1
|
Velankar KY, Liu W, Hartmeier PR, Veleke SR, Reddy GA, Clegg B, Gawalt ES, Fan Y, Meng WS. Fibril-Guided Three-Dimensional Assembly of Human Fibroblastic Reticular Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024. [PMID: 38805413 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) are stromal cells (SCs) that can be isolated from lymph node (LN) biopsies. Studies have shown that these nonhematopoietic cells have the capacity to shape and regulate adaptive immunity and can become a form of personalized cell therapy. Successful translational efforts, however, require the cells to be formulated as injectable units, with their native architecture preserved. The intrinsic reticular organization of FRCs, however, is lost in the monolayer cultures. Organizing FRCs into three-dimensional (3D) clusters would recapitulate their structural and functional attributes. Herein, we report a scaffolding method based on the self-assembling peptide (SAP) EAKII biotinylated at the N-terminus (EAKbt). Cross-linking with avidin transformed the EAKbt fibrils into a dense network of coacervates. The combined forces of fibrillization and bioaffinity interactions in the cross-linked EAKbt likely drove the cells into a cohesive 3D reticula. This facile method of generating clustered FRCs (clFRCs) can be completed within 10 days. In vitro clFRCs attracted the infiltration of T cells and rendered an immunosuppressive milieu in the cocultures. These results demonstrate the potential of clFRCs as a method for stromal cell delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ketki Y Velankar
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Wen Liu
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15212, United States
| | - Paul R Hartmeier
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Samuel R Veleke
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Gayathri Aparnasai Reddy
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Benjamin Clegg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Ellen S Gawalt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yong Fan
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15212, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Wilson S Meng
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15282, United States
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maiti G, Ashworth S, Choi T, Chakravarti S. Molecular cues for immune cells from small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans in their extracellular matrix-associated and free forms. Matrix Biol 2023; 123:48-58. [PMID: 37793508 PMCID: PMC10841460 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review we highlight emerging immune regulatory functions of lumican, keratocan, fibromodulin, biglycan and decorin, which are members of the small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRP) of the extracellular matrix (ECM). These SLRPs have been studied extensively as collagen-fibril regulatory structural components of the skin, cornea, bone and cartilage in homeostasis. However, SLRPs released from a remodeling ECM, or synthesized by activated fibroblasts and immune cells contribute to an ECM-free pool in tissues and circulation, that may have a significant, but poorly understood foot print in inflammation and disease. Their molecular interactions and the signaling networks they influence also require investigations. Here we present studies on the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motifs of SLRP core proteins, their evolutionary and functional relationships with other LRR pathogen recognition receptors, such as the toll-like receptors (TLRs) to bring some molecular clarity in the immune regulatory functions of SLRPs. We discuss molecular interactions of fragments and intact SLRPs, and how some of these interactions are likely modulated by glycosaminoglycan side chains. We integrate findings on molecular interactions of these SLRPs together with what is known about their presence in circulation and lymph nodes (LN), which are important sites of immune cell regulation. Recent bulk and single cell RNA sequencing studies have identified subsets of stromal reticular cells that express these SLRPs within LNs. An understanding of the cellular source, molecular interactions and signaling consequences will lead to a fundamental understanding of how SLRPs modulate immune responses, and to therapeutic tools based on these SLRPs in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Maiti
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sean Ashworth
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tansol Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shukti Chakravarti
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Santorella E, Balsbaugh JL, Ge S, Saboori P, Baker D, Pachter JS. Proteomic interrogation of the meninges reveals the molecular identities of structural components and regional distinctions along the CNS axis. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:74. [PMID: 37858244 PMCID: PMC10588166 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00473-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The meninges surround the brain and spinal cord, affording physical protection while also serving as a niche of neuroimmune activity. Though possessing stromal qualities, its complex cellular and extracellular makeup has yet to be elaborated, and it remains unclear whether the meninges vary along the neuroaxis. Hence, studies were carried-out to elucidate the protein composition and structural organization of brain and spinal cord meninges in normal, adult Biozzi ABH mice. First, shotgun, bottom-up proteomics was carried-out. Prominent proteins at both brain and spinal levels included Type II collagen and Type II keratins, representing extracellular matrix (ECM) and cytoskeletal categories, respectively. While the vast majority of total proteins detected was shared between both meningeal locales, more were uniquely detected in brain than in spine. This pattern was also seen when total proteins were subdivided by cellular compartment, except in the case of the ECM category where brain and spinal meninges each had near equal number of unique proteins, and Type V and type III collagen registered exclusively in the spine. Quantitative analysis revealed differential expression of several collagens and cytoskeletal proteins between brain and spinal meninges. High-resolution immunofluorescence and immunogold-scanning electronmicroscopy on sections from whole brain and spinal cord - still encased within bone -identified major proteins detected by proteomics, and highlighted their association with cellular and extracellular elements of variously shaped arachnoid trabeculae. Western blotting aligned with the proteomic and immunohistological analyses, reinforcing differential appearance of proteins in brain vs spinal meninges. Results could reflect regional distinctions in meninges that govern protective and/or neuroimmune functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Santorella
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Jeremy L Balsbaugh
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Center for Open Research Resources & Equipment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Shujun Ge
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Parisa Saboori
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manhattan College, Bronx, NY, 10071, USA
| | - David Baker
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, England
| | - Joel S Pachter
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gödde D, Degener S, Walles C, Keller R, Graf K, Tosch M, Krege S, Musch M, Kvasnicka HM, Ackermann M, Störkel S, von Rundstedt FC. Degenerative Changes in Aging Human Pelvic Lymph Nodes-A Reason to Rethink Staging and Therapy of Regional Malignancies? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4754. [PMID: 37835449 PMCID: PMC10571730 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph node metastases are common in pelvic urological tumors, and the age-related remodeling process of the pelvic lymph nodes influences metastatic behavior. The aim of this work is to characterize age-related degenerative changes in the pelvic lymph nodes with respect to their occurrence and extent. A total of 5173 pelvic lymph nodes of 390 patients aged 44 to 79 years (median 68 years, IQR 62-71 years) were histologically examined for degenerative structural changes. Lymph node size, lipomatous atrophy, capsular fibrosis, framework fibrosis, and calcifications were recorded semi-quantitatively and evaluated by age group. Significantly more lymph nodes <10 mm were found in older patients (p = 0.001). The incidence of framework fibrosis, capsular fibrosis, and calcifications increased significantly with increasing patient age (p < 0.001). In lipomatous atrophy, an increase in mild to moderate lipomatous atrophy was observed with increasing age (p < 0.001). In this, the largest study to date on this topic, age-related degenerative changes in pelvic lymph nodes were proven. Due to the consecutive decrease in hte filtration function of pelvic lymph nodes with increasing age, staging and therapy of metastatic pelvic urologic carcinomas should be reconsidered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gödde
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Stephan Degener
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
- Department of Urology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Christine Walles
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Rosalie Keller
- Clinic for Otolaryngology, HELIOS-Hospital, 47805 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Katharina Graf
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
- Centre for Clinical Trials, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Marco Tosch
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Susanne Krege
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Urologic Oncology, Evangelische Kliniken Essen-Mitte, 45136 Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Musch
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Urologic Oncology, Evangelische Kliniken Essen-Mitte, 45136 Essen, Germany
| | - Hans Michael Kvasnicka
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Maximilian Ackermann
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Stephan Störkel
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Friedrich-Carl von Rundstedt
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
- Department of Urology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yunger S, Geiger B, Friedman N, Besser MJ, Adutler-Lieber S. Modulating the proliferative and cytotoxic properties of patient-derived TIL by a synthetic immune niche of immobilized CCL21 and ICAM1. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1116328. [PMID: 36937426 PMCID: PMC10020329 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1116328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in developing an effective adoptive cancer immunotherapy is the ex-vivo generation of tumor-reactive cells in sufficient numbers and with enhanced cytotoxic potential. It was recently demonstrated that culturing of activated murine CD8+ T-cells on a "Synthetic Immune Niche" (SIN), consisting of immobilized CCL21 and ICAM-1, enhances T-cell expansion, increases their cytotoxicity against cultured cancer cells and suppresses tumor growth in vivo. In the study reported here, we have tested the effect of the CCL21+ICAM1 SIN, on the expansion and cytotoxic phenotype of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL) from melanoma patients, following activation with immobilized anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation, or commercial activation beads. The majority of TIL tested, displayed higher expansion when cultured on the coated SIN compared to cells incubated on uncoated substrate and a lower frequency of TIM-3+CD8+ cells after stimulation with anti-CD3/CD28 beads. Comparable enhancement of TIL proliferation was obtained by the CCL21+ICAM1 SIN, in a clinical setting that included a 14-day rapid expansion procedure (REP). Co-incubation of post-REP TIL with matching target cancerous cells demonstrated increased IFNγ secretion beyond baseline in most of the TIL cultures, as well as a significant increase in granzyme B levels following activation on SIN. The SIN did not significantly alter the relative frequency of CD8/CD4 populations, as well as the expression of CD28, CD25, several exhaustion markers and the differentiation status of the expanded cells. These results demonstrate the potential capacity of the CCL21+ICAM1 SIN to reinforce TIL-based immunotherapy for cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Yunger
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Benjamin Geiger
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- *Correspondence: Benjamin Geiger, ; Michal J. Besser,
| | - Nir Friedman
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal J. Besser
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Advanced Technology Unit, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
- *Correspondence: Benjamin Geiger, ; Michal J. Besser,
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nanoadjuvants Actively targeting lymph node conduits and blocking tumor invasion in lymphatic vessels. J Control Release 2022; 352:497-506. [PMID: 36341931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Great efforts have been made to manipulate nanoparticles (NPs) with a diameter of 10-100 nm to passively target lymph nodes (LNs) to magnitude anti-tumor activity of T cells. However, no attention has been paid to increasing the retention of NPs with active affinity in order to induce a prolonged release of antigens or molecular adjuvants in the LNs mattering the immune response. Here, we formulated two NPs encapsulated with imiquimod (IMQ), a TLR7/8 agonist, and paclitaxel (PTX) and further modified them with tannic acid (TA), respectively, to generate IMQ NP and PTX NP with a final diameter of approximately 40 nm. Attributing a strong affinity of TA molecules to the elastin of LN conduits, the TA modified IMQ NPs can bypass the gaps in the layer of lymphatic endothelial cells and enter the paracortex through the lymph node capsule-associated (LNC) conduits. Similarly, the TA modified PTX NPs increased delivery of PTX to the metastatic tumor site in LNs, where the tumor-associated antigens were released and presented by conduits-lining dendritic cells to activate T cells. Thus, the NPs with deposition to LN conduits showed excellent performance in preventing lymphovascular invasion of triple-negative breast cancer cells and lung metastasis thereafter. On the contrary, the NPs without TA flowed through the subcutaneous sinus existing LNs directly by efferent lymphatic vessels showing relatively poor therapeutic outcomes. This study reveals that TA may mediate the long retention of antigens and molecular adjuvants to be delivered to deep LNs for developing potent vaccination technology.
Collapse
|
7
|
Assen FP, Abe J, Hons M, Hauschild R, Shamipour S, Kaufmann WA, Costanzo T, Krens G, Brown M, Ludewig B, Hippenmeyer S, Heisenberg CP, Weninger W, Hannezo E, Luther SA, Stein JV, Sixt M. Multitier mechanics control stromal adaptations in the swelling lymph node. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1246-1255. [PMID: 35817845 PMCID: PMC9355878 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01257-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) comprise two main structural elements: fibroblastic reticular cells that form dedicated niches for immune cell interaction and capsular fibroblasts that build a shell around the organ. Immunological challenge causes LNs to increase more than tenfold in size within a few days. Here, we characterized the biomechanics of LN swelling on the cellular and organ scale. We identified lymphocyte trapping by influx and proliferation as drivers of an outward pressure force, causing fibroblastic reticular cells of the T-zone (TRCs) and their associated conduits to stretch. After an initial phase of relaxation, TRCs sensed the resulting strain through cell matrix adhesions, which coordinated local growth and remodeling of the stromal network. While the expanded TRC network readopted its typical configuration, a massive fibrotic reaction of the organ capsule set in and countered further organ expansion. Thus, different fibroblast populations mechanically control LN swelling in a multitier fashion. Sixt and colleagues show that different fibroblast populations in the lymph node mechanically control its swelling in a multitier fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank P Assen
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria. .,Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jun Abe
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Hons
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria.,BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Hauschild
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Shayan Shamipour
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Walter A Kaufmann
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Tommaso Costanzo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Gabriel Krens
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Markus Brown
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edouard Hannezo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jens V Stein
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mestre H, Verma N, Greene TD, Lin LA, Ladron-de-Guevara A, Sweeney AM, Liu G, Thomas VK, Galloway CA, de Mesy Bentley KL, Nedergaard M, Mehta RI. Periarteriolar spaces modulate cerebrospinal fluid transport into brain and demonstrate altered morphology in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3897. [PMID: 35794106 PMCID: PMC9259669 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31257-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular spaces (PVS) drain brain waste metabolites, but their specific flow paths are debated. Meningeal pia mater reportedly forms the outermost boundary that confines flow around blood vessels. Yet, we show that pia is perforated and permissive to PVS fluid flow. Furthermore, we demonstrate that pia is comprised of vascular and cerebral layers that coalesce in variable patterns along leptomeningeal arteries, often merging around penetrating arterioles. Heterogeneous pial architectures form variable sieve-like structures that differentially influence cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) transport along PVS. The degree of pial coverage correlates with macrophage density and phagocytosis of CSF tracer. In vivo imaging confirms transpial influx of CSF tracer, suggesting a role of pia in CSF filtration, but not flow restriction. Additionally, pial layers atrophy with age. Old mice also exhibit areas of pial denudation that are not observed in young animals, but pia is unexpectedly hypertrophied in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, pial thickness correlates with improved CSF flow and reduced β-amyloid deposits in PVS of old mice. We show that PVS morphology in mice is variable and that the structure and function of pia suggests a previously unrecognized role in regulating CSF transport and amyloid clearance in aging and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Mestre
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA ,grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Natasha Verma
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Thom D. Greene
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - LiJing A. Lin
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Antonio Ladron-de-Guevara
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Amanda M. Sweeney
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Guojun Liu
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - V. Kaye Thomas
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Chad A. Galloway
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Karen L. de Mesy Bentley
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XCenter for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rupal I. Mehta
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA ,grid.240684.c0000 0001 0705 3621Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA ,grid.240684.c0000 0001 0705 3621Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bogdani M, Simeonovic C, Nagy N, Johnson PY, Chan CK, Wight TN. Detection of Glycosaminoglycans in Pancreatic Islets and Lymphoid Tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2303:695-717. [PMID: 34626417 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1398-6_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we describe the detection of the glycosaminoglycans hyaluronan and heparan sulfate in pancreatic islets and lymphoid tissues. The identification of hyaluronan in tissues is achieved by utilizing a highly specific hyaluronan binding protein (HABP) probe that interacts with hyaluronan in tissue sections. The HABP probe is prepared by enzymatic digestion of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan aggrecan which is present in bovine nasal cartilage and is then biotinylated in the presence of bound hyaluronan and the link protein. Hyaluronan is then removed by gel filtration chromatography. The biotinylated HABP-link protein complex is applied to tissue sections, and binding of the complex to tissue hyaluronan is visualized by enzymatic precipitation of chromogenic substrates.To determine hyaluronan content in tissues, tissues are first proteolytically digested to release hyaluronan from the macromolecular complexes that this molecule forms with other extracellular matrix constituents. Digested tissue is then incubated with HABP . The hyaluronan-HABP complexes are extracted, and the hyaluronan concentration in the tissue is determined using an ELISA-like assay.Historically, heparan sulfate was identified in tissue sections using the cationic dye Alcian blue and histochemistry based on the critical electrolyte concentration principle of differential staining of glycosaminoglycans using salt solutions. For both human and mouse pancreas sections, the current optimal method for detecting heparan sulfate is by indirect immunohistochemistry using a specific anti-heparan sulfate monoclonal antibody. A peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody is then applied, and its binding to the anti-heparan sulfate antibody is visualized by oxidation and precipitation of a chromogenic substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Bogdani
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charmaine Simeonovic
- Diabetes/Transplantation Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nadine Nagy
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pamela Y Johnson
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christina K Chan
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Thorny ground, rocky soil: Tissue-specific mechanisms of tumor dormancy and relapse. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 78:104-123. [PMID: 33979673 PMCID: PMC9595433 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) spread systemically yet distinct patterns of metastasis indicate a range of tissue susceptibility to metastatic colonization. Distinctions between permissive and suppressive tissues are still being elucidated at cellular and molecular levels. Although there is a growing appreciation for the role of the microenvironment in regulating metastatic success, we have a limited understanding of how diverse tissues regulate DTC dormancy, the state of reversible quiescence and subsequent awakening thought to contribute to delayed relapse. Several themes of microenvironmental regulation of dormancy are beginning to emerge, including vascular association, co-option of pre-existing niches, metabolic adaptation, and immune evasion, with tissue-specific nuances. Conversely, DTC awakening is often associated with injury or inflammation-induced activation of the stroma, promoting a proliferative environment with DTCs following suit. We review what is known about tissue-specific regulation of tumor dormancy on a tissue-by-tissue basis, profiling major metastatic organs including the bone, lung, brain, liver, and lymph node. An aerial view of the barriers to metastatic growth may reveal common targets and dependencies to inform the therapeutic prevention of relapse.
Collapse
|
11
|
Makris S, de Winde CM, Horsnell HL, Cantoral-Rebordinos JA, Finlay RE, Acton SE. Immune function and dysfunction are determined by lymphoid tissue efficacy. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049256. [PMID: 35072206 PMCID: PMC8807573 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid tissue returns to a steady state once each immune response is resolved, and although this occurs multiple times throughout life, its structural integrity and functionality remain unaffected. Stromal cells orchestrate cellular interactions within lymphoid tissue, and any changes to the microenvironment can have detrimental outcomes and drive disease. A breakdown in lymphoid tissue homeostasis can lead to a loss of tissue structure and function that can cause aberrant immune responses. This Review highlights recent advances in our understanding of lymphoid tissue function and remodelling in adaptive immunity and in disease states. We discuss the functional role of lymphoid tissue in disease progression and explore the changes to lymphoid tissue structure and function driven by infection, chronic inflammatory conditions and cancer. Understanding the role of lymphoid tissues in immune responses to a wide range of pathologies allows us to take a fuller systemic view of disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Makris
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Charlotte M. de Winde
- Department for Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Harry L. Horsnell
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jesús A. Cantoral-Rebordinos
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rachel E. Finlay
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sophie E. Acton
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kanda Y, Okazaki T, Katakai T. Motility Dynamics of T Cells in Tumor-Draining Lymph Nodes: A Rational Indicator of Antitumor Response and Immune Checkpoint Blockade. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4616. [PMID: 34572844 PMCID: PMC8465463 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The migration status of T cells within the densely packed tissue environment of lymph nodes reflects the ongoing activation state of adaptive immune responses. Upon encountering antigen-presenting dendritic cells, actively migrating T cells that are specific to cognate antigens slow down and are eventually arrested on dendritic cells to form immunological synapses. This dynamic transition of T cell motility is a fundamental strategy for the efficient scanning of antigens, followed by obtaining the adequate activation signals. After receiving antigenic stimuli, T cells begin to proliferate, and the expression of immunoregulatory receptors (such as CTLA-4 and PD-1) is induced on their surface. Recent findings have revealed that these 'immune checkpoint' molecules control the activation as well as motility of T cells in various situations. Therefore, the outcome of tumor immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibitors is assumed to be closely related to the alteration of T cell motility, particularly in tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs). In this review, we discuss the migration dynamics of T cells during their activation in TDLNs, and the roles of checkpoint molecules in T cell motility, to provide some insight into the effect of tumor immunotherapy via checkpoint blockade, in terms of T cell dynamics and the importance of TDLNs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kanda
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 950-8510, Japan;
| | - Taku Okazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan;
| | - Tomoya Katakai
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 950-8510, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Acton SE, Onder L, Novkovic M, Martinez VG, Ludewig B. Communication, construction, and fluid control: lymphoid organ fibroblastic reticular cell and conduit networks. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:782-794. [PMID: 34362676 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) are a crucial part of the stromal cell infrastructure of secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). Lymphoid organ fibroblasts form specialized niches for immune cell interactions and thereby govern lymphocyte activation and differentiation. Moreover, FRCs produce and ensheath a network of extracellular matrix (ECM) microfibers called the conduit system. FRC-generated conduits contribute to fluid and immune cell control by funneling fluids containing antigens and inflammatory mediators through the SLOs. We review recent progress in FRC biology that has advanced our understanding of immune cell functions and interactions. We discuss the intricate relationships between the cellular FRC and the fibrillar conduit networks, which together form the basis for efficient communication between immune cells and the tissues they survey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Acton
- Stromal Immunology Group, Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Lucas Onder
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Mario Novkovic
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Victor G Martinez
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shanti A, Hallfors N, Petroianu GA, Planelles L, Stefanini C. Lymph Nodes-On-Chip: Promising Immune Platforms for Pharmacological and Toxicological Applications. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:711307. [PMID: 34483920 PMCID: PMC8415712 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.711307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Organs-on-chip are gaining increasing attention as promising platforms for drug screening and testing applications. However, lymph nodes-on-chip options remain limited although the lymph node is one of the main determinants of the immunotoxicity of newly developed pharmacological drugs. In this review, we describe existing biomimetic lymph nodes-on-chip, their design, and their physiological relevance to pharmacology and shed the light on future directions associated with lymph node-on-chip design and implementation in drug discovery and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Shanti
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nicholas Hallfors
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Georg A Petroianu
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lourdes Planelles
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Cesare Stefanini
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Korpos É, Kadri N, Loismann S, Findeisen CR, Arfuso F, Burke GW, Richardson SJ, Morgan NG, Bogdani M, Pugliese A, Sorokin L. Identification and characterisation of tertiary lymphoid organs in human type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2021; 64:1626-1641. [PMID: 33912981 PMCID: PMC8187221 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We and others previously reported the presence of tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) in the pancreas of NOD mice, where they play a role in the development of type 1 diabetes. Our aims here are to investigate whether TLOs are present in the pancreas of individuals with type 1 diabetes and to characterise their distinctive features, in comparison with TLOs present in NOD mouse pancreases, in order to interpret their functional significance. METHODS Using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, we examined the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cellular constituents of pancreatic TLOs from individuals with ongoing islet autoimmunity in three distinct clinical settings of type 1 diabetes: at risk of diabetes; at/after diagnosis; and in the transplanted pancreas with recurrent diabetes. Comparisons were made with TLOs from 14-week-old NOD mice, which contain islets exhibiting mild to heavy leucocyte infiltration. We determined the frequency of the TLOs in human type 1diabetes with insulitis and investigated the presence of TLOs in relation to age of onset, disease duration and disease severity. RESULTS TLOs were identified in preclinical and clinical settings of human type 1 diabetes. The main characteristics of these TLOs, including the cellular and ECM composition of reticular fibres (RFs), the presence of high endothelial venules and immune cell subtypes detected, were similar to those observed for TLOs from NOD mouse pancreases. Among 21 donors with clinical type 1 diabetes who exhibited insulitis, 12 had TLOs and had developed disease at younger age compared with those lacking TLOs. Compartmentalised TLOs with distinct T cell and B cell zones were detected in donors with short disease duration. Overall, TLOs were mainly associated with insulin-containing islets and their frequency decreased with increasing severity of beta cell loss. Parallel studies in NOD mice further revealed some differences in so far as regulatory T cells were essentially absent from human pancreatic TLOs and CCL21 was not associated with RFs. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We demonstrate a novel feature of pancreas pathology in type 1 diabetes. TLOs represent a potential site of autoreactive effector T cell generation in islet autoimmunity and our data from mouse and human tissues suggest that they disappear once the destructive process has run its course. Thus, TLOs may be important for type 1 diabetes progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Éva Korpos
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
| | - Nadir Kadri
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophie Loismann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Clais R Findeisen
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Frank Arfuso
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - George W Burke
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sarah J Richardson
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Noel G Morgan
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Marika Bogdani
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lydia Sorokin
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Correa-Gallegos D, Jiang D, Rinkevich Y. Fibroblasts as confederates of the immune system. Immunol Rev 2021; 302:147-162. [PMID: 34036608 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblastic stromal cells are as diverse, in origin and function, as the niches they fashion in the mammalian body. This cellular variety impacts the spectrum of responses elicited by the immune system. Fibroblast influence on the immune system keeps evolving our perspective on fibroblast roles and functions beyond just a passive structural part of organs. This review discusses the foundations of fibroblastic stromal-immune crosstalk, under the scope of stromal heterogeneity as a basis for tissue-specific tutoring of the immune system. Focusing on the skin as a relevant immunological organ, we detail the complex interactions between distinct fibroblast populations and immune cells that occur during homeostasis, injury repair, scarring, and disease. We further review the relevance of fibroblastic stromal cell heterogeneity and how this heterogeneity is central to regulate the immune system from its inception during embryonic development into adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donovan Correa-Gallegos
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dongsheng Jiang
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Yuval Rinkevich
- Institute of Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ferreira BO, Gamarra LF, Nucci MP, Oliveira FA, Rego GNA, Marti L. LN-Derived Fibroblastic Reticular Cells and Their Impact on T Cell Response—A Systematic Review. Cells 2021; 10:1150. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.3390/cells10051150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs), usually found and isolated from the T cell zone of lymph nodes, have recently been described as much more than simple structural cells. Originally, these cells were described to form a conduit system called the “reticular fiber network” and for being responsible for transferring the lymph fluid drained from tissues through afferent lymphatic vessels to the T cell zone. However, nowadays, these cells are described as being capable of secreting several cytokines and chemokines and possessing the ability to interfere with the immune response, improving it, and also controlling lymphocyte proliferation. Here, we performed a systematic review of the several methods employed to investigate the mechanisms used by fibroblastic reticular cells to control the immune response, as well as their ability in determining the fate of T cells. We searched articles indexed and published in the last five years, between 2016 and 2020, in PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane, following the PRISMA guidelines. We found 175 articles published in the literature using our searching strategies, but only 24 articles fulfilled our inclusion criteria and are discussed here. Other articles important in the built knowledge of FRCs were included in the introduction and discussion. The studies selected for this review used different strategies in order to access the contribution of FRCs to different mechanisms involved in the immune response: 21% evaluated viral infection in this context, 13% used a model of autoimmunity, 8% used a model of GvHD or cancer, 4% used a model of Ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI). Another four studies just targeted a particular signaling pathway, such as MHC II expression, FRC microvesicles, FRC secretion of IL-15, FRC network, or ablation of the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-producing ectoenzyme autotaxin. In conclusion, our review shows the strategies used by several studies to isolate and culture fibroblastic reticular cells, the models chosen by each one, and dissects their main findings and implications in homeostasis and disease.
Collapse
|
18
|
LN-Derived Fibroblastic Reticular Cells and Their Impact on T Cell Response-A Systematic Review. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051150. [PMID: 34068712 PMCID: PMC8151444 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs), usually found and isolated from the T cell zone of lymph nodes, have recently been described as much more than simple structural cells. Originally, these cells were described to form a conduit system called the “reticular fiber network” and for being responsible for transferring the lymph fluid drained from tissues through afferent lymphatic vessels to the T cell zone. However, nowadays, these cells are described as being capable of secreting several cytokines and chemokines and possessing the ability to interfere with the immune response, improving it, and also controlling lymphocyte proliferation. Here, we performed a systematic review of the several methods employed to investigate the mechanisms used by fibroblastic reticular cells to control the immune response, as well as their ability in determining the fate of T cells. We searched articles indexed and published in the last five years, between 2016 and 2020, in PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane, following the PRISMA guidelines. We found 175 articles published in the literature using our searching strategies, but only 24 articles fulfilled our inclusion criteria and are discussed here. Other articles important in the built knowledge of FRCs were included in the introduction and discussion. The studies selected for this review used different strategies in order to access the contribution of FRCs to different mechanisms involved in the immune response: 21% evaluated viral infection in this context, 13% used a model of autoimmunity, 8% used a model of GvHD or cancer, 4% used a model of Ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI). Another four studies just targeted a particular signaling pathway, such as MHC II expression, FRC microvesicles, FRC secretion of IL-15, FRC network, or ablation of the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-producing ectoenzyme autotaxin. In conclusion, our review shows the strategies used by several studies to isolate and culture fibroblastic reticular cells, the models chosen by each one, and dissects their main findings and implications in homeostasis and disease.
Collapse
|
19
|
Rafi H, Zestos AG. Review-Recent Advances in FSCV Detection of Neurochemicals via Waveform and Carbon Microelectrode Modification. JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021; 168:057520. [PMID: 34108735 PMCID: PMC8186302 DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ac0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is an analytical technique that was first developed over 30 years ago. Since then, it has been extensively used to detect dopamine using carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs). More recently, electrode modifications and waveform refinement have enabled the detection of a wider variety of neurochemicals including nucleosides such as adenosine and guanosine, neurotransmitter metabolites of dopamine, and neuropeptides such as enkephalin. These alterations have facilitated the selectivity of certain biomolecules over others to enhance the measurement of the analyte of interest while excluding interferants. In this review, we detail these modifications and how specializing CFME sensors allows neuro-analytical researchers to develop tools to understand the neurochemistry of the brain in disease states and provide groundwork for translational work in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harmain Rafi
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States of America
| | - Alexander G. Zestos
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
In Sickness and in Health: The Immunological Roles of the Lymphatic System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094458. [PMID: 33923289 PMCID: PMC8123157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system plays crucial roles in immunity far beyond those of simply providing conduits for leukocytes and antigens in lymph fluid. Endothelial cells within this vasculature are distinct and highly specialized to perform roles based upon their location. Afferent lymphatic capillaries have unique intercellular junctions for efficient uptake of fluid and macromolecules, while expressing chemotactic and adhesion molecules that permit selective trafficking of specific immune cell subsets. Moreover, in response to events within peripheral tissue such as inflammation or infection, soluble factors from lymphatic endothelial cells exert “remote control” to modulate leukocyte migration across high endothelial venules from the blood to lymph nodes draining the tissue. These immune hubs are highly organized and perfectly arrayed to survey antigens from peripheral tissue while optimizing encounters between antigen-presenting cells and cognate lymphocytes. Furthermore, subsets of lymphatic endothelial cells exhibit differences in gene expression relating to specific functions and locality within the lymph node, facilitating both innate and acquired immune responses through antigen presentation, lymph node remodeling and regulation of leukocyte entry and exit. This review details the immune cell subsets in afferent and efferent lymph, and explores the mechanisms by which endothelial cells of the lymphatic system regulate such trafficking, for immune surveillance and tolerance during steady-state conditions, and in response to infection, acute and chronic inflammation, and subsequent resolution.
Collapse
|
21
|
Huang J, Zhang L, Wan D, Zhou L, Zheng S, Lin S, Qiao Y. Extracellular matrix and its therapeutic potential for cancer treatment. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:153. [PMID: 33888679 PMCID: PMC8062524 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00544-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is one of the major components of tumors that plays multiple crucial roles, including mechanical support, modulation of the microenvironment, and a source of signaling molecules. The quantity and cross-linking status of ECM components are major factors determining tissue stiffness. During tumorigenesis, the interplay between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) often results in the stiffness of the ECM, leading to aberrant mechanotransduction and further malignant transformation. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of ECM dysregulation in the TME would contribute to the discovery of promising therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. Herein, we summarized the knowledge concerning the following: (1) major ECM constituents and their functions in both normal and malignant conditions; (2) the interplay between cancer cells and the ECM in the TME; (3) key receptors for mechanotransduction and their alteration during carcinogenesis; and (4) the current therapeutic strategies targeting aberrant ECM for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Huang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Dalong Wan
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Shengzhang Lin
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
- Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| | - Yiting Qiao
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, 310003, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hallfors N, Shanti A, Sapudom J, Teo J, Petroianu G, Lee S, Planelles L, Stefanini C. Multi-Compartment Lymph-Node-on-a-Chip Enables Measurement of Immune Cell Motility in Response to Drugs. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8020019. [PMID: 33572571 PMCID: PMC7912616 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Organs On-a-Chip represent novel platforms for modelling human physiology and disease. The lymph node (LN) is a relevant immune organ in which B and T lymphocytes are spatially organized in a complex architecture, and it is the place where the immune response initiates. The present study addresses the utility of a recently designed LN-on-a-chip to dissect and understand the effect of drugs delivered to cells in a fluidic multicellular 3D setting that mimics the human LN. To do so, we analyzed the motility and viability of human B and T cells exposed to hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). We show that the innovative LN platform, which operates at a microscale level, allows real-time monitoring of co-cultured B and T cells by imaging, and supports cellular random movement. HCQ delivered to cells through a constant and continuous flow induces a reduction in T cell velocity while promotes persistent rotational motion. We also find that HCQ increases the production of reactive oxygen species in T cells. Taken together, these results highlight the potential of the LN-on-a-chip to be applied in drug screening and development, and in cellular dynamics studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Hallfors
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; (N.H.); (A.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Aya Shanti
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; (N.H.); (A.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Jiranuwat Sapudom
- Laboratory for Immuno Bioengineering Research and Applications, Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates; (J.S.); (J.T.)
| | - Jeremy Teo
- Laboratory for Immuno Bioengineering Research and Applications, Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates; (J.S.); (J.T.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, New York University, P.O. Box 903, New York, NY 10276-0903, USA
| | - Georg Petroianu
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates;
| | - SungMun Lee
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; (N.H.); (A.S.); (S.L.)
- Khalifa University’s Center for Biotechnology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lourdes Planelles
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; (N.H.); (A.S.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (L.P.); Tel.: +971-2-501-8472 (C.S. & L.P.)
| | - Cesare Stefanini
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; (N.H.); (A.S.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (L.P.); Tel.: +971-2-501-8472 (C.S. & L.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mitchell CD, Criscitiello MF. Comparative study of cartilaginous fish divulges insights into the early evolution of primary, secondary and mucosal lymphoid tissue architecture. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:435-443. [PMID: 33161090 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cartilaginous fish are located at a pivotal point in phylogeny where the adaptive immune system begins to resemble that of other, more-derived jawed vertebrates, including mammals. For this reason, sharks and other cartilaginous fish are ideal models for studying the natural history of immunity. Insights from such studies may include distinguishing the (evolutionarily conserved) fundamental aspects of adaptive immunity from the (more recent) accessory. Some lymphoid tissues of sharks, including the thymus and spleen, resemble those of mammals in both appearance and function. The cartilaginous skeleton of sharks has no bone marrow, which is also absent in bony fish despite calcified bone, but cartilaginous fish have other Leydig's and epigonal organs that function to provide hematopoiesis analogous to mammalian bone marrow. Conserved across all vertebrate phylogeny in some form is gut-associated lymphoid tissues, or GALT, which is seen from agnathans to mammals. Though it takes many forms, from typhlosole in lamprey to Peyer's patches in mammals, the GALT serves as a site of antigen concentration and exposure to lymphocytes in the digestive tract. Though more complex lymphoid organs are not present in agnathans, they have several primitive tissues, such as the thymoid and supraneural body, that appear to serve their variable lymphocyte receptor-based adaptive immune system. There are several similarities between the adaptive immune structures in cartilaginous and bony fish, such as the thymus and spleen, but there are mechanisms employed in bony fish that in some instances bridge their adaptive immune systems to that of tetrapods. This review summarizes what we know of lymphoid tissues in cartilaginous fishes and uses these data to compare primary and secondary tissues in jawless, cartilaginous, and bony fishes to contextualize the early natural history of vertebrate mucosal immune tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian D Mitchell
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Michael F Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, 77807, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kaji S, Hiruta N, Sasai D, Nagashima M, Ohe R, Yamakawa M. Cytokeratin-positive interstitial reticulum cell (CIRC) tumor in the lymph node: a case report of the transformation from the epithelioid cell type to the spindle cell type. Diagn Pathol 2020; 15:121. [PMID: 32979929 PMCID: PMC7519525 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-020-01032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytokeratin-positive interstitial reticulum cells (CIRCs), which are a subgroup of fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs), are known to be present in the lymph nodes. There have been only a few cases of tumors derived from CIRCs. Case presentation We have reported a new case involving a CIRC tumor in a 75-year-old man and reviewed the literature. The resected mediastinal lymph nodes showed epithelial-like proliferation of large atypical round and polygonal epithelioid cells. The tumor cells expressed CK8, CK18, CAM5.2, AE1/AE3, epithelial membrane antigen, vimentin, fascin, and some FRC markers, which is consistent with the diagnosis of a CIRC tumor. Following chemotherapy, the CIRC tumor was observed to have responded very well and became difficult to confirm on imaging, but a small cell lung carcinoma developed 12 months later. Chemoradiotherapy was performed, but the patient passed away 29 months after the initial diagnosis. The autopsy revealed the recurrence of the CIRC tumor, residual small cell lung carcinoma, and a very small latent carcinoma of the prostate. The relapsed CIRC tumor cells had a spindle shape; they were highly pleomorphic and had invaded the superior vena cava. Conclusion We first reported autopsy findings of CIRC tumors and demonstrated the transformation of the tumor from the epithelioid cell type to the spindle cell type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Kaji
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Chiba Kaihin Municipal Hospital, 3-31-1 Isobe, Mihama-ku, Chiba, 261-0012, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Hiruta
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasai
- Department of Pathology, Seirei Sakura Citizen Hospital, Sakura, Japan
| | - Makoto Nagashima
- Department of Surgery, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura, Japan
| | - Rintaro Ohe
- Department of Pathological Diagnostics, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Yamakawa
- Department of Pathological Diagnostics, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Robbertse L, Richards SA, Stutzer C, Olivier NA, Leisewitz AL, Crafford JE, Maritz-Olivier C. Temporal analysis of the bovine lymph node transcriptome during cattle tick (Rhipicephalus microplus) infestation. Vaccine 2020; 38:6889-6898. [PMID: 32900540 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Livestock production is a fundamental source of revenue and nutrition, wherein cattle-farming constitutes one of the major agricultural industries. Vectors and vector-borne diseases constitute one of the major factors that decrease the livelihood of all farming communities, more so in resource-poor communities and developing countries. Understanding the immunological responses during tick infestation in cattle is instrumental in the development of novel and improved tick control strategies, such as vaccines. In this study, gene expression patterns were compared within the lymph nodes of three cattle breeds at different life stages of the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus. For Bonsmara (5/8Bos taurus indicus × 3/8B. t. taurus) cattle specifically, some 183 genes were found to be differentially expressed within the lymph nodes during larval and adult tick feeding, relative to uninfested cattle. Overall, the data provides evidence for a transcriptional regulatory network that is activated during immature tick infestation, but is down-regulated towards basal transcriptional levels when adult ticks are feeding. Specific processes in the lymph nodes of Bonsmara cattle were found to be differentially regulated on a transcriptional level. These include: (1) Leukocyte recruitment to the lymph node via chemokines and chemotaxis, (2) Trans-endothelial and intranodal movement on the reticular network, (3) Active regulation of cellular transcription and translation in the lymph node (including leukocyte associated cellular regulatory networks) and (4) Chemokine receptors regulating the movement of cells out of the lymph node. This work provides a first transcriptome analysis of bovine lymph node responses in tick-infested cattle. Findings show a dynamic immune response to tick infestation for the Bonsmara cattle breed, and that suppression of the maturation of the cattle hosts' immunity is especially evident during the larval feeding stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luïse Robbertse
- Department of Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sabine A Richards
- Department of Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christian Stutzer
- Department of Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nicholas A Olivier
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa; ACGT Microarray Facility, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andrew L Leisewitz
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jan E Crafford
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christine Maritz-Olivier
- Department of Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
de Winde CM, Munday C, Acton SE. Molecular mechanisms of dendritic cell migration in immunity and cancer. Med Microbiol Immunol 2020; 209:515-529. [PMID: 32451606 PMCID: PMC7395046 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-020-00680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous population of antigen-presenting cells that act to bridge innate and adaptive immunity. DCs are critical in mounting effective immune responses to tissue damage, pathogens and cancer. Immature DCs continuously sample tissues and engulf antigens via endocytic pathways such as phagocytosis or macropinocytosis, which result in DC activation. Activated DCs undergo a maturation process by downregulating endocytosis and upregulating surface proteins controlling migration to lymphoid tissues where DC-mediated antigen presentation initiates adaptive immune responses. To traffic to lymphoid tissues, DCs must adapt their motility mechanisms to migrate within a wide variety of tissue types and cross barriers to enter lymphatics. All steps of DC migration involve cell-cell or cell-substrate interactions. This review discusses DC migration mechanisms in immunity and cancer with a focus on the role of cytoskeletal processes and cell surface proteins, including integrins, lectins and tetraspanins. Understanding the adapting molecular mechanisms controlling DC migration in immunity provides the basis for therapeutic interventions to dampen immune activation in autoimmunity, or to improve anti-tumour immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M de Winde
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Clare Munday
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sophie E Acton
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shanti A, Samara B, Abdullah A, Hallfors N, Accoto D, Sapudom J, Alatoom A, Teo J, Danti S, Stefanini C. Multi-Compartment 3D-Cultured Organ-on-a-Chip: Towards a Biomimetic Lymph Node for Drug Development. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E464. [PMID: 32438634 PMCID: PMC7284904 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of immune cells with drugs and/or with other cell types should be mechanistically investigated in order to reduce attrition of new drug development. However, they are currently only limited technologies that address this need. In our work, we developed initial but significant building blocks that enable such immune-drug studies. We developed a novel microfluidic platform replicating the Lymph Node (LN) microenvironment called LN-on-a-chip, starting from design all the way to microfabrication, characterization and validation in terms of architectural features, fluidics, cytocompatibility, and usability. To prove the biomimetics of this microenvironment, we inserted different immune cell types in a microfluidic device, which showed an in-vivo-like spatial distribution. We demonstrated that the developed LN-on-a-chip incorporates key features of the native human LN, namely, (i) similarity in extracellular matrix composition, morphology, porosity, stiffness, and permeability, (ii) compartmentalization of immune cells within distinct structural domains, (iii) replication of the lymphatic fluid flow pattern, (iv) viability of encapsulated cells in collagen over the typical timeframe of immunotoxicity experiments, and (v) interaction among different cell types across chamber boundaries. Further studies with this platform may assess the immune cell function as a step forward to disclose the effects of pharmaceutics to downstream immunology in more physiologically relevant microenvironments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Shanti
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, UAE; (A.S.); (B.S.); (A.A.); (N.H.)
| | - Bisan Samara
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, UAE; (A.S.); (B.S.); (A.A.); (N.H.)
| | - Amal Abdullah
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, UAE; (A.S.); (B.S.); (A.A.); (N.H.)
| | - Nicholas Hallfors
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, UAE; (A.S.); (B.S.); (A.A.); (N.H.)
| | - Dino Accoto
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
| | - Jiranuwat Sapudom
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, UAE; (J.S.); (A.A.); (J.T.)
| | - Aseel Alatoom
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, UAE; (J.S.); (A.A.); (J.T.)
| | - Jeremy Teo
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, UAE; (J.S.); (A.A.); (J.T.)
- Department of Biomedical and Mechanical Engineering, New York University, P.O. Box 903, New York, NY 10276-0903, USA
| | - Serena Danti
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Cesare Stefanini
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, UAE; (A.S.); (B.S.); (A.A.); (N.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Morgado FN, da Silva AVA, Porrozzi R. Infectious Diseases and the Lymphoid Extracellular Matrix Remodeling: A Focus on Conduit System. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030725. [PMID: 32187985 PMCID: PMC7140664 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The conduit system was described in lymphoid organs as a tubular and reticular set of structures compounded by collagen, laminin, perlecan, and heparin sulfate proteoglycan wrapped by reticular fibroblasts. This tubular system is capable of rapidly transport small molecules such as viruses, antigens, chemokines, cytokines, and immunoglobulins through lymphoid organs. This structure plays an important role in guiding the cells to their particular niches, therefore participating in cell cooperation, antigen presentation, and cellular activation. The remodeling of conduits has been described in chronic inflammation and infectious diseases to improve the transport of antigens to specific T and B cells in lymphoid tissue. However, malnutrition and infectious agents may induce extracellular matrix remodeling directly or indirectly, leading to the microarchitecture disorganization of secondary lymphoid organs and their conduit system. In this process, the fibers and cells that compound the conduit system may also be altered, which affects the development of a specific immune response. This review aims to discuss the extracellular matrix remodeling during infectious diseases with an emphasis on the alterations of molecules from the conduit system, which damages the cellular and molecular transit in secondary lymphoid organs compromising the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda N. Morgado
- Correspondence: (F.N.M.); (R.P.); Tel.: +55-2138658226 (F.N.M.); +55-2138658203 (R.P.)
| | | | - Renato Porrozzi
- Correspondence: (F.N.M.); (R.P.); Tel.: +55-2138658226 (F.N.M.); +55-2138658203 (R.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kähäri L, Fair-Mäkelä R, Auvinen K, Rantakari P, Jalkanen S, Ivaska J, Salmi M. Transcytosis route mediates rapid delivery of intact antibodies to draining lymph nodes. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3086-3102. [PMID: 31232704 DOI: 10.1172/jci125740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) filter lymph to mount effective immune responses. Small soluble lymph-borne molecules from the periphery enter the draining LNs via a reticular conduit system. Intact antibodies and other larger molecules, in contrast, are physically unable to enter the conduits, and they are thought to be transported to the LNs only within migratory DCs after proteolytic degradation. Here, we discovered that lymph-borne antibodies and other large biomolecules enter within seconds into the parenchyma of the draining LN in an intact form. Mechanistically, we found that the uptake of large molecules is a receptor-independent, fluid-phase process that takes place by dynamin-dependent vesicular transcytosis through the lymphatic endothelial cells in the subcapsular sinus of the LN. Physiologically, this pathway mediates a very fast transfer of large protein antigens from the periphery to LN-resident DCs and macrophages. We show that exploitation of the transcytosis system allows enhanced whole-organ imaging and spatially controlled lymphocyte activation by s.c. administered antibodies in vivo. Transcytosis through the floor of the subcapsular sinus thus represents what we believe to be a new physiological and targetable mode of lymph filtering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kähäri
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ruth Fair-Mäkelä
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kaisa Auvinen
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pia Rantakari
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marko Salmi
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Schudel A, Francis DM, Thomas SN. Material design for lymph node drug delivery. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2019; 4:415-428. [PMID: 32523780 PMCID: PMC7286627 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-019-0110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A significant fraction of the total immune cells in the body are located in several hundred lymph nodes, in which lymphocyte accumulation, activation and proliferation are organized. Therefore, targeting lymph nodes provides the possibility to directly deliver drugs to lymphocytes and lymph node-resident cells and thus to modify the adaptive immune response. However, owing to the structure and anatomy of lymph nodes, as well as the distinct localization and migration of the different cell types within the lymph node, it is difficult to access specific cell populations by delivering free drugs. Materials can be used as instructive delivery vehicles to achieve accumulation of drugs in the lymph nodes and to target specific lymph node-resident cell subtypes. In this Review, we describe the compartmental architecture of lymph nodes and the cell and fluid transport mechanisms to and from lymph nodes. We discuss the different entry routes into lymph nodes and how they can be explored for drug delivery, including the lymphatics, blood capillaries, high endothelial venules, cell-mediated pathways, homing of circulating lymphocytes and direct lymph node injection. We examine different nanoscale and microscale materials for the targeting of specific immune cells and highlight their potential for the treatment of immune dysfunction and for cancer immunotherapy. Finally, we give an outlook to the field, exploring how lymph node targeting can be improved by the use of materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Schudel
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Parker H. Petit institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Alex Schudel, David M. Francis
| | - David M Francis
- Parker H. Petit institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Alex Schudel, David M. Francis
| | - Susan N Thomas
- Parker H. Petit institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Soekarjo KMW, Textor J, de Boer RJ. Local Attachment Explains Small World-like Properties of Fibroblastic Reticular Cell Networks in Lymph Nodes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3318-3325. [PMID: 30996001 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) form a cellular network that serves as the structural backbone of lymph nodes and facilitates lymphocyte migration. In mice, this FRC network has been found to have small-world properties. Using a model based on geographical preferential attachment, we simulated the formation of a variety of cellular networks and show that similar small-world properties robustly emerge under such natural conditions. By estimating the parameters of this model, we generated FRC network representations with realistic topological properties. We found that the topological properties change markedly when the network is expanded from a thin slice to a three-dimensional cube. Typical small-world properties were found to persist as network size was increased. The simulated networks were very similar to two-dimensional and three-dimensional lattice networks. According to the used metrics, these lattice networks also have small-world properties, indicating that lattice likeness is sufficient to become classified as a small-world network. Our results explain why FRC networks have small-world properties and provide a framework for simulating realistic FRC networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasper M W Soekarjo
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Johannes Textor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rob J de Boer
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands; and
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kraus T, Lubitz A, Schließer U, Giese C, Reuschel J, Brecht R, Engert J, Winter G. Evaluation of a 3D Human Artificial Lymph Node as Test Model for the Assessment of Immunogenicity of Protein Aggregates. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2358-2366. [PMID: 30797781 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The immunogenicity of protein aggregates has been investigated in numerous studies. Nevertheless, it is still unknown which kind of protein aggregates enhance immunogenicity the most. The ability of the currently used in vitro and in vivo systems regarding their predictability of immunogenicity in humans is often questionable, and results are partially contradictive. In this study, we used a 2D in vitro assay and a complex 3D human artificial lymph node model to predict the immunogenicity of protein aggregates of bevacizumab and adalimumab. The monoclonal antibodies were exposed to different stress conditions such as light, heat, and mechanical stress to trigger the formation of protein aggregates and particles, and samples were analyzed thoroughly. Cells and culture supernatants were harvested and analyzed for dendritic cell marker and cytokines. Our study in the artificial lymph node model revealed that bevacizumab after exposure to heat triggered a TH1- and proinflammatory immune response, whereas no trend of immune responses was seen for adalimumab after exposure to different stress conditions. The human artificial lymph node model represents a new test model for testing the immunogenicity of protein aggregates combining the relevance of a 3D human system with the rather easy handling of an in vitro setup.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Kraus
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr.5, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Annika Lubitz
- ProBioGen AG, Department Cell and Tissue Services, Goethestraße 54, D-13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schließer
- ProBioGen AG, Department Cell and Tissue Services, Goethestraße 54, D-13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Giese
- ProBioGen AG, Department Cell and Tissue Services, Goethestraße 54, D-13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Reuschel
- ProBioGen AG, Department Cell and Tissue Services, Goethestraße 54, D-13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - René Brecht
- ProBioGen AG, Department Cell and Tissue Services, Goethestraße 54, D-13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Engert
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr.5, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr.5, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hensley AL, Colley AR, Ross AE. Real-Time Detection of Melatonin Using Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8642-8650. [PMID: 29932641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is an important hormone whose functions span from regulating circadian rhythm in the brain to providing anti-inflammatory properties in the immune system. Melatonin secretion from the pineal gland is known; however, the mechanism of melatonin signaling in the immune system is not well understood. The lymph node is the hub of the immune system, and melatonin secretion from lymphocytes was proposed to be an important source specifically for regulating cytokine secretion. Methods exist to quantify the concentration of melatonin within biological samples; however, they often suffer from either a lack of selectivity for melatonin over common biological interferences or temporal resolution, which is not amenable to measuring real-time signaling dynamics. Here, we have characterized an electrochemical method for optimal melatonin detection with subsecond resolution using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon-fiber microelectrodes. The oxidation peaks detected for melatonin were at 1.0, 1.1, and 0.6 V. Evidence for electrode fouling of the tertiary peak was present; therefore, an optimized waveform was developed scanning from 0.2 to 1.3 V at 600 V/s. The optimized waveform eliminated the detection of fouling products on the electrode with a 24 ± 10 nM limit of detection. Melatonin was distinguished between biological interferences, and codetection with the major synthetic precursor, serotonin, was possible. This method was used to detect melatonin in live lymph node slices and provides the first real-time measurements within the lymph node using FSCV. Real-time detection of melatonin dynamics could provide useful information on the mechanism of immunomodulation during inflammatory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin L Hensley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| | - Adam R Colley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| | - Ashley E Ross
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Darwish HYA, Zhang Y, Cui K, Yang Z, Han D, Dong X, Mao H, Deng W, Deng X. Molecular cloning and characterization of the endothelin 3 gene in black bone sheep. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:57. [PMID: 29988351 PMCID: PMC6022492 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Black bone sheep was first discovered in Yunnan province of China in 1970, with unique black pigmentation on the body and internal organs. Endothelin 3 (EDN3) has been known as a key gene causing hyperpigmentation in black bone chicken, the Silky fowl. Methods In this study, EDN3 was employed as a candidate gene for regulating black color pigmentation. First, EDN3 was cloned from sheep to obtain the full-length cDNA by using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Genomic EDN3 was screened and a total of thirty predicted single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped for allele and genotype frequency analysis in a case-control study involving two black bone sheep populations. Genomic copy number analysis of EDN3 in sheep was conducted to measure the variation in copy number. EDN3 expression levels were observed among the groups in adult liver, lymph node, and kidney tissues, as well as embryo kidney samples. Also, among the tissues of black bone and non-black bone sheep. Results The size of the full-length cDNA was 1,578 bp, which included 426 bp of 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR), an open reading frame (ORF) of 639 bp encoding a protein of 212 amino acids, and a 3′-UTR of 513 bp. Genotype and allele frequencies of all the discovered SNPs were found insignificantly different in black bone and non-black bone sheep (P > 0.05). Genomic copy number analysis of EDN3 in sheep revealed no significant difference between the two sheep groups. No significant variations were found in the adult liver and kidney embryo samples. However, the expression in lymph node and kidney tissue was significantly higher in black bone sheep than that in non-black bone sheep (P < 0.05). Significant variations in the EDN3 expression levels were observed among the tissues of non-black bone sheep. Conclusions The findings of the present study indicate that unlike in Silky chickens, EDN3 is not responsible for hyperpigmentation but may play a key functional role in immune and excretory systems of black bone sheep. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40104-018-0272-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Y A Darwish
- 1National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Giza, 12618 Egypt
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- 1National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Kai Cui
- 1National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zu Yang
- 1National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Deping Han
- 1National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,3College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xianggui Dong
- 1National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Huaming Mao
- 4College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Weidong Deng
- 4College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Xuemei Deng
- 1National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Adutler-Lieber S, Friedman N, Geiger B. Expansion and Antitumor Cytotoxicity of T-Cells Are Augmented by Substrate-Bound CCL21 and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1303. [PMID: 29942308 PMCID: PMC6004589 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy is based on ex vivo expansion and stimulation of T-cells, followed by their transfer into patients. The need for the ex vivo culturing step provides opportunities for modulating the properties of transferred T-cells, enhancing their antitumor abilities, and increasing their number. Here, we present a synthetic immune niche (SIN) that increases the number and antitumor activity of cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells. We first evaluated the effect of various SIN compositions that mimic the physiological microenvironment encountered by T-cells during their activation and expansion in the lymph node. We found that substrates coated with the chemokine CCL21 together with the adhesion molecule intercellular adhesion molecule 1 significantly increase the number of ovalbumin-specific murine CD8+ T-cells activated by antigen-loaded dendritic cells or activation microbeads. Notably, cells cultured on these substrates also displayed augmented cytotoxic activity toward ovalbumin-expressing melanoma cells, both in culture and in vivo. This increase in specific cytotoxic activity was associated with a major increase in the cellular levels of the killing-mediator granzyme B. Our results suggest that this SIN may be used for generating T-cells with augmented cytotoxic function, for use in cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nir Friedman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Benjamin Geiger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kityo C, Makamdop KN, Rothenberger M, Chipman JG, Hoskuldsson T, Beilman GJ, Grzywacz B, Mugyenyi P, Ssali F, Akondy RS, Anderson J, Schmidt TE, Reimann T, Callisto SP, Schoephoerster J, Schuster J, Muloma P, Ssengendo P, Moysi E, Petrovas C, Lanciotti R, Zhang L, Arévalo MT, Rodriguez B, Ross TM, Trautmann L, Sekaly RP, Lederman MM, Koup RA, Ahmed R, Reilly C, Douek DC, Schacker TW. Lymphoid tissue fibrosis is associated with impaired vaccine responses. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2763-2773. [PMID: 29781814 DOI: 10.1172/jci97377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine responses vary by geographic location. We have previously described how HIV-associated inflammation leads to fibrosis of secondary lymph nodes (LNs) and T cell depletion. We hypothesized that other infections may cause LN inflammation and fibrosis, in a process similar to that seen in HIV infection, which may lead to T cell depletion and affect vaccine responses. We studied LNs of individuals from Kampala, Uganda, before and after yellow fever vaccination (YFV) and found fibrosis in LNs that was similar to that seen in HIV infection. We found blunted antibody responses to YFV that correlated to the amount of LN fibrosis and loss of T cells, including T follicular helper cells. These data suggest that LN fibrosis is not limited to HIV infection and may be associated with impaired immunologic responses to vaccines. This may have an impact on vaccine development, especially for infectious diseases prevalent in the developing world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cissy Kityo
- Joint Clinical Research Center, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Krystelle Nganou Makamdop
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rama S Akondy
- Emory Vaccine Center, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jodi Anderson
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eirini Moysi
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Lin Zhang
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Maria T Arévalo
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology and Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology and Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cavan Reilly
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lin Y, Louie D, Ganguly A, Wu D, Huang P, Liao S. Elastin Shapes Small Molecule Distribution in Lymph Node Conduits. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3142-3150. [PMID: 29592965 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal Ag distribution determines the subsequent T cell and B cell activation at the distinct anatomical locations in the lymph node (LN). It is well known that LN conduits facilitate small Ag distribution in the LN, but the mechanism of how Ags travel along LN conduits remains poorly understood. In C57BL/6J mice, using FITC as a fluorescent tracer to study lymph distribution in the LN, we found that FITC preferentially colocalized with LN capsule-associated (LNC) conduits. Images generated using a transmission electron microscope showed that LNC conduits are composed of solid collagen fibers and are wrapped with fibroblastic cells. Superresolution images revealed that high-intensity FITC is typically colocalized with elastin fibers inside the LNC conduits. Whereas tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate appears to enter LNC conduits as effectively as FITC, fluorescently-labeled Alexa-555-conjugated OVA labels significantly fewer LNC conduits. Importantly, injection of Alexa-555-conjugated OVA with LPS substantially increases OVA distribution along elastin fibers in LNC conduits, indicating immune stimulation is required for effective OVA traveling along elastin in LN conduits. Finally, elastin fibers preferentially surround lymphatic vessels in the skin and likely guide fluid flow to the lymphatic vessels. Our studies demonstrate that fluid or small molecules are preferentially colocalized with elastin fibers. Although the exact mechanism of how elastin fibers regulate Ag trafficking remains to be explored, our results suggest that elastin can be a potentially new target to direct Ag distribution in the LN during vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Dante Louie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Anutosh Ganguly
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; and
| | - Dequan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shan Liao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ross AE, Pompano RR. Diffusion of cytokines in live lymph node tissue using microfluidic integrated optical imaging. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 1000:205-213. [PMID: 29289312 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Communication and drug efficacy in the immune system rely heavily on diffusion of proteins such as cytokines through the tissue matrix. Available methods to analyze diffusion in tissue require microinjection or saturating the tissue in protein, which may alter local transport properties due to damage or rapid cellular responses. Here, we developed a novel, user-friendly method - Microfluidic Integrated Optical Imaging (micro-IOI) - to quantify the effective diffusion coefficient of bioactive proteins in live tissue samples ex vivo. A microfluidic platform was used to deliver picograms of fluorescently labelled cytokines to microscale regions within slices of murine lymph node, and diffusion was monitored by widefield fluorescence microscopy. Micro-IOI was validated against theory and existing methods. Free diffusion coefficients were within 8% and 24% of Stokes-Einstein predictions for dextrans and cytokines, respectively. Furthermore, diffusion coefficients for dextrans and proteins in a model matrix were within 1.5-fold of reported results from fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). We used micro-IOI to quantify the effective diffusion of three cytokines from different structural classes and two different expression systems - tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin-2 (IL-2), from human and mouse - through live lymph node tissue. This is the first method to directly measure cytokine transport in live tissue slices, and in the future, it should promote a deeper understanding of the dynamics of cell-cell communication and enable targeted immunotherapy design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Ross
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd., PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - R R Pompano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd., PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Substrate-bound CCL21 and ICAM1 combined with soluble IL-6 collectively augment the expansion of antigen-specific murine CD4 + T cells. Blood Adv 2017; 1:1016-1030. [PMID: 29296744 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2016001545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune processes within the complex microenvironment of the lymph node involve multiple intercellular, cell-matrix, and paracrine interactions, resulting in the expansion of antigen-specific T cells. Inspired by the lymph node microenvironment, we aimed to develop an ex vivo "synthetic immune niche" (SIN), which could effectively stimulate the proliferation of antigen-activated CD4+ T cells. This engineered SIN consisted of surfaces coated with the chemokine C-C motif ligand 21 (CCL21) and with the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), coupled with the soluble cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) added to the culture medium. When activated by ovalbumin-loaded dendritic cells, OT-II T cells growing on regular uncoated culture plates form nonadherent, dynamic clusters around the dendritic cells. We found that functionalization of the plate surface with CCL21 and ICAM1 and the addition of IL-6 to the medium dramatically increases T-cell proliferation and transforms the culture topology from that of suspended 3-dimensional cell clusters into a firm, substrate-attached monolayer of cells. Our findings demonstrate that the components of this SIN collectively modulate T-cell interactions and augment both the proliferation and survival of T cells in an antigen-specific manner, potentially serving as a powerful approach for expanding immunotherapeutic T cells.
Collapse
|
40
|
Maisel K, Sasso MS, Potin L, Swartz MA. Exploiting lymphatic vessels for immunomodulation: Rationale, opportunities, and challenges. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 114:43-59. [PMID: 28694027 PMCID: PMC6026542 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are the primary route of communication from peripheral tissues to the immune system; as such, they represent an important component of local immunity. In addition to their transport functions, new immunomodulatory roles for lymphatic vessels and lymphatic endothelial cells have come to light in recent years, demonstrating that lymphatic vessels help shape immune responses in a variety of ways: promoting tolerance to self-antigens, archiving antigen for later presentation, dampening effector immune responses, and resolving inflammation, among others. In addition to these new biological insights, the growing field of immunoengineering has begun to explore therapeutic approaches to utilize or exploit the lymphatic system for immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Maisel
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria Stella Sasso
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lambert Potin
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chung J, Ebens CL, Perkey E, Radojcic V, Koch U, Scarpellino L, Tong A, Allen F, Wood S, Feng J, Friedman A, Granadier D, Tran IT, Chai Q, Onder L, Yan M, Reddy P, Blazar BR, Huang AY, Brennan TV, Bishop DK, Ludewig B, Siebel CW, Radtke F, Luther SA, Maillard I. Fibroblastic niches prime T cell alloimmunity through Delta-like Notch ligands. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1574-1588. [PMID: 28319044 PMCID: PMC5373885 DOI: 10.1172/jci89535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alloimmune T cell responses induce graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a serious complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT). Although Notch signaling mediated by Delta-like 1/4 (DLL1/4) Notch ligands has emerged as a major regulator of GVHD pathogenesis, little is known about the timing of essential Notch signals and the cellular source of Notch ligands after allo-BMT. Here, we have shown that critical DLL1/4-mediated Notch signals are delivered to donor T cells during a short 48-hour window after transplantation in a mouse allo-BMT model. Stromal, but not hematopoietic, cells were the essential source of Notch ligands during in vivo priming of alloreactive T cells. GVHD could be prevented by selective inactivation of Dll1 and Dll4 in subsets of fibroblastic stromal cells that were derived from chemokine Ccl19-expressing host cells, including fibroblastic reticular cells and follicular dendritic cells. However, neither T cell recruitment into secondary lymphoid organs nor initial T cell activation was affected by Dll1/4 loss. Thus, we have uncovered a pathogenic function for fibroblastic stromal cells in alloimmune reactivity that can be dissociated from their homeostatic functions. Our results reveal what we believe to be a previously unrecognized Notch-mediated immunopathogenic role for stromal cell niches in secondary lymphoid organs after allo-BMT and define a framework of early cellular and molecular interactions that regulate T cell alloimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jooho Chung
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology
- Life Sciences Institute, and
| | - Christen L. Ebens
- Life Sciences Institute, and
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eric Perkey
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology
- Life Sciences Institute, and
| | - Vedran Radojcic
- Life Sciences Institute, and
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ute Koch
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Alexander Tong
- Medical Scientist Training Program and Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Frederick Allen
- Medical Scientist Training Program and Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sherri Wood
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jiane Feng
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | | | - Qian Chai
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Onder
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Minhong Yan
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pavan Reddy
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bruce R. Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alex Y. Huang
- Medical Scientist Training Program and Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Todd V. Brennan
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - D. Keith Bishop
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Freddy Radtke
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sanjiv A. Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Maillard
- Life Sciences Institute, and
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yeo KP, Angeli V. Bidirectional Crosstalk between Lymphatic Endothelial Cell and T Cell and Its Implications in Tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:83. [PMID: 28220121 PMCID: PMC5292621 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels have been traditionally considered as passive transporters of fluid and lipids. However, it is apparent from recent literature that the function of lymphatic vessels is not only restricted to fluid balance homeostasis but also extends to regulation of immune cell trafficking, antigen presentation, tolerance, and immunity, all which may impact the progression of inflammatory responses and diseases such as cancer. The lymphatic system and the immune system are intimately connected, and there is emergent evidence for a crosstalk between T cell and lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC). This review describes how LECs in lymph nodes can affect multiple functional properties of T cells and the impact of these LEC-driven effects on adaptive immunity and, conversely, how T cells can modulate LEC growth. The significance of such crosstalk between T cells and LECs in cancer will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Pin Yeo
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yoon Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Veronique Angeli
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yoon Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Vásquez-Montoya GA, Danobeitia JS, Fernández LA, Hernández-Ortiz JP. Computational immuno-biology for organ transplantation and regenerative medicine. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2016; 30:235-46. [PMID: 27296889 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Organ transplantation and regenerative medicine are adopted platforms that provide replacement tissues and organs from natural or engineered sources. Acceptance, tolerance and rejection depend greatly on the proper control of the immune response against graft antigens, motivating the development of immunological and genetical therapies that prevent organ failure. They rely on a complete, or partial, understanding of the immune system. Ultimately, they are innovative technologies that ensure permanent graft tolerance and indefinite graft survival through the modulation of the immune system. Computational immunology has arisen as a tool towards a mechanistic understanding of the biological and physicochemical processes surrounding an immune response. It comprehends theoretical and computational frameworks that simulate immuno-biological systems. The challenge is centered on the multi-scale character of the immune system that spans from atomistic scales, during peptide-epitope and protein interactions, to macroscopic scales, for lymph transport and organ-organ reactions. In this paper, we discuss, from an engineering perspective, the biological processes that are involved during the immune response of organ transplantation. Previous computational efforts, including their characteristics and visible limitations, are described. Finally, future perspectives and challenges are listed to motivate further developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Vásquez-Montoya
- Departamento de Materiales y Minerales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan S Danobeitia
- Department of Surgery, Division of Organ Transplantation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Luis A Fernández
- Department of Surgery, Division of Organ Transplantation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Juan P Hernández-Ortiz
- Departamento de Materiales y Minerales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia; Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Laboratory for Molecular and Computational Genomics, UW Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lymphoid Tissue Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Development and Tissue Remodeling. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:8419104. [PMID: 27190524 PMCID: PMC4846763 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8419104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) are sites that facilitate cell-cell interactions required for generating adaptive immune responses. Nonhematopoietic mesenchymal stromal cells have been shown to play a critical role in SLO function, organization, and tissue homeostasis. The stromal microenvironment undergoes profound remodeling to support immune responses. However, chronic inflammatory conditions can promote uncontrolled stromal cell activation and aberrant tissue remodeling including fibrosis, thus leading to tissue damage. Despite recent advancements, the origin and role of mesenchymal stromal cells involved in SLO development and remodeling remain unclear.
Collapse
|
45
|
Mahmoudzadeh A, Mohsenifar A, Rahmani-Cherati T. Collagen-chitosan 3-D nano-scaffolds effects on macrophage phagocytosis and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:526-34. [PMID: 27042873 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2016.1139642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are effector cells in the innate and adaptive immune systems and in situ exist within three-dimensional (3-D) microenvironments. As there has been an increase in interest in the use of 3-D scaffolds to mimic natural microenvironments in vitro, this study examined the impact on cultured mice peritoneal macrophages using standard 2-D plates as compared to 3-D collagen-chitosan scaffolds. Here, 2-D and 3-D cultured macrophages were evaluated for responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), dexamethasone (Dex), BSA (bovine serum albumin), safranal (herbal component isolated from safranal [Saf]) and Alyssum homolocarpum mucilage (A. muc: mixed herbal components). After treatments, cultured macrophages were evaluated for viability, phagocytic activity and release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β pro-inflammatory cytokines. Comparison of 2-D vs 3-D cultures showed that use of either system - with or without any exogenous agent - had no effect on cell viability. In the case of cell function, macrophages cultured on scaffolds had increases in phagocytic activity relative to that by cells on 2-D plates. In general, the test herbal components Saf and A. muc. had more impact than any of the other exogenous agents on nanoparticle uptake. With respect to production of TNFα and IL-1β, compared to the 2-D cells, scaffold cells tended to have significantly different levels of production of each cytokine, with the effect varying (higher or lower) depending on the test agent used. However, unlike with particle uptake, here, while Saf and A. muc. led to significantly greater levels of cytokine formation by the 3-D culture cells vs that by the 2-D plate cells, there was no net effect (stimulatory) vs control cultures. These results illustrated that collagen-chitosan scaffolds could provide a suitable 3-D microenvironment for macrophage phagocytosis and could also impact on the formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Afshin Mohsenifar
- b Research and Development Department , South Pirozan, Shahrak Qods , Tehran , Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Donovan GM, Lythe G. T cell and reticular network co-dependence in HIV infection. J Theor Biol 2016; 395:211-220. [PMID: 26874227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRC) are arranged on a network in the T cell zone of lymph nodes, forming a scaffold for T cell migration, and providing survival factors, especially interleukin-7 (IL-7). Conversely, CD4(+) T cells are the major producers of lymphotoxin-β (LT-β), necessary for the construction and maintenance of the FRC network. This interdependence creates the possibility of a vicious cycle, perpetuating loss of both FRC and T cells. Furthermore, evidence that HIV infection is responsible for collagenation of the network suggests that long term loss of network function might be responsible for the attenuated recovery in T cell count seen in HIV patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART). We present computational and mathematical models of this interaction mechanism and subsequent naive CD4(+) T-cell depletion in which (1) collagen deposition impedes access of naive T cells to IL-7 on the FRC and loss of IL-7 production by loss of FRC network itself, leading to the depletion of naive T cells through increased apoptosis; and (2) depletion of naive T cells as the source of LT-β on which the FRC depend for survival leads to loss of the network, thereby amplifying and perpetuating the cycle of depletion of both naive T cells and stromal cells. Our computational model explicitly includes an FRC network and its cytokine exchange with a heterogeneous T-cell population. We also derive lumped models, in terms of partial differential equations and reduced to ordinary differential equations, that provide additional insight into the mechanisms at work. The central conclusions are that (1) damage to the reticular network, caused by HIV infection is a plausible mechanism for attenuated recovery post-ART; (2) within this, the production of T cell survival factors by FRCs may be the key rate-limiting step; and (3) the methods of model reduction and analysis presented are useful for both immunological studies and other contexts in which agent-based models are severely limited by computational cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham M Donovan
- Department of Mathematics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Grant Lythe
- Department of Mathematics, University of Leeds, LS29JT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ohe R, Aung NY, Meng H, Kabasawa T, Suto A, Tamazawa N, Yang S, Kato T, Yamakawa M. Localization of collagen modifying enzymes on fibroblastic reticular cells and follicular dendritic cells in non-neoplastic and neoplastic lymphoid tissues. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 57:1687-96. [PMID: 26700650 PMCID: PMC4926777 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1107907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the localization of collagen modifying enzymes (CMEs) on fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in non-neoplastic lymphoid tissues and various malignant lymphomas. The expression of prolyl 4-hydroxylase 1 (P4H1), lysyl hydroxylase 3 (LH3), and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) was frequently observed on FRCs and FDCs in the germinal center (GC), except for the mantle zone. The expression of CMEs was lower in most lymphomas than in their respective postulated normal counterparts. The ratio of transglutaminase II+ FRCs/CD35+ FDCs was also lower in follicular lymphomas (FL) than in other lymphomas. The mRNAs of some CMEs (P4H1, prolyl 4-hydroxylase 3, LH3, and heat shock protein 47) were confirmed in almost all lymphomas. These results indicate that lymphoma cell proliferation suppresses/decreases the number of CMEs expressing FRCs and FDCs in most lymphomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rintaro Ohe
- a Department of Pathological Diagnostics , Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine , Yamagata , Japan
| | - Naing Ye Aung
- a Department of Pathological Diagnostics , Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine , Yamagata , Japan
| | - Hongxue Meng
- a Department of Pathological Diagnostics , Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine , Yamagata , Japan
| | - Takanobu Kabasawa
- a Department of Pathological Diagnostics , Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine , Yamagata , Japan
| | - Aya Suto
- a Department of Pathological Diagnostics , Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine , Yamagata , Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tamazawa
- a Department of Pathological Diagnostics , Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine , Yamagata , Japan
| | - Suran Yang
- a Department of Pathological Diagnostics , Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine , Yamagata , Japan
| | - Tomoya Kato
- a Department of Pathological Diagnostics , Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine , Yamagata , Japan
| | - Mitsunori Yamakawa
- a Department of Pathological Diagnostics , Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine , Yamagata , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Activation and propagation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes on clinical-grade designer artificial antigen-presenting cells for adoptive immunotherapy of melanoma. J Immunother 2015; 37:448-60. [PMID: 25304728 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adoptive cell therapy with autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) is a therapy for metastatic melanoma with response rates of up to 50%. However, the generation of the TIL transfer product is challenging, requiring pooled allogeneic normal donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) used in vitro as "feeders" to support a rapid-expansion protocol. Here, we optimized a platform to propagate TIL to a clinical scale using K562 cells genetically modified to express costimulatory molecules such as CD86, CD137-ligand, and membrane-bound IL-15 to function as artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPC) as an alternative to using PBMC feeders. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used aAPC or γ-irradiated PBMC feeders to propagate TIL and measured rates of expansion. The activation and differentiation state was evaluated by flow cytometry and differential gene expression analyses. Clonal diversity was assessed on the basis of the pattern of T-cell receptor usage. T-cell effector function was measured by evaluation of cytotoxic granule content and killing of target cells. RESULTS The aAPC propagated TIL at numbers equivalent to that found with PBMC feeders, whereas increasing the frequency of CD8 T-cell expansion with a comparable effector-memory phenotype. mRNA profiling revealed an upregulation of genes in the Wnt and stem-cell pathways with the aAPC. The aAPC platform did not skew clonal diversity, and CD8 T cells showed comparable antitumor function as those expanded with PBMC feeders. CONCLUSIONS TIL can be rapidly expanded with aAPC to clinical scale generating T cells with similar phenotypic and effector profiles as with PBMC feeders. These data support the clinical application of aAPC to manufacture TIL for the treatment of melanoma.
Collapse
|
49
|
Jerman LF, Hey-Cunningham AJ. The Role of the Lymphatic System in Endometriosis: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature1. Biol Reprod 2015; 92:64. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.124313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
|
50
|
Bogdani M, Simeonovic C, Nagy N, Johnson PY, Chan CK, Wight TN. The detection of glycosaminoglycans in pancreatic islets and lymphoid tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1229:413-30. [PMID: 25325969 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1714-3_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we describe the detection of the glycosaminoglycans hyaluronan and heparan sulfate in pancreatic islets and lymphoid tissues. The identification of hyaluronan in tissues is achieved by utilizing a highly specific hyaluronan binding protein (HABP) probe that interacts with hyaluronan in tissue sections. The HABP probe is prepared by enzymatic digestion of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan aggrecan which is present in bovine nasal cartilage, and is then biotinylated in the presence of bound hyaluronan and the link protein. Hyaluronan is then removed by gel filtration chromatography. The biotinylated HABP-link protein complex is applied to tissue sections and binding of the complex to tissue hyaluronan is visualized by enzymatic precipitation of chromogenic substrates. To determine hyaluronan content in tissues, tissues are first proteolytically digested to release hyaluronan from the macromolecular complexes that this molecule forms with other extracellular matrix constituents. Digested tissue is then incubated with HABP. The hyaluronan-HABP complexes are extracted and the hyaluronan concentration in the tissue is determined using an ELISA-like assay. Heparan sulfate is identified in mouse tissues by Alcian blue histochemistry and indirect immunohistochemistry. In human tissues, heparan sulfate is best detected by indirect immunohistochemistry using a specific anti-heparan sulfate monoclonal antibody. A biotinylated secondary antibody is then applied in conjunction with streptavidin-peroxidase and its binding to the anti-heparan sulfate antibody is visualized by enzymatic precipitation of chromogenic substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Bogdani
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|