1
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Hassan HM, Abdel-Halim NHM, El-Shenbaby I, Helmy MA, Hammad MO, Habotta OA, El Nashar EM, Alghamdi MA, Aldahhan RA, Al-Khater KM, Almohaywi B, Farrag EAE. Phytic acid attenuates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity via modulating iron-mediated oxidative stress and SIRT-1 expression in mice. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1384834. [PMID: 38751780 PMCID: PMC11094543 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1384834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Administration of high doses of acetaminophen (APAP) results in liver injury. Oxidative stress and iron overload play roles in the pathogenesis of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. The present study assessed the potential hepatoprotective effects of phytic acid (PA), a natural antioxidant and iron chelator, on APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and the possible underlying mechanism through its effects on CYP2E1 gene expression, iron homeostasis, oxidative stress, and SIRT-1 expression levels. Methods: Twenty-four adult male albino mice were used in this study. Mice were divided into four groups (six mice in each group): control, APAP-treated, PA-treated and APAP + PA-treated groups. Liver function tests, serum and liver tissue iron load were evaluated in all the study groups. Hepatic tissue homogenates were used to detect oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Histological hepatic evaluation and immunohistochemistry of SIRT-1 were performed. Quantitative real-time PCR was used for the assessment of CYP2E1 and SIRT-1 gene expressions. APAP-induced biochemical and structural hepatic changes were reported. Results: PA administration showed beneficial effects on APAP-induced hepatotoxicity through improvements in liver functions, decreased CYP2E1 gene expression, decreased serum and liver iron load, decreased MDA, increased GSH, increased SIRT-1 expression level and improvement in hepatic architecture. Conclusion: Conclusively, PA can be considered a potential compound that can attenuate acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity through its role as an iron chelator and antioxidant, as well as the up-regulation of SIRT-1 and down-regulation of CYP2E1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend M. Hassan
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, New Mansoura University, New Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Ibrahim El-Shenbaby
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Manar A. Helmy
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Maha O. Hammad
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ola A. Habotta
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Eman M. El Nashar
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour A. Alghamdi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Genomics and Personalized Medicine Unit, The Center for Medical and Health Research, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashid A. Aldahhan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khulood M. Al-Khater
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basmah Almohaywi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman A. E. Farrag
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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2
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Dilworth L, Stennett D, Omoruyi F. Cellular and Molecular Activities of IP6 in Disease Prevention and Therapy. Biomolecules 2023; 13:972. [PMID: 37371552 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IP6 (phytic acid) is a naturally occurring compound in plant seeds and grains. It is a poly-phosphorylated inositol derivative that has been shown to exhibit many biological activities that accrue benefits in health and diseases (cancer, diabetes, renal lithiasis, cardiovascular diseases, etc.). IP6 has been shown to have several cellular and molecular activities associated with its potential role in disease prevention. These activities include anti-oxidant properties, chelation of metal ions, inhibition of inflammation, modulation of cell signaling pathways, and modulation of the activities of enzymes and hormones that are involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Studies have shown that IP6 has anti-oxidant properties and can scavenge free radicals known to cause cellular damage and contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancers and cardiovascular diseases, as well as diabetes mellitus. It has also been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties that may modulate immune responses geared towards the prevention of inflammatory conditions. Moreover, IP6 exhibits anti-cancer properties through the induction of cell cycle arrest, promoting apoptosis and inhibiting cancer cell growth. Additionally, it has been shown to have anti-mutagenic properties, which reduce the risk of malignancies by preventing DNA damage and mutations. IP6 has also been reported to have a potential role in bone health. It inhibits bone resorption and promotes bone formation, which may help in the prevention of bone diseases such as osteoporosis. Overall, IP6's cellular and molecular activities make it a promising candidate for disease prevention. As reported in many studies, its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer properties support its inclusion as a dietary supplement that may protect against the development of chronic diseases. However, further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms of action of this dynamic molecule and its derivatives and determine the optimal doses and appropriate delivery methods for effective therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lowell Dilworth
- Department of Pathology, The University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Dewayne Stennett
- The Transitional Year Programme, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E8, Canada
| | - Felix Omoruyi
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
- Department of Health Sciences, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
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3
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Nguyen Trung M, Kieninger S, Fandi Z, Qiu D, Liu G, Mehendale NK, Saiardi A, Jessen H, Keller B, Fiedler D. Stable Isotopomers of myo-Inositol Uncover a Complex MINPP1-Dependent Inositol Phosphate Network. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:1683-1694. [PMID: 36589890 PMCID: PMC9801504 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The water-soluble inositol phosphates (InsPs) represent a functionally diverse group of small-molecule messengers involved in a myriad of cellular processes. Despite their centrality, our understanding of human InsP metabolism is incomplete because the available analytical toolset to characterize and quantify InsPs in complex samples is limited. Here, we have synthesized and applied symmetrically and unsymmetrically 13C-labeled myo-inositol and inositol phosphates. These probes were utilized in combination with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (CE-MS) to investigate InsP metabolism in human cells. The labeling strategy provided detailed structural information via NMR-down to individual enantiomers-which overcomes a crucial blind spot in the analysis of InsPs. We uncovered a novel branch of InsP dephosphorylation in human cells which is dependent on MINPP1, a phytase-like enzyme contributing to cellular homeostasis. Detailed characterization of MINPP1 activity in vitro and in cells showcased the unique reactivity of this phosphatase. Our results demonstrate that metabolic labeling with stable isotopomers in conjunction with NMR spectroscopy and CE-MS constitutes a powerful tool to annotate InsP networks in a variety of biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Nguyen Trung
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut
für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse
2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kieninger
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zeinab Fandi
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut
für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Danye Qiu
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Guizhen Liu
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Neelay K. Mehendale
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut
für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Adolfo Saiardi
- MRC
Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University
College London, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | - Henning Jessen
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Keller
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothea Fiedler
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut
für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse
2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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4
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Lan TT, Song Y, Liu XH, Liu CP, Zhao HC, Han YS, Wang CH, Yang N, Xu Z, Tao M, Li H. IP6 reduces colorectal cancer metastasis by mediating the interaction of gut microbiota with host genes. Front Nutr 2022; 9:979135. [PMID: 36118769 PMCID: PMC9479145 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.979135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) is a phytochemical widely found in grains and legumes that plays an anti-cancer role. However, the mechanism underlying the inhibition of colorectal cancer metastasis by IP6 through host genes, gut microbiota, and their interactions remain elusive. In this study, 16S rRNA sequencing was used to study the effect of IP6 on gut microbiota in an orthotopic transplantation model of colorectal cancer mice. The transcriptome was used to study the changes of host genes in metastasis and the relationship with gut microbiota. The results showed that the gut microbiota composition of model mice was significantly different from that of normal mice. The beta diversity partly tended to return to the normal level after IP6 intervention. Especially, Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactococcus lactis were recovered after IP6-treated. Enrichment analysis showed that the enrichment score of the Cytokine-Cytokine receptor interaction signal pathway decreased after IP6 treatment compared to the model group. Further analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in this pathway showed that IP6 reduced the expression of the Tnfrsf1b gene related to the area of liver metastasis, and the Tnfrsf1b gene was negatively correlated with the relative abundance of Lactobacillus helveticus. Our results presented that host gene, microbiome and their interaction may serve as promising targets for the mechanism of IP6 intervention in colorectal cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Tong Lan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Song
| | - Xiao-Han Liu
- Institute of STD and AIDS Prevention, Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
| | - Cui-Ping Liu
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui-Chao Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi-Sa Han
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chu-Hui Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Tao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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5
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Bird RP, Eskin NAM. The emerging role of phosphorus in human health. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2021; 96:27-88. [PMID: 34112356 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus, an essential nutrient, performs vital functions in skeletal and non-skeletal tissues and is pivotal for energy production. The last two decades of research on the physiological importance of phosphorus have provided several novel insights about its dynamic nature as a nutrient performing functions as a phosphate ion. Phosphorous also acts as a signaling molecule and induces complex physiological responses. It is recognized that phosphorus homeostasis is critical for health. The intake of phosphorus by the general population world-wide is almost double the amount required to maintain health. This increase is attributed to the incorporation of phosphate containing food additives in processed foods purchased by consumers. Research findings assessed the impact of excessive phosphorus intake on cells' and organs' responses, and highlighted the potential pathogenic consequences. Research also identified a new class of bioactive phosphates composed of polymers of phosphate molecules varying in chain length. These polymers are involved in metabolic responses including hemostasis, brain and bone health, via complex mechanism(s) with positive or negative health effects, depending on their chain length. It is amazing, that phosphorus, a simple element, is capable of exerting multiple and powerful effects. The role of phosphorus and its polymers in the renal and cardiovascular system as well as on brain health appear to be important and promising future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana P Bird
- School of Health Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada.
| | - N A Michael Eskin
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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6
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Weinberg SE, Sun LY, Yang AL, Liao J, Yang GY. Overview of Inositol and Inositol Phosphates on Chemoprevention of Colitis-Induced Carcinogenesis. Molecules 2020; 26:E31. [PMID: 33374769 PMCID: PMC7796135 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is one of the most common and well-recognized risk factors for human cancer, including colon cancer. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is defined as a longstanding idiopathic chronic active inflammatory process in the colon, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Importantly, patients with IBD have a significantly increased risk for the development of colorectal carcinoma. Dietary inositol and its phosphates, as well as phospholipid derivatives, are well known to benefit human health in diverse pathologies including cancer prevention. Inositol phosphates including InsP3, InsP6, and other pyrophosphates, play important roles in cellular metabolic and signal transduction pathways involved in the control of cell proliferation, differentiation, RNA export, DNA repair, energy transduction, ATP regeneration, and numerous others. In the review, we highlight the biologic function and health effects of inositol and its phosphates including the nature and sources of these molecules, potential nutritional deficiencies, their biologic metabolism and function, and finally, their role in the prevention of colitis-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E. Weinberg
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (S.E.W.); (L.Y.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Le Yu Sun
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (S.E.W.); (L.Y.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Allison L. Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1293 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Jie Liao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (S.E.W.); (L.Y.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Guang Yu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (S.E.W.); (L.Y.S.); (J.L.)
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7
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Vucenik I, Druzijanic A, Druzijanic N. Inositol Hexaphosphate (IP6) and Colon Cancer: From Concepts and First Experiments to Clinical Application. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245931. [PMID: 33333775 PMCID: PMC7765177 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple human health-beneficial effects have been related to highly phosphorylated inositol hexaphosphate (IP6). This naturally occurring carbohydrate and its parent compound, myo-inositol (Ins), are abundantly present in plants, particularly in certain high-fiber diets, but also in mammalian cells, where they regulate important cellular functions. However, the striking and broad-spectrum anticancer activity of IP6, consistently demonstrated in different experimental models, has been in a spotlight of the scientific community dealing with the nutrition and cancer during the last several decades. First experiments were performed in colon cancer 30 years ago. Since then, it has been shown that IP6 reduces cell proliferation, induces apoptosis and differentiation of malignant cells with reversion to normal phenotype, affecting several critical molecular targets. Enhanced immunity and antioxidant properties also contribute to the tumor cell destruction. Although Ins possesses a modest anticancer potential, the best anticancer results were obtained from the combination of IP6 + Ins. Here we review the first experimental steps in colon cancer, when concepts and hypotheses were put together almost without real knowledge and present clinical studies, that were initiated in colon cancer patients. Available as a dietary supplement, IP6 + Ins has been shown to enhance the anticancer effect of conventional chemotherapy, controls cancer metastases, and improves quality of life in cancer patients. Emerging clinical and still vast amount of experimental data suggest its role either as an adjuvant or as an “alternative” to current chemotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Vucenik
- Department of Medical and Research Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-410-706-1832; Fax: +1-410-706-5229
| | - Ana Druzijanic
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, School of Medicine, Dental Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Nikica Druzijanic
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Split, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
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8
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Zhong JR, Wu P, Feng L, Jiang WD, Liu Y, Kuang SY, Tang L, Zhou XQ. Dietary phytic acid weakened the antimicrobial activity and aggravated the inflammatory status of head kidney, spleen and skin in on-growing grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:256-265. [PMID: 32439508 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the effects of phytic acid (PA) on the antimicrobial activity and inflammatory response in three immune organs (head kidney, spleen and skin) of on-growing grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). To achieve this goal, we first conducted a 60-day growth trial by feeding fish with graded levels of PA (0, 0.8, 1.6, 2.4, 3.2 and 4.0%). Then, the fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila for 6 days. Compared with the control group, the following results were obtained regarding supplementation with certain levels of PA in the diet. (1) There was an increase in skin haemorrhage and lesion morbidity in fish. (2) There was a decrease in activities or contents of immune factors, including lysozyme (LZ), complement 3 (C3), C4 and immunoglobulin M (IgM), and there was downregulation of gene expression levels of hepcidin, liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2A (LEAP-2A), LEAP-2B, and β-defensin-1 in immune organs. (3) There was upregulation in the gene expression of the following pro-inflammatory cytokines: tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) (except in the spleen), interferon γ2 (IFN-γ2), IL-6 (except in the spleen), IL-8, IL-12p40, IL-15 and IL-17D. These changes were partly related to the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling pathway, but downregulation of mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), TGF-β2, IL-413/A, IL-413/B, IL-10 (except in the skin) and IL-11) occurred in a manner partially related to the target of rapamycin (TOR) signalling pathway. Finally, based on the broken-line analysis of skin haemorrhage and lesion morbidity and IgM content in the head kidney, the maximum tolerance levels of PA for on-growing grass carp (120.56-452.00 g) were estimated to be 1.79 and 1.31% of the diet, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ren Zhong
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production, University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production, University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production, University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production, University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production, University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, China.
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9
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Greene E, Mallmann B, Wilson JW, Cowieson AJ, Dridi S. Monitoring Phytate Hydrolysis Using Serial Blood Sampling and Feather Myo-Inositol Levels in Broilers. Front Physiol 2020; 11:736. [PMID: 32676038 PMCID: PMC7333251 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytate forms insoluble precipitates with various cations that are recalcitrant to digestion in poultry. Dietary supplementation with exogenous phytase has been shown to improve phytate solubility and digestibility and, in turn, improve animal growth performance. Although the kinetics of phytate hydrolysis by exogenous phytase are well described in vitro, the progression of the reaction in vivo is still not well defined. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to monitor the kinetic variation of myo-inositol (myo-Ins) levels in both circulation and feather following exogenous phytase supplementation. In experiment 1, 4 week-old male broilers were individually housed with ad libitum access to water and a standard commercial diet. Birds were maintained under environmental temperature of 24°C and 30% RH. Birds were cannulated in the cutaneous ulnar vein on the right wing and remained untouched for 3 days. On the day of the experiment, birds were randomly divided into three body weight-matched groups and fed either the control diet, the control diet-supplemented with myo-Ins or Ronozyme HiPhos (0.06%, DSM Nutritional Products, Switzerland) for 10 h. In the experiment 2, birds were fed only HiPhos for 30 h. Growing feathers and blood were collected at baseline and then every 2 h for 10 h (experiment 1) and 30 h (experiment 2) post-prandially. Plasma and feather myo-Ins levels were determined by UHPLC-MS/MS. The relative expression of inositol polyphosphate-1-phosphatase (INPP1), inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1-3 (IP6K1-3), inositol-3-phosphate synthase (ISYNA), and multiple inositol-polyphosphate phosphatase 1 (MNPP1) genes in blood and feathers was determined by real-time qPCR using 2–ΔΔCt method. Plasma and feather myo-Ins levels were significantly increased by HiPhos at 6 h to 8 h post-prandial. The mRNA abundances of INPP1, IP6K1, and ISYNA in the circulation were significantly down regulated at all periods compared to the baseline levels. IP6K2, IP6K3, and MINPP1 gene expression, however, was up regulated at 8 h post-prandial and then returned to the baseline levels. In feathers, the expression of INPP1 was induced at 8 h post-prandial and remained higher compared to the baseline. The expression of IP6K2, IP6K3, and MINPP1 was down regulated during the first 10 h and then returned to baseline levels for the rest of the post-prandial period. Taken together, our data show that phytase modulates the expression of genes associated with myo-Ins metabolism and generates release of myo-Ins in both circulation and feather at 6–10 h post-feeding. Feather myo-Ins concentration could be used as a non-invasive method to monitor phytate hydrolysis in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Greene
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Barbara Mallmann
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | | | | | - Sami Dridi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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10
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Omoruyi FO, Stennett D, Foster S, Dilworth L. New Frontiers for the Use of IP6 and Inositol Combination in Treating Diabetes Mellitus: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071720. [PMID: 32290029 PMCID: PMC7212753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol, or myo-inositol, and associated analog molecules, including myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, are known to possess beneficial biomedical properties and are now being widely studied. The impact of these compounds in improving diabetic indices is significant, especially in light of the high cost of treating diabetes mellitus and associated disorders globally. It is theorized that, within ten years, the global population of people with the disease will reach 578 million individuals, with the cost of care projected to be approximately 2.5 trillion dollars. Natural alternatives to pharmaceuticals are being sought, and this has led to studies involving inositol, and myo-inositol-hexakisphosphate, also referred to as IP6. It has been reported that IP6 can improve diabetic indices and regulate the activities of some metabolic enzymes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Current research activities have been focusing on the mechanisms of action of inositol and IP6 in the amelioration of the indices of diabetes mellitus. We demonstrated that an IP6 and inositol combination supplement may regulate insulin secretion, modulate serum leptin concentrations, food intake, and associated weight gain, which may be beneficial in both prediabetic and diabetic states. The supplement attenuates vascular damage by reducing red cell distribution width. Serum HDL is increased while serum triglycerides tend to decrease with consumption of the combination supplement, perhaps due to the modulation of lipogenesis involving reduced serum lipase activity. We also noted increased fecal lipid output following combination supplement consumption. Importantly, liver function was found to be preserved. Concurrently, serum reactive oxygen species production was reduced, indicating that inositol and IP6 supplement consumption may reduce free radical damage to tissues and organs as well as serum lipids and blood glucose by preserving liver function. This review provides an overview of the findings associated with inositol and IP6 supplementation in the effective treatment of diabetes with a view to proposing the potential mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix O. Omoruyi
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA;
| | - Dewayne Stennett
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Mona, Jamaica; (D.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Shadae Foster
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Mona, Jamaica; (D.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Lowell Dilworth
- Department of Pathology, The University of the West Indies Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Mona, Jamaica
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-1876-9271410; Fax: +358-1876-9271811
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11
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Kim OH, Booth CJ, Choi HS, Lee J, Kang J, Hur J, Jung WJ, Jung YS, Choi HJ, Kim H, Auh JH, Kim JW, Cha JY, Lee YJ, Lee CS, Choi C, Jung YJ, Yang JY, Im SS, Lee DH, Cho SW, Kim YB, Park KS, Park YJ, Oh BC. High-phytate/low-calcium diet is a risk factor for crystal nephropathies, renal phosphate wasting, and bone loss. eLife 2020; 9:52709. [PMID: 32271147 PMCID: PMC7145417 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphate overload contributes to mineral bone disorders that are associated with crystal nephropathies. Phytate, the major form of phosphorus in plant seeds, is known as an indigestible and of negligible nutritional value in humans. However, the mechanism and adverse effects of high-phytate intake on Ca2+ and phosphate absorption and homeostasis are unknown. Here, we show that excessive intake of phytate along with a low-Ca2+ diet fed to rats contributed to the development of crystal nephropathies, renal phosphate wasting, and bone loss through tubular dysfunction secondary to dysregulation of intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption. Moreover, Ca2+ supplementation alleviated the detrimental effects of excess dietary phytate on bone and kidney through excretion of undigested Ca2+-phytate, which prevented a vicious cycle of intestinal phosphate overload and renal phosphate wasting while improving intestinal Ca2+ bioavailability. Thus, we demonstrate that phytate is digestible without a high-Ca2+ diet and is a risk factor for phosphate overloading and for the development of crystal nephropathies and bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Hee Kim
- Department of Physiology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Carmen J Booth
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Han Seok Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwook Lee
- Department of Physiology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinku Kang
- Department of Physiology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - June Hur
- Department of Physiology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jin Jung
- Department of Physiology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Shin Jung
- Department of Physiology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Choi
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjin Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Hyuck Auh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Ansung, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Wan Kim
- Department of Biology, University of Incheon, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Cha
- Department of Biochemistry, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Soon Lee
- Medical Health Research Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolsoo Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Jae Jung
- Department of Mirobiolgy, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Yang
- Department of Toxicological Evaluation and Research, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Soon Im
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Wook Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Kyong Soo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Oh
- Department of Physiology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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12
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Low phytic acid Crops: Observations Based On Four Decades of Research. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020140. [PMID: 31979164 PMCID: PMC7076677 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The low phytic acid (lpa), or "low-phytate" seed trait can provide numerous potential benefits to the nutritional quality of foods and feeds and to the sustainability of agricultural production. Major benefits include enhanced phosphorus (P) management contributing to enhanced sustainability in non-ruminant (poultry, swine, and fish) production; reduced environmental impact due to reduced waste P in non-ruminant production; enhanced "global" bioavailability of minerals (iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium) for both humans and non-ruminant animals; enhancement of animal health, productivity and the quality of animal products; development of "low seed total P" crops which also can enhance management of P in agricultural production and contribute to its sustainability. Evaluations of this trait by industry and by advocates of biofortification via breeding for enhanced mineral density have been too short term and too narrowly focused. Arguments against breeding for the low-phytate trait overstate the negatives such as potentially reduced yields and field performance or possible reductions in phytic acid's health benefits. Progress in breeding or genetically-engineering high-yielding stress-tolerant low-phytate crops continues. Perhaps due to the potential benefits of the low-phytate trait, the challenge of developing high-yielding, stress-tolerant low-phytate crops has become something of a holy grail for crop genetic engineering. While there are widely available and efficacious alternative approaches to deal with the problems posed by seed-derived dietary phytic acid, such as use of the enzyme phytase as a feed additive, or biofortification breeding, if there were an interest in developing low-phytate crops with good field performance and good seed quality, it could be accomplished given adequate time and support. Even with a moderate reduction in yield, in light of the numerous benefits of low-phytate types as human foods or animal feeds, should one not grow a nutritionally-enhanced crop variant that perhaps has 5% to 10% less yield than a standard variant but one that is substantially more nutritious? Such crops would be a benefit to human nutrition especially in populations at risk for iron and zinc deficiency, and a benefit to the sustainability of agricultural production.
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13
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Brehm MA, Windhorst S. New options of cancer treatment employing InsP 6. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 163:206-214. [PMID: 30797871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many mechanistic studies have been performed to analyze the cellular functions of the highly phosphorylated molecule inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) in health and disease. While the physiological intracellular functions are well described, the mechanism of potential pharmacological effects on cancer cell proliferation is still controversial. There are numerous studies demonstrating that a high InsP6 concentration (≥75 µM) inhibits growth of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Thus, there is no doubt that InsP6 exhibits anticancer activity but the mechanism underlying the cellular effects of extracellular InsP6 on cancer cells is far from being understood. In addition, studies on the inhibitory effect of InsP6 on cancer progression in animal models ignore aspects of its bioavailability. Here, we review and critically discuss the uptake mechanism and the intracellular involvement in signaling pathways of InsP6 in cancer cells. We take into account the controversial findings on InsP6 plasma concentration, which is a critical aspect of pharmacological accessibility of InsP6 for cancer treatment. Further, we discuss novel findings with respect to the effect of InsP6 on normal and immune cells as well as on platelet aggregate size. Our goal is to stimulate further mechanistic studies into novel directions considering previously disregarded aspects of InsP6. Only when we fully understand the mechanism underlying the anticancer activity of InsP6 novel and more efficient treatment options can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Brehm
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Windhorst
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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14
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Salcedo C, Joubert PH, Ferrer MD, Canals AZ, Maduell F, Torregrosa V, Campistol JM, Ojeda R, Perelló J. A phase 1b randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial with SNF472 in haemodialysis patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 85:796-806. [PMID: 30632182 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pieter H Joubert
- Laboratoris Sanifit, Palma, Spain.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College, London, UK
| | - Miguel D Ferrer
- Laboratoris Sanifit, Palma, Spain.,Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Raquel Ojeda
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Perelló
- Laboratoris Sanifit, Palma, Spain.,Laboratori d'Investigació en Litiasi Renal, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
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15
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Okazaki Y, Sekita A, Katayama T. Intake of phytic acid and myo-inositol lowers hepatic lipogenic gene expression and modulates gut microbiota in rats fed a high-sucrose diet. Biomed Rep 2018; 8:466-474. [PMID: 29725525 DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary phytic acid (PA) was recently reported by our group to suppress hepatic lipogenic gene expression and modulate gut microbiota in rats fed a high-sucrose (HSC) diet. The present study aimed to investigate whether the modulatory effects of PA depend on the dietary carbohydrate source and are attributed to the myo-inositol (MI) ring of PA. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed an HSC or a high-starch (HSR) diet with or without 1.02% sodium PA for 12 days. Subsequently, the rats were fed the HSC diet, the HSC diet containing 1.02% sodium PA or an HSC diet containing 0.2% MI for 12 days. The HSC diet significantly increased the hepatic triglyceride (TG) concentration as well as the activity and expression of hepatic lipogenic enzymes compared with the HSR diet. The increases were generally suppressed by dietary PA with a concomitant increase in the fecal and cecal ratios of Lactobacillus spp. In rats fed the HSR diet, PA intake did not substantially affect the factors associated with hepatic lipid metabolism or gut microbiota composition. The effects of MI intake were similar to that of PA intake on hepatic lipogenesis and gut microbiota in rats fed the HSC diet. These results suggest that dietary PA downregulates hepatic lipogenic gene expression and modulates gut microbiota composition in rats fed an HSC diet but not in rats fed an HSR diet. The MI ring of PA may be responsible for the effects of PA intake on hepatic lipogenic gene expression and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Okazaki
- Department of Human Life Studies, Faculty of Human Life Sciences, Fuji Women's University, Ishikari, Hokkaido 061-3204, Japan
| | - Ayaka Sekita
- Department of Human Life Studies, Faculty of Human Life Sciences, Fuji Women's University, Ishikari, Hokkaido 061-3204, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Katayama
- Institution of Life Sciences and Nutrition, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0037, Japan
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16
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Dinicola S, Minini M, Unfer V, Verna R, Cucina A, Bizzarri M. Nutritional and Acquired Deficiencies in Inositol Bioavailability. Correlations with Metabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2187. [PMID: 29053604 PMCID: PMC5666868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Communities eating a western-like diet, rich in fat, sugar and significantly deprived of fibers, share a relevant increased risk of both metabolic and cancerous diseases. Even more remarkable is that a low-fiber diet lacks some key components-as phytates and inositols-for which a mechanistic link has been clearly established in the pathogenesis of both cancer and metabolic illness. Reduced bioavailability of inositol in living organisms could arise from reduced food supply or from metabolism deregulation. Inositol deregulation has been found in a number of conditions mechanistically and epidemiologically associated to high-glucose diets or altered glucose metabolism. Indeed, high glucose levels hinder inositol availability by increasing its degradation and by inhibiting both myo-Ins biosynthesis and absorption. These underappreciated mechanisms may likely account for acquired, metabolic deficiency in inositol bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Dinicola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Systems Biology Group, Sapienza University of Rome, viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Surgery "Pietro Valdoni", Sapienza University of Rome, Via Antonio Scarpa 14, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Mirko Minini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Systems Biology Group, Sapienza University of Rome, viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Surgery "Pietro Valdoni", Sapienza University of Rome, Via Antonio Scarpa 14, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Unfer
- Department of Medical Sciences, IPUS-Institute of Higher Education, 5250 Chiasso, Switzerland.
| | - Roberto Verna
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Systems Biology Group, Sapienza University of Rome, viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Cucina
- Department of Surgery "Pietro Valdoni", Sapienza University of Rome, Via Antonio Scarpa 14, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Policlinico Umberto I, viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Mariano Bizzarri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Systems Biology Group, Sapienza University of Rome, viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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17
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Perryman KR, Masey O'Neill HV, Bedford MR, Dozier WA. Methodology affects measures of phosphorus availability in growing broilers. 2. Effects of calcium feeding strategy and dietary adaptation period length on phytate hydrolysis at different locations in the gastrointestinal tract1. Poult Sci 2017; 96:622-633. [PMID: 27601686 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary adaptation period length (DAPL; 0, 24, and 48 h) and Ca feeding strategy (0.35% or 1.4:1 Ca:P ratio) on apparent phytate P (myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6 hexakis dihydrogen phosphate; IP6) hydrolysis (AIP6H) and apparent digestibility (AΣIPD) of the sum of all inositol phosphate esters (ΣIP) of corn-titration diets at 3 locations (proventriculus/gizzard [Pro/Giz], jejunum, and distal ileum) in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Four hundred thirty-two Ross × Ross 708 male broilers were placed into 36 battery cages and fed a common starter diet until 18 d of age. Eight semipurified diets and a control diet for DAPL were fed from 19 to 21 d of age. Digesta were collected at each location from 4 birds per pen after each DAPL. Diets formulated with a 1.4:1 Ca:P ratio had higher (P < 0.001) AIP6H and AΣIPD when measured in the jejunum and ileum, but no differences were observed in the Pro/Giz. No interaction effects between DAPL and sampling location were observed for AIP6H and AΣIPD of the control diet. Conversely, interactive effects (P < 0.05) were measured for AIP6H and AΣIPD of the corn-titration diets. The highest values for both AIP6H (73.9%) and AΣIPD (80.7%) were measured in the Pro/Giz after 24 h. Phytate hydrolysis and AΣIPD were similar regardless of DAPL when sampled from the distal ileum. Concentrations of TiO2, IP6 and ΣIP also varied (P < 0.05) in response to DAPL and sampling location. Variability was likely due to inconsistencies in the flow of inositol phosphate esters and TiO2 through the GIT, specifically the Pro/Giz. Therefore, the use of TiO2 as an inert marker may have limitations when determining the hydrolysis and digestibility of phytate esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Perryman
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - H V Masey O'Neill
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - M R Bedford
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - W A Dozier
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
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18
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Foster SR, Dilworth LL, Thompson RK, Alexander-Lindo RL, Omoruyi FO. Effects of combined inositol hexakisphosphate and inositol supplement on antioxidant activity and metabolic enzymes in the liver of streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 275:108-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Sommerfeld V, Schollenberger M, Hemberle L, Rodehutscord M. Modification and application of an in vitro assay to examine inositol phosphate degradation in the digestive tract of poultry. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:4219-4226. [PMID: 28247412 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An in vitro assay was modified to study the disappearance of inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6 ) and the formation of lower inositol phosphate (InsP) isomers in the poultry digestive tract, and three experiments investigated the influence of diets with different ingredients and additives. Using the poultry diet as a matrix, the assay simulated the conditions (e.g. pH, temperature, proteolytic enzymes, water content, and retention time) of the crop, stomach, and small intestine, and extraction and analysis of InsP isomers were immediately conducted. RESULTS The assay produced highly reproducible results with coefficients of variation ≤10% for an InsP isomer concentration ≥0.4 µmol g-1 DM (n = 3), and it was sensitive to the factors that varied in the three experiments. CONCLUSION The described assay is a suitable tool that can be used to screen feed enzymes and to investigate the effects of supplements in the absence of endogenous phytases. The ease of handling and high reproducibility of the assay indicated that the assay is a rapid and feasible method that can be used to examine the degradation pathway of phytate in feed under gastrointestinal conditions. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Sommerfeld
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Luca Hemberle
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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20
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Foster SR, Omoruyi FO, Bustamante J, Lindo RLA, Dilworth LL. The effect of combined inositol hexakisphosphate and inositol supplement in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Int J Exp Pathol 2016; 97:397-407. [PMID: 27921351 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) and inositol both regulate insulin secretion, but their combined use in the management of diabetes deserves investigation. The combined effects of IP6 and inositol supplementation were investigated in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats. The following groups of rats were studied for 8 weeks: non-diabetic control, non-diabetic high-fat diet control, diabetic untreated, diabetic rats treated with the combination of IP6 and inositol (650 mg/kg bw) and diabetic rats treated with glibenclamide (10 mg/kg bw). High-fat diet and streptozotocin were used to induce type 2 diabetes mellitus in Sprague-Dawley rats. Body weight, blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin, insulin, serum leptin, HOMA-insulin resistance scores, intestinal amylase activity, serum and faecal lipids and food and fluid consumption were measured. Treatment with the combination significantly reduced blood glucose (306 ± 53 mg/dl) and insulin resistance score (1.93 ± 0.45) compared with diabetic controls (522 ± 24 mg/dl and 5.1 ± 0.69 respectively). Serum leptin (2.8 ± 0.6 ng/dl) and faecal triglycerides (108 ± 8 mg/dl) were significantly increased in rats treated with the combination compared with the diabetic control (1.8 ± 0.06 ng/dl and 86 ± 4 mg/dl). Serum triglyceride (47 ± 5.1 mg/dl), total cholesterol (98 ± 3.2 mg/dl) and food intake (26 ± 0.3 g) were significantly reduced by 45%, 25% and 25%, respectively, in rats treated with the combination compared with the diabetic control. Inositol and IP6 combined supplementation may be effective in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and related metabolic disorders by regulating some aspects of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadae R Foster
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Felix O Omoruyi
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - Juan Bustamante
- Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Ruby L A Lindo
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Lowell L Dilworth
- Department of Pathology, the University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
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21
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Duliński R, Cielecka EK, Pierzchalska M, Byczyński Ł, Żyła K. Profile and bioavailability analysis of myo-inositol phosphates in rye bread supplemented with phytases: a study using an in vitro method and Caco-2 monolayers. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 67:454-60. [PMID: 27019314 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2016.1162769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Commercial preparations of 6-phytase A alone and in combination with phytase B were used in rye breadmaking. Determination of bioavailability of myo-inositol phosphates from bread was performed by an in vitro digestion method followed by the measurement of an uptake by Caco-2 cells in culture. In bread supplemented with a combination of 6-phytase A and phytase B, a significant reduction in phytate content was observed from 3.62 μmol/g in the control to 0.7 μmol/g. Bioavailability of phytate estimated by an in vitro method simulating digestion in the human alimentary tract was 9% in the bread supplemented with phytase B, 7% (6-phytase A) and 50% in the control bread. In cell culture, the bioaccessibilities of inositol triphosphates from bread baked with the addition of 6-phytase A was higher by 36% as compared to the samples baked with phytase B and by 32% in breads baked with combination of both phytases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Duliński
- a Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology , University of Agriculture in Krakow , ul. Balicka 122 , Kraków , Poland
| | - E K Cielecka
- a Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology , University of Agriculture in Krakow , ul. Balicka 122 , Kraków , Poland
| | - M Pierzchalska
- a Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology , University of Agriculture in Krakow , ul. Balicka 122 , Kraków , Poland
| | - Ł Byczyński
- a Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology , University of Agriculture in Krakow , ul. Balicka 122 , Kraków , Poland
| | - K Żyła
- a Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology , University of Agriculture in Krakow , ul. Balicka 122 , Kraków , Poland
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Sekita A, Okazaki Y, Katayama T. Dietary phytic acid prevents fatty liver by reducing expression of hepatic lipogenic enzymes and modulates gut microflora in rats fed a high-sucrose diet. Nutrition 2016; 32:720-2. [PMID: 27038764 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of phytic acid (PA) on fatty liver and gut microflora in rats fed a high-sucrose (HSC) diet. METHODS Three groups of rats were fed a high-starch (HSR) diet or an HSC diet with or without 1.02% sodium PA for 12 d. We evaluated hepatic weight, total lipids, and triacylglycerol (TG) levels, the activities and expression of hepatic lipogenic enzymes (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme 1, and fatty acid synthetase), and fecal microflora. RESULTS The HSC diet significantly increased hepatic total lipids and TG levels, and the activities and expression of the hepatic lipogenic enzymes compared with the HSR diet. These upregulations were clearly suppressed by dietary PA. Consumption of PA elevated the fecal ratio of Lactobacillus spp. and depressed the ratio of Clostridium cocoides, and suppressed the elevation in the ratio of C. leptum induced by the HSC diet. CONCLUSION This work showed that dietary PA ameliorates sucrose-induced fatty liver through reducing the expression of hepatic lipogenesis genes and modulates gut microflora in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Sekita
- Faculty of Human Life Sciences, Fuji Women's University, Ishikari, Japan
| | - Yukako Okazaki
- Faculty of Human Life Sciences, Fuji Women's University, Ishikari, Japan.
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Irvine RF, Bulley SJ, Wilson MS, Saiardi A. There is no 'Conundrum' of InsP6. Open Biol 2015; 5:150181. [PMID: 26581573 PMCID: PMC4680572 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Indirect assays have claimed to quantify phytate (InsP6) levels in human biofluids, but these have been based on the initial assumption that InsP6 is there, an assumption that our more direct assays disprove. We have shown that InsP6 does not and cannot (because of the presence of an active InsP6 phosphatase in serum) exist in mammalian serum or urine. Therefore, any physiological effects of dietary InsP6 can only be due either to its actions in the gut as a polyvalent cation chelator, or to inositol generated by its dephosphorylation by gut microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin F Irvine
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Simon J Bulley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Miranda S Wilson
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adolfo Saiardi
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
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de Lima EM, Kanunfre CC, de Andrade LF, Granato D, Rosso ND. Cytotoxic effect of inositol hexaphosphate and its Ni(II) complex on human acute leukemia Jurkat T cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:2081-8. [PMID: 26335902 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Inositol hexaphosphate (InsP6) is present in cereals, legumes, nuts and seed oils and is biologically active against some tumor and cancer cells. Herein, this study aimed at evaluating the cellular toxicity, antiproliferative activity and effects on cell cycle progression of free InsP6 and InsP6-Ni(II) of leukemic T (Jurkat) and normal human cells. Treatments with InsP6 at concentrations between 1.0 and 4.0mM significantly decreased the viability of Jurkat cells, but showed no cytotoxic effect on normal human lymphocytes. Treatment with InsP6-Ni(II) complex at concentrations between 0.05 and 0.30 mM showed an anti-proliferative dose and a time-dependent effect, with significantly reduced cell viability of Jurkat cells but showed no cytotoxic effect on normal human lymphocytes as compared to the control. Ni(II) free ion was toxic to normal cells while InsP6-Ni(II) had no cytotoxic effect. The InsP6-Ni(II) complex potentiated (up to 10×) the antiproliferative effect of free InsP6 on Jurkat cells. The cytometric flow assay showed that InsP6 led to an accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, accompanied by a decrease in the number of cells in S and G2/M phases, whereas InsP6-Ni(II) has led to an accumulation of cells in the S and G2/M phases. Our findings showed that InsP6-Ni(II) potentiates cytotoxic effects of InsP6 on Jurkat cells and may be a potential adjuvant in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane May de Lima
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Carla Cristine Kanunfre
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Lucas Ferrari de Andrade
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua Francisco H. dos Santos, s/n, 81531-990 Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Daniel Granato
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Brazil. Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Neiva Deliberali Rosso
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, Brazil.
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Wilson MSC, Bulley SJ, Pisani F, Irvine RF, Saiardi A. A novel method for the purification of inositol phosphates from biological samples reveals that no phytate is present in human plasma or urine. Open Biol 2015; 5:150014. [PMID: 25808508 PMCID: PMC4389793 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol phosphates are a large and diverse family of signalling molecules. While
genetic studies have discovered important functions for them, the biochemistry
behind these roles is often not fully characterized. A key obstacle in inositol
phosphate research in mammalian cells has been the lack of straightforward
techniques for their purification and analysis. Here we describe the ability of
titanium dioxide (TiO2) beads to bind inositol phosphates. This
discovery allowed the development of a new purification protocol that, coupled
with gel analysis, permitted easy identification and quantification of
InsP6 (phytate), its pyrophosphate derivatives InsP7
and InsP8, and the nucleotides ATP and GTP from cell or tissue
extracts. Using this approach, InsP6, InsP7 and
InsP8 were visualized in Dictyostelium extracts
and a variety of mammalian cell lines and tissues, and the effects of metabolic
perturbation on these were explored. TiO2 bead purification also
enabled us to quantify InsP6 in human plasma and urine, which led to
two distinct but related observations. Firstly, there is an active
InsP6 phosphatase in human plasma, and secondly, InsP6
is undetectable in either fluid. These observations seriously question reports
that InsP6 is present in human biofluids and the advisability of
using InsP6 as a dietary supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda S C Wilson
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Simon J Bulley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Francesca Pisani
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Robin F Irvine
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Adolfo Saiardi
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
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Dietary phytic acid modulates characteristics of the colonic luminal environment and reduces serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines in rats fed a high-fat diet. Nutr Res 2014; 34:1085-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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27
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Humer E, Schwarz C, Schedle K. Phytate in pig and poultry nutrition. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 99:605-25. [PMID: 25405653 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is primarily stored in the form of phytates in plant seeds, thus being poorly available for monogastric livestock, such as pigs and poultry. As phytate is a polyanionic molecule, it has the capacity to chelate positively charged cations, especially calcium, iron and zinc. Furthermore, it probably compromises the utilization of other dietary nutrients, including protein, starch and lipids. Reduced efficiency of utilization implies both higher levels of supplementation and increased discharge of the undigested nutrients to the environment. The enzyme phytase catalyses the stepwise hydrolysis of phytate. In respect to livestock nutrition, there are four possible sources of this enzyme available for the animals: endogenous mucosal phytase, gut microfloral phytase, plant phytase and exogenous microbial phytase. As the endogenous mucosal phytase in monogastric organisms appears incapable of hydrolysing sufficient amounts of phytate-bound P, supplementation of exogenous microbial phytase in diets is a common method to increase mineral and nutrient absorption. Plant phytase activity varies greatly among species of plants, resulting in differing gastrointestinal phytate hydrolysis in monogastric animals. Besides the supplementation of microbial phytase, processing techniques are alternative approaches to reduce phytate contents. Thus, techniques such as germination, soaking and fermentation enable activation of naturally occurring plant phytase among others. However, further research is needed to tap the potential of these technologies. The main focus herein is to review the available literature on the role of phytate in pig and poultry nutrition, its degradation throughout the gut and opportunities to enhance the utilization of P as well as other minerals and nutrients which might be complexed by phytates.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Humer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Products and Nutrition Physiology, Interuniversity Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Schwarz
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Products and Nutrition Physiology, Interuniversity Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - K Schedle
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Products and Nutrition Physiology, Interuniversity Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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28
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Onomi S, Okazaki Y, Katayama T. Effect of Dietary Level of Phytic Acid on Hepatic and Serum Lipid Status in Rats Fed a High-sucrose Diet. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 68:1379-81. [PMID: 15215609 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.68.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The effect of dietary 0.02-10% sodium phytate on the hepatic and serum lipid status of rats fed a high-sucrose diet for 14 d was investigated. Hepatic levels of triglyceride and cholesterol and lipogenic enzymes activity were reduced with increasing dietary phytate level. The addition of 10% sodium phytate drastically depressed growth, food intake, and serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Onomi
- Department of Human Life Sciences Education, Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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29
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Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of inositol as a feed additive for fish, dogs and cats. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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30
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Fardet A, Chardigny JM. Plant-Based Foods as a Source of Lipotropes for Human Nutrition: A Survey of In Vivo Studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 53:535-90. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.549596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Eiseman J, Lan J, Guo J, Joseph E, Vucenik I. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of inositol hexaphosphate in C.B17 SCID mice bearing human breast cancer xenografts. Metabolism 2011; 60:1465-74. [PMID: 21489580 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inositol hexaphosphate (IP(6)) is effective in preclinical cancer prevention and chemotherapy. In addition to cancer, IP(6) has many other beneficial effects for human health, such as reduction in risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes and inhibition of kidney stone formation. Studies presented here describe the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and metabolism of IP(6) following intravenous (IV) or per os (PO) administration to mice. SCID mice bearing MDA-MB-231 xenografts were treated with 20 mg/kg IP(6) (3 μCi per mouse [(14)C]-uniformly ring-labeled IP(6)) and euthanized at various times after IP(6) treatment. Plasma and tissues were analyzed for [(14)C]-IP(6) and metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography with radioactivity detection. Following IV administration of IP(6), plasma IP(6) concentrations peaked at 5 minutes and were detectable until 45 minutes. Liver IP(6) concentrations were more than 10-fold higher than plasma concentrations, whereas other normal tissue concentrations were similar to plasma. Only inositol was detected in xenografts. After PO administration, IP(6) was detected in liver; but only inositol was detectable in other tissues. After both IV and PO administration, exogenous IP(6) was rapidly dephosphorylated to inositol; however, alterations in endogenous IPs were not examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Eiseman
- Molecular Therapeutics and Drug Discovery Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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32
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Kang J, Badger TM, Ronis MJJ, Wu X. Non-isoflavone phytochemicals in soy and their health effects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:8119-33. [PMID: 20578706 DOI: 10.1021/jf100901b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical studies have linked consumption of soy foods with low incidences of a number of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and osteoporosis. Over the past decades, enormous research efforts have been made to identify bioactive components in soy. Isoflavones and soy protein have been suggested as the major bioactive components in soy and have received considerable attention. However, there are hundreds of phytochemical components in soybeans and soy-based foods. In recent years, accumulating evidence has suggested that the isoflavones or soy proteins stripped of phytochemicals only reflect certain aspects of health effects associated with soy consumption. Other phytochemicals, either alone or in combination with isoflavones or soy protein, may be involved in the health effects of soy. This review attempts to summarize major non-isoflavone phytochemicals in soy, as well as their bioavailability and health effects. In addition, a brief discussion of components formed during food processing is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Kang
- USDA Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
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33
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New hypotheses for the health-protective mechanisms of whole-grain cereals: what is beyond fibre? Nutr Res Rev 2010; 23:65-134. [PMID: 20565994 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422410000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have clearly shown that whole-grain cereals can protect against obesity, diabetes, CVD and cancers. The specific effects of food structure (increased satiety, reduced transit time and glycaemic response), fibre (improved faecal bulking and satiety, viscosity and SCFA production, and/or reduced glycaemic response) and Mg (better glycaemic homeostasis through increased insulin secretion), together with the antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic properties of numerous bioactive compounds, especially those in the bran and germ (minerals, trace elements, vitamins, carotenoids, polyphenols and alkylresorcinols), are today well-recognised mechanisms in this protection. Recent findings, the exhaustive listing of bioactive compounds found in whole-grain wheat, their content in whole-grain, bran and germ fractions and their estimated bioavailability, have led to new hypotheses. The involvement of polyphenols in cell signalling and gene regulation, and of sulfur compounds, lignin and phytic acid should be considered in antioxidant protection. Whole-grain wheat is also a rich source of methyl donors and lipotropes (methionine, betaine, choline, inositol and folates) that may be involved in cardiovascular and/or hepatic protection, lipid metabolism and DNA methylation. Potential protective effects of bound phenolic acids within the colon, of the B-complex vitamins on the nervous system and mental health, of oligosaccharides as prebiotics, of compounds associated with skeleton health, and of other compounds such as alpha-linolenic acid, policosanol, melatonin, phytosterols and para-aminobenzoic acid also deserve to be studied in more depth. Finally, benefits of nutrigenomics to study complex physiological effects of the 'whole-grain package', and the most promising ways for improving the nutritional quality of cereal products are discussed.
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Addison WN, McKee MD. Inositol hexakisphosphate inhibits mineralization of MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cultures. Bone 2010; 46:1100-7. [PMID: 20079473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.01.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6, phytic acid) is an endogenous compound present in mammalian cells and tissues. Differentially phosphorylated forms of inositol are well-documented to have important roles in signal transduction, cell proliferation and differentiation, and IP6 in particular has been suggested to inhibit soft tissue calcification (specifically renal and vascular calcification) by binding extracellularly to calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate crystals. However, the effects of IP6 on bone mineralization are largely unknown. In this study, we used MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cultures to examine the effects of exogenous IP6 on osteoblast function and matrix mineralization. IP6 at physiologic concentrations caused a dose-dependent inhibition of mineralization without affecting cell viability, proliferation or collagen deposition. Osteoblast differentiation markers, including tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase activity, bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin mRNA levels, were not adversely affected by IP6 treatment. On the other hand, IP6 markedly increased protein and mRNA levels of osteopontin, a potent inhibitor of crystal growth and matrix mineralization. Inositol alone (without phosphate), as well as inositol hexakis-sulphate, a compound with a high negative charge similar to IP6, had no effect on mineralization or osteopontin induction. Binding of IP6 to mineral crystals from the osteoblast cultures, as well as to synthetic hydroxyapatite crystals, was confirmed by a colorimetric assay for IP6. In summary, IP6 inhibits mineralization of osteoblast cultures by binding to growing crystals through negatively charged phosphate groups and by induction of inhibitory osteopontin expression. These data suggest that IP6 may regulate physiologic bone mineralization by directly acting extracellularly, and by serving as a specific signal at the cellular level for the regulation of osteopontin gene expression.
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Schlemmer U, Frølich W, Prieto RM, Grases F. Phytate in foods and significance for humans: Food sources, intake, processing, bioavailability, protective role and analysis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53 Suppl 2:S330-75. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 521] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Role of inositol polyphosphates in programmed cell death. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 328:155-65. [PMID: 19322641 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The role of inositol polyphosphates (InsPs) in the mediation of cellular apoptosis was investigated in mouse MC3T3 osteoblastic cell line. Extracellular administration of InsP(4), InsP(5), and InsP(6) increased apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. InsP(6) was more potent than InsP(5) and InsP(4) in promoting apoptosis. Inositol hexasulfate (InsS(6)), a structural analog of InsP(6), was used to determine specificity of InsP(6)-induced apoptosis as measured by acridine orange/ethidium bromide, flow cytometry, and DNA degradation. In order to study the effects of endogenous InsPs on apoptosis, we used NaF and antimycin A as treatment agents to manipulate intracellular levels of InsPs. NaF is known to increase levels of higher InsPs by inhibiting InsPs phosphatases, a process that is reversed by antimycin A because InsPs kinases are inhibited as a result of depletion of cellular ATP pools. Apoptosis was induced in MC3T3 cells in a NaF dose- and time-dependent manner. Approximately 50% apoptosis was observed at 1 mM NaF in 8 h. Prior treatment with 10 microM antimycin A for 30 min significantly reduced the NaF-induced apoptosis as compared with its control. Additionally, we measured changes in AKT phosphorylation, cleavage of caspase-3 and caspase-9, and release of cytochrome C from mitochondria into cytosol. These changes coincided with total cellular InsPs under similar conditions. The data indicated that NaF-induced changes in apoptotic markers could be due to an increased endogenous InsPs that were partially reversed by antimycin A treatment.
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37
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Okazaki Y, Katayama T. Dietary inositol hexakisphosphate, but not myo-inositol, clearly improves hypercholesterolemia in rats fed casein-type amino acid mixtures and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane. Nutr Res 2009; 28:714-21. [PMID: 19083479 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that dietary inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) and myo-inositol prevent fatty liver in rats fed a casein-based diet containing 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT). This study was performed to examine the comparative effects of dietary equimolar amounts of sodium IP6 (1.02%) and myo-inositol (0.2%) on the development of DDT-induced fatty liver and hypercholesterolemia in rats fed 20% casein-type amino acid mixtures designed to exclude a possible myo-inositol contaminant in casein. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups of 6 rats each for: a control group, myo-inositol-supplemented group, IP6-supplemented group, DDT-treated group, DDT + myo-inositol-supplemented group, and a DDT + IP6-supplemented group. Dietary IP6 clearly suppressed the rises in serum concentrations of cholesterol and phospholipids because of DDT feeding, but myo-inositol had no significant influence on such elevations. Dietary IP6, but not myo-inositol, caused significant body weight gain with or without DDT intake. Supplemental IP6 and myo-inositol significantly increased hepatic-free myo-inositol regardless of DDT intake and prevented fatty liver in rats fed DDT. In conclusion, dietary IP6 and myo-inositol exert similar effects on DDT-induced fatty liver and myo-inositol status but distinct effects on DDT-induced hypercholesterolemia and growth rate in rats fed casein-type amino acid mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Okazaki
- Department of Human Life Sciences Education, Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8524, Japan.
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38
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Abstract
A highly specific and sensitive mass assay for inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) was characterized. This centres around phosphorylating InsP6 with [32P]ATP using a recombinant InsP6 kinase from Giardia lambia, followed by HPLC of the 32P-labelled products with an internal [3H]InsP7 standard. This assay was used to quantify InsP6 levels in a variety of biological samples. Concentrations of InsP6 in rat tissues varied from 10–20 μM (assuming 64% of wet weight of tissue is cytosol water), whereas using the same assumption axenic Dictyostelium discoideum cells contained 352±11 μM InsP6. HeLa cells were seeded at low density and grown to confluence, at which point they contained InsP6 levels per mg of protein similar to rat tissues. This amounted to 1.952±0.117 nmol InsP6 per culture dish, despite the cells being grown in serum shown to contain no detectable (less than 20 pmol per dish) InsP6. These results demonstrate that mammalian cells synthesize all their own InsP6. Human blood was analysed, and although the white cell fraction contained InsP6 at a concentration comparable with other tissues, in serum and platelet-free plasma no InsP6 was detected (<1 nM InsP6). Human urine was also examined, and also contained no detectable (<5 nM) InsP6. These results suggest that dietary studies purporting to measure InsP6 at micromolar concentrations in human plasma or urine may not have been quantifying this inositol phosphate. Therefore claims that administrating InsP6 in the diet or applying it topically can produce health benefits by increasing extracellular InsP6 levels may require reassessment.
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Hill S, Knowlton K, Kebreab E, France J, Hanigan M. A Model of Phosphorus Digestion and Metabolism in the Lactating Dairy Cow. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:2021-32. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractMany feed ingredients in use in monogastric diets contain significant quantities of antinutritional factors (ANF) which limit both their feed value and their use. Almost all enzymes currently being used address such factors to varying degrees, allowing for more economic utilization of raw materials. However, animal response to xylanase, β-glucanase and even phytase utilization reported in the literature tends to vary. Factors such as enzyme source, ingredient variety and environment under which the ingredient was grown, stored and processed into animal feed, age of animal, interaction with other dietary ingredients, and health status are shown to affect significantly the response obtained. As a result, the mode of action of xylanases and β-glucanases is still debated due to too much emphasis being placed on interpretation of individual trial results without regard to the interactive factors or the literature dataset as a whole. Better understanding of such factors will improve data interpretation. While results with phytase are not subject to such extreme variation, they are nevertheless inconsistent in the degree to which inorganic phosphorus can be replaced by this enzyme. Greater understanding of the ANF and factors which interact to govern the response to added exogenous enzymes will undoubtedly improve the economic return and confidence in their use. Improved knowledge of ANF structure will result in development of enzymes directed towards far more specific targets, which enhances the likelihood of success and should reduce the overall enzyme usage.
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Abstract
Inositol hexaphosphate (IP(6)) is a naturally occurring polyphosphorylated carbohydrate, abundantly present in many plant sources and in certain high-fiber diets, such as cereals and legumes. In addition to being found in plants, IP(6) is contained in almost all mammalian cells, although in much smaller amounts, where it is important in regulating vital cellular functions such as signal transduction, cell proliferation, and differentiation. For a long time IP(6) has been recognized as a natural antioxidant. Recently IP(6) has received much attention for its role in cancer prevention and control of experimental tumor growth, progression, and metastasis. In addition, IP(6) possesses other significant benefits for human health, such as the ability to enhance immune system, prevent pathological calcification and kidney stone formation, lower elevated serum cholesterol, and reduce pathological platelet activity. In this review we show the efficacy and discuss some of the molecular mechanisms that govern the action of this dietary agent. Exogenously administered IP(6) is rapidly taken up into cells and dephosphorylated to lower inositol phosphates, which further affect signal transduction pathways resulting in cell cycle arrest. A striking anticancer action of IP(6) was demonstrated in different experimental models. In addition to reducing cell proliferation, IP(6) also induces differentiation of malignant cells. Enhanced immunity and antioxidant properties also contribute to tumor cell destruction. Preliminary studies in humans show that IP(6) and inositol, the precursor molecule of IP(6), appear to enhance the anticancer effect of conventional chemotherapy, control cancer metastases, and improve quality of life. Because it is abundantly present in regular diet, efficiently absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and safe, IP(6) + inositol holds great promise in our strategies for cancer prevention and therapy. There is clearly enough evidence to justify the initiation of full-scale clinical trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Vucenik
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, MD 21201, USA.
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Engelman HM, Alekel DL, Hanson LN, Kanthasamy AG, Reddy MB. Blood lipid and oxidative stress responses to soy protein with isoflavones and phytic acid in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81:590-6. [PMID: 15755827 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/81.3.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postmenopausal women are at risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) as a result of unfavorable blood lipid profiles and increased oxidative stress. Soy protein consumption may help protect against these risk factors. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to ascertain the effect of the soy protein components isoflavones and phytate on CVD risk in postmenopausal women. DESIGN In a double-blind 6-wk study, 55 postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments with soy protein (40 g/d) isolate (SPI): low phytate/low isoflavone (LP/LI); normal phytate/low isoflavone (NP/LI); low phytate/normal isoflavone (LP/NI); or normal phytate/normal isoflavone (NP/NI). Blood lipids (total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol) and oxidative stress indexes (protein carbonyls, oxidized LDLs, and 8-iso-prostaglandin-F(2alpha)) were measured at baseline and 6 wk. RESULTS The oxidative stress indexes were not significantly affected by either phytate or isoflavones. Phytate treatment had a minimal but nonsignificant effect in reducing protein carbonyls and 8-iso-prostaglandin-F(2alpha); the reductions were 6-8% and 4-6% in the NP/LI and NP/NI groups and 1-4% and 3-4% in the LP/LI and LP/NI groups, respectively. Similarly, circulating lipids were not significantly affected by either phytate or isoflavones. The decline in total (6%-7% compared with 2%-4%) and LDL (10%-11% compared with 3%-7%) cholesterol did not differ significantly between the normal- and low-isoflavone groups, respectively. CONCLUSION In postmenopausal women, neither phytate nor isoflavones in SPI have a significant effect of reducing oxidative damage or favorably altering blood lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Engelman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Center for Designing Foods to Improve Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Vucenik I, Shamsuddin AM. Cancer inhibition by inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) and inositol: from laboratory to clinic. J Nutr 2003; 133:3778S-3784S. [PMID: 14608114 DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.11.3778s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) is a naturally occurring polyphosphorylated carbohydrate that is present in substantial amounts in almost all plant and mammalian cells. It was recently recognized to possess multiple biological functions. A striking anticancer effect of IP6 was demonstrated in different experimental models. Inositol is also a natural constituent possessing moderate anticancer activity. The most consistent and best anticancer results were obtained from the combination of IP6 plus inositol. In addition to reducing cell proliferation, IP6 increases differentiation of malignant cells, often resulting in a reversion to normal phenotype. Exogenously administered IP6 is rapidly taken into the cells and dephosphorylated to lower-phosphate inositol phosphates, which further interfere with signal transduction pathways and cell cycle arrest. Enhanced immunity and antioxidant properties can also contribute to tumor cell destruction. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this anticancer action are not fully understood. Because it is abundantly present in regular diet, efficiently absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and safe, IP6 holds great promise in our strategies for the prevention and treatment of cancer. IP6 plus inositol enhances the anticancer effect of conventional chemotherapy, controls cancer metastases, and improves the quality of life, as shown in a pilot clinical trial. The data strongly argue for the use of IP6 plus inositol in our strategies for cancer prevention and treatment. However, the effectiveness and safety of IP6 plus inositol at therapeutic doses needs to be determined in phase I and phase II clinical trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Vucenik
- Department of Medical and Research Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Okazaki Y, Kayashima T, Katayama T. Effect of dietary phytic acid on hepatic activities of lipogenic and drug-metabolizing enzymes in rats fed 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (P-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT). Nutr Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(03)00101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Q Phillippy
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
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Grases F, Simonet BM, Vucenik I, Perelló J, Prieto RM, Shamsuddin AM. Effects of exogenous inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP(6)) on the levels of InsP(6) and of inositol trisphosphate (InsP(3)) in malignant cells, tissues and biological fluids. Life Sci 2002; 71:1535-46. [PMID: 12127908 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(02)01927-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
InsP(6) is abundant in cereals and legumes. InsP(6) and lower inositol phosphates, in particular InsP(3), participate in important intracellular processes. In addition, InsP(6) possess significant health benefits, such as anti-cancer effect, kidney stones prevention, lowering serum cholesterol. Because of the insensitivity of existing methods for determination of non-radiolabeled inositol phosphates, little is known about the natural occurrence, much less on the concentrations of InsP(6) and InsP(3) in biological samples. Using gas chromatography-mass detection analysis of HPLC chromatographic fractions, we report a measurement of unlabeled total InsP(3) and InsP(6) (a) as they occur within cells culture, tissues, and plasma, and (b) their changes depending on the presence of exogenous InsP(6). When rats were fed on a purified diet in which InsP(6) was undetectable (AIN-76A) the levels of InsP(6) in brain were 3.35 +/- 0.57 (SE) micromol.kg(-1) and in plasma 0.023 +/- 0.008 (SE) micromol.l(-1). The presence of InsP(6) in diet dramatically influenced its levels in brain and in plasma. When rats were given an InsP(6)-sufficient diet (AIN-76A + 1% InsP(6)), the levels of InsP(6) were about 100-fold higher in brain tissues (36.8 +/- 1.8 (SE)) than in plasma (0.29 +/- 0.02 (SE)); InsP(6) concentrations were 8.5-fold higher than total InsP(3) concentrations in either plasma (0.033 +/- 0.012 (SE)) and brain (4.21 +/- 0.55 (SE)). When animals were given an InsP(6)-poor diet (AIN-76A only), there was a 90% decrease in InsP(6) content in both brain tissue and plasma (p < 0.001); however, there was no change in the level of total InsP(3). In non-stimulated malignant cells (MDA-MB 231 and K562) the InsP(6) contents were 16.2 +/- 9.1 (SE) micromol.kg(-1) for MDA-MB 231 cells and 15.6 +/- 2.7 (SE) for K 562 cells. These values were around 3-fold higher than those of InsP(3) (4.8 +/- 0.5 micromol.kg(-1) and 6.9 +/- 0.1 (SE) for MDA-MB 231 and K562 cells respectively). Treatment of malignant cells with InsP(6) resulted in a 2-fold increase in the intracellular concentrations of total InsP(3) (9.5 +/- 1.3 (SE) and 10.8 +/- 1.0 (SE) micromol.kg(-1) for MDA-MB 231 and K562 cells respectively, p < 0.05), without changes in InsP(6) levels. These results indicate that exogenous InsP(6) directly affects its physiological levels in plasma and brain of normal rats without changes on the total InsP(3) levels. Although a similar fluctuation of InsP(6) concentration was not seen in human malignant cell lines following InsP(6) treatment, an increased intracellular levels of total InsP(3) was clearly observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Grases
- Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, Faculty of Science, University of Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07071 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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Grases F, Simonet BM, Prieto RM, March JG. Variation of InsP(4),InsP(5) and InsP(6) levels in tissues and biological fluids depending on dietary phytate. J Nutr Biochem 2001; 12:595-601. [PMID: 12031265 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(01)00178-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to the increasing interest of InsP(6) on human health, the aim of this paper is to compare the levels of highly phosphorilated inositols (InsP(4), InsP(5) and InsP(6)) in organs and biological fluids of rats and to study the influence of the presence and absence of InsP(6) in diets. Thus, for this purpose, the variation of InsP(4), InsP(5) and InsP(6) levels in organs and biological fluids of rats submitted to two different diets were studied. In the AIN-76A diet no InsP(6) was present, yet the other was a 1% InsP(6) modified diet (AIN-76A + 1% InsP(6)). The highest InsP(4), InsP(5) and InsP(6) levels were found to be 10-fold superior in the brain than those found in the kidney. When the InsP(6) was eliminated from the diet, the InsP(6) levels decreased dramatically (97.2% in kidney, 89.8% in brain, 100% in bone, 90.5% in plasma and 98.1% in urine), the InsP(5) levels showed an important decrease (61.2% in kidney, 45.5% in brain, 28.1% in bone, 30% in plasma and 88.6% in urine) and the InsP(4) levels in organs only changed slightly. From these results, it can be deduced that the majority of InsP(6) present in the organism is of dietary origin and its endogenous synthesis is not important. According to the results, it can be evidenced that the endogenous synthesis of InsP(5) can occur, besides InsP(6) can be transformed by enzymatic dephosphorilation in InsP(5).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Grases
- Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Golovan SP, Meidinger RG, Ajakaiye A, Cottrill M, Wiederkehr MZ, Barney DJ, Plante C, Pollard JW, Fan MZ, Hayes MA, Laursen J, Hjorth JP, Hacker RR, Phillips JP, Forsberg CW. Pigs expressing salivary phytase produce low-phosphorus manure. Nat Biotechnol 2001; 19:741-5. [PMID: 11479566 DOI: 10.1038/90788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To address the problem of manure-based environmental pollution in the pork industry, we have developed the phytase transgenic pig. The saliva of these pigs contains the enzyme phytase, which allows the pigs to digest the phosphorus in phytate, the most abundant source of phosphorus in the pig diet. Without this enzyme, phytate phosphorus passes undigested into manure to become the single most important manure pollutant of pork production. We show here that salivary phytase provides essentially complete digestion of dietary phytate phosphorus, relieves the requirement for inorganic phosphate supplements, and reduces fecal phosphorus output by up to 75%. These pigs offer a unique biological approach to the management of phosphorus nutrition and environmental pollution in the pork industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Golovan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
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March JG, Simonet BM, Grases F. Determination of phytic acid by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy: application to biological samples. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 757:247-55. [PMID: 11417869 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A GC-MS method is reported for the determination of phytic acid based on purification by anion-exchange chromatography, enzymatic hydrolysis of phytic acid to myo-inositol and derivation to trimethylsilyl derivative, with scyllo-inositol as an internal standard. Analytical features of the method are: limit of detection 9 microg l(-1) phytic acid, linear working range 18-500 microg l(-1) phytic acid, and coefficient of variation 1.9%. The method has been successfully applied to a variety of biological samples: various rat organs (kidney, liver, brain and bone), human plasma and urine and kidney stones. A comparative study of sample treatments, including deproteization, lipid extraction and the presence of a chelator, is also reported. Phytic acid amounts found in rat organs ranged from 1.07 g kg(-1) for bone to 32.0 g kg(-1) for brain. Phytic acid in human plasma was of the order of 0.14 mg l(-1). In kidney stones, phytic acid was found in calcium containing stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G March
- Department of Chemistry , University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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