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Campbell SM, DeBartolo J, Apgar JR, Mosyak L, McManus V, Beyer S, Bennett EM, Lambert M, Cunningham O. Combining random mutagenesis, structure-guided design and next-generation sequencing to mitigate polyreactivity of an anti-IL-21R antibody. MAbs 2021; 13:1883239. [PMID: 33557673 PMCID: PMC7889167 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1883239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial technological advances in antibody library and display platform development, the number of approved biotherapeutics from displayed libraries remains limited. In vivo, 20–50% of peripheral B cells undergo a process of receptor editing, which modifies the variable and junctional regions of light chains to delete auto-reactive clones. However, in vitro antibody evolution relies primarily on interaction with antigen, with no in-built checkpoints to ensure that the selected antibodies have not acquired additional specificities or biophysical liabilities during the optimization process. We had previously observed an enrichment of positive charge in the complementarity-determining regions of an anti-IL-21 R antibody during affinity optimization, which correlated with more potent IL-21 neutralization, but poor in vivo pharmacokinetics (PK). There is an emerging body of data that has correlated antibody nonspecificity with poor PK in vivo, and established a series of screening assays that are predictive of this behavior. In this study we revisit the challenge of developing an anti-IL-21 R antibody that can effectively compete with IL-21 for its highly negatively charged paratope while maintaining favorable biophysical properties. In vitro deselection methods that included an excess of negatively charged membrane preparations, or deoxyribonucleic acid, during phage selection of optimization libraries were unsuccessful in avoiding enrichment of highly charged, nonspecific antibody variants. However, a combination of structure-guided rational library design, next-generation sequencing of library outputs and application of linear regression models resulted in the identification of an antibody that maintained high affinity for IL-21 R and exhibited a desirable stability and biophysical profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sonia Beyer
- Biomedicine Design, Pfizer , Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Chen S, Zhang W, Min J, Liu K. Lesson from a Fab-enabled co-crystallization study of TDRD2 and PIWIL1. Methods 2020; 175:72-78. [PMID: 31288074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of Tudor domain-containing proteins (TDRDs) with P-element-induced wimpy testis (PIWI) proteins plays critical roles in transposon silencing and spermatogenesis. Most human TDRDs recognize PIWI proteins in a methylarginine-dependent manner via their extended Tudor (eTudor) domains, except TDRD2, which prefers an unmethylated PIWI protein. In order to illustrate the recognition of unmethylated PIWI proteins by TDRD2, we extensively tried co-crystallization of the TDRD2 eTudor with different PIWIL1 peptides, but to no avail. Recombinant antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) have been used to crystallize some difficult proteins in the past, so we generated Fab against the TDRD2 eTudor protein using a phage-display antibody library, and one of these Fab fragments indeed facilitated the co-crystallization of TDRD2 and PIWIL1. Structural analysis of Fab, the TDRD2 eTudor domain in complex with an unmethylated PIWIL1-derived peptide revealed that the PIWIL1 residues G3 through R8 bound between the Tudor core and SN domain of TDRD2. The C-terminal residues of the PIWIL1 peptide were not resolved, presumably due to steric competition with the heavy chain of the Fab. We propose Fab-assisted crystallization as a tool not only for structural studies of single proteins, but also for analysis of interactions between proteins and their ligands in cases where co-crystallization of native protein complexes fails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhuo Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Weilian Zhang
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jinrong Min
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ke Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.
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3
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Just J, Lykkemark S, Nielsen CH, Roshenas AR, Drasbek KR, Petersen SV, Bek T, Kristensen P. Pericyte modulation by a functional antibody obtained by a novel single-cell selection strategy. Microcirculation 2017; 24. [DOI: 10.1111/micc.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Just
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Simon Lykkemark
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
- Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research (SDC); Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Charlotte H. Nielsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Ali R. Roshenas
- Department of Engineering; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Kim R. Drasbek
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
| | | | - Toke Bek
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
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4
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Groff K, Brown J, Clippinger AJ. Modern affinity reagents: Recombinant antibodies and aptamers. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1787-98. [PMID: 26482034 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Affinity reagents are essential tools in both basic and applied research; however, there is a growing concern about the reproducibility of animal-derived monoclonal antibodies. The need for higher quality affinity reagents has prompted the development of methods that provide scientific, economic, and time-saving advantages and do not require the use of animals. This review describes two types of affinity reagents, recombinant antibodies and aptamers, which are non-animal technologies that can replace the use of animal-derived monoclonal antibodies. Recombinant antibodies are protein-based reagents, while aptamers are nucleic-acid-based. In light of the scientific advantages of these technologies, this review also discusses ways to gain momentum in the use of modern affinity reagents, including an update to the 1999 National Academy of Sciences monoclonal antibody production report and federal incentives for recombinant antibody and aptamer efforts. In the long-term, these efforts have the potential to improve the overall quality and decrease the cost of scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Groff
- PETA International Science Consortium Ltd., Society Building, 8 All Saints Street, London N1 9RL, England.
| | - Jeffrey Brown
- PETA International Science Consortium Ltd., Society Building, 8 All Saints Street, London N1 9RL, England.
| | - Amy J Clippinger
- PETA International Science Consortium Ltd., Society Building, 8 All Saints Street, London N1 9RL, England.
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5
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Identification of optimal protein binders through the use of large genetically encoded display libraries. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 26:16-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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6
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Levay A, Brenneman R, Hoinka J, Sant D, Cardone M, Trinchieri G, Przytycka TM, Berezhnoy A. Identifying high-affinity aptamer ligands with defined cross-reactivity using high-throughput guided systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:e82. [PMID: 26007661 PMCID: PMC4499151 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotide aptamers represent a novel platform for creating ligands with desired specificity, and they offer many potentially significant advantages over monoclonal antibodies in terms of feasibility, cost, and clinical applicability. However, the isolation of high-affinity aptamer ligands from random oligonucleotide pools has been challenging. Although high-throughput sequencing (HTS) promises to significantly facilitate systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) analysis, the enormous datasets generated in the process pose new challenges for identifying those rare, high-affinity aptamers present in a given pool. We show that emulsion PCR preserves library diversity, preventing the loss of rare high-affinity aptamers that are difficult to amplify. We also demonstrate the importance of using reference targets to eliminate binding candidates with reduced specificity. Using a combination of bioinformatics and functional analyses, we show that the rate of amplification is more predictive than prevalence with respect to binding affinity and that the mutational landscape within a cluster of related aptamers can guide the identification of high-affinity aptamer ligands. Finally, we demonstrate the power of this selection process for identifying cross-species aptamers that can bind human receptors and cross-react with their murine orthologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Levay
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Randall Brenneman
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jan Hoinka
- National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - David Sant
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Marco Cardone
- Cancer Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Teresa M Przytycka
- National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Alexey Berezhnoy
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Chan CEZ, Lim APC, MacAry PA, Hanson BJ. The role of phage display in therapeutic antibody discovery. Int Immunol 2014; 26:649-57. [PMID: 25135889 PMCID: PMC7185696 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage display involves the expression of selected proteins on the surface of filamentous phage through fusion with phage coat protein, with the genetic sequence packaged within, linking phenotype to genotype selection. When combined with antibody libraries, phage display allows for rapid in vitro selection of antigen-specific antibodies and recovery of their corresponding coding sequence. Large non-immune and synthetic human libraries have been constructed as well as smaller immune libraries based on capturing a single individual’s immune repertoire. This completely in vitro process allows for isolation of antibodies against poorly immunogenic targets as well as those that cannot be obtained by animal immunization, thus further expanding the utility of the approach. Phage antibody display represents the first developed methodology for high throughput screening for human therapeutic antibody candidates. Recently, other methods have been developed for generation of fully human therapeutic antibodies, such as single B-cell screening, next-generation genome sequencing and transgenic mice with human germline B-cell genes. While each of these have their particular advantages, phage display has remained a key methodology for human antibody discovery due its in vitro process. Here, we review the continuing role of this technique alongside other developing technologies for therapeutic antibody discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad E Z Chan
- Biological Defence Program, Defense Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Singapore
| | - Angeline P C Lim
- Biological Defence Program, Defense Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Singapore
| | - Paul A MacAry
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore Immunology Program, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Brendon J Hanson
- Biological Defence Program, Defense Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Singapore Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore
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8
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Koellhoffer JF, Higgins CD, Lai JR. Protein engineering strategies for the development of viral vaccines and immunotherapeutics. FEBS Lett 2013; 588:298-307. [PMID: 24157357 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines that elicit a protective broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) response and monoclonal antibody therapies are critical for the treatment and prevention of viral infections. However, isolation of protective neutralizing antibodies has been challenging for some viruses, notably those with high antigenic diversity or those that do not elicit a bNAb response in the course of natural infection. Here, we discuss recent work that employs protein engineering strategies to design immunogens that elicit bNAbs or engineer novel bNAbs. We highlight the use of rational, computational, and combinatorial strategies and assess the potential of these approaches for the development of new vaccines and immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne F Koellhoffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Chelsea D Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Jonathan R Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
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9
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Geyer CR, McCafferty J, Dübel S, Bradbury ARM, Sidhu SS. Recombinant antibodies and in vitro selection technologies. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 901:11-32. [PMID: 22723092 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-931-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the accumulation of detailed knowledge of antibody structure and function has enabled antibody phage display to emerge as a powerful in vitro alternative to hybridoma methods for creating antibodies. Many antibodies produced using phage display technology have unique properties that are not obtainable using traditional hybridoma technologies. In phage display, selections are performed under controlled, in vitro conditions that are tailored to suit demands of the antigen and the sequence encoding the antibody is immediately available. These features obviate many of the limitations of hybridoma methodology, and because the entire process relies on scalable molecular biology techniques, phage display is also suitable for high-throughput applications. Thus, antibody phage display technology is well suited for genome-scale biotechnology and therapeutic applications. This review describes the antibody phage display technology and highlights examples of antibodies with unique properties that cannot easily be obtained by other technologies.
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10
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Huang R, Fang P, Kay BK. Isolation of monobodies that bind specifically to the SH3 domain of the Fyn tyrosine protein kinase. N Biotechnol 2011; 29:526-33. [PMID: 22155429 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fyn is a nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase that belongs to a highly conserved kinase family, Src family kinases. Fyn plays an important role in inflammatory processes and neuronal functions. To generate a synthetic affinity reagent that can be used to probe Fyn, a phage-display library of fibronectin type III monobodies was affinity selected with the Src Homology 3 (SH3) domain of Fyn and three binders were isolated. One of the three binders, G9, is specific in binding to the SH3 domain of Fyn, but not to the other members of the Src family (i.e. Blk, Fgr, Hck, Lck, Lyn, Src and Yes), even though they share 51-81% amino acid identity. The other two bind principally to the Fyn SH3 domain, with some cross-reactivity to the Yes SH3 domain. The G9 binder has a dissociation constant of 166±6nM, as measured by isothermal titration calorimetry, and binds only to the Fyn SH3 domain out of 150 human SH3 domains examined in an array. Interestingly, although the G9 monobody lacks proline in its randomized BC and FG loops, it binds at the same site on the SH3 domain as proline-rich ligands, as revealed by competition assays. The G9 monobody, identified in this study, may be used as a highly selective probe for detecting and purifying cellular Fyn kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhua Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor St., 3240 SES - MC 066, Chicago, IL 60607-7060, USA
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11
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Abstract
In vitro display technologies, best exemplified by phage and yeast display, were first described for the selection of antibodies some twenty years ago. Since that time a large number of antibodies, some with remarkable properties, have been selected and improved upon using these methods. The first antibodies derived using in vitro display methods are now in the clinic, with many more waiting in the wings. Here we discuss the scope of the technology, some of the powerful antibodies selected, and the future potential in a post-genomic world. Unique advantages offered by in vitro display technologies include the ability to carefully define selection conditions, allowing the derivation of antibodies recognizing predefined epitopes or conformations, the further improvement of selected antibodies, the potential for high throughput applications and the immediate availability of genes encoding the selected antibody. We anticipate that the high throughput potential of these technologies will soon lead to their use to select antibodies against all human proteins.
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12
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Isolation of a novel neutralizing antibody fragment against human vascular endothelial growth factor from a phage-displayed human antibody repertoire using an epitope disturbing strategy. J Biotechnol 2011; 151:166-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Confronting Cellular Heterogeneity in Studies of Protein Metabolism and Homeostasis in Aging Research. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 694:234-44. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7002-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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14
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Goswami P, Saini D, Sinha S. Phage displayed scFv: pIII scaffold may fine tune binding specificity. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2009; 28:327-31. [PMID: 19857113 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2009.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The fine specificity of antibodies is important for their discriminating powers during diagnostics and in vivo therapy. We have attempted to isolate human scFv antibodies to the oncofetal antigen, the placental isozyme of alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) in which it is important to distinguish between the closely related intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) and bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) isozymes. As the antibodies are selected in the phage displayed form and might be finally used as different entities, including the soluble scFv form, it may be important to look at the influence of scaffolds in determining specificity. There have been earlier reports of the role of the constant region and other scaffolding proteins in determining specificity. In this paper, we report isolation of one such clone, E6, which showed specificity to PLAP in phage antibody form but lost the specificity when soluble scFv was tested for same, and showed partial cross reactivity to BAP. We suggest that the altered specificity of scFv might be the result of loss of phage pIII scaffold, which is present in phage-displayed antibody and may help the displayed antibody to assume specific conformational structure, which may govern binding characteristics of the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Goswami
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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15
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Epsilon haemoglobin specific antibodies with applications in noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2009; 2009:659219. [PMID: 19636421 PMCID: PMC2712645 DOI: 10.1155/2009/659219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive procedures for prenatal diagnosis are associated with increased risk of abortion; thus, development of noninvasive procedures would be beneficial. Based on the observation that embryonic nucleated red blood cell (NRBC) crosses the placenta and enters the circulation of pregnant women, the ability to identify such cell would allow development of such procedures. Identification of NRBCs in blood samples would be possible provided that specific antibodies are available. Here we have isolated recombinant antibodies using phage display. From the panel of antibody fragments specifically recognising epsilon-Hb, one was chosen for further characterization, DAb1. DAb1 binds to epsilon-Hb both in Western blots and immunocytochemistry. Several epsilon-Hb positive cells were detected in a blood sample taken as postchorionic villus sampling (CVS). To evaluate the sensitivity of the method, K562 cells (which express epsilon-Hb) were spiked in a blood sample followed by staining in solution and FACS analysis.
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Pavlova MV, Nikolaiev YS, Irodov DM, Okunev OV, Kordium VA, Gilchuk PV. Characterization of a panel of mouse single-chain antibodies against human recombinant interferon β1b. CYTOL GENET+ 2008. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452708040014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Eisenhardt SU, Schwarz M, Bassler N, Peter K. Subtractive single-chain antibody (scFv) phage-display: tailoring phage-display for high specificity against function-specific conformations of cell membrane molecules. Nat Protoc 2008; 2:3063-73. [PMID: 18079705 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2007.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phage-display of antibody libraries is a powerful tool to select antibodies for specific epitopes. We describe a strategy for selecting highly specific scFv-clones that discriminate between various conformational states of cell surface receptors. This approach adapts the M13 pIII phage-display technology toward a cell suspension-based strategy, which allows panning against complex, multimeric, fully functional cell membrane epitopes without alteration of structure due to purification or immobilization. As the functional properties are preserved, phage can be specifically depleted or selected for neo-epitopes exposed after physiological alterations of the targeted molecules. This subtractive strategy allows highly specific selection for single-chain antibodies directed against functionally regulated epitopes on the cell surface molecules that can be tailored for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Using this protocol, activation-specific single-chain antibodies can be obtained within 4-6 weeks.
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18
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Ohara R, Knappik A, Shimada K, Frisch C, Ylera F, Koga H. Antibodies for proteomic research: comparison of traditional immunization with recombinant antibody technology. Proteomics 2006; 6:2638-46. [PMID: 16572469 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies play a pivotal role in studying the expression and function of proteins. Proteomics studies require the generation of specific and high-affinity antibodies against large numbers of proteins. While traditional animal-based antibody generation is laborious, difficult to automate, and therefore less suited to keep up with the requirements of proteomics research, the use of recombinant in vitro antibody technology might offer a solution to this problem. However, it has not been demonstrated yet that such antibodies are at least as useful as conventional antibodies for typical proteomics applications. Here we generated novel recombinant Fab antibody fragments from the naïve HuCAL GOLD library against a number of targets derived from a mouse cDNA library. We compared these antibodies with polyclonal antisera produced against the same targets and show that these recombinant antibodies are useful reagents for typical applications like Western blotting or immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Ohara
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
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19
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Wassaf D, Kuang G, Kopacz K, Wu QL, Nguyen Q, Toews M, Cosic J, Jacques J, Wiltshire S, Lambert J, Pazmany CC, Hogan S, Ladner RC, Nixon AE, Sexton DJ. High-throughput affinity ranking of antibodies using surface plasmon resonance microarrays. Anal Biochem 2006; 351:241-53. [PMID: 16510109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed to rapidly identify high-affinity human antibodies from phage display library selection outputs. It combines high-throughput Fab fragment expression and purification with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) microarrays to determine kinetic constants (kon and koff) for 96 different Fab fragments in a single experiment. Fabs against human tissue kallikrein 1 (hK1, KLK1 gene product) were discovered by phage display, expressed in Escherichia coli in batches of 96, and purified using protein A PhyTip columns. Kinetic constants were obtained for 191 unique anti-hK1 Fabs using the Flexchip SPR microarray device. The highest affinity Fabs discovered had dissociation constants of less than 1 nM. The described SPR method was also used to categorize Fabs according to their ability to recognize an apparent active site epitope. The ability to rapidly determine the affinities of hundreds of antibodies significantly accelerates the discovery of high-affinity antibody leads.
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20
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Hagay Y, Lahav J, Levanon A, Panet A. Function-modulating human monoclonal antibodies against platelet-membrane receptors isolated from a phage-display library. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1:1829-36. [PMID: 12911600 DOI: 10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies to platelet membrane receptors have been used extensively for analysis of receptor structure and function. Function-blocking human antibodies are being used for the development of antiplatelet drugs. We isolated human monoclonal antibodies from a library of single-chain Fv (scFv) antibodies displayed on the surface of filamentous phage, by selection on whole platelets. Eight different platelet-binding clones were isolated, of which three bound to the platelet-membrane glycoprotein (GP) GPIb in an ELISA assay. Specific elution with a recombinant polypeptide of von Willebrand factor (VWF) spanning the GPIbalpha binding site, yielded the same three phage clones. Two of the three anti-GPIb clones could be purified as scFv monoclonal antibodies, and they competed with each other for binding to intact platelets, suggesting that they bind at or near the same site on GPIb. Their binding affinities differed, however, and the clone with higher affinity inhibited ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation. These data indicate that selection from a phage display library of human scFvs using whole platelets can be applied for the isolation of functional antiplatelet-GPIb antibodies useful for the development of new therapeutic and diagnostic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hagay
- Bio-Technology General Inc., Rehovot, Israel.
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Soloviev M, Barry R, Scrivener E, Terrett J. Combinatorial peptidomics: a generic approach for protein expression profiling. J Nanobiotechnology 2003; 1:4. [PMID: 12877747 PMCID: PMC166277 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-1-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2003] [Accepted: 07/03/2003] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional approaches to protein profiling were built around the concept of investigating one protein at a time and have long since reached their limits of throughput. Here we present a completely new approach for comprehensive compositional analysis of complex protein mixtures, capable of overcoming the deficiencies of current proteomics techniques. The Combinatorial methodology utilises the peptidomics approach, in which protein samples are proteolytically digested using one or a combination of proteases prior to any assay being carried out. The second fundamental principle is the combinatorial depletion of the crude protein digest (i.e. of the peptide pool) by chemical crosslinking through amino acid side chains. Our approach relies on the chemical reactivities of the amino acids and therefore the amino acid content of the peptides (i.e. their information content) rather than their physical properties. Combinatorial peptidomics does not use affinity reagents and relies on neither chromatography nor electrophoretic separation techniques. It is the first generic methodology applicable to protein expression profiling, that is independent of the physical properties of proteins and does not require any prior knowledge of the proteins. Alternatively, a specific combinatorial strategy may be designed to analyse a particular known protein on the basis of that protein sequence alone or, in the absence of reliable protein sequence, even the predicted amino acid translation of an EST sequence. Combinatorial peptidomics is especially suitable for use with high throughput micro- and nano-fluidic platforms capable of running multiple depletion reactions in a single disposable chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Soloviev
- Oxford GlycoSciences (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3YS, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Barry
- Oxford GlycoSciences (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3YS, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Scrivener
- Oxford GlycoSciences (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3YS, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Terrett
- Oxford GlycoSciences (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3YS, United Kingdom
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22
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Abler LL, Sheets MD. Expression of scFv antibodies in Xenopus embryos to disrupt protein function: implications for large-scale evaluation of the embryonic proteome. Genesis 2003; 35:107-13. [PMID: 12533793 DOI: 10.1002/gene.10171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY We evaluated the use of single-chain antibody (scFv) expression as a tool to disrupt the function of specific proteins in embryos of the frog, Xenopus laevis. The expression of scFvs that recognize the bone morphogenetic protein receptor (ALK3) or the fibroblast growth factor receptor1 (FGFR1) as endoplasmic reticulum-anchored proteins caused distinct developmental defects that were virtually indistinguishable from the defects caused by expression of the dominant negative forms of each receptor. These results demonstrate that scFvs from phage-display libraries can be readily fashioned into effective and specific inhibitors of signaling pathways in developing embryos. In addition, as several effective scFvs against a specific target can be isolated rapidly, this approach represents a valuable new tool for large-scale functional analysis of the embryonic proteome.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Activin Receptors, Type I/physiology
- Animals
- Antibodies/metabolism
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Peptide Library
- Protein Binding
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proteome/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Growth Factor
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Xenopus laevis/embryology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Abler
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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23
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Rosenwald S, Kafri R, Lancet D. Test of a statistical model for molecular recognition in biological repertoires. J Theor Biol 2002; 216:327-36. [PMID: 12183121 DOI: 10.1006/jtbi.2002.2538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A chance encounter between members of a random repertoire and a molecular target is characteristic of different biological systems, including the immune and olfactory pathways as well as combinatorial libraries. In such systems, the affinity between the target and members of the repertoire is distributed with a probability function describing the propensity of obtaining a particular affinity value. We have previously proposed a phenomenological receptor affinity distribution (RAD) formalism, which describes this probability function based on simple statistical considerations. In the present analysis, we use published data from diverse experimental systems, including phage display libraries, immunoglobulins and enzymes, to test the RAD model and to compare it to other affinity distribution formalisms. The RAD model is found to provide the best description for binding data for over eight orders of magnitude on the affinity scale, and to account for a relationship between repertoire size and the maximal obtainable affinity within different repertoires. This approach points to a potential universality of the rules that govern affinity distributions in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Rosenwald
- Department of Molecular Genetic and the Crown Human Genome Center, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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24
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Burmester J, Spinelli S, Pugliese L, Krebber A, Honegger A, Jung S, Schimmele B, Cambillau C, Plückthun A. Selection, characterization and x-ray structure of anti-ampicillin single-chain Fv fragments from phage-displayed murine antibody libraries. J Mol Biol 2001; 309:671-85. [PMID: 11397088 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Single-chain Fv (scFv) antibody libraries were constructed from mice immunized with an ampicillin-bovine serum albumin conjugate. Several antibodies with specificity for intact ampicillin were selected by phage display and characterized. The antibody scFv fragment aL2 binds to intact ampicillin and shows no detectable cross-reactivity with hydrolyzed ampicillin. We determined the X-ray structures of two crystal forms of w.t. aL2, which differ mainly in the side-chain conformation of Trp H109 (according to a new consensus nomenclature Kabat residue number H95) in the extremely short (three residues) CDR H3 and the presence or absence of a well-resolved molecule of 2-methyl-pentane-2,4-diol in the bottom of the binding pocket. Attempts to co-crystallize aL2 with its antigen or to diffuse ampicillin into the wild-type aL2 crystals were unsuccessful, since crystal contacts obstruct the binding pocket. However, a mutant with two point mutations near the N terminus (Gln H6 replaced by Glu and Ala H10 (Kabat H9) replaced by Gly) crystallized in a form compatible with antigen-binding. Although the mutations affect the conformation of framework I, the conformations of the binding pocket of the uncomplexed wild-type aL2 and of the mutant complex were almost identical. The structure explains the specificity of the antibody for intact ampicillin and the degree of cross-reactivity of aL2 with a wide variety of ampicillin analogs. This antibody system will be very useful as a diagnostic reagent for antibiotics use and abuse, as a model for the effect of expression of antibiotic binding molecules in Escherichia coli, and for directed evolution towards high antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Burmester
- Biochemisches Institut der Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland
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25
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Bickel PE, Lodish HF, Scherer PE. Use and applications of subtractive antibody screening. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2001; 17:417-30. [PMID: 11255676 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2000.10648000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P E Bickel
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8127, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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26
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de Wildt RM, Mundy CR, Gorick BD, Tomlinson IM. Antibody arrays for high-throughput screening of antibody-antigen interactions. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18:989-94. [PMID: 10973222 DOI: 10.1038/79494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel technique for high-throughput screening of recombinant antibodies, based on the creation of antibody arrays. Our method uses robotic picking and high-density gridding of bacteria containing antibody genes followed by filter-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening to identify clones that express binding antibody fragments. By eliminating the need for liquid handling, we can thereby screen up to 18,342 different antibody clones at a time and, because the clones are arrayed from master stocks, the same antibodies can be double spotted and screened simultaneously against 15 different antigens. We have used our technique in several different applications, including isolating antibodies against impure proteins and complex antigens, where several rounds of phage display often fail. Our results indicate that antibody arrays can be used to identify differentially expressed proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M de Wildt
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology and MRC Centre for Protein Engineering, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK.
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27
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Cochrane D, Webster C, Masih G, McCafferty J. Identification of natural ligands for SH2 domains from a phage display cDNA library. J Mol Biol 2000; 297:89-97. [PMID: 10704309 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic domain of the Fc gamma receptor IIB (FcgammaRIIB) can be successfully displayed on the surface of filamentous phage, and after phosphorylation in vitro, can interact specifically with the SH2 domains of SHP-2, a cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphatase. When full-length FcgammaRIIB is expressed on phage, however, this interaction is greatly compromised, illustrating that characteristics of the full-length sequence are not well tolerated by the phage display system. Many associations in cell physiology are driven by similar interactions involving small modular binding domains or ligands, and so a fragmented cDNA library will facilitate display of such domains free of sequences which compromise their expression. A fragmented leukocyte cDNA display library of 10(8) clones was constructed. This library was phosphorylated in vitro with fyn kinase and was selected against the tandem SH2 domains of SHP-2 in the search for additional ligands. A depletion strategy to remove non-specific clones was employed, using SHP-2 Sepharose, prior to in vitro phosphorylation and selection. This permitted the emergence of clones encoding the cytoplasmic domain of PECAM-1, another natural ligand for SHP-2. The importance of dual phosphorylation of tyrosine residues at positions 663 and 686 was confirmed in competition ELISA experiments using phosphorylated phage and synthetic peptides. Thus, phage display of fragmented cDNA libraries permits the identification and characterisation of phosphorylated ligands of modular binding domains based on their functional interaction.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- Chromatography, Affinity
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Leukocytes/metabolism
- Ligands
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Peptide Fragments/biosynthesis
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptide Library
- Phosphorylation
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/chemistry
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/chemistry
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn
- Receptors, IgG/chemistry
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- SH2 Domain-Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
- src Homology Domains
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cochrane
- Cambridge Antibody Technology, The Science Park, Melbourn, Cambridgeshire, SG8 6JJ, UK
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28
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Mutuberria R, Hoogenboom HR, van der Linden E, de Bruïne AP, Roovers RC. Model systems to study the parameters determining the success of phage antibody selections on complex antigens. J Immunol Methods 1999; 231:65-81. [PMID: 10648928 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(99)00141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Phage antibody display technology offers a powerful tool for the isolation of specific antibodies to defined target antigens. Most selection strategies described to date have relied on the availability of purified and often recombinant antigen, providing the possibility to perform selections on a well-defined antigen source. However, when the target antigen cannot be purified (e.g., an integral membrane protein), or if the antigen is unknown (e.g., when searching for novel markers on cells or tissues), panning of phage antibody libraries has to be performed on complex antigen sources such as cell surfaces or tissue sections, or even by in vivo selection methods. This provides a series of technical and experimental challenges. One focus of our research is to select antibodies directed to novel cancer-induced antigens expressed by tumours and by the tumour vasculature. To understand the parameters governing selection on complex antigen sources and to assess the efficiency of these phage library selections, we have set up two model selection systems in which both tumour cells and vascular endothelial cells serve as target "antigen". We describe a model based on phage antibodies directed to the tumour antigen epithelial glycoprotein-2, to compare phage antibody selections on a range of different antigen sources including purified and recombinant antigen, whole live cells, tissue cryosections and in vivo grown solid tumours. Secondly, we describe a model based on a phage antibody directed against the endothelial cell inducible adhesion molecule E-selectin. We compare selections on cultured cell monolayers with selections on cell suspensions immobilised on columns, to determine which selection approach is most suitable for the identification of novel tumour endothelial cell markers. Our data provide insight into the efficiency and thus potency of different selection strategies and show that there are very large differences in the recovery and enrichment of binding phage between the different methods tested. Our results further demonstrate the feasibility of phage antibody selections on whole, intact cells and show that these may sometimes compare favourably to selections on purified antigen. Selections on endothelial cells immobilised on columns compare favourably with selections on cell-monolayers; the most favourable conditions for both selection procedures are described. The implications of our data for phage antibody selections on these different complex antigen sources using either non-immune or immune phage antibody repertoires are discussed. The use of model systems such as the ones described here will help to determine optimal experimental conditions for phage library selections on complex antigens and aid in developing more powerful selection procedures for target discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mutuberria
- University Hospital Maastricht, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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29
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Osbourn JK, Earnshaw JC, Johnson KS, Parmentier M, Timmermans V, McCafferty J. Directed selection of MIP-1 alpha neutralizing CCR5 antibodies from a phage display human antibody library. Nat Biotechnol 1998; 16:778-81. [PMID: 9702779 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0898-778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The seven trans-membrane chemokine receptor CCR-5 is a coreceptor for macrophage tropic HIV-1 strains. CCR-5 responds to a number of chemokines, including macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha. We describe the use of MIP-1 alpha in a biotin tyramine-mediated proximity selection to guide the selection of CCR-5-specific phage antibodies from a large phage display human library. Proximity based selections resulted in a population of antibodies recognizing CCR-5 on primary CD4+ lymphocytes, none of which blocked MIP-1 alpha binding to cells. The selected population of phage antibodies were subsequently used as guide molecules for a second phase of selection that was carried out in the absence of MIP-1 alpha. This generated a panel of CCR-5-binding antibodies, of which around 20% inhibited MIP-1 alpha binding to CD4+. The single chain Fvs (scFv) generated by this step-back selection procedure also inhibited MIP-1 alpha-mediated calcium signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Osbourn
- Cambridge Antibody Technology Limited, Melbourn, Cambridgeshire, U.K.
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30
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Kjaer S, Stausbøl-Grøn B, Wind T, Ravn P, Hobolt Jensen K, Kahns L, Clark BF. Glycerol diversifies phage repertoire selections and lowers non-specific phage absorption. FEBS Lett 1998; 431:448-52. [PMID: 9714561 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00789-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using a semi-synthetic phage displayed antibody repertoire, isoform-specific and cross-reactive phage-antibodies to eukaryotic elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) have been selected. Enrichment of specific antibodies was found to depend on the presence of glycerol. Further selections against lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) revealed that the dominance of a phage-antibody clone to LDH was inhibited by glycerol, a notable feature for selection strategies where a broad variety of binding clones is desired. The impact of glycerol in distinct steps of the selection protocol was examined and glycerol found to affect certain antibody-antigen interactions. Furthermore, the nonspecific phage binding was lowered by three orders of magnitude at a 20% (v/v) glycerol concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kjaer
- Institute of Molecular and Structural Biology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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31
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Jackson H, Bacon L, Pedley RB, Derbyshire E, Field A, Osbourn J, Allen D. Antigen specificity and tumour targeting efficiency of a human carcinoembryonic antigen-specific scFv and affinity-matured derivatives. Br J Cancer 1998; 78:181-8. [PMID: 9683291 PMCID: PMC2062911 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1998.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have examined the biological properties of CEA6, a human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-specific single-chain Fv (scFv) isolated by phage display, and five related clones derived by affinity maturation and selected for improved off-rate (Koff). All clones bind strongly and specifically to CEA-positive human tumours by immunocytochemistry and show negligible cross-reactivity with normal colon. Flow cytometry of scFv on human liver cells indicates a shift in fine epitope specificity resulting from mutagenesis. All monomeric scFv have been radioiodinated, retaining effectively full binding activity. A single intravenous injection into nude mice bearing human colon tumour xenografts confirms tumour targeting in all cases. As reported in other studies, the kidney is the main route of elimination of scFv at early time points. Tumour binding of the parental antibody CEA6 consistently gives the highest tumour-blood ratios at 24 h (mean 16:1). Clone TO6D11, which has a sevenfold reduced Koff relative to CEA6, showed no difference in tumour uptake at 24 h but persisted at the tumour site for longer than CEA6. This study demonstrates a possible correlation between binding affinity and tumour residence time when examined in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jackson
- Cambridge Antibody Technology, The Science Park, Melbourn, Cambridgeshire, UK
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32
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Hemminki A, Niemi S, Hautoniemi L, Söderlund H, Takkinen K. Fine tuning of an anti-testosterone antibody binding site by stepwise optimisation of the CDRs. IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 1998; 4:59-69. [PMID: 9661815 DOI: 10.1016/s1380-2933(98)00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported specificity improvement of an anti-testosterone monoclonal antibody (3-C4F5) by random mutagenesis of the third complementarity determining regions (CDR3s) and by phage display selection. OBJECTIVES Here we extend the mutagenesis strategy to the other CDRs and select the mutant libraries using two different approaches in order to further fine-tune the binding properties of this recombinant Fab fragment. STUDY DESIGN To improve the affinity the new mutant libraries were selected by using limiting, decreasing concentrations of biotinylated testosterone (TES) in solution and capturing the binders on streptavidin-coated microtiter plate. The specificity was improved by preincubating the mutant libraries in solution with a high concentration of the most problematic cross-reacting steroid, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS). RESULTS In two different light chain CDR1 mutant clones isolated from the affinity pannings, the relative TES affinity was increased over 10-fold while the cross-reactivities to related steroids were preserved at the same level as in the parental combined CDR3 mutant clone. New heavy chain CDR1 and light chain CDR2 mutants showing slightly decreased cross-reactivities were isolated from specificity selections. By combining compatible mutant CDRs together we were able to create a Fab fragment with over 12-fold higher relative TES affinity and significantly lower cross-reactivity to DHEAS when compared to the original monoclonal antibody 3-C4F5. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that a high-affinity and selective recombinant Fab fragment working over a wide TES concentration range with clinical samples could be generated by CDR mutagenesis and phage display selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hemminki
- VTT Biotechnology and Food Research, Espoo, Finland.
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) have long been considered a good class of natural drugs, both because they mimic their natural role in the body and because they have no inherent toxicity. Although rodent Mabs are readily generated, their widespread use as therapeutic agents has been hampered because they are recognized as foreign by the patient. Evidently, clinical Mabs should be as human as possible and results with some of the more recently developed chimerized and humanized Mabs are testimony to this. Mabs that are entirely human are now being produced from phage display and transgenic mice. The first fully human Mabs generated by phage display have already entered clinical trials, and together with recent advances in these technologies, may finally realize the full potential of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Vaughan
- Cambridge Antibody Technology, Melbourn, Cambridgeshire, UK.
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34
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Hoogenboom HR, Henderikx P. Creating and engineering human antibodies for immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1998; 31:5-31. [PMID: 10837615 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(97)00091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Targeting in immunotherapy has traditionally been achieved by using monoclonal rodent antibodies. Despite gene-engineering, there are many problems and limitations associated with the non-human origin, the targeting specificity and the binding strength of these molecules. Now these issues may be addressed in a more rational way, by designing and then shaping, in vitro, the desired human antibodies. This review addresses how this may be achieved by the selection of monoclonal human antibodies from phage display libraries and the engineering of affinity and specificity thereafter. Phage display of antibody fragments has allowed access to large collections of different phage antibodies, created by cloning antibody V-genes from B-cells. Antibodies against any type of antigen may be derived from such repertoires, by rounds of enrichment on antigen and re-amplification. This review presents the state of the art in rational antibody design and creation. It will highlight the strengths of this increasingly important field, which will aid in the generation of tailor-made targeting entities for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- HR Hoogenboom
- CESAME at Department of Pathology, University Hospital Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
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35
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Eshhar Z, Fitzer-Attas CJ. Tyrosine kinase chimeras for antigen-selective T-body therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1998; 31:171-182. [PMID: 10837624 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(97)00100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) transmit activation signals in almost every cell type, including immune effector cells. The aberrant or constitutive activation of PTKs can often cause neoplastic transformation. The use of chimeric receptors based on PTKs may enable us to elucidate the signaling pathways of normal immune cells and other cell types, and the abnormal events that can lead to malignant transformation. In this review, we focus on antigen specific chimeric PTKs in which antibody-derived scFv are joined to the Syk family of PTKs. These chimeric receptors yielded reagents that can selectively redirect immune effector cells and specifically activate them to produce cytokines or lyse their target. The advantages of using such PTK-based chimeras to redirect lymphocytes to tumor targets and their potential as an immunotherapeutic approach to malignant disease is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Eshhar
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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36
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Abstract
Phage antibody-display is rapidly maturing into a very effective tool for antibody generation. The recent development of large primary antibody libraries enables selection of antibodies against most targets in under two weeks and many of these antibodies have relatively high (nanomolar) affinities. Successful strategies have also been developed to affinity mature these antibodies into the picomolar range if required.
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