
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR 97123, USA; (F.E.); (F.B.); (K.S.); (A.N.); (M.L.)
| | - Max Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR 97123, USA; (F.E.); (F.B.); (K.S.); (A.N.); (M.L.)
| | - Deepa A. Rao
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR 97123, USA; (F.E.); (F.B.); (K.S.); (A.N.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Lin HC, Paul CR, Kuo C, Chang Y, Chen WS, Ho T, Day C, Velmurugan BK, Tsai Y, Huang C. Glycyrrhiza uralensis
root extract ameliorates high glucose‐induced renal proximal tubular fibrosis by attenuating tubular epithelial‐myofibroblast transdifferentiation by targeting TGF‐β1/Smad/Stat3 pathway. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14041. [PMID: 35064587 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Reena Paul
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital Hualien Taiwan
| | - Chia‐Hua Kuo
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry University of Taipei Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yung‐Hsien Chang
- Department of Chinese Medicine China Medical University Hospital China Medical University Taichung Taiwan
| | - William Shao‐Tsu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry Tzu Chi General Hospital Hualien Taiwan
- School of Medicine Tzu Chi University Hualien Taiwan
| | - Tsung‐Jung Ho
- Department of Chinese Medicine Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital Tzu Chi University Hualien Taiwan
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine HualienTzu Chi Hospital Hualien Taiwan
- School of Post‑Baccalaure‑ate Chinese Medicine College of Medicine Tzu Chi University Hualien Taiwan
| | | | | | - Yuhsin Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine China Medical University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Chih‐Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine China Medical University Taichung Taiwan
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital Hualien Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology Asia University Taichung Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences China Medical University Taichung Taiwan
- Center of General Education Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology Hualien Taiwan
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Investigation of the Mechanical and Liquid Absorption Properties of a Rice Straw-Based Composite for Ayurvedic Treatment Tables. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15020606. [PMID: 35057325 PMCID: PMC8779928 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Managing rice crop stubble is one of the major challenges witnessed in the agricultural sector. This work attempts to investigate the physical, mechanical, and liquid absorption properties of rice straw (RS)-reinforced polymer composite for assessing its suitability to use as an ayurvedic treatment table. This material is expected to be an alternative for wooden-based ayurvedic treatment tables. The results showed that the addition of rice straw particles (RSp) up to 60% volume in epoxy reduced the density of the composite material by 46.20% and the hardness by 15.69%. The maximum tensile and flexural strength of the RSp composite was 17.53 MPa and 43.23 MPa, respectively. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed deposits of silica in the form of phytoliths in various size and shapes on the outer surface of RS. The study also revealed that the water absorption rate (WA) was less than 7.8% for the test samples with 45% volume of RSp. Interestingly the test samples showed greater resistance to the absorption of Kottakal Dhanvantaram Thailam (<2%). In addition, the developed samples showed resistance towards bacterial and fungal growth under the exposure of treatment oils and water.
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Saini R, Sharma N, Oladeji OS, Sourirajan A, Dev K, Zengin G, El-Shazly M, Kumar V. Traditional uses, bioactive composition, pharmacology, and toxicology of Phyllanthus emblica fruits: A comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 282:114570. [PMID: 34480995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The fruits of Phyllanthus emblica Linn or Emblica officinalis Gaertn (Phyllanthaceae), (FPE) commonly known as Indian gooseberry or Amla, gained immense importance in indigenous traditional medicinal systems, including Ayurveda, for its medicinal and nutritional benefits. It is used to cure several diseases such as common cold, fever, cough, asthma, bronchitis, diabetes, cephalalgia, ophthalmopathy, dyspepsia, colic, flatulence, hyperacidity, peptic ulcer, erysipelas, skin diseases, leprosy, hematogenesis, inflammation, anemia, emaciation, hepatopathy, jaundice, diarrhea, dysentery, hemorrhages, leucorrhea, menorrhagia, cardiac disorders, and premature greying of hair. AIM OF THE STUDY In the present review, we presented a comprehensive analysis of the ethnopharmacology, bioactive composition, and toxicity of P. emblica to identify the gap between research and the current applications and to help explore the trends and perspectives for future studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected the literature published before April 2021 on the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of FPE. Literature in English from scientific databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley, Springer, and Google Scholar, books. These reports were analyzed and summarized to prepare this review. The plant taxonomy was verified by "The Plant List" database (http://www.theplantlist.org). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION s: FPE have been used as a rich source of vitamin C, minerals, and amino acids. Several bioactive molecules were isolated and identified from FPE such as tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, alkaloids, ascorbic acid etc. The in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies on FPE revealed its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anticancer, radioprotective, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic, anti-venom, wound healing, HIV-reverse transcriptase effect. Toxicological studies on fruits indicated the absence of any adverse effect even at a high dose after oral administration. CONCLUSIONS Although FPE showed remarkable therapeutic activities against several diseases such as diabetes, cancer, inflammation, hepatitis B virus, and malaria, there were several drawbacks in some previous reports including the lack of information on the drug dose, standards, controls, and mechanism of action of the extract. Further in-depth studies are required to explain the mechanism of action of the extracts to reveal the role of the bioactive compounds in the reported activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshandha Saini
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Post Box No. 9, Head Post Office, Solan, H.P., India
| | - Nitin Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Oluwole Solomon Oladeji
- Department of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Landmark University, PMB 1001, Km 4, Ipetu Road, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Anuradha Sourirajan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Post Box No. 9, Head Post Office, Solan, H.P., India
| | - Kamal Dev
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Post Box No. 9, Head Post Office, Solan, H.P., India
| | - Gökhan Zengin
- Selcuk University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Post Box No. 9, Head Post Office, Solan, H.P., India.
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Thirumal Kumar D, Shree Devi M, Udhaya Kumar S, Sherlin A, Mathew A, Lakshmipriya M, Sathiyarajeswaran P, Gnanasambandan R, Siva R, Magesh R, George Priya Doss C. Understanding the activating mechanism of the immune system against COVID-19 by Traditional Indian Medicine: Network pharmacology approach. IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS 2022; 129:275-379. [PMID: 35305722 PMCID: PMC8798878 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmissions are occurring rapidly; it is raising the alarm around the globe. Though vaccines are currently available, the evolution and mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 threaten available vaccines' significance. The drugs are still undergoing clinical trials, and certain medications are approved for “emergency use” or as an “off-label” drug during the pandemic. These drugs have been effective yet accommodating side effects, which also can be lethal. Complementary and alternative medicine is highly demanded since it embraces a holistic approach. Since ancient times, natural products have been used as drugs to treat various diseases in the medical field and are still widely practiced. Medicinal plants contain many active compounds that serve as the key to an effective drug design. The Kabasura kudineer and Nilavembu kudineer are the two most widely approved formulations to treat COVID-19. However, the mechanism of these formulations is not well known. The proposed study used a network pharmacology approach to understand the immune-boosting mechanism by the Kabasura kudineer, Nilavembu kudineer, and JACOM in treating COVID-19. The plants and phytochemical chemical compounds in the Kabasura kudineer, Nilavembu kudineer, and JACOM were obtained from the literature. The Swiss target prediction algorithm was used to predict the targets for these phytochemical compounds. The common genes for the COVID-19 infection and the drug targets were identified. The gene–gene interaction network was constructed to understand the interactions between these common genes and enrichment analyses to determine the biological process, molecular functions, cellular functions, pathways involved, etc. Finally, virtual screening and molecular docking studies were performed to identify the most potential targets and significant phytochemical compounds to treat the COVID-19. The present study identified potential targets as ACE, Cathepsin L, Cathepsin B, Cathepsin K, DPP4, EGFR, HDAC2, IL6, RIPK1, and VEGFA. Similarly, betulinic acid, 5″-(2⁗-Hydroxybenzyl) uvarinol, antofine, (S)-1′-methyloctyl caffeate, (Z)-3-phenyl-2-propenal, 7-oxo-10α-cucurbitadienol, and PLX-4720 collectively to be potential treatment agents for COVID-19.
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SEON HY, JEON SH, YIM SH. Puerariae Flos extracts possess the potential antioxidant efficacy against oxidant stress. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.105221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Terefe EM, Okalebo FA, Derese S, Muriuki J, Batiha GES. In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Anti-HIV Activity of Crude Extracts of Croton macrostachyus, Croton megalocarpus and Croton dichogamus. J Exp Pharmacol 2021; 13:971-979. [PMID: 35221732 PMCID: PMC8866981 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s335104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) affects the body's defense mechanisms and leads to a number of opportunistic infections which later cause fatality as a result of an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). More than half a million individuals have lost their life in 2020 due to this disease. Antiretroviral drugs have played a great role in improving the quality of life of HIV infected individuals. The side effects of these drugs coupled with resistance of the virus to the various regimens, necessitates the search for potentially new and effective antiretroviral medication. The objective of this study is to evaluate anti-HIV activity of crude extracts of three Croton plants. METHODS As part of our effort in screening anti-HIV medications, we evaluated the cytotoxicity and anti-HIV activity of three Croton species used as herbal medicine in Africa. Crude extracts of Croton macrostachyus, Croton megalocarpus and Croton dichogamus were tested for their replication inhibition activity against laboratory adapted strains HIV-1IIIB in Human T-lymphocytic MT-4 cell line. RESULTS Based on our findings, the crude aerial part extract of C. dichogamus displayed the highest anti-HIV activity by inhibiting 73.74% of viral induced cytopathic effect (CPE) at IC50 value of 0.001 + 0.00 μg/mL giving a selectivity index (SI) of 3116.0. In addition, the crude leaf extract of C. megalocarpus showed higher anti-HIV activity by inhibiting 74.65% of CPE at IC50 value of 0.05 + 0.03 μg/mL giving an SI of 571.3. CONCLUSION Out of five extracts from three Croton species screened for anti-HIV activity using human T-lymphocytic MT-4 cells, the leaf extract of Croton megalocarpus and aerial part extract of Croton dichogamus could be considered as promising extracts as they display high antiviral activity with low toxicity and high selectivity index values. To investigate the active constituents responsible for the anti-HIV activity, chemical identification of the active constituents is now in progress in our laboratory. Since there is no previously reported anti-HIV activity for these plants, there is a great need to isolate the compounds responsible for the noted activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermias Mergia Terefe
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, United States International University-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Faith Apolot Okalebo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Solomon Derese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Muriuki
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Damanhour University, Damanhour, AlBeheira, 22511, Egypt
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Behera SS, Ray RC. Bioprospecting of cowdung microflora for sustainable agricultural, biotechnological and environmental applications. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100018. [PMID: 34841310 PMCID: PMC8610318 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2020.100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The review aims at highlighting the manifold applications of cow dung (CD) and CD microflora covering agricultural, biotechnological and environmental applications. The update research on CD microflora and CD in agricultural domain such as biocontrol, growth promotion, organic fertilizer, sulfur oxidation, phosphorus solubilization, zinc mobilization and underlying mechanisms involved in these processes are discussed. The significance of CD applications in tropical agriculture in context to climate change is briefly emphasized. The advances on genomics and proteomics of CD microflora for enhanced yield of enzymes, organic acids, alternative fuels (biomethane and biohydrogen) and other biocommodities, and environmental applications in context to biosorption of heavy metals, biodegradation of xenobiotics, etc. have been given critical attention.
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Key Words
- AD, anaerobic digesters
- AP, apple pomace
- ARB, antibiotic-resistant bacteria
- ARGs, antibiotic-resistant genes
- BOD, biochemical oxygen demand
- Biocontrol
- Biodegradation
- Biogas
- Bioprocess
- Bioremediation
- Biosorption
- C/N, carbon nitrogen ratio
- CD, cow dung
- CDP, cow dung powder
- CEC, cation exchange capacity
- Cow dung
- DO, dissolved oxygen
- EC, electric conductivity
- IAA, indole-3-acetic acids
- NPK, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
- NPP, net primary productivity
- OM, organic matter
- PGPR, plant growth promoting rhizobateria
- PSM, P-solubilizing microorganisms
- Panchagavya
- SGR, specific growth rate
- SSF, solid sate fermentation
- SmF, sub-merged fermentation
- TOC, total organic carbon
- TPPB, two phase partitioning bioreactor
- TS, total solids
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu S Behera
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, GE Road, Raipur 492010, India.,Department of Fisheries and Animal Resource Development, Government of Odisha, India
| | - Ramesh C Ray
- Centre for Food Biology and Environment Studies, Bhubaneswar 751019, India
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Patidar V, Shah S, Kumar R, Singh PK, Singh SB, Khatri DK. A molecular insight of inflammatory cascades in rheumatoid arthritis and anti-arthritic potential of phytoconstituents. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:2375-2391. [PMID: 34817776 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06986-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an auto-immune inflammatory disorder of the synovial lining of joints marked by immune cells infiltration and hyperplasia of synovial fibroblasts which results in articular cartilage destruction and bone erosion. The current review will provide comprehensive information and results obtained from the recent research on the phytochemicals which were found to have potential anti-arthritic activity along with the molecular pathway that were targeted to control RA progression. In this review, we have summarized the scientific data from various animal studies about molecular mechanisms, possible side effects, associations with conventional therapies, and the role of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) for RA such as ayurvedic medicines in arthritis. In the case of RA, phytochemicals have been shown to act through different pathways such as regulation of inflammatory signaling pathways, T cell differentiation, inhibition of angiogenic factors, induction of the apoptosis of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), inhibition of autophagic pathway by inhibiting High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB-1), Akt/ mTOR pathway and HIF-1α mediated Vascular endothelial growth (VEGF) expression. Also, osteoclasts differentiation is inhibited by down-regulating the VEGF expression by decreasing the accumulation of the ARNT (Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator)-HIF-1α complex Although phytochemicals have shown to exert potential anti-arthritic activity in many animal models and further clinical data is needed to confirm their safety, efficacy, and interactions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Patidar
- Department of Biological Science, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Shruti Shah
- Department of Biological Science, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Biological Science, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Biological Science, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Department of Biological Science, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals from Six Plants: Mechanistic Insights into the Inhibition of Rumen Protozoa, Ammoniagenesis, and α-Glucosidase. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101055. [PMID: 34681154 PMCID: PMC8533169 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Rumen protozoa have some contribution to feed digestibility in the rumen, but Entodinium, the most predominant genus, is the main culprit of inefficient nitrogen utilization in ruminants. Using chemical drugs, many studies have attempted to inhibit the rumen protozoa, but few of the approaches are either effective or practical. In this study, we investigated the nutritional and functional properties of Adansonia digitata (baobab), Flemingia macrophylla (waras tree), Kalimeris indica (Indian aster),Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis (bok choy), Portulaca oleracea (common purslane), and Calotropis gigantea (giant milkweed) for their potential as feed additives in animal husbandry. The plants were also analyzed for their major phytochemicals using reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and then evaluated for their ability to inhibit rumen protozoa, ammoniagenesis, and microbial α-glucosidase activity in vitro. C. gigantea inhibited the rumen protozoa and reduced the wasteful ammoniagenesis, thereby indicating improved nitrogen utilization. A. digitata also reduced the microbial α-glucosidase activity that can potentially contribute to rumen acidosis. The tested plants, especially C. gigantea and A. digitata, could be used as potential alternatives to chemicals or antibiotics to ensure sustainable and green animal husbandry. Abstract Rumen protozoa prey on feed-degrading bacteria synthesizing microbial protein, lowering nitrogen utilization efficiency in ruminants. In this in vitro study, we evaluated six plants (Adansonia digitata, Flemingia macrophylla, Kalimeris indica,Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis, Portulaca oleracea, and Calotropis gigantea) for their potential to inhibit rumen protozoa and identified the phytochemicals potentially responsible for protozoa inhibition. Rumen protozoa were anaerobically cultured in vitro in the presence of each plant at four doses. All of the tested plants reduced total rumen protozoa (p ≤ 0.05), but C. gigantea and B. rapa were the most inhibitory, inhibiting rumen protozoa by 45.6 and 65.7%, respectively, at the dose of 1.1 mg/mL. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a disruption of the extracellular structure of protozoa cells. Only C. gigantea also decreased the wasteful ammoniagenesis (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, the A. digitata extract inhibited α-glucosidase activity by about 70% at 100 µg/mL. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis detected quercetin, anthraquinone, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, astragaloside, and myricetin in the tested plant leaves. These plants may hold potential as feed additives to reduce rumen protozoa and α- glucosidase activity. Future research is needed to identify the specific anti-protozoal compound(s), the effects on the rumen microbiome, and its fermentation characteristics.
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Khan NA, Ahangar H, Jhamb G. Global naturopathy research as reflected by Scopus during 2000-2019. COLLECTION AND CURATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/cc-06-2020-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to analyze research output in the naturopathy field at the global level and to examine the various trends in scientific literature available on naturopathy using bibliometric analysis.
Design/methodology/approach
The data was collected from the SciVerse Scopus database published from 2000 through 2019. The search was conducted using Medical Subject headings entry terms, i.e. “Naturopathy” OR “Naturopathic Medicine” using the “Document” search option. The search results comprised of documents that had these above search terms in their article title, abstract and keywords. The retrieved documents were then analyzed concerning different parameters like the growth of publications, authorship patterns, productive countries and institutions, highly cited papers, top prolific authors, funding agencies and document types.
Findings
The results of this study reveal that a total of 1,099 documents were published during 20-year time span. The most preferred publication type is research articles 683 (62.14%). Germany, USA, Australia, India and Canada were the most productive countries in terms of the number of scientific documents. The findings also show that the most preferred journal in the field of naturopathy is MMW Fortschritte der Medizin, with 115 documents followed by Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine with 58 documents. In contrast, the journal BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine had the highest citations per paper (17.85). For the 20-year study period, the average value for the degree of collaboration was calculated as 0.57, indicating 54% of the total publications in naturopathy were multi-authored. The value of the collaboration coefficient (CC) signifies the levels of multi-authored papers. CC was highest in the year 2019 (0.55) indicating that the publications were contributed in collaboration rather than in isolation and the number of multi-authored/mega-authored papers outnumbered the single authors in the collection of all authors in the year 2019. Bastyr University, USA was the most productive Institution. Journal articles were the most preferred form of publication.
Practical implications
This study traces various trends in the research behavior and preferences of researchers in the field of naturopathy. It thus can be of immense help to identify strong areas in naturopathy research. Further, this study will help the librarians to identify the core/preferred journals in naturopathy.
Originality/value
This paper makes an endeavor to carry an extensive bibliometric study that provides an overview of emerging trends in naturopathy research.
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Weinzirl J, Garnitschnig L, Scheffers T, Andrae L, Heusser P. Splenic Rhythms and Postprandial Dynamics in Physiology, Portal Hypertension, and Functional Hyposplenism: A Review. Digestion 2021; 102:326-334. [PMID: 32408299 DOI: 10.1159/000507346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Before the discovery of immunological and haematological functions of the spleen, it had for centuries been considered to be a digestive organ of variable size with a role in the portal vein system and nutritional metabolism. In the 19th and 20th centuries, volume changes in the spleen related to nutrition were studied using plethysmographic measurements. Rhythmical and regulatory functions of the spleen were demonstrated in the haemodynamics of the splanchnic region and were described as a "hepatolienal pendulum," a "Windkessel function," or a "pressure compensation." These studies were mainly published in German-speaking countries and have not, as far as is known, been discussed in the English-speaking world so far. SUMMARY This review explores the historical development of the rhythmical regulatory function of the spleen in the splanchnic region. Older studies and results are followed up in the modern literature, wherever possible, up to the present. The clinical relevance is illustrated with portal hypertension (with congestive or hyperdynamic splenomegaly), coeliac disease, and chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (with functional hyposplenism). Key Message: The spleen's rhythmical regulatory function in nutrition is based on an autonomous rhythm comprising cycles of contractions and dilations of the spleen of around 1 min. These cycles can be influenced by sympathetically mediated single contractions with a release of pooled blood or by portal vein congestion. After food ingestion, the spleen responds either with contraction according to a vasomotor reaction or postprandial congestion with significant increases in volume. The spleen's rhythmical function is lost in the clinical picture of portal hypertension or in coeliac disease and chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. In the aforementioned gastrointestinal diseases, we recommend taking more account of the haemodynamics between the spleen, liver, and intestine. New innovative techniques for recording splenograms are required which, besides elastographic measurements of spleen stiffness, could offer an important tool for early detection, diagnosis, and therapeutic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Weinzirl
- Institute for Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Herdecke, Germany,
| | - Lydia Garnitschnig
- Institute for Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Herdecke, Germany
| | - Tom Scheffers
- Institute for Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Herdecke, Germany
| | - Lukas Andrae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Community Hospital Herdecke, Herdecke, Germany
| | - Peter Heusser
- Institute for Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Herdecke, Germany
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Phytochemical Analysis and Investigation of the Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Croton dichogamus Pax Crude Root Extracts. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:2699269. [PMID: 34349822 PMCID: PMC8328688 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2699269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Increasing antimicrobial resistance has led to an arduous search for new potent drugs from nature. In this search, plants have proved to be rich reservoirs of efficacious medicinal components that manage ailments. The current study is designed to investigate the phytochemical composition, antimicrobial activity, and the cytotoxicity of the crude root extracts of Croton dichogamus, a shrub that is commonly used in the eastern Africa for the management of infectious diseases. Methods The roots of Croton dichogamus were obtained, dried, ground, and extracted using three solvents (acetone, distilled water, and 50% ethanol). The antimicrobial activity was tested using agar well diffusion and microbroth dilution techniques against five human pathogens. The brine shrimp lethality assay was used to assess the toxic effect. Results The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, polyuronides, saponins, and anthracenes. The brine shrimp lethality assay indicated that all the extracts were highly cytotoxic with LC50 values below 100 μg/ml. Acetonic extract had an LC50 value of 4.148 μg/ml, hydroethanolic extract had 76.09 μg/ml, and aqueous extract had 42.61 μg/ml. All extracts showed the antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (B. cereus and S. aureus) and a fungal organism, C. albicans. The extracts showed no antibacterial effect on the Gram-negative bacterial strains (P. aeruginosa and E. coli) at a concentration of 250 mg/ml. The highest antimicrobial activity was demonstrated by the acetonic extract on B. cereus which had an MIC of 10.42 mg/ml and a zone of inhibition of 17.33 ± 0.58 at a concentration of 250 mg/ml. Conclusion In this research work, we report that C. dichogamus had the antimicrobial activity confirming the folklore claim. The results made a strong case for isolation of novel anticancer lead compounds.
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Zhou W, Chen Z, Sun X, Zhong N, Liu Z. Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Systems Pharmacology in Drug Prevention and Treatment against COVID-19. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:1045-1061. [PMID: 34225580 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 is causing the severe acute pneumonia (COVID-19) and rapid spread nationally and internationally, resulting in a major global health emergency. Chinese governments and scientists have implemented a series of rigorous measures and scientific research to prevent and control the SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, there is still no specific antiviral drug or vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. It has been proven that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) exerts an important role in the prevention and treatment of the COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 during the outbreak. Although the therapeutic effects of these TCM formulas are attractive, the molecular mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. An emerging strategy of systems pharmacology has been proposed to be a promising method to interpret drug action in complex biological systems and quickly screen out the bioactive compounds from TCM to treat treatment of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, in this study, the epidemiology, TCM therapy, and the systems pharmacology-based method for TCM are reviewed for COVID-19 to provide a perspective for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further efforts should be made to reduce disease burden and improve the ability to design antiviral drugs and vaccines, which will benefit the health care system, economic development and even social stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.,Department of Respirology & Allergy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518020, P. R. China
| | - Ziyi Chen
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Xizhuo Sun
- Department of Respirology & Allergy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518020, P. R. China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.,Department of Respirology & Allergy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518020, P. R. China
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Ananth DA, Deviram G, Mahalakshmi V, Bharathi VR. Active status on phytochemistry and pharmacology of Pergularia daemia Forsk. (Trellis-vine): a review. CLINICAL PHYTOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s40816-021-00295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Medicinal plants play a significant role in the progress of persuasive therapeutic agents. Earlier to the innovation of synthetic drugs, human beings completely relied on the plants for the treatment of various ailments. Natural product extracts, particularly those derived from different plant species, provided the main source of Siddha, Ayurveda and Folk medicines. P. daemia is a perennial climber, traditionally reported for the treatment in a variety of diseases. In present review, we focused on the present status of phytochemical and pharmacological activities P. daemia.
Methodology
With the support of electronic databases such as Science Direct, Google Scholar, Mendeley, Scirus and PubMed central. Traditional knowledge information collected by Indian taxonomical books, survey from local rural and tribal peoples. Pharmacological data’s obtained from scientific journals published from 2000 to 2020.
Results
P. daemia extract, contains several phytochemicals, especially rich in flavonoids. These secondary metabolites synthesized from P. daemia have been reported for the treatment of various chronic diseases. In recent years, P. daemia phytoconstituents set as a key role in natural drug development as it harbours many in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-fertility, anti-arthritic and antimicrobial etc.,
Conclusion
P. daemia was the less studied plant compared to other medicinal plants. In this context more emphasis has to be laid on studies that discuss on the secondary metabolite activities and molecular mechanisms that work against various chronic diseases.
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Harun NH, Rasdi NA, Salleh RM, Safuan S, Ahmad WANW, Fuad WEM. Subacute Toxicity Evaluation of Methanolic Extract of Syzygium polyanthum in Rats. Trop Life Sci Res 2021; 32:65-81. [PMID: 34367515 PMCID: PMC8300944 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2021.32.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. var. polyanthum (serai kayu) leaves is a popular herb and widely used in traditional medicine. Despite the ethnomedicinal benefits, very limited studies have researched on the toxicity of this plant. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential effects of methanolic extract of Syzygium polyanthum (MESP) leaves via 28-day repeated oral dosing in Sprague Dawley rats. MESP leaves was administered at doses of 0 (control), 400, 1000 or 2000 mg/kg to an equal number of male and female rats (n = 10/group). Results obtained indicated that MESP did not affect the general conditions (body weight, feed intake and oestrous cycle) and apparent behavioural changes of the rats. Biochemical parameters revealed a slight significant variation in the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level between the male rats treated with the lowest and highest doses of MESP, but these findings were both statistically insignificant when compared to the control group. The liver of the males (dose 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day) also exhibited histoarchitectural defects on the hepatocytes and cytoplasm when compared to those of the control group. In contrast, female rats did not encounter any significant findings in all parameters tested. In conclusion, this study suggests that the MESP leaves might exhibit sex-based variation effects and thus, the use of this extract particularly at higher doses should be thoroughly considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Hazliana Harun
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nor Atiqah Rasdi
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rabeta Mohd Salleh
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Sabreena Safuan
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Wan Amir Nizam Wan Ahmad
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Wan Ezumi Mohd Fuad
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Liu N, Lai J, Lyu C, Qiang B, Wang H, Jin H, Zhang L, Liu Z. Chemical Space, Scaffolds, and Halogenated Compounds of CMNPD: A Comprehensive Chemoinformatic Analysis. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:3323-3336. [PMID: 34156848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The comprehensive marine natural products database (CMNPD) is a new free access and comprehensive database developed originally by Lyu's team of our research group, including more than 30 000 marine natural products (MNPs) reported from the 1960s. In this article, we aimed to present CMNPD's value in drug discovery and to present several characteristics of MNPs based on our new comprehensive data. We used chemoinformatic analysis methods to report the molecular properties, chemical space, and several scaffold assessments of CMNPD compared with several databases. Then, we reported the characteristics of MNPs from the aspect of halogens, comparing MNPs with terrestrial natural products (TNPs) and drugs. We found that CMNPD had a low proportion (2.91%) of scaffolds utilized by drugs, and high similarities between CMNPD and NPAtlas (a microbial natural products database), which are worth further investigation. The proportion of bromides in MNPs is outstandingly higher (11.0%) in contrast to other halogens. Furthermore, the results showed great differences in halogenated structures between MNPs and drugs, especially brominated substructures. Finally, we found that many marine species (2.52%) reported only halogenated compounds. It can be concluded from these results that CMNPD is a promising source for drug discovery and has many scientific issues relative to MNPs that need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Junyong Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chuanyu Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bo Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Heyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Liangren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhenming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, P. R. China
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Okada N, Oshima K, Iwasaki Y, Maruko A, Matsumura K, Iioka E, Vu TD, Fujitsuka N, Nishi A, Sugiyama A, Nishiyama M, Kaneko A, Mizoguchi K, Yamamoto M, Nishimura S. Intron retention as a new pre-symptomatic marker of aging and its recovery to the normal state by a traditional Japanese multi-herbal medicine. Gene 2021; 794:145752. [PMID: 34082065 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intron retention (IR) is an important regulatory mechanism that affects gene expression and protein functions. Using klotho mice at the pre-symptomatic state, we discovered that retained-introns accumulated in several organs including the liver and that among these retained introns in the liver a subset was recovered to the normal state by a Japanese traditional herbal medicine. This is the first report of IR recovery by a medicine. IR-recovered genes fell into two categories: those involved in liver-specific metabolism and in splicing. Metabolome analysis of the liver showed that the klotho mice were under starvation stress. In addition, our differentially expressed gene analysis showed that liver metabolism was actually recovered by the herbal medicine at the transcriptional level. By analogy with the widespread accumulation of intron-retained pre-mRNAs induced by heat shock stress, we propose a model in which retained-introns in klotho mice were induced by an aging stress and in which this medicine-related IR recovery is indicative of the actual recovery of liver-specific metabolic function to the healthy state. Accumulation of retained-introns was also observed at the pre-symptomatic state of aging in wild-type mice and may be an excellent marker for this state in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Okada
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan; Foundation for Advancement of International Science, 3-24-16 Kasuga, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0821, Japan; Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Japan.
| | - Kenshiro Oshima
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan; Foundation for Advancement of International Science, 3-24-16 Kasuga, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0821, Japan
| | - Yuki Iwasaki
- Foundation for Advancement of International Science, 3-24-16 Kasuga, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0821, Japan; Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Japan
| | - Akiko Maruko
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan; Foundation for Advancement of International Science, 3-24-16 Kasuga, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0821, Japan
| | - Kenya Matsumura
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Erica Iioka
- Foundation for Advancement of International Science, 3-24-16 Kasuga, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0821, Japan
| | - Trieu-Duc Vu
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan; Foundation for Advancement of International Science, 3-24-16 Kasuga, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0821, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujitsuka
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & CO., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Akinori Nishi
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & CO., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Aiko Sugiyama
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & CO., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Mitsue Nishiyama
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & CO., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaneko
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & CO., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Kazushige Mizoguchi
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & CO., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & CO., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Susumu Nishimura
- Foundation for Advancement of International Science, 3-24-16 Kasuga, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0821, Japan; Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575 Japan
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Sharma H, Rai AK, Dahiya D, Chettri R, Nigam PS. Exploring endophytes for in vitro synthesis of bioactive compounds similar to metabolites produced in vivo by host plants. AIMS Microbiol 2021; 7:175-199. [PMID: 34250374 PMCID: PMC8255908 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2021012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytes represent microorganisms residing within plant tissues without typically causing any adverse effect to the plants for considerable part of their life cycle and are primarily known for their beneficial role to their host-plant. These microorganisms can in vitro synthesize secondary metabolites similar to metabolites produced in vivo by their host plants. If microorganisms are isolated from certain plants, there is undoubtedly a strong possibility of obtaining beneficial endophytes strains producing host-specific secondary metabolites for their potential applications in sustainable agriculture, pharmaceuticals and other industrial sectors. Few products derived from endophytes are being used for cultivating resilient crops and developing non-toxic feeds for livestock. Our better understanding of the complex relationship between endophytes and their host will immensely improve the possibility to explore their unlimited functionalities. Successful production of host-secondary metabolites by endophytes at commercial scale might progressively eliminate our direct dependence on high-valued vulnerable plants, thus paving a viable way for utilizing plant resources in a sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Sharma
- Department of Botany, Sikkim University, 6th Mile Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
| | - Arun Kumar Rai
- Department of Botany, Sikkim University, 6th Mile Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
| | - Divakar Dahiya
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, Holloway Road, London, UK
| | - Rajen Chettri
- Department of Botany, Sikkim Government Science College, Chakung, Sikkim, India
| | - Poonam Singh Nigam
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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