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Chauhan R, Tiwari M, Chaudhary A, Sharan Thakur R, Pande V, Das J. Chemokines: A key driver for inflammation in protozoan infection. Int Rev Immunol 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37980574 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2023.2281566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines belong to the group of small proteins within the cytokine family having strong chemo-attractant properties. In most cases, the strong immuno-modulatory role of chemokines is crucial for generating the immune response against pathogens in various protozoan diseases. In this review, we have given a brief update on the classification, characterization, homeostasis, transcellular migration, and immuno-modulatory role of chemokines. Here we will evaluate the potential role of chemokines and their regulation in various protozoan diseases. There is a significant direct relationship between parasitic infection and the recruitment of effector cells of the immune response. Chemokines play an indispensable role in mediating several defense mechanisms against infection, such as leukocyte recruitment and the generation of innate and cell-mediated immunity that aids in controlling/eliminating the pathogen. This process is controlled by the chemotactic movement of chemokines induced as a primary host immune response. We have also addressed that chemokine expressions during infection are time-dependent and orchestrated in a systematic pattern that ultimately assists in generating a protective immune response. Taken together, this review provides a systematic understanding of the complexity of chemokines profiles during protozoan disease conditions and the rationale of targeting chemokines for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubika Chauhan
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Mrinalini Tiwari
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Amrendra Chaudhary
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Reva Sharan Thakur
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Biotechnology Department, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Jyoti Das
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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2
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Ritter U. In situ veritas: combining omics and multiplex imaging can facilitate the detection and characterization of cell-cell interactions in tissues. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1155057. [PMID: 37332762 PMCID: PMC10270289 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1155057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Ritter
- Chair for Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy (LIT), Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Ramos-Sanchez EM, Reis LC, Souza MDA, Muxel SM, Santos KR, Lagos D, Pereira VRA, de Brito MEF, Kaye PM, Floeter-Winter LM, Goto H. miR-548d-3p Is Up-Regulated in Human Visceral Leishmaniasis and Suppresses Parasite Growth in Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:826039. [PMID: 35265535 PMCID: PMC8900537 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.826039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in Latin America progress with hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and weight loss and maybe lethal mainly in untreated cases. miRNAs are important regulators of immune and inflammatory gene expression, but their mechanisms of action and their relationship to pathogenesis in leishmaniasis are not well understood. In the present study, we sought to quantify changes in miRNAs associated with immune and inflammatory pathways using the L. (L.) infantum promastigote infected- human monocytic THP-1 cell model and plasma from patients with visceral leishmaniasis. We identified differentially expressed miRNAs in infected THP-1 cells compared with non-infected cells using qPCR arrays. These miRNAs were submitted to in silico analysis, revealing targets within functional pathways associated with TGF-β, chemokines, glucose metabolism, inflammation, apoptosis, and cell signaling. In parallel, we identified differentially expressed miRNAs in active visceral leishmaniasis patient plasma compared with endemic healthy controls. In silico analysis of these data indicated different predicted targets within the TGF-β, TLR4, IGF-I, chemokine, and HIF1α pathways. Only a small number of miRNAs were commonly identified in these two datasets, notably with miR-548d-3p being up-regulated in both conditions. To evaluate the potential biological role of miR-548d-3p, we transiently transfected a miR-548d-3p inhibitor into L. (L.) infantum infected-THP-1 cells, finding that inhibition of miR-548d-3p enhanced parasite growth, likely mediated through reduced levels of MCP-1/CCL2 and nitric oxide production. Further work will be required to determine how miR-548d-3p plays a role in vivo and whether it serves as a potential biomarker of progressive leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Milton Ramos-Sanchez
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (IMTSP/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Salud Publica, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Agrarian Sciences Center (CCA), Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Luiza Campos Reis
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (IMTSP/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina de Assis Souza
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (IMTSP/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Márcia Muxel
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kamila Reis Santos
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dimitris Lagos
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Paul Martin Kaye
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hiro Goto
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (IMTSP/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Chemokines in Leishmaniasis: Map of cell movements highlights the landscape of infection and pathogenesis. Cytokine 2021; 147:155339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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5
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Chanyalew M, Abebe M, Endale B, Girma S, Tasew G, Bobosha K, Zewide M, Howe R, van Zandbergen G, Ritter U, Gadisa E, Aseffa A, Laskay T. Enhanced activation of blood neutrophils and monocytes in patients with Ethiopian localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in response to Leishmania aethiopica Neutrophil activation in Ethiopian cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2021; 220:105967. [PMID: 34029532 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest an essential role of the innate immune effector cells neutrophils and monocytes in protection or disease progression in the early course of Leishmania infection. In areas endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia most individuals are exposed to bites of infected sandflies. Still only a minor ratio of the inhabitants develops symptomatic disease. Neutrophils, followed by monocytes, are the first cells to be recruited to the site of Leishmania infection, the initial response of neutrophils to parasites appears to be crucial for the protective response and disease outcome. Our working hypothesis is that neutrophils and/or monocytes in localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) patients may have defects in function of innate immune cell that contribute to failure to parasite clearance that lead to establishment of infection. The response of cells in Ethiopian LCL patients and healthy controls to Leishmania aethiopica and to the Toll like receptor (TLR) agonists lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and macrophage activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2) was investigated by assessing the cell surface expression of CD62L (on neutrophil and monocyte) and CD66b (only on neutrophil), as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by using whole blood-based assays in vitro. No impaired response of neutrophils and monocytes to the microbial constituents LPS and MALP-2 was observed. Neutrophils and monocytes from LCL patients responded stronger to Leishmania aethiopica in the applied whole blood assays than cells from healthy individuals. These experimental findings do not support the hypothesis regarding a possible dysfunction of neutrophils and monocytes in cutaneous leishmaniasis. On the contrary, these cells react stronger in LCL patients as compared to healthy controls. The differential response to L. aethiopica observed between LCL patients and healthy controls have the potential to serve as biomarker to develop FACS based diagnostic/ prognostic techniques for LCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menberework Chanyalew
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Markos Abebe
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Birtukan Endale
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Selfu Girma
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Geremew Tasew
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Leishmaniasis Research Laboratory, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kidist Bobosha
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Martha Zewide
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Rawleigh Howe
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ger van Zandbergen
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen D-63225, Germany.
| | - Uwe Ritter
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg D-93053, Germany.
| | - Endalamaw Gadisa
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tamás Laskay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck D-23560, Germany.
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6
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Elmahallawy EK, Alkhaldi AAM, Saleh AA. Host immune response against leishmaniasis and parasite persistence strategies: A review and assessment of recent research. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111671. [PMID: 33957562 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a neglected parasitic disease caused by a unicellular protozoan of the genus Leishmania, is transmitted through the bite of a female sandfly. The disease remains a major public health problem and is linked to tropical and subtropical regions, with an endemic picture in several regions, including East Africa, the Mediterranean basin and South America. The different causative species display a diversity of clinical presentations; therefore, the immunological data on leishmaniasis are both scarce and controversial for the different forms and infecting species of the parasite. The present review highlights the main immune parameters associated with leishmaniasis that might contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenicity of the parasite and the clinical outcomes of the disease. Our aim was to provide a concise overview of the immunobiology of the disease and the factors that influence it, as this knowledge may be helpful in developing novel chemotherapeutic and vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt.
| | | | - Amira A Saleh
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zgazig, Egypt
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Pacheco-Fernandez T, Volpedo G, Gannavaram S, Bhattacharya P, Dey R, Satoskar A, Matlashewski G, Nakhasi HL. Revival of Leishmanization and Leishmanin. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:639801. [PMID: 33816344 PMCID: PMC8010169 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.639801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis includes a spectrum of diseases ranging from debilitating cutaneous to fatal visceral infections. This disease is caused by the parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania that is transmitted by infected sandflies. Over 1 billion people are at risk of leishmaniasis with an annual incidence of over 2 million cases throughout tropical and subtropical regions in close to 100 countries. Leishmaniasis is the only human parasitic disease where vaccination has been successful through a procedure known as leishmanization that has been widely used for decades in the Middle East. Leishmanization involved intradermal inoculation of live Leishmania major parasites resulting in a skin lesion that following natural healing provided protective immunity to re-infection. Leishmanization is however no longer practiced due to safety and ethical concerns that the lesions at the site of inoculation that can last for months in some people. New genome editing technologies involving CRISPR has now made it possible to engineer safer attenuated strains of Leishmania, which induce protective immunity making way for a second generation leishmanization that can enter into human trials. A major consideration will be how the test the efficacy of a vaccine in the midst of the visceral leishmaniasis elimination program. One solution will be to use the leishmanin skin test (LST) that was also used for decades to determine exposure and immunity to Leishmania. The LST involves injection of antigen from Leishmania in the skin dermis resulting in a delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) immune reaction associated with a Th1 immune response and protection against visceral leishmaniasis. Reintroduction of novel approaches for leishmanization and the leishmanin skin test can play a major role in eliminating leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalia Pacheco-Fernandez
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Greta Volpedo
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Parna Bhattacharya
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ranadhir Dey
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Abhay Satoskar
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Greg Matlashewski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hira L Nakhasi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, United States
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Rodríguez-Vega A, Losada-Barragán M, Berbert LR, Mesquita-Rodrigues C, Bombaça ACS, Menna-Barreto R, Aquino P, Carvalho PC, Padrón G, de Jesus JB, Cuervo P. Quantitative analysis of proteins secreted by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis strains associated to distinct clinical manifestations of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis. J Proteomics 2020; 232:104077. [PMID: 33309930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.104077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of Leishmania braziliensis in the development of different clinical forms of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) is unclear, but it has been suggested that molecules secreted/released by parasites could modulate the clinical outcome. Here, we analyzed the infection rate and cytokine profile of macrophages pretreated with the secretome of two L. braziliensis strains associated with polar clinical forms of ATL: one associated with localized self-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) and other associated with the disseminated form (DL). Besides, we use an iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics approach to compare the abundance of proteins secreted by those strains. In vitro infection demonstrated that pretreatment with secretome resulted in higher number of infected macrophages, as well as higher number of amastigotes per cell. Additionally, macrophages pretreated with LCL secretome exhibited a proinflammatory profile, whereas those pretreated with the DL one did not. These findings suggest that secretomes made macrophages more susceptible to infection and that molecules secreted by each strain modulate, differentially, the macrophages' cytokine profile. Indeed, proteomics analysis showed that the DL secretome is rich in molecules involved in macrophage deactivation, while is poor in proteins that activate proinflammatory pathways. Together, our results reveal new molecules that may contribute to the infection, persistence and dissemination of the parasite. SIGNIFICANCE: Leishmania braziliensis is associated to localized self-healing cutaneous lesions (LCL), disseminated leishmaniasis (DL), and mucocutaneous lesions (MCL). To understand the role of the parasite in those distinct clinical manifestations we evaluated infection rates and cytokine profiles of macrophages pre-treated with secretomes of two L. braziliensis strains associated with DL and LCL, and quantitatively compared these secretomes. The infection index of macrophages pretreated with the DL secretome was significantly higher than that exhibited by non-treated cells. Interestingly, whereas the LCL secretome stimulated a proinflammatory setting, favoring an effector cell response that would explain the proper resolution of the disease caused by this strain, the DL strain was not able to elicit such response or has mechanisms to prevent this activation. Indeed, DL secretome is rich in peptidases that may deactivate cell pathways crucial for parasite elimination, while is poor in proteins that could activate proinflammatory pathways, favoring parasite infection and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Rodríguez-Vega
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Monica Losada-Barragán
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Celular y Funcional e Ingeniería de Biomoléculas, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luiz Ricardo Berbert
- Laboratório de Pesquisas sobre o Timo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Camila Mesquita-Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Rubem Menna-Barreto
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Priscila Aquino
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Carvalho
- Laboratory for Structural and Computational Proteomics, Fiocruz-Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Padrón
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jose Batista de Jesus
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, São João del Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Patricia Cuervo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Chanyalew M, Abebe M, Endale B, Girma S, Tasew G, van Zandbergen G, Ritter U, Gadisa E, Aseffa A, Laskay T. Enhanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in Ethiopian cutaneous leishmaniasis upon exposure to Leishmania aethiopica. Cytokine 2020; 145:155289. [PMID: 32951968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The clinical course and outcome of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) vary due to the infecting Leishmania species and host genetic makeup that result in different immune responses against the parasites. The host immune response to Leishmania aethiopica (L.aethiopica), the causative agent of CL in Ethiopia, is poorly understood. To contribute to the understanding of the protective immune response in CL due to L.aethiopica, we characterized the cytokine response to L. aethiopica in patients with the localized form of CL (LCL) and age-and sex-matched apparently healthy controls. By applying a whole blood based in vitro culture we found enhanced release of TNF, IL-6, MCP-1 or CCL2, IP-10 or CXCL10, MIP-1β or CCL4 and IL-8 or CXCL8- but not of IL-10CL patients in response to L. aethiopica compared to the controls. No difference was observed between LCL cases and controls in the secretion of these cytokines and chemokines in whole blood cultures treated with the TLR-ligands LPS, MALP-2 or polyI: C. The observed increased secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines reflects an enhanced response against the parasites by LCL patients as compared to healthy controls rather than a generally enhanced ability of blood leukocytes from LCL patients to respond to microbial constituents. Our findings suggest that the enhanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines is associated with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L.aethiopica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menberework Chanyalew
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Markos Abebe
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Birtukan Endale
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Selfu Girma
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Geremew Tasew
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Leishmaniasis Research Laboratory, Ethiopia Public Health Institute, P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ger van Zandbergen
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen D-63225, Germany.
| | - Uwe Ritter
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Regensburg, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Endalamaw Gadisa
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tamás Laskay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, D-23560 Lübeck, Germany.
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Differential immune response modulation in early Leishmania amazonensis infection of BALB/c and C57BL/6 macrophages based on transcriptome profiles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19841. [PMID: 31882833 PMCID: PMC6934472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The fate of Leishmania infection can be strongly influenced by the host genetic background. In this work, we describe gene expression modulation of the immune system based on dual global transcriptome profiles of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis. A total of 12,641 host transcripts were identified according to the alignment to the Mus musculus genome. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) profiling revealed a differential modulation of the basal genetic background between the two hosts independent of L. amazonensis infection. In addition, in response to early L. amazonensis infection, 10 genes were modulated in infected BALB/c vs. non-infected BALB/c macrophages; and 127 genes were modulated in infected C57BL/6 vs. non-infected C57BL/6 macrophages. These modulated genes appeared to be related to the main immune response processes, such as recognition, antigen presentation, costimulation and proliferation. The distinct gene expression was correlated with the susceptibility and resistance to infection of each host. Furthermore, upon comparing the DEGs in BMDMs vs. peritoneal macrophages, we observed no differences in the gene expression patterns of Jun, Fcgr1 and Il1b, suggesting a similar activation trends of transcription factor binding, recognition and phagocytosis, as well as the proinflammatory cytokine production in response to early L. amazonensis infection. Analysis of the DEG profile of the parasite revealed only one DEG among the 8,282 transcripts, indicating that parasite gene expression in early infection does not depend on the host genetic background.
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Boussoffara T, Boubaker MS, Ben Ahmed M, Mokni M, Guizani I, Ben Salah A, Louzir H. Histological and immunological differences between zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major and sporadic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:9. [PMID: 30810524 PMCID: PMC6391896 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lesion features in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) depend on the infecting Leishmania species as well as on host immune reponse. In this study, we evaluated the histological and immunological differences between two forms of CL described in Tunisia: zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) caused by L. major and sporadic cutaneous leishmaniasis (SCL) caused by L. infantum. Histological analysis showed a mild to moderate infiltrate within ZCL lesions. In contrast, massive infiltration of the dermis was observed within SCL lesions. Contrary to ZCL, infiltrates within SCL lesions were organized and showed granuloma composed of macrophages and lymphocytes. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis showed a predominance of CD4+ T cells within both CL forms. Furthermore, expression of interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-8, IL-13 and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 was evaluated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). MCP-1 and IL-10 were expressed at comparable levels in ZCL and SCL lesions. Interestingly, IL-8 mRNA levels were significantly higher in ZCL lesions compared to SCL lesions, but interferon-γ was significantly higher in SCL lesions than in ZCL lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thouraya Boussoffara
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control, and Immunobiology of Infections, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia - University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Samir Boubaker
- Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia - University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia - Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Melika Ben Ahmed
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control, and Immunobiology of Infections, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia - University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mourad Mokni
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital La Rabta, Tunis, Tunisia - Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ikram Guizani
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology Applied to Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia - University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Afif Ben Salah
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control, and Immunobiology of Infections, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia - University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia - Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University (AGU), Manama, Bahrain
| | - Hechmi Louzir
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control, and Immunobiology of Infections, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia - University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia - Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
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12
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Singh N, Sundar S. Inflammatory chemokines and their receptors in human visceral leishmaniasis: Gene expression profile in peripheral blood, splenic cellular sources and their impact on trafficking of inflammatory cells. Mol Immunol 2017; 85:111-119. [PMID: 28222329 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines play an important role in determining cellular composition at inflammatory sites, and as such, influence disease outcome. In this study, we investigated the expression profile and splenic cellular source of various inflammatory chemokines and their receptors in human visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The expression of chemokines or their receptors was measured at the gene and protein level by employing real time qPCR and a cytometric bead array assay, respectively. In addition, the cellular source of chemokines and their receptors in the spleen was identified employing gene expression analyses in sequentially selected cell subsets. We identified elevated expression of CXCL10, CXCL9, CXCL8, and decreased CCL2 from VL patients. Further, we found reduced expression of the chemokine receptors CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3 and CCR2, but increased expression of CCR7 on VL PBMC, compared to endemic healthy controls. Additionally, splenic monocytes were found to be the major source of CXCL10, CXCL9 and CCR2, whereas T cells were the main source of CXCR3 and CCR7. We also report a strong association between plasma IFN-γ and CXCL-10, CXCL-9 levels. Enhanced parasite burden positively correlates with increased expression of CXCL10, CXCL9, IFN-γ and IL-10. Overall our result indicates that VL patients have an elevated inflammatory chemokine milieu which correlated with disease severity. However, expression of their chemokine receptors was significantly impaired, which may have contributed to reduced frequencies of blood monocytes and neutrophils in peripheral blood. In contrast, enhanced expression of CCR7 was associated with increased numbers of activated T cells in circulation. These findings highlight the importance of chemokines for recruitment of various cell populations in VL, and the knowledge gained may help in global understandings of the complex interaction between chemokines and pathological processes, and therefore will contribute towards the design of novel chemokine based immunological therapies against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Singh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
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Andrade-Narvaez FJ, Loría-Cervera EN, Sosa-Bibiano EI, Van Wynsberghe NR. Asymptomatic infection with American cutaneous leishmaniasis: epidemiological and immunological studies. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 111:599-604. [PMID: 27759762 PMCID: PMC5066330 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a major public health problem caused by
vector-borne protozoan intracellular parasites from the genus Leishmania, subgenera
Viannia and Leishmania. Asymptomatic infection is the most common outcome after
Leishmania inoculation. There is incomplete knowledge of the biological processes
explaining the absence of signs or symptoms in most cases while other cases present a
variety of clinical findings. Most studies of asymptomatic infection have been
conducted in areas of endemic visceral leishmaniasis. In contrast, asymptomatic ACL
infection has been neglected. This review is focused on the following: (1)
epidemiological studies supporting the existence of asymptomatic ACL infection and
(2) immunological studies conducted to understand the mechanisms responsible for
controlling the parasite and avoiding tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando J Andrade-Narvaez
- Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr Hideyo Noguchi, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Elsy Nalleli Loría-Cervera
- Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr Hideyo Noguchi, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Erika I Sosa-Bibiano
- Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr Hideyo Noguchi, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Nicole R Van Wynsberghe
- Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr Hideyo Noguchi, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Mérida, Yucatán, México
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Abstract
SUMMARYProtists are a diverse collection of eukaryotic organisms that account for a significant global infection burden. Often, the immune responses mounted against these parasites cause excessive inflammation and therefore pathology in the host. Elucidating the mechanisms of both protective and harmful immune responses is complex, and often relies of the use of animal models. In any immune response, leucocyte trafficking to the site of infection, or inflammation, is paramount, and this involves the production of chemokines, small chemotactic cytokines of approximately 8–10 kDa in size, which bind to specific chemokine receptors to induce leucocyte movement. Herein, the scientific literature investigating the role of chemokines in the propagation of immune responses against key protist infections will be reviewed, focussing onPlasmodiumspecies,Toxoplasma gondii, Leishmaniaspecies andCryptosporidiumspecies. Interestingly, many studies find that chemokines can in fact, promote parasite survival in the host, by drawing in leucocytes for spread and further replication. Recent developments in drug targeting against chemokine receptors highlights the need for further understanding of the role played by these proteins and their receptors in many different diseases.
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Abstract
Diseases caused by Leishmania present a worldwide problem, and current therapeutic approaches are unable to achieve a sterile cure. Leishmania is able to persist in host cells by evading or exploiting host immune mechanisms. A thorough understanding of these mechanisms could lead to better strategies for effective management of Leishmania infections. Current research has focused on parasite modification of host cell signaling pathways, entry into phagocytic cells, and modulation of cytokine and chemokine profiles that alter immune cell activation and trafficking to sites of infection. Immuno-therapeutic approaches that target these mechanisms of immune evasion by Leishmania offer promising areas for preclinical and clinical research.
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16
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Dendritic Cells and Leishmania Infection: Adding Layers of Complexity to a Complex Disease. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:3967436. [PMID: 26904694 PMCID: PMC4745329 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3967436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of neglected diseases whose clinical manifestations depend on factors from the host and the pathogen. It is an important public health problem worldwide caused by the protozoan parasite from the Leishmania genus. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is the most frequent form of this disease transmitted by the bite of an infected sandfly into the host skin. The parasites can be uptook and/or recognized by macrophages, neutrophils, and/or dendritic cells (DCs). Initially, DCs were described to play a protective role in activating the immune response against Leishmania parasites. However, several reports showed a dichotomic role of DCs in modulating the host immune response to susceptibility or resistance in CL. In this review, we discuss (1) the interactions between DCs and parasites from different species of Leishmania and (2) the crosstalk of DCs and other cells during CL infection. The complexity of these interactions profoundly affects the adaptive immune response and, consequently, the disease outcome, especially from Leishmania species of the New World.
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Cañeda-Guzmán IC, Salaiza-Suazo N, Fernández-Figueroa EA, Carrada-Figueroa G, Aguirre-García M, Becker I. NK cell activity differs between patients with localized and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis infected with Leishmania mexicana: a comparative study of TLRs and cytokines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112410. [PMID: 25397678 PMCID: PMC4232367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania mexicana causes localized (LCL) or diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL). The cause of dissemination in DCL remains unknown, yet NK cells possibly play a role in activating leishmanicidal mechanisms during innate and adaptive immune responses. We had previously shown that Leishmania lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is a ligand for TLR2, activating human NK cells. We have now analyzed NK cells in LCL and DCL patients. NK numbers and effector mechanisms differed drastically between both groups of patients: DCL patients showed reduced NK cell numbers; diminished IFN-γ and TNF-α production; and lower TLR2, TLR1, and TLR6 expression as compared to LCL patients. The altered protein expression found in NK cells of DCL patients correlated with their down-regulation of IFN-γ gene expression in LPG-stimulated and non-stimulated cells as compared to LCL patients. NK cell response was further analyzed according to gender, age, and disease evolution in LCL patients showing that female patients produced higher IFN-γ levels throughout the disease progression, whereas TLR2 expression diminished in both genders with prolonged disease evolution and age. We furthermore show the activation pathway of LPG binding to TLR2 and demonstrated that TLR2 forms immunocomplexes with TLR1 and TLR6. In addition to the reduced NK cell numbers in peripheral blood, DCL patients also showed reduced NK cell numbers in the lesions. They were randomly scattered within the lesions, showing diminished cytokine production, which contrasts with those of LCL lesions, where NK cells produced IFN-γ and TNF-α and were found within organized granulomas. We conclude that in DCL patients the reduced NK-cell numbers and their diminished activity, evidenced by low TLR expression and low cytokine production, are possibly involved in the severity of the disease. Our results provide new information on the contribution of NK cells in Leishmania infections of the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cristina Cañeda-Guzmán
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, México, D.F., México
| | - Norma Salaiza-Suazo
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, México, D.F., México
| | - Edith A. Fernández-Figueroa
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, México, D.F., México
| | | | - Magdalena Aguirre-García
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, México, D.F., México
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, México, D.F., México
- * E-mail:
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Cecílio P, Pérez-Cabezas B, Santarém N, Maciel J, Rodrigues V, Cordeiro da Silva A. Deception and manipulation: the arms of leishmania, a successful parasite. Front Immunol 2014; 5:480. [PMID: 25368612 PMCID: PMC4202772 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. are intracellular parasitic protozoa responsible for a group of neglected tropical diseases, endemic in 98 countries around the world, called leishmaniasis. These parasites have a complex digenetic life cycle requiring a susceptible vertebrate host and a permissive insect vector, which allow their transmission. The clinical manifestations associated with leishmaniasis depend on complex interactions between the parasite and the host immune system. Consequently, leishmaniasis can be manifested as a self-healing cutaneous affliction or a visceral pathology, being the last one fatal in 85–90% of untreated cases. As a result of a long host–parasite co-evolutionary process, Leishmania spp. developed different immunomodulatory strategies that are essential for the establishment of infection. Only through deception and manipulation of the immune system, Leishmania spp. can complete its life cycle and survive. The understanding of the mechanisms associated with immune evasion and disease progression is essential for the development of novel therapies and vaccine approaches. Here, we revise how the parasite manipulates cell death and immune responses to survive and thrive in the shadow of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cecílio
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Begoña Pérez-Cabezas
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Nuno Santarém
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Joana Maciel
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Vasco Rodrigues
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Anabela Cordeiro da Silva
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto , Porto , Portugal ; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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Schmid M, Zimara N, Wege AK, Ritter U. Myeloid-derived suppressor cell functionality and interaction withLeishmania majorparasites differ in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3295-306. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schmid
- Institute of Immunology; University of Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - Nicole Zimara
- Institute of Immunology; University of Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - Anja Kathrin Wege
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; University Medical Center Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - Uwe Ritter
- Institute of Immunology; University of Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
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20
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Valencia-Pacheco G, Loría-Cervera EN, Sosa-Bibiano EI, Canché-Pool EB, Vargas-Gonzalez A, Melby PC, Andrade-Narvaez FJ. In situ cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ) and chemokines (MCP-1, MIP-1α) gene expression in human Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana infection. Cytokine 2014; 69:56-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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21
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Castellucci LC, Almeida LFD, Jamieson SE, Fakiola M, Carvalho EMD, Blackwell JM. Host genetic factors in American cutaneous leishmaniasis: a critical appraisal of studies conducted in an endemic area of Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:279-88. [PMID: 24863979 PMCID: PMC4131779 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a vector-transmitted infectious disease with an estimated 1.5 million new cases per year. In Brazil, ACL represents a significant public health problem, with approximately 30,000 new reported cases annually, representing an incidence of 18.5 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Corte de Pedra is in a region endemic for ACL in the state of Bahia (BA), northeastern Brazil, with 500-1,300 patients treated annually. Over the last decade, population and family-based candidate gene studies were conducted in Corte de Pedra, founded on previous knowledge from studies on mice and humans. Notwithstanding limitations related to sample size and power, these studies contribute important genetic biomarkers that identify novel pathways of disease pathogenesis and possible new therapeutic targets. The present paper is a narrative review about ACL immunogenetics in BA, highlighting in particular the interacting roles of the wound healing gene FLI1 with interleukin-6 and genes SMAD2 and SMAD3 of the transforming growth factor beta signalling pathway. This research highlights the need for well-powered genetic and functional studies on Leishmania braziliensis infection as essential to define and validate the role of host genes in determining resistance/susceptibility regarding this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Cristina Castellucci
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Lucas Frederico de Almeida
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | - Michaela Fakiola
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australi, Perth, Australia
| | - Edgar Marcelino de Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
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Chronicity of dermal leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania panamensis is associated with parasite-mediated induction of chemokine gene expression. Infect Immun 2014; 82:2872-80. [PMID: 24752514 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01133-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic tegumentary leishmaniasis is characterized by a scarcity of parasites in lesions and a heightened inflammatory response. Deregulated and hyperactive inflammation contributes to tissue damage and parasite persistence. The mechanisms by which immune cells are recruited to the lesion and their relationship to clinical outcomes remain elusive. We examined the expression levels of chemokines and their receptors in relation to clinical outcome in dermal leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis. Primary macrophages from healthy donors were infected with L. panamensis strains isolated from self-healing patients (n = 4) and those presenting chronic disease (n = 5). A consistent pattern of upregulation of neutrophil (cxcl1, cxcl2, cxcl5, and cxcl8/il-8) and monocyte (ccl2, ccl7, ccl8, cxcl3, and cxcl10) chemotactic chemokines and ccr1 and ccr5 receptor genes, evaluated by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), was observed upon infection with strains from patients with chronic dermal leishmaniasis; induction of CXCL5 and CCL8 was corroborated at the protein level. No apparent upregulation was elicited in macrophages infected with strains from self-healing patients. Expression levels of ccl8, cxcl2, cxcl3, and cxcl5 in lesion biopsy specimens from patients with chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) were compared to those in biopsy specimens from Montenegro skin tests of individuals with asymptomatic infection. Increased expression levels of cxcl5 (P < 0.05), ccl8, and cxcl3 were corroborated in chronic CL lesions. Our study revealed a dichotomy in macrophage chemokine gene expression elicited by L. panamensis strains from patients with self-healing disease and those presenting chronic disease, consistent with parasite-mediated hyperactivation of the inflammatory response driving chronicity. The predominant upregulation of neutrophil and monocyte chemoattractants indicates novel mechanisms of sustained inflammatory activation and may provide new therapeutic targets against chronic dermal leishmaniasis.
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McGovern KE, Wilson EH. Role of Chemokines and Trafficking of Immune Cells in Parasitic Infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 9:157-168. [PMID: 25383073 DOI: 10.2174/1573395509666131217000000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Parasites are diverse eukaryotic pathogens that can have complex life cycles. Their clearance, or control within a mammalian host requires the coordinated effort of the immune system. The cell types recruited to areas of infection can combat the disease, promote parasite replication and survival, or contribute to disease pathology. Location and timing of cell recruitment can be crucial. In this review, we explore the role chemokines play in orchestrating and balancing the immune response to achieve optimal control of parasite replication without promoting pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E McGovern
- School of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521-0129, USA
| | - Emma H Wilson
- School of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521-0129, USA
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Gene expression profile of cytokines and chemokines in skin lesions from Brazilian Indians with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis. Mol Immunol 2013; 57:74-85. [PMID: 24084096 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by dermotropic Leishmania species belonging to the Viannia subgenera, with Leishmania (V.) braziliensis considered the main agent in Brazil. After infection, a local inflammatory process is initiated, inducing the expression of several cytokine/chemokine genes. We evaluated the immunity to CL of patients living in the indigenous community Xakriabá, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, by performing detailed analyses of the mRNA expression of different cytokines and chemokines in CL lesions, considering the time evolution (recent or late). We also studied the profile of the inflammatory infiltrate by histopathological analysis. The histopathological features of recent CL lesions showed an intense inflammatory reaction, characterized by the presence of both mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells, whereas late CL lesions exhibited a predominance of mononuclear leukocytes. The gene expression of cytokines/chemokines in skin biopsies from the CL group showed higher transcript levels of modulatory (IL10 and TGFB1), anti-inflammatory (IL4), and pro-inflammatory (TNF, IFNG, IL12B, CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL10) biomarkers in recent lesions than in late lesions. Our findings suggest that differential gene expression of cytokines and chemokines found in skin lesions from CL patients is associated with time evolution of lesions.
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Diaz NL, Zerpa O, Tapia FJ. Chemokines and chemokine receptors expression in the lesions of patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 108:446-52. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-0276108042013008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Söbirk SK, Mörgelin M, Egesten A, Bates P, Shannon O, Collin M. Human chemokines as antimicrobial peptides with direct parasiticidal effect on Leishmania mexicana in vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58129. [PMID: 23533582 PMCID: PMC3606167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and chemokine receptor-mediated effects are important mediators of the immunological response and cure in human leishmaniasis. However, in addition to their signalling properties for leukocytes, many chemokines have also been shown to act directly as antimicrobial peptides on bacteria and fungi. We screened ten human chemokines (CXCL2, CXCL6, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, CCL2, CCL3, CCL20, CCL27, CCL28) for antimicrobial effects on the promastigote form of the protozoan parasite Leishmania mexicana, and observed direct parasiticidal effects of several, CCL28 being the most potent. Damage to the plasma membrane integrity could be visualised by entrance of propidium iodide, as measured with flow cytometry, and by scanning electron microscopy, which showed morphological changes and aggregation of cells. The findings were in concordance with parasiticidal activity, measured by decreased mitochondrial activity in an MTT-assay. This is the first report of direct antimicrobial activity by chemokines on parasites. This component of immunity against Leishmania parasites identified here warrants further investigation that might lead to new insight in the mechanisms of human infection and/or new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Söbirk
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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27
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Genetics of host response to Leishmania tropica in mice - different control of skin pathology, chemokine reaction, and invasion into spleen and liver. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1667. [PMID: 22679519 PMCID: PMC3367980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites of genus Leishmania. The frequent involvement of Leishmania tropica in human leishmaniasis has been recognized only recently. Similarly as L. major, L. tropica causes cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans, but can also visceralize and cause systemic illness. The relationship between the host genotype and disease manifestations is poorly understood because there were no suitable animal models. Methods We studied susceptibility to L. tropica, using BALB/c-c-STS/A (CcS/Dem) recombinant congenic (RC) strains, which differ greatly in susceptibility to L. major. Mice were infected with L. tropica and skin lesions, cytokine and chemokine levels in serum, and parasite numbers in organs were measured. Principal Findings Females of BALB/c and several RC strains developed skin lesions. In some strains parasites visceralized and were detected in spleen and liver. Importantly, the strain distribution pattern of symptoms caused by L. tropica was different from that observed after L. major infection. Moreover, sex differently influenced infection with L. tropica and L. major. L. major-infected males exhibited either higher or similar skin pathology as females, whereas L. tropica-infected females were more susceptible than males. The majority of L. tropica-infected strains exhibited increased levels of chemokines CCL2, CCL3 and CCL5. CcS-16 females, which developed the largest lesions, exhibited a unique systemic chemokine reaction, characterized by additional transient early peaks of CCL3 and CCL5, which were not present in CcS-16 males nor in any other strain. Conclusion Comparison of L. tropica and L. major infections indicates that the strain patterns of response are species-specific, with different sex effects and largely different host susceptibility genes. Several hundred million people are exposed to the risk of leishmaniasis, a disease caused by intracellular protozoan parasites of several Leishmania species and transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. In humans, L. tropica causes cutaneous form of leishmaniasis with painful and long-persisting lesions in the site of the insect bite, but the parasites can also penetrate to internal organs. The relationship between the host genes and development of the disease was demonstrated for numerous infectious diseases. However, the search for susceptibility genes in the human population could be a difficult task. In such cases, animal models may help to discover the role of different genes in interactions between the parasite and the host. Unfortunately, the literature contains only a few publications about the use of animals for L. tropica studies. Here, we report an animal model suitable for genetic, pathological and drug studies in L. tropica infection. We show how the host genotype influences different disease symptoms: skin lesions, parasite dissemination to the lymph nodes, spleen and liver, and increase of levels of chemokines CCL2, CCL3 and CCL5 in serum.
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Menezes-Souza D, Guerra-Sá R, Carneiro CM, Vitoriano-Souza J, Giunchetti RC, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Silveira-Lemos D, Oliveira GC, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Reis AB. Higher expression of CCL2, CCL4, CCL5, CCL21, and CXCL8 chemokines in the skin associated with parasite density in canine visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1566. [PMID: 22506080 PMCID: PMC3323520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune response in the skin of dogs infected with Leishmania infantum is poorly understood, and limited studies have described the immunopathological profile with regard to distinct levels of tissue parasitism and the clinical progression of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A detailed analysis of inflammatory cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages) as well as the expression of chemokines (CCL2, CCL4, CCL5, CCL13, CCL17, CCL21, CCL24, and CXCL8) was carried out in dermis skin samples from 35 dogs that were naturally infected with L. infantum. The analysis was based on real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the context of skin parasitism and the clinical status of CVL. We demonstrated increased inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of mononuclear cells in the skin of animals with severe forms of CVL and high parasite density. Analysis of the inflammatory cell profile of the skin revealed an increase in the number of macrophages and reductions in lymphocytes, eosinophils, and mast cells that correlated with clinical progression of the disease. Additionally, enhanced parasite density was correlated with an increase in macrophages and decreases in eosinophils and mast cells. The chemokine mRNA expression demonstrated that enhanced parasite density was positively correlated with the expression of CCL2, CCL4, CCL5, CCL21, and CXCL8. In contrast, there was a negative correlation between parasite density and CCL24 expression. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These findings represent an advance in the knowledge about skin inflammatory infiltrates in CVL and the systemic consequences. Additionally, the findings may contribute to the design of new and more efficient prophylactic tools and immunological therapies against CVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Menezes-Souza
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Renata Guerra-Sá
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Cláudia Martins Carneiro
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Juliana Vitoriano-Souza
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Denise Silveira-Lemos
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Guilherme Corrêa Oliveira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Corrêa-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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29
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Carpenter D, Färnert A, Rooth I, Armour JAL, Shaw MA. CCL3L1 copy number and susceptibility to malaria. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1147-54. [PMID: 22484763 PMCID: PMC3401375 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Copy number variation can contribute to the variation observed in susceptibility to complex diseases. Here we present the first study to investigate copy number variation of the chemokine gene CCL3L1 with susceptibility to malaria. We present a family-based genetic analysis of a Tanzanian population (n=922), using parasite load, mean number of clinical infections of malaria and haemoglobin levels as phenotypes. Copy number of CCL3L1 was measured using the paralogue ratio test (PRT) and the dataset exhibited copy numbers ranging between 1 and 10 copies per diploid genome (pdg). Association between copy number and phenotypes was assessed. Furthermore, we were able to identify copy number haplotypes in some families, using microsatellites within the copy variable region, for transmission disequilibrium testing. We identified a high level of copy number haplotype diversity and find some evidence for an association of low CCL3L1 copy number with protection from anaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Carpenter
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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30
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Schmid M, Wege AK, Ritter U. Characteristics of "Tip-DCs and MDSCs" and Their Potential Role in Leishmaniasis. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:74. [PMID: 22416241 PMCID: PMC3298847 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first description of dendritic cells (DCs) by Steinman and Cohn (1973), the myeloid lineage of leukocytes was investigated intensively. Nowadays it is obvious that myeloid cells, especially DCs, are crucial for the adaptive and innate immune response against intracellular pathogens such as Leishmania major parasites. Based on the overlapping expression of molecules that were commonly used to classify myeloid cells, it becomes difficult to denominate those cell types precisely. Of note, most of these markers used for myeloid cell identification are expressed on a broad range of myeloid cells, and should therefore be handled with care if used for subtyping of myeloid cells. In this mini-review we aim to discuss the relative impact of DCs that release TNF and nitric oxide (Tip-DCs) and myeloid cells with suppressive capacities (myeloid-derived suppressor cells, MDSCs) in infectious diseases such as experimental leishmaniasis. In our point of view it cannot be excluded that the novel subsets that were denominated as “Tip-DCs” and “MDSCs” might not be classical “subsets” but rather represent myeloid cells in a transient maturation stage expressing different genes, in response to the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schmid
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
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31
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Souza-Lemos C, de-Campos SN, Teva A, Porrozzi R, Grimaldi Jr G. In situ characterization of the granulomatous immune response with time in nonhealing lesional skin of Leishmania braziliensis-infected rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 142:147-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Chemokines and chemokine receptors coordinate the inflammatory immune response in human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:1220-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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33
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Florian C, Barth T, Wege AK, Männel DN, Ritter U. An advanced approach for the characterization of dendritic cell-induced T cell proliferation in situ. Immunobiology 2010; 215:855-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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34
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Ramasawmy R, Menezes E, Magalhães A, Oliveira J, Castellucci L, Almeida R, Rosa MEA, Guimarães LH, Lessa M, Noronha E, Wilson ME, Jamieson SE, Kalil J, Blackwell JM, Carvalho EM, de Jesus AR. The -2518bp promoter polymorphism at CCL2/MCP1 influences susceptibility to mucosal but not localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2010; 10:607-13. [PMID: 20430117 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) follows localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis. Proinflammatory responses mediate CL self-healing but are exaggerated in ML. Proinflammatory monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1; encoded by CCL2) is associated with CL. We explore its role in CL/ML through analysis of the regulatory CCL2 -2518bp promoter polymorphism in CL/ML population samples and families from Brazil. Genotype frequencies were compared among ML/CL cases and control groups using logistic regression and the family-based association test (FBAT). MCP-1 was measured in plasma and macrophages. The GG recessive genotype at CCL2 -2518bp was more common in patients with ML (N=67) than in neighborhood control (NC; N=60) subjects (OR 1.78; 95% CI 1.01-3.14; P=0.045), than in NC combined with leishmanin skin-test positive (N=60) controls (OR 4.40; 95% CI 1.42-13.65; P=0.010), and than in controls combined with CL (N=60) patients (OR 2.78; 95% CI 1.13-6.85; P=0.045). No associations were observed for CL compared to any groups. FBAT (91 ML and 223 CL cases in families) confirmed recessive association of ML with allele G (Z=2.679; P=0.007). Higher levels of MCP-1 occurred in plasma (P=0.03) and macrophages (P<0.0001) from GG compared to AA individuals. These results suggest that high MCP-1 increases risk of ML.
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35
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Oghumu S, Lezama-Dávila CM, Isaac-Márquez AP, Satoskar AR. Role of chemokines in regulation of immunity against leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 2010; 126:389-96. [PMID: 20206625 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Successful immunity to Leishmania depends on recruitment of appropriate immune effector cells to the site of infection and chemokines play a crucial role in the process. At the same time, Leishmania parasites possess the ability to modify the chemokine profiles of their host thereby facilitating establishment of progressive infection. Therapeutic and prophylactic strategies targeted at chemokines and their receptors provide a promising area for further research. This review highlights our current knowledge concerning the role of chemokines and their receptors in modulating leishmaniasis in both clinical settings and experimental disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Oghumu
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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36
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T cells specific to leishmania and other nonrelated microbial antigens can migrate to human leishmaniasis skin lesions. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1329-36. [PMID: 20107484 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immunopathological studies have contributed to the characterization of in situ inflammatory infiltrates in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). However, little is known about the T-cell antigen reactivity of these lesions. Our objective was to analyze the responsiveness of lymphocytes from CL lesions to leishmanial and nonrelated antigens in terms of proliferation and the production of cytokines. Mononuclear cells were extracted from lesions, and blood from CL patients infected with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Activated cells accounted for 35-45% of lesions T-cell subsets. Elevated levels of C1.7/CD244(+)CD8(+) T cells suggest in situ cytotoxic effector function. Lymphocytes isolated from the leishmaniasis lesions proliferated and produced IFN-gamma in response to leishmanial antigens as well as to irrelevant antigens such as Toxoplasma gondii (Tg). Patients presenting with larger lesions had the highest lymphocyte proliferation indexes. A high frequency of Tg-specific cells was detected in the lesions by limiting dilution assay, similar to the frequency of Leishmania-specific cells. Importantly, Tg-reactive cells were not found in lesions of patients without a history of toxoplasmosis. The proportion of Leishmania-reactive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the lesions was quite variable. Overall, these data suggest that T cells reactive to nonrelevant antigens can migrate to leishmanial lesions and possibly influence the pathogenesis of the disease.
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37
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Kumar R, Bumb RA, Salotra P. Evaluation of localized and systemic immune responses in cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica: interleukin-8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and nitric oxide are major regulatory factors. Immunology 2010; 130:193-201. [PMID: 20102417 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have established Leishmania tropica as the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the region of India where the disease is endemic. The association between localized and circulating levels of immune-determinants in CL patients was evaluated. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed up-regulation of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-8, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-10 and IL-4 in dermal lesions at the pretreatment stage (n = 31) compared with healthy controls (P < 0.001) and a significant down-regulation after treatment (n = 14, P < 0.05). The results indicated that an unfavourable clinical outcome in CL was not related to an inadequate T helper 1 (Th1) cell response, but rather to impairment in multiple immune functions. Comparative assessment of treatment regimes with rifampicin (RFM) or sodium antimony gluconate (SAG) revealed tissue cytokine levels to be significantly reduced after treatment with RFM (P < 0.005), while no significant decrease was evident in the levels of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL-10 (P > 0.05) as a result of treatment with SAG. Increased transcripts of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (P < 0.001) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (P < 0.05) were evident before treatment in tissue lesions and remained high after treatment. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated strong expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and IL-8, and moderate expression of iNOS in dermal lesions. The expression levels of IL-8, MCP-1 and nitric oxide (NO) were high in patient sera before treatment, as determined using cytokine bead array and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). At the post-treatment stage, the serum IL-8 levels had decreased; however, the levels of MCP-1 and NO remained high. These data suggest that IL-8 is an effector immune-determinant in the progression of CL, whereas NO facilitates the parasite killing by macrophages via MCP-1-mediated stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi
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38
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Abstract
AbstractLocal inflammation during cutaneous leishmaniasis is accompanied by accumulation of CD11b+ cells at the site of the infection. A functional role for these monocytic cells in local angiogenesis in leishmaniasis has not been described so far. Here, we show that CD11b+ cells express high levels of the myeloid differentiation antigen carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1). In experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in C57BL/6 wild-type (B6.WT) and B6.Ceacam1−/− mice, we found that only B6.Ceacam1−/− mice develop edemas and exhibit impairment of both hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Because CEACAM1 expression correlates with functional angiogenesis, we further analyzed the role of the CD11b+ population. In B6.Ceacam1−/− mice, we found systemic reduction of Ly-6Chigh/CD11bhigh monocyte precursors. To investigate whether CEACAM1+ myeloid cells are causally related to efficient angiogenesis, we used reverse bone marrow transplants (BMTs) to restore CEACAM1+ or CEACAM1− bone marrow in B6.Ceacam1−/− or B6.WT recipients, respectively. We found that angiogenesis was restored by CEACAM1+ BMT only. In addition, we observed reduced morphogenic potential of inflammatory cells in Matrigel implants in CEACAM1− backgrounds or after systemic depletion of CD11bhigh macrophages. Taken together, we show for the first time that CEACAM1+ myeloid cells are crucial for angiogenesis in inflammation.
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39
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Romão PRT, Da Costa Santiago H, Ramos CDL, De Oliveira CFE, Monteiro MC, De Queiroz Cunha F, Vieira LQ. Mast cell degranulation contributes to susceptibility to Leishmania major. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31:140-6. [PMID: 19222785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2008.01084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis causes high morbidity and mortality in tropical and subtropical areas. Mast cells can be activated by Leishmania or Leishmania products in vitro and in vivo. Several innate immunity mediators, including some released by mast cells, play roles in the outcome of the disease. In this study, we examined whether pharmacological inactivation of mast cells before infection with L. major interferes with the progressive disease in BALB/c mice. The results show that, when mast cells are degranulated before challenge with L. major, susceptible mice become more resistant to infection, as measured by decrease of lesion size and lower parasite loads. Mast cell degranulation reduced IL-4 production. Moreover, mast cells degranulation enhanced mRNA expression for IFN-gamma, inducible nitric oxide, CCL2 and CCL5 in response to infection. Mast cell degranulation also decreased parasite loads in IL-4 KO animals, indicating that mediators other than IL-4 are involved in susceptibility in vivo. Taken together, our results disclose a role for mast cells in the induction of susceptibility to infection. This work contributes to a better understanding of the role of mast cells in Leishmania infection, and suggests a new field of study for strategies to contain the parasite, restricting its dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R T Romão
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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40
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Meddeb-Garnaoui A, Zrelli H, Dellagi K. Effects of tropism and virulence of Leishmania parasites on cytokine production by infected human monocytes. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 155:199-206. [PMID: 19040614 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of early interactions between Leishmania and macrophages which determine the outcome of infection can be related directly to parasite biological properties. Here we compared the capacity of L. major (Lm) strains, reported to be high (LmHV) and low virulent and (LmLV) in the mouse model and L. infantum (Li) strains, dermotropic (LiD) and viscerotropic (LiV), to infect and modulate cytokine production in human peripheral blood derived monocytes. Monocytes were infected with metacyclic promastigotes for 24, 48 and 72 h. Parasite burden was significantly higher in Lm- than in Li-infected monocytes. LmHV and LiD induced a significantly higher parasite burden than LmLV and LiV respectively. Cytokine production was evaluated in monocytes infected for 24 h. Contrary to interleukin (IL)-12p70, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and transforming growth factor-beta production was increased significantly in infected monocytes with no differences between strains. Lm isolates induced significantly higher quantities of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha than Li isolates. Low levels of IL-10 were induced by all Leishmania strains and, interestingly, co-stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was accompanied by a dramatic increase in IL-10 production by infected monocytes. In conclusion, Lm isolates displaying different levels of virulence in mice exhibited significant differences in parasite burden but similar abilities to modulate cytokine production in human monocytes. Li strains showed weaker infectivity and TNF-alpha inducing-capacity compared with Lm strains. The dramatic increase of IL-10 production in infected monocytes co-stimulated by LPS may play a role in disease progression considering the presence of LPS during bacterial superinfections observed during human leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Meddeb-Garnaoui
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia.
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41
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Souza-Lemos C, de-Campos SN, Teva A, Côrte-Real S, Fonseca EC, Porrozzi R, Grimaldi Jr G. Dynamics of immune granuloma formation in aLeishmania braziliensis-induced self-limiting cutaneous infection in the primateMacaca mulatta. J Pathol 2008; 216:375-86. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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42
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Silveira FT, Lainson R, Gomes CM, Laurenti MD, Corbett CE. Reviewing the role of the dendritic Langerhans cells in the immunopathogenesis of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008; 102:1075-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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43
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Early infection with Leishmania major restrains pathogenic response to Leishmania amazonensis and parasite growth. Acta Trop 2008; 106:27-38. [PMID: 18313021 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Experimental models of infection with Leishmania spp. have provided knowledge of several immunological events involved in the resistance mechanism used by the host to restrain parasite growth. It is well accepted that concomitant immunity exists, and there is some evidence that it would play a major role in long-lasting acquired resistance to infection. In this paper, the resistance to Leishmania amazonensis infection in C57BL/6 mice infected with Leishmania major was investigated. C57BL/6 mice, which spontaneously heal lesions caused by infection with L. major, were infected with L. amazonensis at different times before and after L. major. We demonstrated that C57BL/6 mice previously infected with L. major restrain pathogenic responses induced by L. amazonensis infection and decrease parasite burdens by one order of magnitude. Co-infected mice showed production of IFN-gamma in lesions similar to mice infected solely with L. major, but higher TNF-alpha and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression was observed. Surprisingly, the restrained pathogenic response was not related to IL-10 production, as evidenced by lower levels of both mRNA, protein expression in lesions from co-infected mice and in co-infections in IL-10(-/-) mice. Examination of the inflammatory infiltrate at the site of infection showed a reduced number of monocytes and lymphocytes in L. amazonensis lesions. Additionally, differential production of the CCL3/MIP-1 alpha and CCL5/RANTES was observed. We suggest that the control of lesion progression caused by L. amazonensis in C57BL/6 mice pre-infected with L. major is related to the induction of a down-regulatory environment at the site of infection with L. amazonensis.
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44
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Dey R, Majumder N, Majumdar SB, Bhattacharjee S, Banerjee S, Roy S, Majumdar S. Induction of Host Protective Th1 Immune Response by Chemokines in Leishmania donovani-infected BALB/c Mice. Scand J Immunol 2007; 66:671-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.02025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Strauss-Ayali D, Baneth G, Jaffe CL. Splenic immune responses during canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Res 2007; 38:547-64. [PMID: 17540157 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2007015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs are the main reservoir host for zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum. In this study we investigated the immune response in spleens of L. infantum-infected dogs by measuring the mRNA expression levels for a wide panel of cytokines, transcription factors and chemokines. mRNA levels and parasite load were followed during 7 months of experimental infection and 14 months post-treatment, and were compared to naturally-infected (NI) dogs. Similarly, serum anti-Leishmania IgG and IgG subclass levels were measured during experimental infection. An increase in IFN-gamma, T-bet, IP-10 and RANTES was found in the experimentally and NI dogs, implicating a substantial type-1 immune response during canine visceral leishmaniasis. IL-4, a type-2 associated cytokine, increased as early as one month after experimental infection, while IL-5 was high at later stages. Interestingly, the expression levels of the Treg-associated cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-beta, did not change during the infection. Total anti-Leishmania IgG and IgG subclasses increased during the experimental infection. However, no association with specific cytokine patterns was observed. Parasite load in the spleens increased as early as one month post-infection and remained high until treatment. The load was higher in the polysymptomatic NI dogs than in the experimentally-infected dogs. This study indicates that both type-1 and type-2 immune responses occur in the spleen during canine L. infantum infection, and suggests that the early elevation of IL-4 might have a role in the persistence of parasites in the presence of high IFN-gamma expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalit Strauss-Ayali
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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46
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Atik E, Kuk S, Inandi T. Diagnostic approach and significance of inducible nitric oxide positivity in human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania tropica. Int J Dermatol 2007; 46:273-7. [PMID: 17343583 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the usefulness of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the diagnosis of leishmaniasis and to emphasize the importance of inducible nitric oxide (iNOS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-nine patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis diagnosed according to clinical criteria who live in rural areas of Antakya-Hatay/Turkey were included in this study. Twenty-five patients free of leishmaniasis were accepted as a control group. Punch biopsies and smears were obtained from lesions of the patients in the study group. Half of each punch biopsy specimen was processed in routine tissue processing. After routine tissue processing hematoxylin-eosin and iNOS immunohistochemical staining were applied. The remaining half of the biopsy specimens was studied by PCR method. INOS-positive stained macrophages were determined. RESULTS The positive detection rates in 29 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) were 96.5% by PCR, 86.2% by direct microscopic evaluation of biopsy and 58.6% by direct visualization of smear in this study. iNOS reaction was mildly positive in three cases, moderately positive in six cases and strongly positive in 20 cases. CONCLUSION iNOS yielded positive reaction in all cases but this positivity showed differences with respect to the age of the lesions or the effect of iNOS on the immune mechanism. This reveals an inverse correlation between iNOS reactivity and duration of lesion (Spearman correlation r = -0.53, P = 0.003). There was no correlation between iNOS reactivity and patient age (Spearman correlation: r = 0.13, P = 0.5). In terms of gender, there was no association with iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esin Atik
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya-Hatay, Turkey.
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47
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Rocha FJS, Schleicher U, Mattner J, Alber G, Bogdan C. Cytokines, signaling pathways, and effector molecules required for the control of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in mice. Infect Immun 2007; 75:3823-32. [PMID: 17517868 PMCID: PMC1951993 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01335-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. The mechanisms of pathogen control have been established primarily in the mouse model of Leishmania major infection, but they might not hold true for other Leishmania species associated with cutaneous disease. Here, we analyzed the role of cytokines, signaling components, and effector molecules in the control of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. braziliensis. Unlike L. major, L. braziliensis caused small, nonulcerative, and self-healing skin swelling in C57BL/6 mice, as well as BALB/c mice. In contrast to the results obtained for L. mexicana, mice deficient for interleukin-12 or its key signaling molecule, signal transducer and activator of transcription 4, rapidly succumbed to severe visceral leishmaniasis. Infection of tumor necrosis factor knockout mice with L. braziliensis led to progressive, nonhealing skin lesions with erosions and hemorrhagic ulcerations, but in contrast to the results with L. major, only 20 to 30% of the mice developed fatal visceral disease. As seen with L. major, mice with a deleted inducible nitric oxide synthase gene (iNOS(-/-)) were unable to contain L. braziliensis in the skin, whereas the control of the parasite in the spleen remained unimpaired. Unlike what happens in L. major infections, NADPH oxidase had no impact on the course of disease in L. braziliensis-infected mice. These results not only define essential components of a protective immune response to L. braziliensis but also illustrate that the requirements for the control of cutaneous leishmaniasis vary between different parasite species.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Janaina Soares Rocha
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Wasserturmstrasse 3-5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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48
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Weiss R, Scheiblhofer S, Thalhamer J, Bickert T, Richardt U, Fleischer B, Ritter U. Epidermal inoculation of Leishmania-antigen by gold bombardment results in a chronic form of leishmaniasis. Vaccine 2007; 25:25-33. [PMID: 17064826 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Experimental leishmaniasis represents a suitable model to analyze Th1-type associated immunity. In C57BL/6 mice healing of leishmaniasis correlates with activation of Th1 cells. Recently, it could be demonstrated that dermal dendritic cells rather than epidermal Langerhans cells are responsible for the activation of Th1 cells after infection, indicating a necessary reconsideration of the role of Langerhans cells. In our current work, epidermal application of Leishmania-antigen prior to infection resulted in an atypical course of disease that is characterized by an impaired Leishmania-specific Th1 response. Consequently, these mice cannot manage an efficient elimination of the parasites at the site of infection. These data point to the activation of immunomodulatory effects by epidermal incorporation of antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Weiss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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49
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Conrad SM, Strauss-Ayali D, Field AE, Mack M, Mosser DM. Leishmania-derived murine monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 enhances the recruitment of a restrictive population of CC chemokine receptor 2-positive macrophages. Infect Immun 2006; 75:653-65. [PMID: 17088347 PMCID: PMC1828528 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01314-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic Leishmania parasites that encode the murine chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) were generated. These parasites transcribed MCP-1 mRNA and secreted MCP-1 protein. Infection of BALB/c, C57BL/6, or MCP-1 knockout (KO) mice with these parasites resulted in minimal lesion development with fewer parasites in the infected foot, lymph node, and spleen compared to wild-type-infected mice. In contrast, transgenic parasites caused substantial lesions with relatively high numbers of parasites in CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) KO mice, indicating that the parasites are viable and healthy and that the lack of lesion development is CCR2 dependent. Prior infection of mice with transgenic parasites offered no protection to subsequent wild-type L. major challenge, suggesting that the transgenic parasites are controlled by an early innate immune response. Consistent with innate immunity, flow cytometry of cells from the ears of mice infected with transgenic parasites revealed an increase in the number of CCR2-positive macrophages by day 7 postinfection. The enumeration of transgenic parasites in ear lesions demonstrated a significant reduction in parasite numbers, which coincided with the increased CCR2-positive macrophage migration. CCR2-positive macrophages isolated from ears of mice infected with transgenic parasites contained virtually no parasites. In vitro studies revealed that optimal parasite killing required the recruitment of CCR2-positive macrophages, followed by stimulation with a combination of both MCP-1 and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). This work suggests that the parasite-derived MCP-1 can recruit a restrictive population of CCR2-positive macrophages into lesions that can be optimally stimulated by MCP-1 and IFN-gamma to efficiently kill Leishmania parasites.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemokine CCL2/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ear/parasitology
- Flow Cytometry
- Foot/parasitology
- Immunity, Innate
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Leishmania major/genetics
- Leishmania major/growth & development
- Leishmania major/immunology
- Leishmania major/isolation & purification
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/parasitology
- Macrophages/chemistry
- Macrophages/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, CCR2
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Spleen/parasitology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Conrad
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Rm. 1103 Microbiology Bldg., University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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50
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Trakatelli C, Frydas S, Hatzistilianou M, Papadopoulos E, Simeonidou I, Founta A, Paludi D, Petrarca C, Castellani ML, Papaioannou N, Salini V, Conti P, Kempuraj D, Vecchiet J. Chemokines as markers for parasite-induced inflammation and tumors. Int J Biol Markers 2006; 20:197-203. [PMID: 16398400 DOI: 10.1177/172460080502000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are a group of small secreted proteins (8-10 kDa) produced and released by a wide variety of cell types. They were originally described as mediators of leukocyte recruitment, which is essential in acute and chronic inflammation. They also play a critical role in many pathophysiological processes such as allergic responses, infections and autoimmune diseases, tumor growth and hematopoietic development. This review introduces the three supergene families of chemokines (CXC, CC and C) with emphasis on their important role in different states in humans and in animal models with parasitic diseases. The concentration of transcription and translation of the cytokines and chemokines in the parasitic diseases may be an important marker for evaluation of the inflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Trakatelli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Georgios Gennimatas Hospital, Thessaloniki
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