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Ba Q, Khan W, Pang J, Gong T, Quan B, Duo R, Shu H. Comparative analysis of foliar epidermal anatomical traits and their taxonomic relevance in Lilium pumilum, L. brownii, and L. davidi. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:387-394. [PMID: 37855458 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The anatomical traits of plant species are essential for taxonomic analyses and evolutionary evaluations. Clarifying the anatomical characteristics of the foliar epidermis in three distinct Lilium species L. pumilum Delile, L. brownii F.E.Br. ex Miellez and L. davidii Duch. ex Elwes were studied in this article. The objective is to assess the taxonomic relevance of these characteristics and their potential as indicators of species divergence within the genus Lilium. Plant samples were gathered in Gansu, China, from numerous populations of each species that represented a range of climatic and ecological factors. A microscopic analysis employing thin slices and peel mounts was done to assess the stomatal density and dimensions. Significant interpopulation differences in stomatal features were found in the results, offering potential opportunities for taxonomic discrimination. The species differ in qualitative and quantitative characters to differentiate the three species. The links between the observed anatomical characteristics and species classification within the Lilium genus were clarified for the three studied species. In the end, this research advances knowledge of Lilium taxonomy, aids in conservation efforts, and deepens awareness of the general patterns of plant variety. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Epidermal Traits Aid Taxonomy: Cell shape, arrangement, and structures aid Lilium Identification. Cuticle Reveals Taxonomic Clues: Thickness, composition, and structure inform classification. Micromorphology for Species ID: Cell shape, wax, and striations differentiate Lilium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaorui Ba
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Resource Utilization of Agricultural Solid Wastes, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, China
| | - Wajid Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianwen Pang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Resource Utilization of Agricultural Solid Wastes, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, China
| | - Taorui Gong
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Resource Utilization of Agricultural Solid Wastes, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, China
| | - Bixue Quan
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Resource Utilization of Agricultural Solid Wastes, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, China
| | - Renqiandangzhi Duo
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Resource Utilization of Agricultural Solid Wastes, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, China
| | - Hua Shu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Resource Utilization of Agricultural Solid Wastes, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, China
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Shi X, Yang H, Chen C, Hou J, Ji T, Cheng J, Birchler JA. Effect of aneuploidy of a non-essential chromosome on gene expression in maize. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:193-211. [PMID: 34997647 PMCID: PMC9310612 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The non-essential supernumerary maize (Zea mays) B chromosome (B) has recently been shown to contain active genes and to be capable of impacting gene expression of the A chromosomes. However, the effect of the B chromosome on gene expression is still unclear. In addition, it is unknown whether the accumulation of the B chromosome has a cumulative effect on gene expression. To examine these questions, the global expression of genes, microRNAs (miRNAs), and transposable elements (TEs) of leaf tissue of maize W22 plants with 0-7 copies of the B chromosome was studied. All experimental genotypes with B chromosomes displayed a trend of upregulated gene expression for a subset of A-located genes compared to the control. Over 3000 A-located genes are significantly differentially expressed in all experimental genotypes with the B chromosome relative to the control. Modulations of these genes are largely determined by the presence rather than the copy number of the B chromosome. By contrast, the expression of most B-located genes is positively correlated with B copy number, showing a proportional gene dosage effect. The B chromosome also causes increased expression of A-located miRNAs. Differentially expressed miRNAs potentially regulate their targets in a cascade of effects. Furthermore, the varied copy number of the B chromosome leads to the differential expression of A-located and B-located TEs. The findings provide novel insights into the function and properties of the B chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Shi
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouri65211USA
- Present address:
College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Hua Yang
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouri65211USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouri65211USA
| | - Jie Hou
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouri65211USA
| | - Tieming Ji
- Department of StatisticsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouri65211USA
| | - Jianlin Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouri65211USA
| | - James A. Birchler
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouri65211USA
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3
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Poorter H, Knopf O, Wright IJ, Temme AA, Hogewoning SW, Graf A, Cernusak LA, Pons TL. A meta-analysis of responses of C 3 plants to atmospheric CO 2 : dose-response curves for 85 traits ranging from the molecular to the whole-plant level. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1560-1596. [PMID: 34657301 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Generalised dose-response curves are essential to understand how plants acclimate to atmospheric CO2 . We carried out a meta-analysis of 630 experiments in which C3 plants were experimentally grown at different [CO2 ] under relatively benign conditions, and derived dose-response curves for 85 phenotypic traits. These curves were characterised by form, plasticity, consistency and reliability. Considered over a range of 200-1200 µmol mol-1 CO2 , some traits more than doubled (e.g. area-based photosynthesis; intrinsic water-use efficiency), whereas others more than halved (area-based transpiration). At current atmospheric [CO2 ], 64% of the total stimulation in biomass over the 200-1200 µmol mol-1 range has already been realised. We also mapped the trait responses of plants to [CO2 ] against those we have quantified before for light intensity. For most traits, CO2 and light responses were of similar direction. However, some traits (such as reproductive effort) only responded to light, others (such as plant height) only to [CO2 ], and some traits (such as area-based transpiration) responded in opposite directions. This synthesis provides a comprehensive picture of plant responses to [CO2 ] at different integration levels and offers the quantitative dose-response curves that can be used to improve global change simulation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Oliver Knopf
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Andries A Temme
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Graf
- Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4879, Australia
| | - Thijs L Pons
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3512 PN, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Jayawardhane J, Goyali JC, Zafari S, Igamberdiev AU. The Response of Cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata) Plants to Three Abiotic Stresses Applied with Increasing Intensity: Hypoxia, Salinity, and Water Deficit. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12010038. [PMID: 35050160 PMCID: PMC8777733 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposing plants to gradually increasing stress and to abiotic shock represents two different phenomena. The knowledge on plants’ responses following gradually increasing stress is limited, as many of the studies are focused on abiotic shock responses. We aimed to investigate how cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) plants respond to three common agricultural abiotic stresses: hypoxia (applied with the increasing time of exposure to nitrogen gas), salinity (gradually increasing NaCl concentration), and water deficit (gradual decrease in water supply). We hypothesized that the cowpea plants would increase in tolerance to these three abiotic stresses when their intensities rose in a stepwise manner. Following two weeks of treatments, leaf and whole-plant fresh weights declined, soluble sugar levels in leaves decreased, and lipid peroxidation of leaves and roots and the levels of leaf electrolyte leakage increased. Polyphenol oxidase activity in both roots and leaves exhibited a marked increase as compared to catalase and peroxidase. Leaf flavonoid content decreased considerably after hypoxia, while it increased under water deficit treatment. NO emission rates after 3 h in the hypoxically treated plants were similar to the controls, while the other two treatments resulted in lower values of NO production, and these levels further decreased with time. The degree of these changes was dependent on the type of treatment, and the observed effects were more substantial in leaves than in roots. In summary, the responses of cowpea plants to abiotic stress depend on the type and the degree of stress applied and the plant organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayamini Jayawardhane
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada; (J.C.G.); (S.Z.)
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.J.); (A.U.I.)
| | - Juran C. Goyali
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada; (J.C.G.); (S.Z.)
- Centre for Aquaculture and Seafood Development, Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1C 5R3, Canada
| | - Somaieh Zafari
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada; (J.C.G.); (S.Z.)
| | - Abir U. Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada; (J.C.G.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.J.); (A.U.I.)
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5
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Li F, Guo D, Gao X, Zhao X. Water Deficit Modulates the CO 2 Fertilization Effect on Plant Gas Exchange and Leaf-Level Water Use Efficiency: A Meta-Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:775477. [PMID: 34912360 PMCID: PMC8667667 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.775477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([eCO2]) and soil water deficits significantly influence gas exchange in plant leaves, affecting the carbon-water cycle in terrestrial ecosystems. However, it remains unclear how the soil water deficit modulates the plant CO2 fertilization effect, especially for gas exchange and leaf-level water use efficiency (WUE). Here, we synthesized a comprehensive dataset including 554 observations from 54 individual studies and quantified the responses for leaf gas exchange induced by e[CO2] under water deficit. Moreover, we investigated the contribution of plant net photosynthesis rate (P n ) and transpiration rates (T r) toward WUE in water deficit conditions and e[CO2] using graphical vector analysis (GVA). In summary, e[CO2] significantly increased P n and WUE by 11.9 and 29.3% under well-watered conditions, respectively, whereas the interaction of water deficit and e[CO2] slightly decreased P n by 8.3%. Plants grown under light in an open environment were stimulated to a greater degree compared with plants grown under a lamp in a closed environment. Meanwhile, water deficit reduced P n by 40.5 and 37.8%, while increasing WUE by 24.5 and 21.5% under ambient CO2 concentration (a[CO2]) and e[CO2], respectively. The e[CO2]-induced stimulation of WUE was attributed to the common effect of P n and T r, whereas a water deficit induced increase in WUE was linked to the decrease in T r. These results suggested that water deficit lowered the stimulation of e[CO2] induced in plants. Therefore, fumigation conditions that closely mimic field conditions and multi-factorial experiments such as water availability are needed to predict the response of plants to future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Dagang Guo
- College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaodong Gao
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Water Saving and Irrigation Technology, Yangling, China
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xining Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Water Saving and Irrigation Technology, Yangling, China
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6
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Shi X, Yang H, Chen C, Hou J, Hanson KM, Albert PS, Ji T, Cheng J, Birchler JA. Genomic imbalance determines positive and negative modulation of gene expression in diploid maize. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:917-939. [PMID: 33677584 PMCID: PMC8226301 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Genomic imbalance caused by changing the dosage of individual chromosomes (aneuploidy) has a more detrimental effect than varying the dosage of complete sets of chromosomes (ploidy). We examined the impact of both increased and decreased dosage of 15 distal and 1 interstitial chromosomal regions via RNA-seq of maize (Zea mays) mature leaf tissue to reveal new aspects of genomic imbalance. The results indicate that significant changes in gene expression in aneuploids occur both on the varied chromosome (cis) and the remainder of the genome (trans), with a wider spread of modulation compared with the whole-ploidy series of haploid to tetraploid. In general, cis genes in aneuploids range from a gene-dosage effect to dosage compensation, whereas for trans genes the most common effect is an inverse correlation in that expression is modulated toward the opposite direction of the varied chromosomal dosage, although positive modulations also occur. Furthermore, this analysis revealed the existence of increased and decreased effects in which the expression of many genes under genome imbalance are modulated toward the same direction regardless of increased or decreased chromosomal dosage, which is predicted from kinetic considerations of multicomponent molecular interactions. The findings provide novel insights into understanding mechanistic aspects of gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Shi
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Hua Yang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Jie Hou
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Katherine M Hanson
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Patrice S Albert
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Tieming Ji
- Department of Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Jianlin Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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7
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Gamage D, Thompson M, Sutherland M, Hirotsu N, Makino A, Seneweera S. New insights into the cellular mechanisms of plant growth at elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1233-1246. [PMID: 29611206 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2 ]) significantly influences plant growth, development, and biomass. Increased photosynthesis rate, together with lower stomatal conductance, has been identified as the key factors that stimulate plant growth at elevated [CO2 ] (e[CO2 ]). However, variations in photosynthesis and stomatal conductance alone cannot fully explain the dynamic changes in plant growth. Stimulation of photosynthesis at e[CO2 ] is always associated with post-photosynthetic secondary metabolic processes that include carbon and nitrogen metabolism, cell cycle functions, and hormonal regulation. Most studies have focused on photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in response to e[CO2 ], despite the emerging evidence of e[CO2 ]'s role in moderating secondary metabolism in plants. In this review, we briefly discuss the effects of e[CO2 ] on photosynthesis and stomatal conductance and then focus on the changes in other cellular mechanisms and growth processes at e[CO2 ] in relation to plant growth and development. Finally, knowledge gaps in understanding plant growth responses to e[CO2 ] have been identified with the aim of improving crop productivity under a CO2 rich atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dananjali Gamage
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Kamburupitiya, 81 100, Sri Lanka
| | - Michael Thompson
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
| | - Mark Sutherland
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
| | - Naoki Hirotsu
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Oura-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Amane Makino
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Saman Seneweera
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Kamburupitiya, 81 100, Sri Lanka
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8
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Yan W, Zhong Y, Shangguan Z. Contrasting responses of leaf stomatal characteristics to climate change: a considerable challenge to predict carbon and water cycles. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:3781-3793. [PMID: 28181733 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Stomata control the cycling of water and carbon between plants and the atmosphere; however, no consistent conclusions have been drawn regarding the response of stomatal frequency to climate change. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of 1854 globally obtained data series to determine the response of stomatal frequency to climate change, which including four plant life forms (over 900 species), at altitudes ranging from 0 to 4500 m and over a time span of more than one hundred thousand years. Stomatal frequency decreased with increasing CO2 concentration and increased with elevated temperature and drought stress; it was also dependent on the species and experimental conditions. The response of stomatal frequency to climate change showed a trade-off between stomatal control strategies and environmental factors, such as the CO2 concentration, temperature, and soil water availability. Moreover, threshold effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on stomatal frequency were detected, indicating that the response of stomatal density to increasing CO2 concentration will decrease over the next few years. The results also suggested that the stomatal index may be more reliable than stomatal density for determination of the historic CO2 concentration. Our findings indicate that the contrasting responses of stomata to climate change bring a considerable challenge in predicting future water and carbon cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yangquanwei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zhouping Shangguan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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9
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Becker VI, Goessling JW, Duarte B, Caçador I, Liu F, Rosenqvist E, Jacobsen SE. Combined effects of soil salinity and high temperature on photosynthesis and growth of quinoa plants (Chenopodium quinoa). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:665-678. [PMID: 32480597 DOI: 10.1071/fp16370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The halophytic crop quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is adapted to soil salinity and cold climate, but recent investigations have shown that quinoa can be grown in significantly warmer latitudes, i.e. the Mediterranean region, where high temperature and soil salinity can occur in combination. In this greenhouse study, effects of saltwater irrigation and high temperature on growth and development of the Bolivian cultivar 'Achachino' were determined. Development was slightly delayed in response to saltwater treatment, but significantly faster at high temperature. Biomass and seed yield decreased in response to salt, but not to high temperature. Plants increased their number of stomata in response to salt stress, but reduced its size on both sides of the leaf, whereas high temperature treatment significantly increased the stomata size on the abaxial leaf surface. When salt and high temperature was combined, the size of stomata was reduced only on the abaxial side of the leaf, and the number of epidermal bladder cells significantly increased on the abaxial leaf surface, resulting in preservation of photosynthetic quantum yields. We hypothesise that this morphological plasticity improves the partition of water and CO2 resulting in maintenance of photosynthesis in quinoa under adverse environmental conditions. We present a GLM-model that predicts yield parameters of quinoa grown in regions affected by soil salinity, high temperature and the factors combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena I Becker
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Johannes W Goessling
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Bernardo Duarte
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Caçador
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fulai Liu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Eva Rosenqvist
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Sven-Erik Jacobsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
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10
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Gray SB, Brady SM. Plant developmental responses to climate change. Dev Biol 2016; 419:64-77. [PMID: 27521050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is multi-faceted, and includes changing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, rising temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and increasing frequency of extreme weather events. Here, we focus on the effects of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations, rising temperature, and drought stress and their interaction on plant developmental processes in leaves, roots, and in reproductive structures. While in some cases these responses are conserved across species, such as decreased root elongation, perturbation of root growth angle and reduced seed yield in response to drought, or an increase in root biomass in shallow soil in response to elevated CO2, most responses are variable within and between species and are dependent on developmental stage. These variable responses include species-specific thresholds that arrest development of reproductive structures, reduce root growth rate and the rate of leaf initiation and expansion in response to elevated temperature. Leaf developmental responses to elevated CO2 vary by cell type and by species. Variability also exists between C3 and C4 species in response to elevated CO2, especially in terms of growth and seed yield stimulation. At the molecular level, significantly less is understood regarding conservation and variability in molecular mechanisms underlying these traits. Abscisic acid-mediated changes in cell wall expansion likely underlie reductions in growth rate in response to drought, and changes in known regulators of flowering time likely underlie altered reproductive transitions in response to elevated temperature and CO2. Genes that underlie most other organ or tissue-level responses have largely only been identified in a single species in response to a single stress and their level of conservation is unknown. We conclude that there is a need for further research regarding the molecular mechanisms of plant developmental responses to climate change factors in general, and that this lack of data is particularly prevalent in the case of interactive effects of multiple climate change factors. As future growing conditions will likely expose plants to multiple climate change factors simultaneously, with a sum negative influence on global agriculture, further research in this area is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon B Gray
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, 2243 Life Sciences Addition, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Siobhan M Brady
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, 2243 Life Sciences Addition, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Genome Center, University of California, Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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11
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Sack L, Buckley TN. The Developmental Basis of Stomatal Density and Flux. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:2358-63. [PMID: 27268500 PMCID: PMC4972277 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Equations for stomatal density and maximum theoretical stomatal conductance as functions of stomatal initiation rate, epidermal cell size, and stomatal size enable scaling from development to flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 (L.S.); andPlant Breeding Institute, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, Eveleigh, New South Wales 2015, Australia (T.N.B.)
| | - Thomas N Buckley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 (L.S.); andPlant Breeding Institute, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, Eveleigh, New South Wales 2015, Australia (T.N.B.)
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Aspinwall MJ, Loik ME, Resco de Dios V, Tjoelker MG, Payton PR, Tissue DT. Utilizing intraspecific variation in phenotypic plasticity to bolster agricultural and forest productivity under climate change. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1752-64. [PMID: 25132508 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change threatens the ability of agriculture and forestry to meet growing global demands for food, fibre and wood products. Information gathered from genotype-by-environment interactions (G × E), which demonstrate intraspecific variation in phenotypic plasticity (the ability of a genotype to alter its phenotype in response to environmental change), may prove important for bolstering agricultural and forest productivity under climate change. Nonetheless, very few studies have explicitly quantified genotype plasticity-productivity relationships in agriculture or forestry. Here, we conceptualize the importance of intraspecific variation in agricultural and forest species plasticity, and discuss the physiological and genetic factors contributing to intraspecific variation in phenotypic plasticity. Our discussion highlights the need for an integrated understanding of the mechanisms of G × E, more extensive assessments of genotypic responses to climate change under field conditions, and explicit testing of genotype plasticity-productivity relationships. Ultimately, further investigation of intraspecific variation in phenotypic plasticity in agriculture and forestry may prove important for identifying genotypes capable of increasing or sustaining productivity under more extreme climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Aspinwall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Michael E Loik
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California - Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Victor Resco de Dios
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences - AGROTECNIO Center, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, E25198, Spain
| | - Mark G Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Paxton R Payton
- USDA-ARS Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, Lubbock, TX, 74915, USA
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
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Burton AL, Johnson J, Foerster J, Hanlon MT, Kaeppler SM, Lynch JP, Brown KM. QTL mapping and phenotypic variation of root anatomical traits in maize (Zea mays L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2015; 128:93-106. [PMID: 25326723 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-014-2414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Root anatomical trait variation is described for three maize RIL populations. Six quantitative trait loci (QTL) are presented for anatomical traits: root cross-sectional area, % living cortical area, aerenchyma area, and stele area. Root anatomy is directly related to plant performance, influencing resource acquisition and transport, the metabolic cost of growth, and the mechanical strength of the root system. Ten root anatomical traits were measured in greenhouse-grown plants from three recombinant inbred populations of maize [intermated B73 × Mo17 (IBM), Oh43 × W64a (OhW), and Ny821 × H99 (NyH)]. Traits included areas of cross section, stele, cortex, aerenchyma, and cortical cells, percentages of the cortex occupied by aerenchyma, and cortical cell file number. Significant phenotypic variation was observed for each of the traits, with maximum values typically seven to ten times greater than minimum values. Means and ranges were similar for the OhW and NyH populations for all traits, while the IBM population had lower mean values for the majority of traits, but a 50% greater range of variation for aerenchyma area. A principal component analysis showed a similar trait structure for the three families, with clustering of area and count traits. Strong correlations were observed among area traits in the cortex, stele, and cross-section. The aerenchyma and percent living cortical area traits were independent of other traits. Six QTL were identified for four of the traits. The phenotypic variation explained by the QTL ranged from 4.7% (root cross-sectional area, OhW population) to 12.0% (percent living cortical area, IBM population). Genetic variation for root anatomical traits can be harnessed to increase abiotic stress tolerance and provide insights into mechanisms controlling phenotypic variation for root anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Burton
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Tyson Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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14
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Viger M, Rodriguez-Acosta M, Rae AM, Morison JIL, Taylor G. Toward improved drought tolerance in bioenergy crops: QTL for carbon isotope composition and stomatal conductance inPopulus. Food Energy Secur 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maud Viger
- Centre for Biological Sciences; Life Sciences Building; University of Southampton; Southampton SO17 1BJ United Kingdom
| | - Maricela Rodriguez-Acosta
- Centre for Biological Sciences; Life Sciences Building; University of Southampton; Southampton SO17 1BJ United Kingdom
| | - Anne M. Rae
- Centre for Biological Sciences; Life Sciences Building; University of Southampton; Southampton SO17 1BJ United Kingdom
| | - James I. L. Morison
- Centre for Forestry and Climate Change; Forest Research; Alice Holt Farnham Surrey United Kingdom
| | - Gail Taylor
- Centre for Biological Sciences; Life Sciences Building; University of Southampton; Southampton SO17 1BJ United Kingdom
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15
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DeWoody J, Viger M, Lakatos F, Tuba K, Taylor G, Smulders MJM. Insight into the genetic components of community genetics: QTL mapping of insect association in a fast-growing forest tree. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79925. [PMID: 24260320 PMCID: PMC3833894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying genetic sequences underlying insect associations on forest trees will improve the understanding of community genetics on a broad scale. We tested for genomic regions associated with insects in hybrid poplar using quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses conducted on data from a common garden experiment. The F2 offspring of a hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa x P. deltoides) cross were assessed for seven categories of insect leaf damage at two time points, June and August. Positive and negative correlations were detected among damage categories and between sampling times. For example, sap suckers on leaves in June were positively correlated with sap suckers on leaves (P<0.001) but negatively correlated with skeletonizer damage (P<0.01) in August. The seven forms of leaf damage were used as a proxy for seven functional groups of insect species. Significant variation in insect association occurred among the hybrid offspring, including transgressive segregation of susceptibility to damage. NMDS analyses revealed significant variation and modest broad-sense heritability in insect community structure among genets. QTL analyses identified 14 genomic regions across 9 linkage groups that correlated with insect association. We used three genomics tools to test for putative mechanisms underlying the QTL. First, shikimate-phenylpropanoid pathway genes co-located to 9 of the 13 QTL tested, consistent with the role of phenolic glycosides as defensive compounds. Second, two insect association QTL corresponded to genomic hotspots for leaf trait QTL as identified in previous studies, indicating that, in addition to biochemical attributes, leaf morphology may influence insect preference. Third, network analyses identified categories of gene models over-represented in QTL for certain damage types, providing direction for future functional studies. These results provide insight into the genetic components involved in insect community structure in a fast-growing forest tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer DeWoody
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Current address: USDA Forest Service, National Forest Genetics Lab, 2480 Carson Road, Placerville, California, United States of America
| | - Maud Viger
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ferenc Lakatos
- Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection, University of West-Hungary, Sopron, Hungary
| | - Katalin Tuba
- Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection, University of West-Hungary, Sopron, Hungary
| | - Gail Taylor
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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16
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Alteration of Leaf Surface Structures of Poplars under Elevated Air Temperature and Carbon Dioxide Concentration. Appl Microsc 2013. [DOI: 10.9729/am.2013.43.3.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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17
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Zheng Y, Xu M, Hou R, Shen R, Qiu S, Ouyang Z. Effects of experimental warming on stomatal traits in leaves of maize (Zea may L.). Ecol Evol 2013; 3:3095-111. [PMID: 24101997 PMCID: PMC3790554 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the warming effects on the stomatal frequency, stomatal aperture size and shape, and their spatial distribution pattern of maize (Zea may L.) leaves using a light microscope, an electron scanning microscope, and geostatistic techniques. A field manipulative experiment was conducted to elevate canopy temperature by 2.08°C, on average. We found that experimental warming had little effect on stomatal density, but significantly increased stomatal index due to the reduction in the number of epidermal cells under the warming treatment. Warming also significantly decreased stomatal aperture length and increased stomatal aperture width. As a result, warming significantly increased the average stomatal aperture area and stomatal aperture circumference. In addition, warming dramatically changed the stomatal spatial distribution pattern with a substantial increase in the average nearest neighbor distance between stomata on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The spatial distribution pattern of stomata was scale dependent with regular patterns at small scales and random patterns at larger scales on both leaf surfaces. Warming caused the stomatal distribution to become more regular on both leaf surfaces with smaller L(t) values (Ripley's K-function, L(t) is an expectation of zero for any value of t) in the warming plots than the control plots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences11A Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, 100039, China
- Center for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901
| | - Ming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences11A Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China
- Center for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901
| | - Ruixing Hou
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences11A Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China
- Yucheng Comprehensive Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, 100101, China
| | - Ruichang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences11A Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, 100039, China
| | - Shuai Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences11A Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, 100039, China
| | - Zhu Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences11A Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China
- Yucheng Comprehensive Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, 100101, China
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18
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Wang G, Feng X. Response of plants' water use efficiency to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:8610-8620. [PMID: 22747444 DOI: 10.1021/es301323m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses plants' adaptation to the elevated atmospheric CO(2) concentrations (c(a)) using 83 tree-ring δ(13)C series from the mid- to high-latitudes of the northern hemisphere. We found that the variation of Δ with the atmospheric CO(2) concentration is nonlinear and that the range of Δ change is relatively small. After 1950, the mean increase in Δ is 0.43‰, corresponding to the average coefficient of Δ-c(a) relationship to be about 0.006‰/ ppmv CO(2). In contrast to the changes in Δ, intercellular CO(2) concentration (c(i)) and intrinsic water-use efficiency (W(i)) both increase linearly with c(a). For the past two and a half centuries, changes in the intercellular CO(2) concentration (c(i)) and intrinsic water-use efficiency (W(i)) are, on average, both about 30%, while the mean change of the c(i)/c(a) ratio is 3%. Most changes have occurred after 1950. W(i) responds to c(a) linearly with sensitivities ranging from 0.06 to 0.6 μmol CO(2)/mmol H(2)O ppmv(-1), and an average 0.33 μmol CO(2)/mmol H(2)O ppmv(-1) during the past 50 years. Statistical analysis shows that the increase in c(a) accounts for 98% of the W(i) variation. The remaining small variance is explained by altitude and temperature. Trees at higher elevations show slightly higher increase in W(i), and they are also more sensitive to the CO(2) increase than trees at lower altitudes. Trees growing at low temperature environments are slightly more sensitive to CO(2) increase than those at higher temperature sites. No significant relationship between precipitation and plants' W(i) response to the atmospheric CO(2) increase is found with these data. Although the temperature and altitude both impact the W(i) response to elevated CO(2), the size of the impact is physically small and can be omitted from ecological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoan Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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19
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Tricker PJ, Gibbings JG, Rodríguez López CM, Hadley P, Wilkinson MJ. Low relative humidity triggers RNA-directed de novo DNA methylation and suppression of genes controlling stomatal development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3799-813. [PMID: 22442411 PMCID: PMC3733579 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental cues influence the development of stomata on the leaf epidermis, and allow plants to exert plasticity in leaf stomatal abundance in response to the prevailing growing conditions. It is reported that Arabidopsis thaliana 'Landsberg erecta' plants grown under low relative humidity have a reduced stomatal index and that two genes in the stomatal development pathway, SPEECHLESS and FAMA, become de novo cytosine methylated and transcriptionally repressed. These environmentally-induced epigenetic responses were abolished in mutants lacking the capacity for de novo DNA methylation, for the maintenance of CG methylation, and in mutants for the production of short-interfering non-coding RNAs (siRNAs) in the RNA-directed DNA methylation pathway. Induction of methylation was quantitatively related to the induction of local siRNAs under low relative humidity. Our results indicate the involvement of both transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene suppression at these loci in response to environmental stress. Thus, in a physiologically important pathway, a targeted epigenetic response to a specific environmental stress is reported and several of its molecular, mechanistic components are described, providing a tractable platform for future epigenetics experiments. Our findings suggest epigenetic regulation of stomatal development that allows for anatomical and phenotypic plasticity, and may help to explain at least some of the plant's resilience to fluctuating relative humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny J. Tricker
- School of Biological Sciences, Philip Lyle Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6BX, UK
| | - J. George Gibbings
- School of Biological Sciences, Philip Lyle Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6BX, UK
| | - Carlos M. Rodríguez López
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Edward Llywd Building, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Paul Hadley
- School of Biological Sciences, Philip Lyle Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6BX, UK
| | - Mike J. Wilkinson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Edward Llywd Building, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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20
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Jordan GJ. A critical framework for the assessment of biological palaeoproxies: predicting past climate and levels of atmospheric CO(2) from fossil leaves. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 192:29-44. [PMID: 21770947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review uses proxies of past temperature and atmospheric CO(2) composition based on fossil leaves to illustrate the uncertainties in biologically based proxies of past environments. Most leaf-based proxies are geographically local or genetically restricted and therefore can be confounded by evolution, extinction, changes in local environment or immigration of species. Stomatal frequency proxies illustrate how genetically restricted proxies can be particularly vulnerable to evolutionary change. High predictive power in the modern world resulting from the use of a very narrow calibration cannot be confidently extrapolated into the past (the Ginkgo paradox). Many foliar physiognomic proxies of climate are geographically local and use traits that are more or less fixed for individual species. Such proxies can therefore be confounded by floristic turnover and biome shifts in the region of calibration. Uncertainty in proxies tends to be greater for more ancient fossils. I present a set of questions that should be considered before using a proxy. Good proxies should be relatively protected from environmental and genetic change, particularly through having high information content and being founded on biomechanical or biochemical principles. Some current and potential developments are discussed, including those that involve more mechanistically sound proxies and better use of multivariate approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Jordan
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia
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21
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Araújo WL, Fernie AR, Nunes-Nesi A. Control of stomatal aperture: a renaissance of the old guard. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1305-11. [PMID: 21847028 PMCID: PMC3258058 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.9.16425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Stomata, functionally specialized small pores on the surfaces of leaves, regulate the flow of gases in and out of plants. The pore is opened by an increase in osmotic pressure in the guard cells, resulting in the uptake of water. The subsequent increase in cell volume inflates the guard cell and culminates with the opening of the pore. Although guard cells can be regarded as one of the most thoroughly investigated cell types, our knowledge of the signaling pathways which regulate guard cell function remains fragmented. Recent research in guard cells has led to several new hypotheses, however, it is still a matter of debate as to whether guard cells function autonomously or are subject to regulation by their neighboring mesophyll cells.This review synthesizes what is known about the mechanisms and genes critical for modulating stomatal movement. Recent progress on the regulation of guard cell function is reviewed here including the involvement of environmental signals such as light, the concentration of atmospheric CO2 and endogenous plant hormones. In addition we re-evaluate the important role of organic acids such as malate and fumarate play in guard cell metabolism in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner L Araújo
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology; Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology; Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal; Universidade Federal de Viçosa; Max-Planck Partner Group; MG, Viçosa, Brazil
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22
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Ogaya R, Llorens L, Peñuelas J. Density and length of stomatal and epidermal cells in "living fossil" trees grown under elevated CO2 and a polar light regime. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Delgado D, Alonso-Blanco C, Fenoll C, Mena M. Natural variation in stomatal abundance of Arabidopsis thaliana includes cryptic diversity for different developmental processes. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:1247-58. [PMID: 21447490 PMCID: PMC3101138 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Current understanding of stomatal development in Arabidopsis thaliana is based on mutations producing aberrant, often lethal phenotypes. The aim was to discover if naturally occurring viable phenotypes would be useful for studying stomatal development in a species that enables further molecular analysis. METHODS Natural variation in stomatal abundance of A. thaliana was explored in two collections comprising 62 wild accessions by surveying adaxial epidermal cell-type proportion (stomatal index) and density (stomatal and pavement cell density) traits in cotyledons and first leaves. Organ size variation was studied in a subset of accessions. For all traits, maternal effects derived from different laboratory environments were evaluated. In four selected accessions, distinct stomatal initiation processes were quantitatively analysed. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Substantial genetic variation was found for all six stomatal abundance-related traits, which were weakly or not affected by laboratory maternal environments. Correlation analyses revealed overall relationships among all traits. Within each organ, stomatal density highly correlated with the other traits, suggesting common genetic bases. Each trait correlated between organs, supporting supra-organ control of stomatal abundance. Clustering analyses identified accessions with uncommon phenotypic patterns, suggesting differences among genetic programmes controlling the various traits. Variation was also found in organ size, which negatively correlated with cell densities in both organs and with stomatal index in the cotyledon. Relative proportions of primary and satellite lineages varied among the accessions analysed, indicating that distinct developmental components contribute to natural diversity in stomatal abundance. Accessions with similar stomatal indices showed different lineage class ratios, revealing hidden developmental phenotypes and showing that genetic determinants of primary and satellite lineage initiation combine in several ways. This first systematic, comprehensive natural variation survey for stomatal abundance in A. thaliana reveals cryptic developmental genetic variation, and provides relevant relationships amongst stomatal traits and extreme or uncommon accessions as resources for the genetic dissection of stomatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Delgado
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III s/n, 45071-Toledo, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Blanco
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, Madrid-28049, Spain
| | - Carmen Fenoll
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III s/n, 45071-Toledo, Spain
| | - Montaña Mena
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III s/n, 45071-Toledo, Spain
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24
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Yao H, Kato A, Mooney B, Birchler JA. Phenotypic and gene expression analyses of a ploidy series of maize inbred Oh43. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 75:237-251. [PMID: 21188620 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-010-9722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polyploidization has repeatedly occurred during plant evolution. Although autopolyploidy is the best model to characterize the polyploidization effects in a highly controlled manner, there are limited studies on autopolyploids compared to allopolyploids. To improve our understanding of autopolyploidy effects in maize, we developed an inbred Oh43 ploidy series consisting of the diploid (2X), tetraploid (4X) and hexaploid (6X) lines and compared their phenotypes and gene expression in the mature adult leaf tissue. Our phenotypic study showed that plants of higher ploidy exhibit increased cell size but slower growth rate, later flowering, fewer tassel branches, reduced stature and fertility. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE) and gel electrophoresis followed by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (GeLC-MS) assays of the leaf proteomes revealed ~40 and 26% quantitative differentially expressed (DE) proteins, respectively, at the per genome level. A small number of qualitative DE proteins were also identified in the GeLC-MS assay. The majority of the quantitative DE proteins found in the 2D DIGE assay were present in either the 4X versus 6X or the 2X versus 6X comparison but not the 2X versus 4X comparison. Aneuploidy in some 6X plants might contribute to the more extensive changes of gene expression per genome in the 6X. Most changes of the protein expression per genome are less than twofold. Less than 5% of the DE genes exhibit a positive or negative continuous correlation through the ploidy series between their protein expression per genome, and the genome copy number. Hence, in the Oh43 ploidy series, expression for most proteins in a cell increases linearly with ploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yao
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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25
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Prins A, Mukubi JM, Pellny TK, Verrier PJ, Beyene G, Lopes MS, Emami K, Treumann A, Lelarge-Trouverie C, Noctor G, Kunert KJ, Kerchev P, Foyer CH. Acclimation to high CO2 in maize is related to water status and dependent on leaf rank. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:314-31. [PMID: 21054434 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The responses of C(3) plants to rising atmospheric CO(2) levels are considered to be largely dependent on effects exerted through altered photosynthesis. In contrast, the nature of the responses of C(4) plants to high CO(2) remains controversial because of the absence of CO(2) -dependent effects on photosynthesis. In this study, the effects of atmospheric CO(2) availability on the transcriptome, proteome and metabolome profiles of two ranks of source leaves in maize (Zea mays L.) were studied in plants grown under ambient CO(2) conditions (350 +/- 20 µL L(-1) CO(2) ) or with CO(2) enrichment (700 +/- 20 µL L(-1) CO(2) ). Growth at high CO(2) had no effect on photosynthesis, photorespiration, leaf C/N ratios or anthocyanin contents. However, leaf transpiration rates, carbohydrate metabolism and protein carbonyl accumulation were altered at high CO(2) in a leaf-rank specific manner. Although no significant CO(2) -dependent changes in the leaf transcriptome were observed, qPCR analysis revealed that the abundance of transcripts encoding a Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor and a serpin were changed by the growth CO(2) level in a leaf rank specific manner. Moreover, CO(2) -dependent changes in the leaf proteome were most evident in the oldest source leaves. Small changes in water status may be responsible for the observed responses to high CO(2,) particularly in the older leaf ranks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Prins
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Plant Science Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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26
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Plett JM, Wilkins O, Campbell MM, Ralph SG, Regan S. Endogenous overexpression of Populus MYB186 increases trichome density, improves insect pest resistance, and impacts plant growth. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 64:419-32. [PMID: 20807210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are specialized epidermal cells that generally play a role in reducing transpiration and act as a deterrent to herbivory. In a screen of activation-tagged Populus tremula × Populus alba 717-1B4 trees, we identified a mutant line, fuzzy, with increased foliar trichome density. This mutant also had a 35% increase in growth rate and a 200% increase in the rate of photosynthesis as compared with wild-type poplar. The fuzzy mutant had significant resistance to feeding by larvae of the white-spotted tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma), a generalist insect pest of poplar trees. The fuzzy trichome phenotype is attributable to activation tagging and increased expression of the gene encoding PtaMYB186, which is related to Arabidopsis thaliana MYB106, a known regulator of trichome initiation. The fuzzy phenotype can be recapitulated by overexpressing PtaMYB186 in poplar. PtaMYB186 overexpression results in reconfiguration of the poplar transcriptome, with changes in the transcript abundance of suites of genes that are related to trichome differentiation. It is notable that a plant with misexpression of a gene responsible for trichome development also had altered traits related to growth rate and pest resistance, suggesting that non-intuitive facets of plant development might be useful targets for plant improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Plett
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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Borghi L, Gutzat R, Fütterer J, Laizet Y, Hennig L, Gruissem W. Arabidopsis RETINOBLASTOMA-RELATED is required for stem cell maintenance, cell differentiation, and lateral organ production. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:1792-811. [PMID: 20525851 PMCID: PMC2910961 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.074591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Several genes involved in the regulation of postembryonic organ initiation and growth have been identified. However, it remains largely unclear how developmental cues connect to the cell cycle. RETINOBLASTOMA RELATED (RBR) is a plant homolog of the tumor suppressor Retinoblastoma (pRb), which is a key regulator of the cell cycle. Using inducible RNA interference (RNAi) against Arabidopsis thaliana RBR (RBRi), we reduced RBR expression levels at different stages of plant development. Conditional reduction or loss of RBR function disrupted cell division patterns, promoted context-dependent cell proliferation, and negatively influenced establishment of cell differentiation. Several lineages of toti- and pluripotent cells, including shoot apical meristem stem cells, meristemoid mother cells, and procambial cells, failed to produce appropriately differentiated cells. Meristem activity was altered, leading to a disruption of the CLAVATA-WUSCHEL feedback loop and inhibition of lateral organ formation. Release of RBR from RNAi downregulation restored meristem activity. Gene profiling analyses soon after RBRi induction revealed that a change in RBR homeostasis is perceived as a stress, even before genes regulated by RBR-E2F become deregulated. The results establish RBR as a key cell cycle regulator required for coordination of cell division, differentiation, and cell homeostasis.
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Riikonen J, Percy KE, Kivimäenpää M, Kubiske ME, Nelson ND, Vapaavuori E, Karnosky DF. Leaf size and surface characteristics of Betula papyrifera exposed to elevated CO2 and O3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:1029-1035. [PMID: 19674822 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Betula papyrifera trees were exposed to elevated concentrations of CO(2) (1.4 x ambient), O(3) (1.2 x ambient) or CO(2) + O(3) at the Aspen Free-air CO(2) Enrichment Experiment. The treatment effects on leaf surface characteristics were studied after nine years of tree exposure. CO(2) and O(3) increased epidermal cell size and reduced epidermal cell density but leaf size was not altered. Stomatal density remained unaffected, but stomatal index increased under elevated CO(2). Cuticular ridges and epicuticular wax crystallites were less evident under CO(2) and CO(2) + O(3). The increase in amorphous deposits, particularly under CO(2) + O(3,) was associated with the appearance of elongated plate crystallites in stomatal chambers. Increased proportions of alkyl esters resulted from increased esterification of fatty acids and alcohols under elevated CO(2) + O(3). The combination of elevated CO(2) and O(3) resulted in different responses than expected under exposure to CO(2) or O(3) alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Riikonen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, Finland.
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Foyer CH, Bloom AJ, Queval G, Noctor G. Photorespiratory metabolism: genes, mutants, energetics, and redox signaling. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 60:455-84. [PMID: 19575589 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.043008.091948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiration is a high-flux pathway that operates alongside carbon assimilation in C(3) plants. Because most higher plant species photosynthesize using only the C(3) pathway, photorespiration has a major impact on cellular metabolism, particularly under high light, high temperatures, and CO(2) or water deficits. Although the functions of photorespiration remain controversial, it is widely accepted that this pathway influences a wide range of processes from bioenergetics, photosystem II function, and carbon metabolism to nitrogen assimilation and respiration. Crucially, the photorespiratory pathway is a major source of H(2)O(2) in photosynthetic cells. Through H(2)O(2) production and pyridine nucleotide interactions, photorespiration makes a key contribution to cellular redox homeostasis. In so doing, it influences multiple signaling pathways, particularly those that govern plant hormonal responses controlling growth, environmental and defense responses, and programmed cell death. The potential influence of photorespiration on cell physiology and fate is thus complex and wide ranging. The genes, pathways, and signaling functions of photorespiration are considered here in the context of whole plant biology, with reference to future challenges and human interventions to diminish photorespiratory flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Foyer
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
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Dillen SY, Marron N, Koch B, Ceulemans R. Genetic variation of stomatal traits and carbon isotope discrimination in two hybrid poplar families (Populus deltoides 'S9-2' x P. nigra 'Ghoy' and P. deltoides 'S9-2' x P. trichocarpa 'V24'). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2008; 102:399-407. [PMID: 18587131 PMCID: PMC2701808 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcn107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Stomata play an important role in both the CO(2) assimilation and water relations of trees. Therefore, stomatal traits have been suggested as criteria for selection of clones or genotypes which are more productive and have larger water-use efficiency (WUE) than others. However, the relationships between plant growth, WUE and stomatal traits are still unclear depending on plant material (genus, species, families, genotypes) and, more precisely, on the strength of the relationships between the plants. In this study, the correlations between these three traits categories, i.e. plant growth, WUE and stomatal traits, were compared in two related poplar families. METHODS Stomatal traits (stomatal density, length and ratio adaxial : abaxial stomatal densities) of a selection of F(1) genotypes and the parents of two hybrid poplar families Populus deltoides 'S9-2' x P. nigra 'Ghoy' (D x N family, 50 F(1)) and P. deltoides 'S9-2' x P. trichocarpa 'V24' (D x T family, 50 F(1)) were measured, together with stem height and circumference. Carbon isotope discrimination (Delta) was determined and used as an indicator of leaf-level intrinsic WUE. KEY RESULTS Leaves of hybrids and parents were amphistomatous, except for the P. trichocarpa parent. Both families displayed high values of heritability for stomatal traits and Delta. In the progeny, the relationship between stem circumference and Delta was weak for the D x N family, while abaxial and total stomatal density were positively associated with stem dimensions for the D x T family only. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variation in stomatal traits and Delta was large within as well as between the different poplar species and their hybrids, but there were no direct relationships between stomatal traits and plant growth or Delta. As already noticed in various poplar hybrids, the absence of, or the weak, relationship between Delta and plant growth allows the possibility of selecting poplar genotypes combining high productivity and high WUE. In this study, stomatal traits are of limited value as criteria for selection of genotypes with good growth and large WUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Y Dillen
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Campus Drie Eiken, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Soares AS, Driscoll SP, Olmos E, Harbinson J, Arrabaça MC, Foyer CH. Adaxial/abaxial specification in the regulation of photosynthesis and stomatal opening with respect to light orientation and growth with CO2 enrichment in the C4 species Paspalum dilatatum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 177:186-198. [PMID: 17850248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Whole-plant morphology, leaf structure and composition were studied together with the effects of light orientation on the dorso-ventral regulation of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in Paspalum dilatatum cv. Raki plants grown for 6 wk at either 350 or 700 microl l(-1) CO(2). Plant biomass was doubled as a result of growth at high CO(2) and the shoot:root ratio was decreased. Stomatal density was increased in the leaves of the high CO(2)-grown plants, which had greater numbers of smaller stomata and more epidermal cells on the abaxial surface. An asymmetric surface-specific regulation of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance was observed with respect to light orientation. This was not caused by dorso-ventral variations in leaf structure, the distribution of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) proteins or light absorptance, transmittance or reflectance. Adaxial/abaxial specification in the regulation of photosynthesis results from differential sensitivity of stomatal opening to light orientation and fixed gradients of enzyme activation across the leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Soares
- Crop Performance and Improvement Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
- Centro de Engenharia Biológica & Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Simon P Driscoll
- Crop Performance and Improvement Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Enrique Olmos
- CEBAS-CSIC, Department of Plant Physiology, PO Box 164, 30080-Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Spain
| | - Jeremy Harbinson
- Wageningen University, Department of Plant Sciences, Horticultural Production Chains Group, Marijkeweg 22, 6709 PG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Celeste Arrabaça
- Centro de Engenharia Biológica & Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Christine H Foyer
- Crop Performance and Improvement Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
- Present address: School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Agriculture Building, The University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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Abstract
Stomata play a pivotal role in the regulation of gas exchange in flowering plants and are distributed throughout the aerial epidermis. In leaves, the pattern of stomatal distribution is highly variable between species but is regulated by a mechanism that maintains a minimum of one cell spacing between stomata. In Arabidopsis, a number of the genetic components of this mechanism have been identified and include, SDD1, EPF1 and the putative receptors TMM and the ERECTA-gene family. A mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signalling cascade is believed to act downstream of these putative receptors while a number of transcription factors including SPCH, MUTE and FAMA have been identified that control consecutive steps of stomatal development. The environment also has significant effects on stomatal development. In a number of species both light intensity and CO(2) concentrations have been shown to influence the frequency at which stomata develop on leaves. Long-distance signalling mechanisms have been implicated in these environmental responses with the conditions sensed by mature leaves determining the stomatal frequency in developing leaves. Thus, changes in the environment appear to act by modulating the developmental and patterning pathways to determine stomatal frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Casson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UG, UK
| | - Julie E Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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Marinari S, Calfapietra C, De Angelis P, Mugnozza GS, Grego S. Impact of elevated CO(2) and nitrogen fertilization on foliar elemental composition in a short rotation poplar plantation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 147:507-15. [PMID: 17084005 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The experiment was carried out on a short rotation coppice culture of poplars (POP-EUROFACE, Central Italy), growing in a free air carbon dioxide enriched atmosphere (FACE). The specific objective of this work was to study whether elevated CO(2) and fertilization (two CO(2) treatments, elevated CO(2) and control, two N fertilization treatments, fertilized and unfertilized), as well as the interaction between treatments caused an unbalanced nutritional status of leaves in three poplar species (P. x euramericana, P. nigra and P. alba). Finally, we discuss the ecological implications of a possible change in foliar nutrients concentration. CO(2) enrichment reduced foliar nitrogen and increased the concentration of magnesium; whereas nitrogen fertilization had opposite effects on leaf nitrogen and magnesium concentrations. Moreover, the interaction between elevated CO(2) and N fertilization amplified some element unbalances such as the K/N-ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marinari
- Department of Agrochemistry and Agrobiology, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via S Camillo de Lellis, Viterbo, Italy.
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Zhang FZ, Wagstaff C, Rae AM, Sihota AK, Keevil CW, Rothwell SD, Clarkson GJJ, Michelmore RW, Truco MJ, Dixon MS, Taylor G. QTLs for shelf life in lettuce co-locate with those for leaf biophysical properties but not with those for leaf developmental traits. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2007; 58:1433-49. [PMID: 17347132 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erm006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Developmental and biophysical leaf characteristics that influence post-harvest shelf life in lettuce, an important leafy crop, have been examined. The traits were studied using 60 informative F9 recombinant inbed lines (RILs) derived from a cross between cultivated lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv. Salinas) and wild lettuce (L. serriola acc. UC96US23). Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for shelf life co-located most closely with those for leaf biophysical properties such as plasticity, elasticity, and breakstrength, suggesting that these are appropriate targets for molecular breeding for improved shelf life. Significant correlations were found between shelf life and leaf size, leaf weight, leaf chlorophyll content, leaf stomatal index, and epidermal cell number per leaf, indicating that these pre-harvest leaf development traits confer post-harvest properties. By studying the population in two contrasting environments in northern and southern Europe, the genotype by environment interaction effects of the QTLs relevant to leaf development and shelf life were assessed. In total, 107 QTLs, distributed on all nine linkage groups, were detected from the 29 traits. Only five QTLs were common in both environments. Several areas where many QTLs co-located (hotspots) on the genome were identified, with relatively little overlap between developmental hotspots and those relating to shelf life. However, QTLs for leaf biophysical properties (breakstrength, plasticity, and elasticity) and cell area correlated well with shelf life, confirming that the ideal ideotype lettuce should have small cells with strong cell walls. The identification of QTLs for leaf development, strength, and longevity will lead to a better understanding of processability at a genetic and cellular level, and allow the improvement of salad leaf quality through marker-assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Z Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton S016 7PX, UK
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Rae AM, Tricker PJ, Bunn SM, Taylor G. Adaptation of tree growth to elevated CO2: quantitative trait loci for biomass in Populus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 175:59-69. [PMID: 17547667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
* Information on the genetic variation of plant response to elevated CO(2) (e[CO(2)]) is needed to understand plant adaptation and to pinpoint likely evolutionary response to future high atmospheric CO(2) concentrations. * Here, quantitative trait loci (QTL) for above- and below-ground tree growth were determined in a pedigree - an F(2) hybrid of poplar (Populus trichocarpa and Populus deltoides), following season-long exposure to either current day ambient CO(2) (a[CO(2)]) or e[CO(2)] at 600 microl l(-1), and genotype by environment interactions investigated. * In the F(2) generation, both above- and below-ground growth showed a significant increase in e[CO(2)]. Three areas of the genome on linkage groups I, IX and XII were identified as important in determining above-ground growth response to e[CO(2)], while an additional three areas of the genome on linkage groups IV, XVI and XIX appeared important in determining root growth response to e[CO(2)]. * These results quantify and identify genetic variation in response to e[CO(2)] and provide an insight into genomic response to the changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Rae
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton S016 7PX, UK
| | - Penny J Tricker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton S016 7PX, UK
| | - Stephen M Bunn
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton S016 7PX, UK
| | - Gail Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton S016 7PX, UK
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Rae AM, Ferris R, Tallis MJ, Taylor G. Elucidating genomic regions determining enhanced leaf growth and delayed senescence in elevated CO2. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2006; 29:1730-41. [PMID: 16913862 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Limited information is available on the genetic variation and control for plant growth response to elevated CO(2) (e[CO(2)]). Such information is necessary to understand plant adaptation and evolution in future rising CO(2). Here, quantitative trait loci (QTL) for leaf growth, development, quality and leaf senescence were determined in a tree pedigree - an F(2) hybrid of Populus trichocarpa T. & G and Populus deltoides Marsh, following season-long exposure to either current day ambient carbon dioxide (a[CO(2)]) or e[CO(2)] at 600 microL L(-1). Leaf growth and development differed between the grandparents such that P. trichocarpa showed greater response to e[CO(2)]. In the F(2) generation, leaf development and quality traits including leaf area, leaf shape, epidermal cell area, and stomatal number, specific leaf area (SLA), and the phenology trait, canopy senescence index, were sensitive to e[CO(2)]. Sixty-nine QTL were mapped for the 19 traits of plants in a[CO(2)] while 60 QTL were mapped for plants in e[CO(2)]. The results suggest that although many QTL mapped to common positions in a[CO(2)] and e[CO(2)], confirming their importance in determining growth, there was also differential genetic control for a number of traits including leaf senescence. Candidate genes were shown to collocate to regions where response QTL mapped. This study is the first to identify candidate genes that may be important in determining plant adaptation to future high-CO(2) world.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Rae
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton, UK
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González-Martínez SC, Krutovsky KV, Neale DB. Forest-tree population genomics and adaptive evolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 170:227-38. [PMID: 16608450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Forest trees have gained much attention in recent years as nonclassical model eukaryotes for population, evolutionary and ecological genomic studies. Because of low domestication, large open-pollinated native populations, and high levels of both genetic and phenotypic variation, they are ideal organisms to unveil the molecular basis of population adaptive divergence in nature. Population genomics, in its broad-sense definition, is an emerging discipline that combines genome-wide sampling with traditional population genetic approaches to understanding evolution. Here we briefly review traditional methods of studying adaptive genetic variation in forest trees, and describe a new, integrated population genomics approach. First, alleles (haplotypes) at candidate genes for adaptive traits and their effects on phenotypes need to be characterized via sequencing and association mapping. At this stage, functional genomics can assist in understanding gene action and regulation by providing detailed transcriptional profiles. Second, frequencies of alleles in native populations for causative single-nucleotide polymorphisms are estimated to identify patterns of adaptive variation across heterogeneous environments. Population genomics, through deciphering allelic effects on phenotypes and identifying patterns of adaptive variation at the landscape level, will in the future constitute a useful tool, if cost-effective, to design conservation strategies for forest trees.
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Gardner SDL, Freer-Smith PH, Tucker J, Taylor G. Elevated CO 2 protects poplar (Populus trichocarpa × P. deltoides) from damage induced by O 3: identification of mechanisms. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2005; 32:221-235. [PMID: 32689126 DOI: 10.1071/fp04131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/13/2005] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
CO2 concentrations in the Earth's atmosphere will rise to between 550 and 700 μL L-1 by 2100 (IPCC 2001). In much of the world, ozone (O3) is the air pollutant most likely to be having adverse effects on the growth of plants. Here we describe the impacts of CO2 and O3 episodes (rising to 100 nL L-1), singly and in mixtures on the growth and physiology of an interamerican hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa L. (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) × P. deltoids Bartr. ex Marsh). 700 μL L-1 CO2 increased all growth variables relative to values in 350 μL L-1. Mainstem dry weight showed a 38% increase in year 1 and a 32% increase in year 2. Ozone episodes reduced mainstem dry mass by 45% in 350 μL L-1 CO2 and by 34% in 700 μL L-1 CO2. A / Ci analysis showed limited effects on photosynthetic efficiency of 700 μL L-1 CO2 but in contrast, Vcmax was reduced by O3 episodes. CO2 tended to increase leaf expansion but O3 episodes reduced expansion rates generally although a short period of increased leaf expansion in response to O3 was also observed. O3 reduced leaf solute potentials (Ψs) and increased turgor (P) in young leaves. Cell wall properties (elasticity and plasticity) were both stimulated by ozone and this was associated with increased leaf expansion. A new mechanism is proposed which suggests that O3 may act directly on the cell wall, attacking polysaccharides in the wall that result in altered cell wall properties and leaf growth. O3 episodes increased leaf loss, elevated CO2 delayed abscission and O3 was less effective at accelerating leaf loss in elevated CO2. Overall CO2 increased growth, O3 caused decreases and the treatment combination gave intermediate effects. Thus O3 episodes are less likely to be detrimental to P. trichocarpa × P. deltoides in the CO2 concentrations of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D L Gardner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, East Sussex, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Peter H Freer-Smith
- Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Wrecclesham, FARNHAM, Surrey, GU10 4LH, UK
| | - J Tucker
- School of Biological Sciences, Bassett Crescent East, University of Southampton, SO16 7PX, UK.Corresponding author. Email
| | - Gail Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, Bassett Crescent East, University of Southampton, SO16 7PX, UK.Corresponding author. Email
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Langer K, Levchenko V, Fromm J, Geiger D, Steinmeyer R, Lautner S, Ache P, Hedrich R. The poplar K+ channel KPT1 is associated with K+ uptake during stomatal opening and bud development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 37:828-838. [PMID: 14996212 DOI: 10.1111/j.0960-7412.2003.02008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To gain insights into the performance of poplar guard cells, we have measured stomatal conductance and aperture, guard cell K+ content and K+-channel activity of the guard cell plasma membrane in intact poplar leaves. In contrast to Arabidopsis, broad bean and tobacco grown under same conditions, poplar stomata operated just in the dynamic range - any change in conductance altered the rate of photosynthesis. In response to light, CO2 and abscisic acid (ABA), the stomatal opening velocity was two to five times faster than that measured for Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum and Vicia faba. When stomata opened, the K+ content of guard cells increased almost twofold, indicating that the very fast stomatal opening in this species is mediated via potassium uptake. Following impalement of single guard cells embedded in their natural environment of intact leaves with triple-barrelled microelectrodes, time-dependent inward and outward-rectifying K+-channel-mediated currents of large amplitude were recorded. To analyse the molecular nature of genes encoding guard cell K+-uptake channels, we cloned K+-transporter Populustremula (KPT)1 and functionally expressed this potassium channel in a K+-uptake-deficient Escherichia coli mutant. In addition to guard cells, this K+-transporter gene was expressed in buds, where the KPT1 gene activity strongly correlated with bud break. Thus, KPT1 represents one of only few poplar genes associated with bud flush.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Langer
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut for Bioscience, Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
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Taylor G, Tricker PJ, Zhang FZ, Alston VJ, Miglietta F, Kuzminsky E. Spatial and temporal effects of free-air CO2 enrichment (POPFACE) on leaf growth, cell expansion, and cell production in a closed canopy of poplar. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 131:177-85. [PMID: 12529526 PMCID: PMC166798 DOI: 10.1104/pp.011296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2002] [Revised: 08/18/2002] [Accepted: 09/30/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaf expansion in the fast-growing tree, Populus x euramericana was stimulated by elevated [CO(2)] in a closed-canopy forest plantation, exposed using a free air CO(2) enrichment technique enabling long-term experimentation in field conditions. The effects of elevated [CO(2)] over time were characterized and related to the leaf plastochron index (LPI), and showed that leaf expansion was stimulated at very early (LPI, 0-3) and late (LPI, 6-8) stages in development. Early and late effects of elevated [CO(2)] were largely the result of increased cell expansion and increased cell production, respectively. Spatial effects of elevated [CO(2)] were also marked and increased final leaf size resulted from an effect on leaf area, but not leaf length, demonstrating changed leaf shape in response to [CO(2)]. Leaves exhibited a basipetal gradient of leaf development, investigated by defining seven interveinal areas, with growth ceasing first at the leaf tip. Interestingly, and in contrast to other reports, no spatial differences in epidermal cell size were apparent across the lamina, whereas a clear basipetal gradient in cell production rate was found. These data suggest that the rate and timing of cell production was more important in determining leaf shape, given the constant cell size across the leaf lamina. The effect of elevated [CO(2)] imposed on this developmental gradient suggested that leaf cell production continued longer in elevated [CO(2)] and that basal increases in cell production rate were also more important than altered cell expansion for increased final leaf size and altered leaf shape in elevated [CO(2)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton S016 7PX, United Kingdom.
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