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Wu JY, Zhang W, Pu J, Liu Y, Huang LL, Zhou Y, Gao JM, Tan JB, Liu XL, Yang J, Lin XC, Feng GW, Yin N, Chen R, Hu XQ, Yi S, Ye J, Kuang XJ, Wang Y, Zhang GM, Sun MS, Wang YX, Hu ZY, Yang JS, Li HJ. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial of rotavirus inactivated vaccine (Vero cell) in a healthy adult population aged 18-49 years to assess safety and preliminary observation of immunogenicity. Vaccine 2024:S0264-410X(24)00559-0. [PMID: 38796326 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
We conducted a phase I, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial including healthy adults in Sui County, Henan Province, China. Ninety-six adults were randomly assigned to one of three groups (high-dose, medium-dose, and low-dose) at a 3:1 ratio to receive one vaccine dose or placebo. Adverse events up to 28 days after each dose and serious adverse events up to 6 months after all doses were reported. Geometric mean titers and seroconversion rates were measured for anti-rotavirus neutralizing antibodies using microneutralization tests. The rates of total adverse events in the placebo group, low-dose group, medium-dose group, and high-dose group were 29.17 % (12.62 %-51.09 %), 12.50 % (2.66 %-32.36 %), 50.00 % (29.12 %-70.88 %), and 41.67 % (22.11 %-63.36 %), respectively, with no significant difference in the experimental groups compared with the placebo group. The results of the neutralizing antibody assay showed that in the adult group, the neutralizing antibody geometric mean titer at 28 days after full immunization in the low-dose group was 583.01 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 447.12-760.20), that in the medium-dose group was 899.34 (95 % CI: 601.73-1344.14), and that in the high-dose group was 1055.24 (95 % CI: 876.28-1270.75). The GMT of serum-specific IgG at 28 days after full immunization in the low-dose group was 3444.26 (95 % CI: 2292.35-5175.02), that in the medium-dose group was 6888.55 (95 % CI: 4426.67-10719.6), and that in the high-dose group was 7511.99 (95 % CI: 3988.27-14149.0). The GMT of serum-specific IgA at 28 days after full immunization in the low-dose group was 2332.14 (95 % CI: 1538.82-3534.45), that in the medium-dose group was 4800.98 (95 % CI: 2986.64-7717.50), and that in the high-dose group was 3204.30 (95 % CI: 2175.66-4719.27). In terms of safety, adverse events were mainly Grades 1 and 2, indicating that the safety of the vaccine is within the acceptable range in the healthy adult population. Considering the GMT and positive transfer rate of neutralizing antibodies for the main immunogenicity endpoints in the experimental groups, it was initially observed that the high-dose group had higher levels of neutralizing antibodies than the medium- and low-dose groups in adults aged 18-49 years. This novel inactivated rotavirus vaccine was generally well-tolerated in adults, and the vaccine was immunogenic in adults (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04626856).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yuan Wu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Jing Pu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China
| | - Li-Li Huang
- Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, China
| | - Jia-Mei Gao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China
| | - Jie-Bing Tan
- Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Xin-Ling Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Lin
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, China
| | - Guang-Wei Feng
- Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Na Yin
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Hu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, China
| | - Shan Yi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, China
| | - Jun Ye
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, China
| | - Xiang-Jing Kuang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, China
| | - Guang-Ming Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, China
| | - Mao-Sheng Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, China
| | - Yan-Xia Wang
- Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China.
| | - Zhong-Yu Hu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China.
| | - Jing-Si Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, China.
| | - Hong-Jun Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on severe Infectious Disease, China.
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Khoo MS, Ahmad Azman AH, Ismail NAS, Abdul Wahab A, Ali A. Associations between meteorological variation and hospitalisations for rotavirus infections in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28574. [PMID: 38596105 PMCID: PMC11002053 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Rotavirus (RoV) infections have emerged as a significant public health concern around the world. Understanding the relationship between climatic conditions and hospitalisations due to RoV infections can help engage effective prevention strategies. This study aims to investigate the potential associations between meteorological variability and RoV-related hospitalisations in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Methods Hospitalization data from a tertiary teaching hospital in Kuala Lumpur over a twelve-year period were retrospectively collected. Concurrently, meteorological data were obtained from the Malaysian Meteorological Department (MetMalaysia) including variables of temperature, humidity, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure to further demonstrate relationship with RoV-associated hospitalisations. Results The results indicated positive correlations between increased rainfall, rainy days, humidity, and RoV-related hospitalisations, suggesting the influence of environmental factors on the transmission of RoV. Conclusions This study highlights positive associations between meteorological variations and hospitalizations for RoV infections in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Further investigations, including national-level data, are needed to deepen our understanding of these associations, particularly within the context of Malaysia and to develop targeted interventions for disease prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shukri Khoo
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Specialist Children's Hospital, The National University of Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Clinical Research Unit, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Specialist Children's Hospital, The National University of Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Hathim Ahmad Azman
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Specialist Children's Hospital, The National University of Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Akmal Shareela Ismail
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Asrul Abdul Wahab
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Adli Ali
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Specialist Children's Hospital, The National University of Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Clinical Research Unit, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Specialist Children's Hospital, The National University of Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of IR4.0, The National University of Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
- Infection and Immunology Health and Advanced Medicine Cluster, The National University of Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Higuchi T, Furuichi M, Maeda N, Tsugawa T, Ito K. Effects of probiotics in children with acute gastroenteritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on probiotics utilized in Japan. J Infect Chemother 2024; 30:337-342. [PMID: 37956795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews have evaluated the use of probiotics to treat acute infectious gastroenteritis. However, most probiotic species evaluated in previous large randomized controlled trials are unavailable in Japan. Our objective was to investigate the efficacy of probiotics utilized in Japan for acute gastroenteritis. METHODS The inclusion criterion was a randomized controlled study that compared probiotics with a placebo to treat children younger than 18 years with acute infectious gastroenteritis. We excluded studies that did not contain the following species available in Japan: Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecium, Clostridium butyricum, and Bacillus subtilis and studies in low- or lower-middle-income countries. We searched PubMed, CENTRAL, and Igaku Chuo Zasshi from their inception to November 27, 2022. After the risk of bias assessment, data on diarrhea duration, number of hospitalizations, length of hospital stay, and adverse effects were extracted. RESULTS Fourteen studies were included in this meta-analysis. Diarrhea lasting longer than 48 h (7 articles, n = 878) was significantly lower in the probiotic group (risk ratio (RR) 0.70, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.59-0.83). The duration of diarrhea (14 articles; n = 1761) was 23.45 h (95 % CI 18.22-26.69) shorter in the probiotic group. Duration of hospitalization (6 articles; n = 971) was 17.73 h (95 % CI 6.9-28.56) shorter in the probiotic group. CONCLUSIONS Although the certainty of evidence is very low, the use of probiotics for acute gastroenteritis in children may improve diarrhea approximately one day earlier. This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD 42023405559).
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Higuchi
- Department of General Pediatrics, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Aichi, Japan
| | - Munehiro Furuichi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Naonori Maeda
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization, Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsugawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenta Ito
- Department of General Pediatrics, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Aichi, Japan
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Qiao M, Li M, Li Y, Wang Z, Hu Z, Qing J, Huang J, Jiang J, Jiang Y, Zhang J, Gao C, Yang C, Li X, Zhou B. Recent Molecular Characterization of Porcine Rotaviruses Detected in China and Their Phylogenetic Relationships with Human Rotaviruses. Viruses 2024; 16:453. [PMID: 38543818 PMCID: PMC10975774 DOI: 10.3390/v16030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine rotavirus A (PoRVA) is an enteric pathogen capable of causing severe diarrhea in suckling piglets. Investigating the prevalence and molecular characteristics of PoRVA in the world, including China, is of significance for disease prevention. In 2022, a total of 25,768 samples were collected from 230 farms across China, undergoing porcine RVA positivity testing. The results showed that 86.52% of the pig farms tested positive for porcine RVA, with an overall positive rate of 51.15%. Through the genetic evolution analysis of VP7, VP4 and VP6 genes, it was revealed that G9 is the predominant genotype within the VP7 segment, constituting 56.55%. VP4 genotypes were identified as P[13] (42.22%), P[23] (25.56%) and P[7] (22.22%). VP6 exhibited only two genotypes, namely I5 (88.81%) and I1 (11.19%). The prevailing genotype combination for RVA was determined as G9P[23]I5. Additionally, some RVA strains demonstrated significant homology between VP7, VP4 and VP6 genes and human RV strains, indicating the potential for human RV infection in pigs. Based on complete genome sequencing analysis, a special PoRVA strain, CHN/SD/LYXH2/2022/G4P[6]I1, had high homology with human RV strains, revealing genetic reassortment between human and porcine RV strains in vivo. Our data indicate the high prevalence, major genotypes, and cross-species transmission of porcine RVA in China. Therefore, the continuous monitoring of porcine RVA prevalence is essential, providing valuable insights for virus prevention and control, and supporting the development of candidate vaccines against porcine RVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Qiao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China; (M.Q.); (M.L.)
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Pig and Poultry Health Breeding and Important Disease Purification, Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, China; (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (J.H.); (J.Z.); (C.G.); (C.Y.)
| | - Meizhen Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China; (M.Q.); (M.L.)
| | - Yang Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Pig and Poultry Health Breeding and Important Disease Purification, Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, China; (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (J.H.); (J.Z.); (C.G.); (C.Y.)
| | - Zewei Wang
- Beef Cattle Industry Development Center, Fangshan 033100, China;
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang 615012, China;
| | - Jie Qing
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Pig and Poultry Health Breeding and Important Disease Purification, Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, China; (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (J.H.); (J.Z.); (C.G.); (C.Y.)
| | - Jiapei Huang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Pig and Poultry Health Breeding and Important Disease Purification, Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, China; (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (J.H.); (J.Z.); (C.G.); (C.Y.)
| | - Junping Jiang
- China Agriculture Research System-Yangling Comprehensive Test Station, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.J.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yaqin Jiang
- China Agriculture Research System-Yangling Comprehensive Test Station, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.J.); (Y.J.)
| | - Jinyong Zhang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Pig and Poultry Health Breeding and Important Disease Purification, Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, China; (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (J.H.); (J.Z.); (C.G.); (C.Y.)
| | - Chunliu Gao
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Pig and Poultry Health Breeding and Important Disease Purification, Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, China; (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (J.H.); (J.Z.); (C.G.); (C.Y.)
| | - Chen Yang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Pig and Poultry Health Breeding and Important Disease Purification, Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, China; (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (J.H.); (J.Z.); (C.G.); (C.Y.)
| | - Xiaowen Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China; (M.Q.); (M.L.)
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Pig and Poultry Health Breeding and Important Disease Purification, Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, China; (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (J.H.); (J.Z.); (C.G.); (C.Y.)
- China Agriculture Research System-Yangling Comprehensive Test Station, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.J.); (Y.J.)
| | - Bin Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China; (M.Q.); (M.L.)
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Carossino M, Vissani MA, Barrandeguy ME, Balasuriya UBR, Parreño V. Equine Rotavirus A under the One Health Lens: Potential Impacts on Public Health. Viruses 2024; 16:130. [PMID: 38257830 PMCID: PMC10819593 DOI: 10.3390/v16010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses are a well-known cause of viral gastroenteritis in infants and children, as well as in many mammalian species and birds, affecting them at a young age. This group of viruses has a double-stranded, segmented RNA genome with high genetic diversity linked to point mutations, recombination, and, importantly, reassortment. While initial molecular investigations undertaken in the 1900s suggested host range restriction among group A rotaviruses based on the fact that different gene segments were distributed among different animal species, recent molecular surveillance and genome constellation genotyping studies conducted by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group (RCWG) have shown that animal rotaviruses serve as a source of diversification of human rotavirus A, highlighting their zoonotic potential. Rotaviruses occurring in various animal species have been linked with contributing genetic material to human rotaviruses, including horses, with the most recent identification of equine-like G3 rotavirus A infecting children. The goal of this article is to review relevant information related to rotavirus structure/genomic organization, epidemiology (with a focus on human and equine rotavirus A), evolution, inter-species transmission, and the potential zoonotic role of equine and other animal rotaviruses. Diagnostics, surveillance and the current status of human and livestock vaccines against RVA are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Carossino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Maria Aldana Vissani
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad del Salvador, Pilar, Buenos Aires B1630AHU, Argentina; (M.A.V.); (M.E.B.)
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686LQF, Argentina;
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina
| | - Maria E. Barrandeguy
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad del Salvador, Pilar, Buenos Aires B1630AHU, Argentina; (M.A.V.); (M.E.B.)
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686LQF, Argentina;
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686LQF, Argentina;
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina
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Bouazizi A, Ben Hadj Fredj M, Bennour H, Jerbi A, Ouafa kallala, Fodha I, Trabelsi A. Molecular analysis of adenovirus strains responsible for gastroenteritis in children, under five, in Tunisia. Heliyon 2024; 10:e22969. [PMID: 38163238 PMCID: PMC10754908 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose of work Enteric Adenovirus (EAdV) is recognized as one of the most commonly identified agents responsible for severe acute gastroenteritis (AGEs) in the stools of infants.We sought to determine the rate of human adenovirus (HAdV) infections, and the genotypic characterization of circulating strains of HAdV in children under 5 years of age with AGEs in university and regional hospitals, located in the Center-East of Tunisia, from January 2014 to December 2016. Methods A classic PCR was performed on 582 stool samples taken within 5 days of the onset of symptoms. Chosen positive samples were sequenced, and some of the results were confirmed by the Next Generation Sequencing technique (NGS). Partial nucleotide sequences of the Hexon gene obtained in this study were compared with the NCBI GenBank database using BLAST. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis were conducted using MEGA6 software. The phylogenetic tree was generated using the maximum-likelihood method and bootstrap analysis was performed with 1000 replications. Results Out of 582 samples, 52 (8.93 %) cases were positive for HAdV, with a male predominance (57.4 %). Phylogenetic analyses showed that Tunisian HAdV strains clustered into five HAdV lineages corresponding to serotypes F41 (14/28), C2 (9/28), C5 (3/28), E4 (1/28), and A18 (1/28). HAdV was more frequent in children aged up to 12 months, as compared to the other age groups. The HAdV activity was noted in almost all the months of the year with a peak in autumn, in 2014 and 2015, and in winter in 2016. Conclusion This study showed that infections with HAdV species were frequent in children suffering from AGE with the predominance of HAdV F41 and C2. This result underlines the importance of regular monitoring of circulating genotypes, and it could be useful for future epidemiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Bouazizi
- Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Ben Hadj Fredj
- Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Kairouan, Kairouan, Tunisia
| | - Haifa Bennour
- Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Amira Jerbi
- Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ouafa kallala
- Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Imene Fodha
- Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Abdelhalim Trabelsi
- Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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Ando H, Ahmed W, Okabe S, Kitajima M. Tracking the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on viral gastroenteritis through wastewater-based retrospective analyses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:166557. [PMID: 37633393 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic possibly disrupted the circulation and seasonality of gastroenteritis viruses (e.g., Norovirus (NoV), Sapovirus (SaV), group A rotavirus (ARoV), and Aichivirus (AiV)). Despite the growing application of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), there remains a lack of sufficient investigations into the actual impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of gastroenteritis viruses. In this study, we measured NoV GI and GII, SaV, ARoV, and AiV RNA concentrations in 296 influent wastewater samples collected from three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Sapporo, Japan between October 28, 2018 and January 12, 2023 using the highly sensitive EPISENS™ method. The detection ratios of SaV and ARoV after May 2020 (SaV: 49.8 % (134/269), ARoV: 57.4 % (151/263)) were significantly lower than those before April 2020 (SaV: 93.9 % (31/33), ARoV: 97.0 % (32/33); SaV: p < 3.5×10-7, ARoV: p < 1.5×10-6). Furthermore, despite comparable detection ratios before (88.5 %, 23/26) and during (66.7 %, 80/120) the COVID-19 pandemic (p = 0.032), the concentrations of NoV GII revealed a significant decrease after the onset of the pandemic (p < 1.5×10-7, Cliff's delta = 0.72). NoV GI RNA were sporadically detected (24.7 %, 8/33) before April 2020 and after May 2020 (6.5 %, 17/263), whereas AiV was consistently (100 %, 33/33) detected from wastewater throughout the study period (95.8 %, 252/263). The WBE results demonstrated the significant influence of COVID-19 countermeasures on the circulation of gastroenteritis viruses, with variations observed in the magnitude of their impact across different types of viruses. These epidemiological findings highlight that the hygiene practices implemented to prevent COVID-19 infections may also be effective for controlling the prevalence of gastroenteritis viruses, providing invaluable insights for public health units and the development of effective disease management guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ando
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Satoshi Okabe
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
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Pomeroy LW, Magsi S, McGill S, Wheeler CE. Mumps epidemic dynamics in the United States before vaccination (1923-1932). Epidemics 2023; 44:100700. [PMID: 37379775 PMCID: PMC11057333 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2023.100700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mumps is a vaccine-preventable, reemerging, and highly transmissible infectious disease. Widespread vaccination dramatically reduced cases; however, case counts have been increasing over the past 20 years. To provide a quantitative overview of historical mumps dynamics that can act as baseline information to help identify causes of mumps reemergence, we analyzed timeseries of cases reported from 1923 to 1932 in the United States. During that time, 239,230 mumps cases were reported in 70 cities. Larger cities reported annual epidemics and smaller cities reported intermittent, sporadic outbreaks. The critical community size above which transmission continuously occurred was likely between 365,583 and 781,188 individuals but could range as high as 3,376,438 individuals. Mumps cases increased as city size increased, suggesting density-dependent transmission. Using a density-dependent SEIR model, we calculated a mean effective reproductive number (Re) of 1.2. Re varied by city and over time, with periodic high values that could characterize short periods of very high transmission known as superspreading events. Case counts most often peaked in March, with higher-than-average transmission from December through April and showed a correlation with weekly births. While certain city pairs in Midwestern states had synchronous outbreaks, most outbreaks were less synchronous and not driven by distance between cities. This work demonstrates the importance of long-term infectious disease surveillance data and will inform future studies on mumps reemergence and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura W Pomeroy
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Translational Data Analytics Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Senya Magsi
- College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shannon McGill
- College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Caroline E Wheeler
- Computer & Information Science, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Di Martino G, Mazzocca R, Camplone L, Cedrone F, Di Giovanni P, Staniscia T. Attitudes and Beliefs towards Rotavirus Vaccination in a Sample of Italian Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1041. [PMID: 37376430 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11061041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea and dehydration in infants and young children worldwide. Despite the proven benefits of vaccination, vaccine hesitancy and refusal remains a significant barrier to achieving high vaccination coverage in many countries, such as Italy. (2) Methods: An online survey was conducted among women aged between 18 and 50 years from Abruzzo Region, Italy. The survey was composed of two main sections: demographic characteristics and attitudes and knowledge about rotavirus vaccination, based on a five-point Likert scale. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate factors associated with willingness to get the rotavirus vaccination. (3) Results: A total of 414 women were enrolled in the study. Women who were unaware of rotavirus more frequently had a lower education level (university degree 62.5% vs. 78.7%, p = 0.004) and reported having no children (p < 0.001). About half of the enrolled women thought that rotavirus infection is dangerous (190, 55.6%) and that rotavirus can cause a serious illness (201, 58.8%). Regarding associated factors, women informed by a physician were more likely get a vaccination compared to women informed by friends or relatives (OR 34.35, 95% CI 7.12-98.98, p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: The present study showed low levels of knowledge and attitudes towards rotavirus vaccination. These results highlight the need for developing and improving additional public education programs for parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Martino
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Unit of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, Local Health Authority of Pescara, 65100 Pescara, Italy
| | - Riccardo Mazzocca
- School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Laura Camplone
- School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Cedrone
- Hospital Management, Local Health Authority of Pescara, 65100 Pescara, Italy
| | - Pamela Di Giovanni
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Tommaso Staniscia
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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10
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Mero S, Lääveri T, Ursing J, Rombo L, Kofoed PE, Kantele A. Seasonal variation of diarrhoeal pathogens among Guinea-Bissauan children under five years of age. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011179. [PMID: 36913409 PMCID: PMC10035853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhoea remains a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in low-income countries (LICs). The frequency of diarrhoeal episodes may vary by season, yet few prospective cohort studies have examined seasonal variation among various diarrhoeal pathogens using multiplex qPCR to analyse bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens. METHODS We combined our recent qPCR data of diarrhoeal pathogens (nine bacterial, five viral and four parasitic) among Guinea-Bissauan children under five years old with individual background data, dividing by season. The associations of season (dry winter and rainy summer) and the various pathogens were explored among infants (0-11 months) and young children (12-59 months) and those with and without diarrhoea. RESULTS Many bacterial pathogens, especially EAEC, ETEC and Campylobacter, and parasitic Cryptosporidium, prevailed in the rainy season, whereas many viruses, particularly the adenovirus, astrovirus and rotavirus proved common in the dry season. Noroviruses were found constantly throughout the year. Seasonal variation was observed in both age groups. CONCLUSION In childhood diarrhoea in a West African LIC, seasonal variation appears to favour EAEC, ETEC, and Cryptosporidium in the rainy and viral pathogens in the dry season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sointu Mero
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Meilahti Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research Center, MeiVac, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tinja Lääveri
- Meilahti Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research Center, MeiVac, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Johan Ursing
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Danderyds Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Lars Rombo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Centre for Clinical Research, Sörmland County Council, Eskilstuna, Sweden and Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Poul-Erik Kofoed
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Kolding, Denmark
| | - Anu Kantele
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Meilahti Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research Center, MeiVac, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Assessment of Rotavirus Infection in Hospitalized Children with Diarrhea. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect-129829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background: Rotavirus (RV) is associated with diarrhea in children under 5 years old. It leads to severe dehydration. RV infection is the third cause of hospitalization and death in children under 5 years old. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the frequency of RV infection in hospitalized children under 5 years old with diarrhea during 2021-2022. Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, a total of 190 stool samples from hospitalized children with diarrhea were collected in Mofid Children’s Hospital in Tehran from December 2020 to March 2021. RV infection was detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Chi-square tests were performed to determine the difference in age and gender group, time, and symptoms. Results: The overall prevalence of RV infection was 28.5% and higher in boys (68.5%), children aged ≤ 12 months (44.4%), and children with mixed feeding (33.3%); it is more common in winter. Vomiting (79.6%), fever (87.03%), and non-exudative stool (88.8%) were observed in most children with RV, but there were no significant differences in children with and without RV. Conclusions: Due to the prevalence of RV among children under 5 years of age, establishing a national RV registration system and control programs, like vaccination, seems to be considered.
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12
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Tao R, Chang X, Zhou J, Zhu X, Yang S, Li K, Gu L, Zhang X, Li B. Molecular epidemiological investigation of group A porcine rotavirus in East China. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1138419. [PMID: 37026094 PMCID: PMC10070975 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1138419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A porcine rotavirus (RVA) is a serious threat to the breeding industry worldwide, which was associated with severe diarrhea in piglets. However, the prevalence and molecular characterizations of RVA circulating in farms of East China remains largely unknown. Five hundred and ninety-four samples were collected from 35 farms in East China from September 2017 to December 2019. The results showed that 16.8% was positive for RVA of all samples. Among different types of samples, the highest positive rate of RVA was intestinal samples (19.5%), and among pigs at different growth stages, the highest detection rate of RVA in piglets was 18.5%. Furthermore, the VP7 and VP4 genes of nine positive samples were sequenced for alignment and phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the nine isolates belong to four kinds of genotype combinations correspondingly: G9P[7](5/9), G5P[13](2/9), G9P[13](1/9), and G5P[7](1/9).The data suggested that multiple genotypes combinations of RVA were circulating in pigs in East China. Thus, it's necessary to continuously survey the prevalence of RVA in pigs, aiding the rational application of vaccines or other measures for the prevention and control of RVA spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinjian Chang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jinzhu Zhou
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kemang Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Laqiang Gu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xuehan Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Li
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13
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Bao S, Wang H, Li W, Wu H, Lu C, Yong L, Zhang Q, Lu X, Zhao M, Lu J, Liu J, Ikechukwu CK, Xu J, Ni P, Xiong Y, Zhang W, Zhou C. Viral metagenomics of the gut virome of diarrheal children with Rotavirus A infection. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2234653. [PMID: 37448101 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2234653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide and represents a major dysbiosis event. Rotavirus has been recognized as a global leading pathogen of diarrhea. This study is aimed at investigating differences in the gut virome between diarrheal children and healthy controls. In 2018, 76 diarrheal fecal samples and 27 healthy fecal samples in Shanghai and 40 diarrheal fecal samples and 19 healthy fecal samples in Taizhou were collected to investigate the composition of the gut virome. Viral metagenomic analyses revealed that the alpha diversity of the diarrheal virome was not significantly different from that of the healthy virome, and the beta diversity had a significant difference between diarrheal and healthy children. The diarrheal virome was mainly dominated by the families Adenoviridae, Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, and Picornaviridae. Meanwhile, the healthy virome also contains phages, including Microviridae and Caudovirales. The high prevalence of diverse enteric viruses in all samples and the little abundance of Microviridae and Caudovirales in diarrheal groups were identified. The study introduced a general overview of the gut virome in diarrheal children, revealed the compositional differences in the gut viral community compared to healthy controls, and provided a reference for efficient treatments and prevention of virus-infectious diarrhea in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Bao
- Clinical Laboratory Center, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Wang Li
- Clinical Laboratory Center, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Haisheng Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Qinghai Institute of Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, China
| | - Chunying Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Liang Yong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Qinghai Institute of Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Juan Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Qinghai Institute of Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, China
| | | | - Juan Xu
- Clinical Laboratory Center, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Ping Ni
- Clinical Laboratory Center, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Pharmacy, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chenglin Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory Center, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
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14
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Geard N, Bradhurst R, Tellioglu N, Oktaria V, McVernon J, Handley A, Bines JE. Model-based estimation of the impact on rotavirus disease of RV3-BB vaccine administered in a neonatal or infant schedule. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2139097. [PMID: 36409459 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2139097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus infection is a common cause of severe diarrheal disease and a major cause of deaths and hospitalizations among young children. Incidence of rotavirus has declined globally with increasing vaccine coverage. However, it remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in low-income countries where vaccine access is limited and efficacy is lower. The oral human neonatal vaccine RV3-BB can be safely administered earlier than other vaccines, and recent trials in Indonesia have demonstrated high efficacy. In this study, we use a stochastic individual-based model of rotavirus transmission and disease to estimate the anticipated population-level impact of RV3-BB following delivery according to either an infant (2, 4, 6 months) and neonatal (0, 2, 4 months) schedule. Using our model, which incorporated an age- and household-structured population and estimates of vaccine efficacy derived from trial data, we found both delivery schedules to be effective at reducing infection and disease. We estimated 95-96% reductions in infection and disease in children under 12 months of age when vaccine coverage is 85%. We also estimate high levels of indirect protection from vaccination, including 78% reductions in infection in adults over 17 years of age. Even for lower vaccine coverage of 55%, we estimate reductions of 84% in infection and disease in children under 12 months of age. While open questions remain about the drivers of observed lower efficacy in low-income settings, our model suggests RV3-BB could be effective at reducing infection and preventing disease in young infants at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Geard
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Richard Bradhurst
- Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Nefel Tellioglu
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Vicka Oktaria
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.,Center for Child Health - Pediatric Research Office, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Jodie McVernon
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory Epidemiology Unit, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Amanda Handley
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.,Medicines Development for Global Health, Southbank, Australia
| | - Julie E Bines
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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15
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Koukou DM, Michos A, Chatzichristou P, Trimis G, Tatsi EB, Dellis C, Zachariadou L, Liakopoulou T, Chrousos GP, Syriopoulou V. Rotavirus epidemiology and genotype distribution in hospitalised children, Greece, 2008 to 2020: A prospective multicentre study. Euro Surveill 2022; 27:2101133. [PMID: 36695456 PMCID: PMC9693793 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.47.2101133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundTwo rotavirus (RV) vaccines were licensed in Greece in late 2006 and included in the national immunisation programme in 2012.AimTo study the epidemiology and genotype distribution of RV in children during the post-vaccination period and assess the impact of increased vaccination coverage.MethodsIn a prospective multicentre hospital-based study, hospitalised children (≤ 16 years) with an RV-positive faecal sample were recruited. Epidemiological and genotyping analyses were performed; periods of low (2008-12) and moderate (2012-20) RV vaccination coverage were compared. Statistical analysis was performed with a chi-squared or Mann-Whitney U test and logistic regression.ResultsA total of 3,874 children (55.6% male; n = 2,153) with median age of 1.4 years (IQR: 0.5-3.3) were studied during 2008-20. Most RV-infected children were aged ≤ 3 years (72.2%) and hospitalised during December-May (69.1%). Common RV genotypes (G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], G9P[8], G12P[8]) were detected in 92.2% of samples; G-P combinations with prevalence above 1% were G4P[8] (44.1%), G1P[8] (25.4%), G2P[4] (14.9%), G9P[8] (3.5%), G12P[8] (2.2%), G3P[8] (2.1%), other (4.3%) and mixed (3.5%). Of all samples, 97.6% were homotypic or partially heterotypic to vaccines' genotypes. With moderate vaccination coverage, the seasonal peak was detected earlier, children were older and partially or fully heterotypic genotypes were increased (p < 0.001).ConclusionsIn the era of moderate RV vaccination coverage in Greece, epidemiology of RV in hospitalised children seemed to change. However, most circulating genotypes remain homotypic or partially heterotypic to RV vaccines. Continuous epidemiological surveillance and genotyping are important to monitor possible changes arising from RV vaccines' implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra-Maria Koukou
- First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Michos
- First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Chatzichristou
- First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Trimis
- MSD Greece, Medical and Scientific Affairs Department, Athens, Greece
| | - Elizabeth-Barbara Tatsi
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Charilaos Dellis
- First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - George P Chrousos
- First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece,University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Syriopoulou
- First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
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16
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Koukou DM, Michos A, Chatzichristou P, Trimis G, Tatsi EB, Dellis C, Zachariadou L, Liakopoulou T, Chrousos GP, Syriopoulou V. Rotavirus epidemiology and genotype distribution in hospitalised children, Greece, 2008 to 2020: A prospective multicentre study. Euro Surveill 2022; 27. [PMID: 36695456 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.47.2101133/cite/plaintext] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundTwo rotavirus (RV) vaccines were licensed in Greece in late 2006 and included in the national immunisation programme in 2012.AimTo study the epidemiology and genotype distribution of RV in children during the post-vaccination period and assess the impact of increased vaccination coverage.MethodsIn a prospective multicentre hospital-based study, hospitalised children (≤ 16 years) with an RV-positive faecal sample were recruited. Epidemiological and genotyping analyses were performed; periods of low (2008-12) and moderate (2012-20) RV vaccination coverage were compared. Statistical analysis was performed with a chi-squared or Mann-Whitney U test and logistic regression.ResultsA total of 3,874 children (55.6% male; n = 2,153) with median age of 1.4 years (IQR: 0.5-3.3) were studied during 2008-20. Most RV-infected children were aged ≤ 3 years (72.2%) and hospitalised during December-May (69.1%). Common RV genotypes (G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], G9P[8], G12P[8]) were detected in 92.2% of samples; G-P combinations with prevalence above 1% were G4P[8] (44.1%), G1P[8] (25.4%), G2P[4] (14.9%), G9P[8] (3.5%), G12P[8] (2.2%), G3P[8] (2.1%), other (4.3%) and mixed (3.5%). Of all samples, 97.6% were homotypic or partially heterotypic to vaccines' genotypes. With moderate vaccination coverage, the seasonal peak was detected earlier, children were older and partially or fully heterotypic genotypes were increased (p < 0.001).ConclusionsIn the era of moderate RV vaccination coverage in Greece, epidemiology of RV in hospitalised children seemed to change. However, most circulating genotypes remain homotypic or partially heterotypic to RV vaccines. Continuous epidemiological surveillance and genotyping are important to monitor possible changes arising from RV vaccines' implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra-Maria Koukou
- First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Michos
- First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Chatzichristou
- First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Trimis
- MSD Greece, Medical and Scientific Affairs Department, Athens, Greece
| | - Elizabeth-Barbara Tatsi
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Charilaos Dellis
- First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, Athens, Greece
- First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Syriopoulou
- First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
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17
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Tran H, Friendship R, Ojkic D, Poljak Z. Assessment of seasonality of rotavirus PCR detection in swine from Ontario and Quebec between 2016-2020 using submissions to a diagnostic laboratory. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2022; 86:241-253. [PMID: 36211211 PMCID: PMC9536357 DOI: pmid/36211211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine if seasonality of rotavirus A, B, and C infection is present in Ontario and Quebec swine herds by investigating submissions to a diagnostic laboratory. Samples (N = 1557) within 755 case submissions from Canadian swine herds between 2016 and 2020 were tested for rotaviruses A, B, and C using a real-time polymerase-chain reaction assay and described. Data from Ontario and Quebec were additionally analyzed using boxplots, 6-week rolling averages, time-series decomposition, and negative binomial regression models. Percentage positivity of submissions for rotaviruses A, B, and C were discovered to be highest in nursery/weaner (n = 100, 94.0%, 60.0%, 80.0%) and grower/finisher (n = 13, 84.6%, 46.2%, 61.5%) pigs and lowest in gilt/sow (n = 45, 68.9%, 20.0%, 40.0%) and suckling pigs (n = 102, 67.6%, 10.8%, 38.2%), respectively. The most common combination of rotavirus at the sample level was AC (n = 252, 17%) and ABC (n = 175, 23.2%) at the submission level. Percent positivity for rotavirus A, B, and C across all Canadian provinces included in the study were 69.9%, 32.6%, and 53.1%, respectively. Descriptive analysis suggested little to no evidence of seasonal patterns, although a spike in November was seen in the monthly total submissions and monthly total positive submissions. Statistically, the overall month effect could not be identified as statistically significant (P > 0.05) for any of the evaluated submission counts. Overall, there was no evidence supporting seasonality of rotavirus within Ontario and Quebec swine herds between 2016 and 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoc Tran
- Department of Population Medicine (Tran, Friendship, Poljak) and Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Robert Friendship
- Department of Population Medicine (Tran, Friendship, Poljak) and Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Davor Ojkic
- Department of Population Medicine (Tran, Friendship, Poljak) and Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Zvonimir Poljak
- Department of Population Medicine (Tran, Friendship, Poljak) and Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
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18
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Akinyemi PA, Afolabi OT, Aluko OO. The effects of seasonal variations on household water security and burden of diarrheal diseases among under 5 children in an urban community, Southwest Nigeria. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1354. [PMID: 35841090 PMCID: PMC9284814 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13701-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Household water security encompasses water-related factors that pose threats to public health at the household level. It presents a reliable access to water in sufficient quantity and quality towards meeting basic human needs. This study assessed the dynamics of seasonal variations in household water security and the association between household water security and diarrheal disease across dry and wet seasons in an urban settlement in Southwest Nigeria. METHODS A panel study design was employed to study 180 households selected using a multistage sampling technique. The selected households were studied during dry and rainy seasons. Household water security was assessed through the application of the all or none principle to 9 indicators associated with household water security. The intensity of water insecurity was also assessed using the nine indicators. The higher the number of indicators a household failed, the higher the intensity of household water insecurity. The association between the intensity of household water insecurity and the burden of diarrheal disease across the seasons was assessed using the Mantel-Haenszel test. RESULTS No household was water-secure in both dry and rainy seasons; however, the intensity of insecurity was more pronounced during the dry season compared with the rainy season. Ninety households (52.0%), had water insecurity intensity scores above fifty percentiles during the dry season while 21 (12.1%) households had a water insecurity score above the 50th percentile during raining season, p < 0.001. The burden of diarrheal disease was significantly higher among households with a water insecurity intensity score above the 50th percentile, 9 (8.1%) compared to households with a water insecurity intensity score below the 50th percentile 7 (3.0%), p = 0.034. There was no statistically significant association between the intensity of water insecurity and diarrheal disease burden across the dry and rainy seasons, p = 0.218. CONCLUSION The high burden of household water insecurity deserves concerted efforts from all concerned stakeholders, a panacea to an important health threat in the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Akinyemi
- Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. .,National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria, Ijanikin, Lagos State, Nigeria.
| | - Olusegun T Afolabi
- Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.,Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Olufemi O Aluko
- Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
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19
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Shen S, Ren S, Chen L, Xue J, Shao X, Zhang T, Zhao G. Rotavirus Infection in Children <5 Years of Age in Suzhou, China, 2013-2019: Disease Burden, Genotype Distribution and Seasonality. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:375-380. [PMID: 35067641 PMCID: PMC8997692 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine the disease burden and strain distribution of rotavirus in children with diarrhea <5 years old in Suzhou, China. METHODS The study was conducted among children with diarrhea <5 years old at Suzhou University Affiliated Children's Hospital from 2013 to 2019. Rotavirus antigen was detected in clinical laboratory and then sent to Suzhou Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for further molecular analysis. Group A rotavirus (RVA) was detected through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and G-genotype and P-genotype of RVA were tested using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Of a total of 198,130 children with diarrhea, 70,813 (35.7%) were positive for RVA; RVA-related diarrhea was detected in 7798 (20.7%, n = 7798/37,710) inpatients and 63,015 (39.3%, n = 63,015/160,420) outpatients. Most children (92.0%, n = 65,171/70,813) positive for RVA were found as children <3 years old. Children 12-35 months old were reported as the highest prevalence among all age groups. The seasonal peak of RVA was in the autumn and winter. Among all 673 RVA strains genotyped, the G9P[8] strain was reported to be persistently predominant in the pediatric population from 2013 to 2019. CONCLUSIONS The burden of diarrhea disease due to rotavirus infection remains high in Suzhou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Shen
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaolong Ren
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Liling Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Suzhou Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Jian Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Suzhou University Affiliated Children’s Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Shao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Suzhou University Affiliated Children’s Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Genming Zhao
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
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20
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Brnić D, Lojkić I, Škoko I, Krešić N, Šimić I, Keros T, Ganjto M, Štefanac D, Viduka B, Karšaj D, Štiler D, Habrun B, Jemeršić L. SARS-CoV-2 circulation in Croatian wastewaters and the absence of SARS-CoV-2 in bivalve molluscan shellfish. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 207:112638. [PMID: 34990611 PMCID: PMC8721915 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment has been confirmed numerous times, whilst research on the bioaccumulation in bivalve molluscan shellfish (BMS) has been rather scarce. The present study aimed to fulfil the knowledge gap on SARS-CoV-2 circulation in wastewaters and surface waters in this region and to extend the current knowledge on potential presence of SARS-CoV-2 contamination in BMS. The study included 13 archive wastewater and surface water samples from the start of epidemic and 17 influents and effluents from nine wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) of different capacity and treatment stage, sampled during the second epidemic wave. From that period are the most of 77 collected BMS samples, represented by mussels, oysters and warty venus clams harvested along the Dalmatian coast. All samples were processed according to EN ISO 15216-1 2017 using Mengovirus as a whole process control. SARS-CoV-2 detection was performed by real-time and conventional RT-PCR assays targeting E, N and nsp14 protein genes complemented with nsp14 partial sequencing. Rotavirus A (RVA) real-time RT-PCR assay was implemented as an additional evaluation criterion of virus concentration techniques. The results revealed the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in nine influents and two secondary treatment effluents from eight WWTPs, while all samples from the start of epidemic (wastewaters, surface waters) were negative which was influenced by sampling strategy. All tertiary effluents and BMS were SARS-CoV-2 negative. The results of RVA amplification were beneficial in evaluating virus concentration techniques and provided insights into RVA dynamics within the environment and community. In conclusion, the results of the present study confirm SARS-CoV-2 circulation in Croatian wastewaters during the second epidemic wave while extending the knowledge on wastewater treatment potential in SARS-CoV-2 removal. Our findings represent a significant contribution to the current state of knowledge that considers BMS of a very low food safety risk regarding SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Brnić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Lojkić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ines Škoko
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Department Split, Poljička cesta 33, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Nina Krešić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Šimić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia; Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Keros
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marin Ganjto
- Zagreb Wastewater Ltd., Čulinečka cesta 287, 10040, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dario Štefanac
- Vodovod i kanalizacija d.o.o., Gažanski trg 8, 47000, Karlovac, Croatia
| | - Branka Viduka
- Odvodnja d.o.o., Hrvatskog sabora 2D, 23000, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Dario Karšaj
- Vodovod d.o.o., Nikole Zrinskog 25, 35000, Slavonski brod, Croatia
| | - Darko Štiler
- Vinkovački vodovod i kanalizacija d.o.o., Ulica Dragutina Žanića Karle 47a, 32100, Vinkovci, Croatia
| | - Boris Habrun
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lorena Jemeršić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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21
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Mitra S, Lo M, Saha R, Deb AK, Debnath F, Miyoshi S, Dutta S, Chawla‐Sarkar M. Epidemiology of major entero‐pathogenic viruses and genetic characterization of Group A rotaviruses among children (≤5 years) with acute gastroenteritis in eastern India, 2018‐2020. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:758-783. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.15594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suvrotoa Mitra
- Division of Virology, ICMR‐National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P‐33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme‐XM, Beliaghata Kolkata India
| | - Mahadeb Lo
- Division of Virology, ICMR‐National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P‐33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme‐XM, Beliaghata Kolkata India
| | - Ritubrita Saha
- Division of Virology, ICMR‐National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P‐33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme‐XM, Beliaghata Kolkata India
| | - Alok K. Deb
- Division of Epidemiology, ICMR‐National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P‐33, C.I.T. Road Scheme‐XM, Beliaghata Kolkata India
| | - Falguni Debnath
- Division of Epidemiology, ICMR‐National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P‐33, C.I.T. Road Scheme‐XM, Beliaghata Kolkata India
| | - Shin‐Ichi Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama University Okayama Japan
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Disease ICMR‐National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P‐33, C.I.T. Road Scheme‐XM, Beliaghata Kolkata India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Regional Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, ICMR‐National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P‐33, C.I.T. Road Scheme‐XM, Beliaghata Kolkata India
| | - Mamta Chawla‐Sarkar
- Division of Virology, ICMR‐National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P‐33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme‐XM, Beliaghata Kolkata India
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22
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Norovirus Genogroup II Epidemics and the Potential Effect of Climate Change on Norovirus Transmission in Taiwan. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030641. [PMID: 35337048 PMCID: PMC8948982 DOI: 10.3390/v14030641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of norovirus varies from season to season, and the effect of climate change on the incidence of norovirus outbreaks is a widely recognized yet poorly understood phenomenon. Investigation of the possible association between climatic factors and the incidence of norovirus is key to a better understanding of the epidemiology of norovirus and early prediction of norovirus outbreaks. In this study, clinical stool samples from acute gastroenteritis outbreaks were collected from January 2015 to June 2019 in Taiwan. Data analysis from our study indicated that more than half of the cases were reported in the winter and spring seasons, including those caused by norovirus of genotypes GII (genogroup II).2, GII.3, GII.6, and GII.17, and 45.1% of the patients who tested positive for norovirus were infected by the GII.4 norovirus in autumn. However, GII.6 norovirus accounted for a higher proportion of the cases reported in summer than any other strain. Temperature is a crucial factor influencing patterns of epidemic outbreaks caused by distinct genotypes of norovirus. The results of this study may help experts predict and issue early public warnings of norovirus transmission and understand the effect of climate change on norovirus outbreaks caused by different genotypes and occurring in different locations.
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23
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Mado S, Giwa F, Abdullahi S, Alfa A, Yaqub Y, Usman Y, Wammanda R, Mwenda J, Isiaka A, Yusuf K, Lawali N. Prevalence and characteristics of rotavirus acute gastroenteritis among under-five children in ahmadu bello university teaching hospital, Zaria, Nigeria. Ann Afr Med 2022; 21:283-287. [PMID: 36204917 PMCID: PMC9671188 DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_31_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rotavirus infection is a significant cause of gastroenteritis in developing countries and, in severe cases even leads to death. The impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction in reducing the rotavirus disease burden in children was well known. The study was aimed to determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of rotavirus gastroenteritis before the introduction of rotavirus vaccine into Nigeria's routine immunization program. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional hospital-based study involving 735 children aged 0–59 months with acute gastroenteritis hospitalized at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria from September 2017 to August 2020. Relevant sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained and entered into the World Health Organization standardized case investigation forms. Stool specimens were tested for rotavirus Group A antigen using the ProSpecT™ Rotavirus Microplate Assay by Thermoscientific Oxoid Microbiology UK. Results: One hundred and fifty-three stool samples tested positive for rotavirus giving a prevalence of 20.8%. One hundred and two (66.7%) children with rotavirus gastroenteritis were infants. There were 87 males and 66 females with M: F ratio of 1.3:1. Only 30 (19.6%) children with rotavirus-associated diarrhea presented with severe dehydration. The presence of vomiting was significantly associated with rotavirus diarrhea (P = 0.001). More cases of rotavirus diarrhea occurred in September through February. None of the studied children were vaccinated against rotavirus. Conclusion: The prevalence of rotavirus diarrhea remains high in this study. Infants were recognized as a high-risk group, and none of them were vaccinated against rotavirus and this underscores the urgent need for implementing the rotavirus vaccine in the national vaccination program to reduce the disease burden in the country.
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Yang X, Xiong W, Huang T, He J. Meteorological and social conditions contribute to infectious diarrhea in China. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23374. [PMID: 34862400 PMCID: PMC8642416 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00932-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diarrhea in China showed a significant pattern. Many researchers have tried to reveal the drivers, yet usually only meteorological factors were taken into consideration. Furthermore, the diarrheal data they analyzed were incomplete and the algorithms they exploited were inefficient of adapting realistic relationships. Here, we investigate the impacts of meteorological and social factors on the number of infectious diarrhea cases in China. A machine learning algorithm called the Random Forest is utilized. Our results demonstrate that nearly half of infectious diarrhea occurred among children under 5 years old. Generally speaking, increasing temperature or relative humidity leads to increased cases of infectious diarrhea in China. Nevertheless, people from different age groups or different regions own different sensitivities to meteorological factors. The weight of feces that are harmfully treated could be a possible reason for infectious diarrhea of the elderly as well as children under 5 years old. These findings indicate that infectious diarrhea prevention for children under 5 years old remains a primary task in China. Personalized prevention countermeasures ought to be provided to different age groups and different regions. It is essential to bring the weight of feces that are harmfully treated to the forefront when considering infectious diarrhea prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yang
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Weifeng Xiong
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Tianyao Huang
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Juan He
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
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25
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Kõivumägi K, Geller J, Toompere K, Soeorg H, Kallas E, Jõgeda EL, Huik K, Lutsar I. Norovirus strains among children aged 0-18 years hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Estonia 2015-2016. J Med Virol 2021; 94:2632-2639. [PMID: 34854093 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in many countries that have introduced universal rotavirus mass vaccination. This is the first study to report data on NoV strains in Estonia. We recruited 2249 children aged 0-18 years hospitalized for AGE in Estonian hospitals from February 1, 2015 to August 31, 2016. Norovirus gastroenteritis (NoVGE) was diagnosed in 14.5% (n = 325) cases. Stool sample for RNA extraction and genotyping was available in 86% (n = 280) of NoVGE cases (2015, n = 91; 2016, n = 189). Dominant capsid types detected in 75% (n = 210) samples were, GII.4 (63.8%, n = 134), GII.3 (15.2%, n = 32), GII.17 (6.7%, n = 14), and GII.6 (5.2%, n = 11). Prevailing RNA polymerase types found in 77% (n = 215) samples were GII.P31 (51.1%, n = 110), GII.P21 (17.7%, n = 38), GII.P4 (11.2%, n = 24), and GII.P7 (6.5%, n = 14). Both regions were typeable for 67% (n = 189) of samples. Most prevalent strains were GII.4Sydney_2012[P31] (48.7%, n = 92), GII.3[P21] (15.3%, n = 29), GII.4Sydney_2012[P4] (5.8%, n = 11) and GII.17[P17] (5.8%, n = 11). Simpson's diversity index showed a significant difference between the age groups 1-4 and 5-9 years: D 0.64 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.55-0.73) versus 0.83 (95% CI: 0.81-0.86), respectively (p = 0.03). An accurate understanding of NoV strain diversity is important for control and preventive measures, especially in the postrotavirus vaccine era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadri Kõivumägi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Julia Geller
- The National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Karolin Toompere
- Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hiie Soeorg
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eveli Kallas
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ene-Ly Jõgeda
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristi Huik
- US National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Irja Lutsar
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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26
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Schollin Ask L. Global and Swedish review of rotavirus vaccines showed considerable reductions in morbidity and mortality. Acta Paediatr 2021; 110:3161-3169. [PMID: 34314539 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus infections cause severe gastroenteritis in small children, with both high morbidity and mortality. The rotavirus vaccine has been recommended by the World Health Organization since 2009 and was being used by 108 countries by 2019. It joined Sweden's national immunisation programme that year, after 5 years of selective regional use. This review summarises the baseline facts and evidence, the most common vaccines and the global direct and indirect effects, with a special focus on Sweden. CONCLUSION: The vaccine has had a considerable impact on global and Swedish morbidity and mortality, but some indirect effects and socioeconomic differentials need research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schollin Ask
- Public Health Agency Sweden Solna Sweden
- Clinical Epidemiology Division (KEP) Karolinska Institutet Solna Sweden
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27
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Bergman H, Henschke N, Hungerford D, Pitan F, Ndwandwe D, Cunliffe N, Soares-Weiser K. Vaccines for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea: vaccines in use. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 11:CD008521. [PMID: 34788488 PMCID: PMC8597890 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008521.pub6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus is a common cause of diarrhoea, diarrhoea-related hospital admissions, and diarrhoea-related deaths worldwide. Rotavirus vaccines prequalified by the World Health Organization (WHO) include Rotarix (GlaxoSmithKline), RotaTeq (Merck), and, more recently, Rotasiil (Serum Institute of India Ltd.), and Rotavac (Bharat Biotech Ltd.). OBJECTIVES To evaluate rotavirus vaccines prequalified by the WHO for their efficacy and safety in children. SEARCH METHODS On 30 November 2020, we searched PubMed, the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL (published in the Cochrane Library), Embase, LILACS, Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science, Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Social Science & Humanities. We also searched the WHO ICTRP, ClinicalTrials.gov, clinical trial reports from manufacturers' websites, and reference lists of included studies, and relevant systematic reviews. SELECTION CRITERIA We selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in children that compared rotavirus vaccines prequalified for use by the WHO with either placebo or no intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed trial eligibility and assessed risk of bias. One author extracted data and a second author cross-checked them. We combined dichotomous data using the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). We stratified the analyses by under-five country mortality rate and used GRADE to evaluate evidence certainty. MAIN RESULTS Sixty trials met the inclusion criteria and enrolled a total of 228,233 participants. Thirty-six trials (119,114 participants) assessed Rotarix, 15 trials RotaTeq (88,934 participants), five trials Rotasiil (11,753 participants), and four trials Rotavac (8432 participants). Rotarix Infants vaccinated and followed up for the first year of life In low-mortality countries, Rotarix prevented 93% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (14,976 participants, 4 trials; high-certainty evidence), and 52% of severe all-cause diarrhoea cases (3874 participants, 1 trial; moderate-certainty evidence). In medium-mortality countries, Rotarix prevented 79% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (31,671 participants, 4 trials; high-certainty evidence), and 36% of severe all-cause diarrhoea cases (26,479 participants, 2 trials; high-certainty evidence). In high-mortality countries, Rotarix prevented 58% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (15,882 participants, 4 trials; high-certainty evidence), and 27% of severe all-cause diarrhoea cases (5639 participants, 2 trials; high-certainty evidence). Children vaccinated and followed up for two years In low-mortality countries, Rotarix prevented 90% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (18,145 participants, 6 trials; high-certainty evidence), and 51% of severe all-cause diarrhoea episodes (6269 participants, 2 trials; moderate-certainty evidence). In medium-mortality countries, Rotarix prevented 77% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (28,834 participants, 3 trials; high-certainty evidence), and 26% of severe all-cause diarrhoea cases (23,317 participants, 2 trials; moderate-certainty evidence). In high-mortality countries, Rotarix prevented 35% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (13,768 participants, 2 trials; moderate-certainty evidence), and 17% of severe all-cause diarrhoea cases (2764 participants, 1 trial; high-certainty evidence). RotaTeq Infants vaccinated and followed up for the first year of life In low-mortality countries, RotaTeq prevented 97% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (5442 participants, 2 trials; high-certainty evidence). In medium-mortality countries, RotaTeq prevented 79% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (3863 participants, 1 trial; low-certainty evidence). In high-mortality countries, RotaTeq prevented 57% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (6775 participants, 2 trials; high-certainty evidence), but there is probably little or no difference between vaccine and placebo for severe all-cause diarrhoea (1 trial, 4085 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Children vaccinated and followed up for two years In low-mortality countries, RotaTeq prevented 96% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (5442 participants, 2 trials; high-certainty evidence). In medium-mortality countries, RotaTeq prevented 79% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (3863 participants, 1 trial; low-certainty evidence). In high-mortality countries, RotaTeq prevented 44% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (6744 participants, 2 trials; high-certainty evidence), and 15% of severe all-cause diarrhoea cases (5977 participants, 2 trials; high-certainty evidence). We did not identify RotaTeq studies reporting on severe all-cause diarrhoea in low- or medium-mortality countries. Rotasiil Rotasiil has not been assessed in any RCT in countries with low or medium child mortality. Infants vaccinated and followed up for the first year of life In high-mortality countries, Rotasiil prevented 48% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (11,008 participants, 2 trials; high-certainty evidence), and resulted in little to no difference in severe all-cause diarrhoea cases (11,008 participants, 2 trials; high-certainty evidence). Children vaccinated and followed up for two years In high-mortality countries, Rotasiil prevented 44% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (11,008 participants, 2 trials; high-certainty evidence), and resulted in little to no difference in severe all-cause diarrhoea cases (11,008 participants, 2 trials; high-certainty evidence). Rotavac Rotavac has not been assessed in any RCT in countries with low or medium child mortality. Infants vaccinated and followed up for the first year of life In high-mortality countries, Rotavac prevented 57% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (6799 participants, 1 trial; moderate-certainty evidence), and 16% of severe all-cause diarrhoea cases (6799 participants, 1 trial; moderate-certainty evidence). Children vaccinated and followed up for two years In high-mortality countries, Rotavac prevented 54% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (6541 participants, 1 trial; moderate-certainty evidence); no Rotavac studies have reported on severe all-cause diarrhoea at two-years follow-up. Safety No increased risk of serious adverse events (SAEs) was detected with Rotarix (103,714 participants, 31 trials; high-certainty evidence), RotaTeq (82,502 participants, 14 trials; moderate to high-certainty evidence), Rotasiil (11,646 participants, 3 trials; high-certainty evidence), or Rotavac (8210 participants, 3 trials; moderate-certainty evidence). Deaths were infrequent and the analysis had insufficient evidence to show an effect on all-cause mortality. Intussusception was rare. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Rotarix, RotaTeq, Rotasiil, and Rotavac prevent episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea. The relative effect estimate is smaller in high-mortality than in low-mortality countries, but more episodes are prevented in high-mortality settings as the baseline risk is higher. In high-mortality countries some results suggest lower efficacy in the second year. We found no increased risk of serious adverse events, including intussusception, from any of the prequalified rotavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Hungerford
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Duduzile Ndwandwe
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nigel Cunliffe
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Short-Term Impacts of Meteorology, Air Pollution, and Internet Search Data on Viral Diarrhea Infection among Children in Jilin Province, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111615. [PMID: 34770125 PMCID: PMC8582928 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The influence of natural environmental factors and social factors on children’s viral diarrhea remains inconclusive. This study aimed to evaluate the short-term effects of temperature, precipitation, air quality, and social attention on children’s viral diarrhea in temperate regions of China by using the distribution lag nonlinear model (DLNM). We found that low temperature affected the increase in children’s viral diarrhea infection for about 1 week, while high temperature and heavy precipitation affected the increase in children’s viral diarrhea infection risk for at least 3 weeks. As the increase of the air pollution index may change the daily life of the public, the infection of children’s viral diarrhea can be restrained within 10 days, but the risk of infection will increase after 2 weeks. The extreme network search may reflect the local outbreak of viral diarrhea, which will significantly improve the infection risk. The above factors can help the departments of epidemic prevention and control create early warnings of high-risk outbreaks in time and assist the public to deal with the outbreak of children’s viral diarrhea.
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Platts-Mills JA, Houpt ER, Liu J, Zhang J, Guindo O, Sayinzoga-Makombe N, McMurry TL, Elwood S, Langendorf C, Grais RF, Isanaka S. Etiology and Incidence of Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea in Young Children in Niger. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2021; 10:1062-1070. [PMID: 34468743 PMCID: PMC8719619 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piab080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-resolution data on the etiology of childhood diarrhea in countries with the highest burden and mortality remain sparse and are needed to inform burden estimates and prioritize interventions. METHODS We tested stool specimens collected between October 2014 and December 2017 from children under 2 years of age from the per-protocol population of a placebo-controlled clinical trial of a bovine rotavirus pentavalent vaccine (Rotasiil) in Niger. We tested 1729 episodes of moderate-to-severe diarrhea (Vesikari score ≥ 7) using quantitative PCR and estimated pathogen-specific burdens by age, season, severity, and trial intervention arm. RESULTS The 4 pathogens with the highest attributable incidence of diarrhea were Shigella (7.2 attributable episodes per 100 child-years; 95% confidence interval: 5.2, 9.7), Cryptosporidium (6.5; 5.8, 7.2), rotavirus (6.4; 5.9, 6.7), and heat-stabile toxin-producing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ST-ETEC) (6.2; 3.1, 7.7). Cryptosporidium was the leading etiology of severe diarrhea (Vesikari score ≥ 11) and diarrhea requiring hospitalization. Shigella was the leading etiology of diarrhea in children 12-23 months of age but also had a substantial burden in the first year of life, with 60.5% of episodes of severe shigellosis occurring in infants. Shigella, Cryptosporidium, and ST-ETEC incidence peaked during the warmer and wetter period and coincided with peak all-cause diarrhea incidence. CONCLUSIONS In this high-burden setting, the leading diarrheal pathogens were Shigella, Cryptosporidium, rotavirus, and ST-ETEC, and each was disproportionately seen in infants. Vaccine development should target these pathogens, and the impact of vaccine schedule on diarrhea burden in the youngest children will need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA,Corresponding Author: James A. Platts-Mills, MD, Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, PO Box 801340, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. E-mail:
| | - Eric R Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jixian Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | - Timothy L McMurry
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sarah Elwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | - Sheila Isanaka
- Department of Research, Epicentre, Paris, France,Departments of Nutrition and Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Chacón L, Morales E, Valiente C, Reyes L, Barrantes K. Wastewater-Based Epidemiology of Enteric Viruses and Surveillance of Acute Gastrointestinal Illness Outbreaks in a Resource-Limited Region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 105:1004-1012. [PMID: 34339385 PMCID: PMC8592140 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality among all ages. This study applied the principles of wastewater-based epidemiology for the preventive identification of potential outbreaks of acute viral gastroenteritis and hepatitis A by analyzing the presence of human enteric viruses in influents of small municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) handling domestic sewage, together with public health reports of acute diarrheal and hepatitis A disease in Costa Rica during 2013. Raw wastewater samples were collected during four seasonal periods with different rainfall levels. The presence of five human enteric viruses (rotavirus A, norovirus GI, norovirus GII, enterovirus, and hepatitis A virus) was studied by endpoint and real-time polymerase chain reaction in influents of five WWTPs. Cases of AGI were analyzed using historical public health reports of endemic levels and quartile ranges for each administrative and territorial area where the WWTPs are located and for its surrounding counties. A tendency for a higher rate of positive viral tests was present 1 week before an increase of AGI cases. Epidemiological weeks categorized as Outbreak (above the 75th percentile) and Success (below the 25th percentile) showed statistically significant differences in terms of positive viral test rates (Wilcoxon test, P = 0.05). Virological monitoring of wastewater in small WWTPs is an appropriate model for epidemiological surveillance of diarrheal and hepatitis A diseases in low- and middle-resource countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Chacón
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud (INISA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Eric Morales
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud (INISA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Carmen Valiente
- Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas (LNA), Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Liliana Reyes
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud (INISA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Kenia Barrantes
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud (INISA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Clinical and molecular epidemiological characterization of rotavirus infections in children under five years old in Shandong province, China. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2479-2486. [PMID: 34218319 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are important causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in children. In China, rotavirus infection has a prevalence rate of 30% and is therefore considered a serious public health problem. This study was carried out to investigate the clinical and molecular epidemiological characteristics of rotavirus infections in children under 5 years old with acute diarrhea in Shandong province, China. From July 2017 to June 2018, a total of 1211 fecal specimens were tested, and the prevalence of rotavirus infection was 32.12%. The mean age of the infected children was 12.2 ± 10.9 months, and the highest infection rate was observed in children aged 7-12 months, with a rate of 41.64%. G9P[8] (76.61%) was the most prevalent genotype combination, followed by G2P[4] (7.20%), G3P[8] (3.60%), and G9P[4] (2.06%). In addition to diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration were the most common clinical signs. In general, there was no significant difference in clinical manifestations among different age groups. However, the clinical manifestations differed significantly between vaccinated and unvaccinated children. Vaccinated children showed lower incidence and frequency of vomiting, lower incidence and degree of dehydration, and lower incidence of severe cases than unvaccinated children. These findings suggest that it is necessary to continuously monitor changes in the characteristics of rotavirus infections. Moreover, the introduction of vaccines into the national immunization program to prevent and control rotavirus infection is needed in China.
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Ali H, Aziz S. Rising Pediatric Morbidity and Mortality in the Developing World. Cureus 2021; 13:e14728. [PMID: 34084665 PMCID: PMC8163347 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric morbidity and mortality are on the rise in certain regions of the world specifically the low-income countries where no goals are being met in this regard. In comparison to the developed countries, the rate of decline in morbidity and mortality is dawdling. Disease trends show that there is a resurgence of diseases that are already major contributors to this healthcare crisis (big players like pneumonia, malaria, and meningitis), whereas no significant decrease is being noted in the others. Seasonal and cyclical trends along with other factors such as antibiotic resistance and deficient vaccination coverage in the low socioeconomic class (due to decreased availability or lack of awareness) can be counted as major precipitating factors and policies should be aimed towards rectification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider Ali
- Pediatrics, Karachi Medical & Dental College, Karachi, PAK
| | - Sina Aziz
- Pediatrics, Karachi Medical & Dental College, Karachi, PAK
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Epidemiological, molecular, and clinical features of rotavirus infections among pediatrics in Qatar. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:1177-1190. [PMID: 33411172 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-04108-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) remains a major cause of diarrhea in developing and developed countries. Rotavirus (RV) is a leading cause of severe pediatric diarrhea worldwide. Here we report on the prevalence of circulating genotypes in association with demographics and clinical manifestations outcomes in Qatar. A total of 231 RV-positive fecal samples were collected from children suffering from AGE during 3 years study period between June 2016 and June 2019. The age of the subjects ranged between 2 months and 14 years (median of 16 months). The VP4 and VP7 were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using MEGA7.0. Pearson's chi-squared test was used to determine significant differences for comparisons of general categorical variables. RV infections were most common in children between 1 and 3 years of age (49%), followed by those < 1 year and > 3 years of age (33% and 28%, respectively). RV infections were more frequent in males than females, with a ratio of 1.4:1. RV infections occurred throughout the year, with a noticeable increase in summer (42.8%) and a drop in winter (20.1%). RV genotypes G3P[8] (30.8%), G2P[8] (12.3%), G4P[8] (11.7%), and G1P[8] (10.4%) were the common genotypes during the study period. The G3P[8] strain detected in our study revealed similarities to the equine-like G3P[8] (10.3%; 24/231) (KT988229.1), Wa-like genomic constellation (9%; 21/231) (MF563894.1), and DS-1-like strains (6.4%; 15/231) (LC386081.1). Based on the Vesikari score system, severe clinical illness including diarrhea and vomiting (average frequency: 4 to 5 times/day) was recorded for G3P[8] group, followed by G9P[8], G4P[8], and G1P[8]. Higher incidence for G3P[8], G2P[8], G4P[8], and G1P[8] were reported in Qatari subjects compared to other nationalities. The multinational status of a small country explains the wide diversity of circulating RV genotypes in Qatar. The highest prevalence and severe illnesses were recorded to G3P[8], which is different from other surrounding countries/global levels.
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Metagenomic characterisation of additional and novel avian viruses from Australian wild ducks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22284. [PMID: 33335272 PMCID: PMC7747739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79413-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds, notably wild ducks, are reservoirs of pathogenic and zoonotic viruses such as influenza viruses and coronaviruses. In the current study, we used metagenomics to detect and characterise avian DNA and RNA viruses from wild Pacific black ducks, Chestnut teals and Grey teals collected at different time points from a single location. We characterised a likely new species of duck aviadenovirus and a novel duck gyrovirus. We also report what, to the best of our knowledge, is the first finding of an avian orthoreovirus from Pacific black ducks and a rotavirus F from Chestnut teals. Other viruses characterised from the samples from these wild ducks belong to the virus families Astroviridae, Caliciviridae and Coronaviridae. Some of the viruses may have potential cross-species transmissibility, while others indicated a wide genetic diversity of duck viruses within a genus. The study also showed evidence of potential transmission of viruses along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway; potentially facilitated by migrating shorebirds. The detection and characterisation of several avian viruses not previously described, and causing asymptomatic but potentially also symptomatic infections suggest the need for more virus surveillance studies for pathogenic and potential zoonotic viruses in wildlife reservoirs.
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Bhandari D, Bi P, Dhimal M, Sherchand JB, Hanson-Easey S. Non-linear effect of temperature variation on childhood rotavirus infection: A time series study from Kathmandu, Nepal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 748:141376. [PMID: 32798872 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate the effects of temperature variability on rotavirus infections among children under 5 years of age in Kathmandu, Nepal. Findings may inform infection control planning, especially in relation to the role of environmental factors in the transmission of rotavirus infection. METHODS Generalized linear Poisson regression equations with distributed lag non-linear model were fitted to estimate the effect of temperature (maximum, mean and minimum) variation on weekly counts of rotavirus infections among children under 5 years of age living in Kathmandu, Nepal, over the study period (2013 to 2016). Seasonality and long-term effects were adjusted in the model using Fourier terms up to the seventh harmonic and a time function, respectively. We further adjusted the model for the confounding effects of rainfall and relative humidity. RESULTS During the study period, a total of 733 cases of rotavirus infection were recorded, with a mean of 3 cases per week. We detected an inverse non-linear association between rotavirus infection and average weekly mean temperature, with increased risk (RR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.08-2.15) at the lower quantile (10th percentile) and decreased risk (RR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.43-0.95) at the higher quantile (75th percentile). Similarly, we detected an increased risk [(RR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.40-2.65) and (RR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.04-1.95)] of rotavirus infection for both maximum and minimum temperature at their lower quantile (10th percentile). We estimated that 344 (47.01%) cases of rotavirus diarrhoea among the children under 5 years of age were attributable to minimum temperature. The significant effect of temperature on rotavirus infection was not observed beyond lag zero week. CONCLUSION An inverse non-linear association was estimated between rotavirus incidence and all three indices of temperature, indicating a higher risk of infection during the cooler times of the year, and suggesting that transmission of rotavirus in Kathmandu, Nepal may be influenced by temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Bhandari
- The University of Adelaide, School of Public Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Peng Bi
- The University of Adelaide, School of Public Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | | | | | - Scott Hanson-Easey
- The University of Adelaide, School of Public Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Girish Kumar CP, Giri S, Chawla-Sarkar M, Gopalkrishna V, Chitambar SD, Ray P, Venkatasubramanian S, Borkakoty B, Roy S, Bhat J, Dwibedi B, Paluru V, Das P, Arora R, Kang G, Mehendale SM. Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea among children less than 5 years hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction in India. Vaccine 2020; 38:8154-8160. [PMID: 33168345 PMCID: PMC7694878 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Rotavirus is an important cause of severe diarrhea requiring hospitalization, accounting for approximately 78,000 deaths annually in Indian children below 5 years of age. We present epidemiological data on severe rotavirus disease collected during hospital-based surveillance in India before the introduction of the oral rotavirus vaccine into the national immunization schedule. Methods The National Rotavirus Surveillance Network was created involving 28 hospital sites and 11 laboratories across the four geographical regions of India. From September 2012 to August 2016 children less than 5 years of age hospitalized for diarrhea for at least 6 h, were enrolled. After recording clinical details, a stool sample was collected from each enrolled child, which was tested for rotavirus antigen using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Nearly 2/3rd of EIA positive samples were genotyped using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to identify the G and P types. Results Of the 21,421 children enrolled during the 4 years surveillance, 36.3% were positive for rotavirus. The eastern region had the highest proportion of rotavirus associated diarrhea (39.8%), while the southern region had the lowest (33.8%). Rotavirus detection rates were the highest in children aged 6–23 months (41.8%), and 24.7% in children aged < 6 months. Although rotavirus associated diarrhea was seen throughout the year, the highest positivity was documented between December and February across all the regions. The most common rotavirus genotype was G1P[8] (52.9%), followed by G9P4 (8.7%) and G2P4 (8.4%). Conclusions There is high burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis among Indian children below 5 years of age hospitalized for acute diarrhea thereby highlighting the need for introduction of rotavirus vaccine into the national immunization program and also for monitoring circulating genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Girish Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sidhartha Giri
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Subarna Roy
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Jyothi Bhat
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | - Vijayachari Paluru
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Rashmi Arora
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanjay M Mehendale
- ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India.
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The Impact of Climate Change on Vaccine-Preventable Diseases: Insights From Current Research and New Directions. Curr Environ Health Rep 2020; 7:384-391. [PMID: 33099754 PMCID: PMC7585557 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-020-00293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Vaccine-preventable diseases remain a major public health concern globally. Climate is a key driver of the dynamics of many infectious diseases, including those that are vaccine preventable. Understanding the impact of climate change on vaccine-preventable diseases is, thus, an important public health research priority. Here, we summarize the recent literature and highlight promising directions for future research. Recent Findings Vaccine-preventable enteric diseases, such as cholera, exhibit sensitivity to precipitation and flooding events. The predicted increase in extreme weather events as a result of climate change could exacerbate outbreaks of these pathogens. For airborne pathogens, temperature and specific humidity have been shown to be the most important environmental drivers, although the impact of climate change on disease burden and dynamics remains unclear. Finally, the transmission dynamics of vector-borne diseases are dependent on both temperature and precipitation, and climate change is expected to alter the burden and geographic range of these diseases. However, understanding the interacting effects of multiple factors, including socioeconomic and ecological factors, on the vector-borne disease ecosystem will be a crucial step towards forecasting disease burden under climate change. Summary Recent work has demonstrated associations between climate and transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases. Translating these findings into forecasts under various climate change scenarios will require mechanistic frameworks that account for both intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of transmission, and the non-linear effects on disease burden. Future research should also pay greater attention to uncertainty in both the climate modeling processes as well as disease outcomes in the context of vaccine-preventable diseases.
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Anderson DM, Rees DI, Wang T. The phenomenon of summer diarrhea and its waning, 1910-1930. EXPLORATIONS IN ECONOMIC HISTORY 2020; 78:101341. [PMID: 33981117 PMCID: PMC8112734 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2020.101341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During the first two decades of the 20th century, diarrheal deaths among American infants and children surged every summer. Although we still do not know what pathogen (or pathogens) caused this phenomenon, the consensus view is that it was eventually controlled through public health efforts at the municipal level. Using data from 26 major American cities for the period 1910-1930, we document the phenomenon of summer diarrhea and explore its dissipation. We find that water filtration is associated with a 15 percent reduction in diarrheal mortality among children under the age of two during the non-summer months, but does not seem to have had an effect on diarrheal mortality during the summer. In general, we find little evidence to suggest that public health interventions undertaken at the municipal level contributed to the dissipation of summer diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Mark Anderson
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Economics, Montana State University, NBER and IZA
| | - Daniel I. Rees
- Department of Economics, University of Colorado Denver, NBER and IZA
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Department of Economics, University of Pittsburgh
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Fernández S, Fraga M, Castells M, Colina R, Zunino P. Effect of the administration of Lactobacillus spp. strains on neonatal diarrhoea, immune parameters and pathogen abundance in pre-weaned calves. Benef Microbes 2020; 11:477-488. [PMID: 32877228 DOI: 10.3920/bm2019.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal calf diarrhoea is one of the challenges faced by intensive farming, and probiotics are considered a promising approach to improve calves' health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of potential probiotic lactobacilli on new-born dairy calves' growth, diarrhoea incidence, faecal score, cytokine expression in blood cells, immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels in plasma and faeces, and pathogen abundance in faeces. Two in vivo assays were conducted at the same farm in two annual calving seasons. Treated calves received one daily dose of the selected lactobacilli (Lactobacillus reuteri TP1.3B or Lactobacillus johnsonii TP1.6) for 10 consecutive days. A faecal score was recorded daily, average daily gain (ADG) was calculated, and blood and faeces samples were collected. Pathogen abundance was analysed by absolute qPCR in faeces using primers directed at Salmonella enterica, rotavirus, coronavirus, Cryptosporidium parvum and three Escherichia coli virulence genes (eae, clpG and Stx1). The faecal score was positively affected by the administration of both lactobacilli strains, and diarrhoea incidence was significantly lower in treated calves. No differences were found regarding ADG, cytokine expression, IgA levels and pathogen abundance. Our findings showed that oral administration of these strains could improve gastrointestinal health, but results could vary depending on the calving season, which may be related to pathogen seasonality and other environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fernández
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Av Italia 3318, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M Fraga
- Animal Health Unit, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Ruta 50 Km 11, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - M Castells
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, University of Uruguay, Rivera 1350, 50000 Salto, Uruguay
| | - R Colina
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, University of Uruguay, Rivera 1350, 50000 Salto, Uruguay
| | - P Zunino
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Av Italia 3318, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Akinola MT, Uba A, Umar AF, Agbo EB. Asymptomatic Rotavirus infections among children in Maiduguri, Borno state, Northeast, Nigeria. Ann Afr Med 2020; 19:198-202. [PMID: 32820733 PMCID: PMC7694705 DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_55_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rotavirus remains one of the main causative agents of gastroenteritis in young children. This happens, especially in countries (e.g., Nigeria) that have not yet introduced the vaccine into the national immunization program. A significant prevalence of Rotavirus infection both in children and adults without major symptoms has earlier been reported. This study aimed at defining the prevalence of asymptomatic Rotavirus infection from apparently healthy children in Maiduguri, Borno State, Northeastern Nigeria. Methods: A total of 269 stool samples were randomly collected from apparently healthy children <15 years of age from July 2017 to June 2018. All samples were screened using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for the presence of Rotavirus antigen. The Rotavirus-positive samples were further subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) to determine their RNA electropherotypes. Results: A total of 59 stool samples (19.9%) were Rotavirus positive with peaks observed in the cold dry season, among male children, and 6–10 years of age group. A total of 50 randomly selected Rotavirus-positive samples were subjected to PAGE, and none of the samples showed either long or short profiles. Conclusion: This study shows that Rotavirus can be shed into environments without any signs and symptoms. In view of this, the Rotavirus vaccine should be considered a priority and be introduced in the existing national immunization program in Nigeria, particularly in Borno State.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monilade T Akinola
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU), Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Auwalu Uba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU), Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Ahmed F Umar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU), Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Ediga B Agbo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU), Bauchi, Nigeria
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41
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Moazzam Z, Salim A, Ashraf A, Jehan F, Arshad M. Intussusception in an infant as a manifestation of COVID-19. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY CASE REPORTS 2020; 59:101533. [PMID: 32834997 PMCID: PMC7305758 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsc.2020.101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal manifestations of COVID-19 are rare and have primarily been limited to diarrhea or vomiting. Intussusception is the most common cause of bowel obstruction in infants, with up to 30% of pediatric intussusception cases having a preceding viral illness. We present the rare case of intussusception in a SARS-CoV-2 positive infant. This is the first documented case of survival in a SARS-CoV-2 positive patient presenting with intussusception as the primary manifestation. As our knowledge of this disease evolves, surgeons need to remain suspicious for possible gastrointestinal manifestations of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorays Moazzam
- Medical College, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Areej Salim
- Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Alina Ashraf
- Medical College, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fyezah Jehan
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
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Shonhiwa AM, Ntshoe G, Crisp N, Olowolagba AJ, Mbuthu V, Taylor MB, Thomas J, Page NA. Investigation of two suspected diarrhoeal-illness outbreaks in Northern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces, South Africa, April-July 2013: The role of rotavirus. S Afr J Infect Dis 2020; 35:159. [PMID: 34485475 PMCID: PMC8378150 DOI: 10.4102/sajid.v35i1.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suspected diarrhoeal-illness outbreaks affecting mostly children < 5 years were investigated between May and July 2013 in Northern Cape province (NCP) and KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province. This study describes the epidemiological, environmental and clinical characteristics and diarrhoeal-illnesses causative agent(s). METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. Cases were patients presenting at healthcare facilities with diarrhoeal-illness between 09 April and 09 July 2013 in NCP and 01 May and 31 July 2013 in KZN. Laboratory investigations were performed on stools and water samples using microscopy, culture and sensitivity screening and molecular assays. RESULTS A total of 953 cases including six deaths (case fatality rate [CFR]: 0.6%) were recorded in the Northern Cape province outbreak. Children < 5 years accounted for 58% of cases. Enteric viruses were detected in 51% of stools, with rotavirus detected in 43%. The predominant rotavirus strains were G3P[8] (45%) and G9P[8] (42%). Other enteric viruses were detected, with rotavirus co-infections (63%). No enteric pathogens detected in water specimens. KwaZulu-Natal outbreak: A total of 1749 cases including 26 deaths (CFR: 1.5%) were recorded. Children < 5 years accounted for 95% of cases. Rotavirus was detected in 55% of stools; other enteric viruses were detected, mostly as rotavirus co-infections. The predominant rotavirus strains were G2P[4] (54%) and G9P[8] (38%). CONCLUSION Although source(s) of the outbreaks were not identified, the diarrhoeal-illnesses were community-acquired. It is difficult to attribute the outbreaks to one causative agent(s) because of rotavirus co-infections with other enteric pathogens. While rotavirus was predominant, the outbreaks coincided with the annual rotavirus season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andronica M Shonhiwa
- Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Genevie Ntshoe
- Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Noreen Crisp
- Communicable Disease Control, Department of Health, Kimberley, South Africa
| | - Ayo J Olowolagba
- Communicable Disease Control, eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality Department of Health, Durban, South Africa
| | - Vusi Mbuthu
- Communicable Disease Control, eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality Department of Health, Durban, South Africa
| | - Maureen B Taylor
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Tshwane Academic Division, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Juno Thomas
- Centre for Enteric Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nicole A Page
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Centre for Enteric Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Aliabadi N, Antoni S, Mwenda JM, Weldegebriel G, Biey JNM, Cheikh D, Fahmy K, Teleb N, Ashmony HA, Ahmed H, Daniels DS, Videbaek D, Wasley A, Singh S, de Oliveira LH, Rey-Benito G, Sanwogou NJ, Wijesinghe PR, Liyanage JBL, Nyambat B, Grabovac V, Heffelfinger JD, Fox K, Paladin FJ, Nakamura T, Agócs M, Murray J, Cherian T, Yen C, Parashar UD, Serhan F, Tate JE, Cohen AL. Global impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on rotavirus hospitalisations among children under 5 years of age, 2008-16: findings from the Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network. LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2020; 7:e893-e903. [PMID: 31200889 PMCID: PMC7336990 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(19)30207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Summary Background Rotavirus vaccine use in national immunisation programmes has led to declines in hospital admissions for rotavirus gastroenteritis among children; however, the global impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction has not been described using primary data. We describe the impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on admissions for acute rotavirus gastroenteritis in primarily low-income and middle-income countries, using 9 years of data from the WHO-coordinated Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network (GRSN). Methods Between Jan 1, 2008, and Dec 31, 2016, children younger than 5 years of age who were admitted to hospital with acute gastroenteritis were prospectively enrolled in GRSN sites. We included sites that enrolled children and collected stool specimens monthly and tested at least 100 specimens annually in the impact analysis, with a separate analysis taking into account site continuity. We compared proportions of acute gastroenteritis cases positive for rotavirus in the pre-vaccine and post-vaccine periods and calculated mean proportion changes for WHO regions, with 95% CIs; these findings were then compared with interrupted time series analyses. We did further sensitivity analyses to account for rotavirus vaccination coverage levels and sites that collected specimens for at least 11 months per year and tested at least 80 specimens per year. We also analysed the age distribution of rotavirus-positive cases before and after vaccine introduction. Findings 403 140 children younger than 5 years of age admitted to hospital with acute gastroenteritis from 349 sites in 82 countries were enrolled over the study period, of whom 132 736 (32.9%) were positive for rotavirus. We included 305 789 children from 198 sites in 69 countries in the impact analysis. In countries that had not introduced rotavirus vaccine in their national immunisation programmes, rotavirus was detected in 38.0% (95% CI 4.8–73.4) of admissions for acute gastroenteritis annually whereas in those that have introduced the vaccine, rotavirus was detected in 23.0% (0.7–57.7) of admissions for acute gastroenteritis, showing a 39.6% (35.4–43.8) relative decline following introduction. Interrupted time series analyses confirmed these findings. Reductions by WHO regions ranged from 26.4% (15.0–37.8) in the Eastern Mediterranean Region to 55.2% (43.0–67.4) in the European Region and were sustained in nine countries (contributing up to 31 sites) for 6–10 years. The age distribution of children with rotavirus gastroenteritis shifted towards older children after rotavirus vaccine introduction. Interpretation A significant and sustained reduction in the proportion of hospital admissions for acute gastroenteritis due to rotavirus was seen among children younger than 5 years in GRSN sites following rotavirus vaccine introduction. These findings highlight the need to incorporate rotavirus vaccines into immunisation programmes in countries that have not yet introduced them and underline the importance of high-quality surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Aliabadi
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Sébastien Antoni
- Expanded Program on Immunization, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jason M Mwenda
- Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Goitom Weldegebriel
- Inter-Country Support Team, Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Joseph N M Biey
- Inter-Country Support Team, Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Dah Cheikh
- Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Kamal Fahmy
- Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia Teleb
- Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Hinda Ahmed
- Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Danni S Daniels
- Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dovile Videbaek
- Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annemarie Wasley
- Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simarjit Singh
- Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Gloria Rey-Benito
- Regional Office for the Americas, World Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
| | - N Jennifer Sanwogou
- Regional Office for the Americas, World Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Batmunkh Nyambat
- Regional Office for the Western Pacific, World HealthOrganization, Manila, Philippines
| | - Varja Grabovac
- Regional Office for the Western Pacific, World HealthOrganization, Manila, Philippines
| | - James D Heffelfinger
- Regional Office for the Western Pacific, World HealthOrganization, Manila, Philippines
| | - Kimberley Fox
- Regional Office for the Western Pacific, World HealthOrganization, Manila, Philippines
| | - Fem Julia Paladin
- Regional Office for the Western Pacific, World HealthOrganization, Manila, Philippines
| | - Tomoka Nakamura
- Expanded Program on Immunization, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mary Agócs
- Expanded Program on Immunization, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jillian Murray
- Expanded Program on Immunization, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Cherian
- Expanded Program on Immunization, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Yen
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Umesh D Parashar
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Fatima Serhan
- Expanded Program on Immunization, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline E Tate
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adam L Cohen
- Expanded Program on Immunization, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Quee FA, de Hoog MLA, Schuurman R, Bruijning-Verhagen P. Community burden and transmission of acute gastroenteritis caused by norovirus and rotavirus in the Netherlands (RotaFam): a prospective household-based cohort study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 20:598-606. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Silva-Sales M, Martínez-Puchol S, Gonzales-Gustavson E, Hundesa A, Gironès R. High Prevalence of Rotavirus A in Raw Sewage Samples from Northeast Spain. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030318. [PMID: 32188099 PMCID: PMC7150846 DOI: 10.3390/v12030318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus A (RVA) is the most common virus associated with infantile gastroenteritisworldwide, being a public health threat, as it is excreted in large amounts in stool and can persist inthe environment for extended periods. In this study, we performed the detection of RVA and humanadenovirus (HAdV) by TaqMan qPCR and assessed the circulation of RVA genotypes in threewastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) between 2015 and 2016 in Catalonia, Spain. RVA wasdetected in 90% and HAdV in 100% of the WWTP samples, with viral loads ranging between 3.96 ×104 and 3.30 × 108 RT-PCR Units/L and 9.51 × 104 and 1.16 × 106 genomic copies/L, respectively. RVAVP7 and VP4 gene analysis revealed the circulation of G2, G3, G9, G12, P[4], P[8], P[9] and P[10].Nucleotide sequencing (VP6 fragment) showed the circulation of I1 and I2 genotypes, commonlyassociated with human, bovine and porcine strains. It is important to mention that the RVA strainsisolated from the WWTPs were different from those recovered from piglets and calves living in thesame area of single sampling in 2016. These data highlight the importance of monitoring watermatrices for RVA epidemiology and may be a useful tool to evaluate and predict possibleemergence/reemergence of uncommon strains in a region.
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46
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Anwar MY, Warren JL, Pitzer VE. Diarrhea Patterns and Climate: A Spatiotemporal Bayesian Hierarchical Analysis of Diarrheal Disease in Afghanistan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:525-533. [PMID: 31392940 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Subject to a high burden of diarrheal diseases, Afghanistan is also susceptible to climate change. This study investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of diarrheal disease in the country and how associated it is with climate variables. Using monthly aggregated new cases of acute diarrhea reported between 2010 and 2016 and monthly averaged climate data at the district level, we fitted a hierarchical Bayesian spatiotemporal statistical model. We found aridity and mean daily temperature were positively associated with diarrhea incidence; every 1°C increase in mean daily temperature and 0.01-unit change in the aridity index were associated with a 0.70% (CI: 0.67%, 0.73%) increase and a 4.79% (CI: 4.30%, 5.26%) increase in the risk of diarrhea, respectively. Average annual temperature, on the other hand, was negatively associated, with a 3.7% (CI: 3.74%, 3.68) decrease in risk for every degree Celsius increase in annual average temperature. Temporally, most districts exhibited similar seasonal trends, with incidence peaking in summer, except for the eastern region where differences in climate patterns and population density may be associated with high rates of diarrhea throughout the year. The results from this study highlight the significant role of climate in shaping diarrheal patterns in Afghanistan, allowing policymakers to account for potential impacts of climate change in their public health assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Y Anwar
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Joshua L Warren
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Virginia E Pitzer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
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Houattongkham S, Yamamoto E, Sithivong N, Inthaphatha S, Kariya T, Saw YM, Vongduangchanh A, Keosavanh O, Hamajima N. Etiologic agents of acute diarrhea in sentinel surveillance sites in Vientiane Capital, Lao People's Democratic Republic, 2012-2015. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:1115-1122. [PMID: 31993879 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03827-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to identify the pathogens of diarrhea in Vientiane Capital, Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). The data of 2482 patients who visited eight health facilities due to diarrhea in 2012-2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Stool or rectal swabs collected from all patients were tested for bacteria. Children who were under 5 years old were additionally tested for rotavirus. Of 2482 cases, 1566 cases were under 5 years old, and at least one enteropathogen was detected in 475 cases (19.1%). Salmonella species was the most commonly detected bacterial pathogen. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Salmonella species was the major pathogen in the dry season and the wet season, respectively. Eighty-seven patients tested positive for multiple bacteria. Rotavirus was detected in 291 children under 5 years old (32.4%), mostly from October to April. The major bacteria of coinfection with rotavirus were EPEC followed by Salmonella species. Salmonella species was the predominant bacterial pathogen of diarrhea of all ages, and rotavirus was the predominant pathogen among children under 5 years old. Further studies examining other types of pathogens for diarrhea and the introduction of a rotavirus vaccine for children are needed in Lao PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souphatsone Houattongkham
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.,Epidemiology Section, Bacteriology Unit, National Center for Laboratory and Epidemiology, Km 3 Thadeau Road, Ban Thaphalarnxay, Sisathanack district, Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR
| | - Eiko Yamamoto
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Noikaseumsy Sithivong
- Laboratory Section, Bacteriology Unit, National Center for Laboratory and Epidemiology, Km 3 Thadeau Road, Ban Thaphalarnxay, Sisathanack district, Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR
| | - Souphalak Inthaphatha
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tetsuyoshi Kariya
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yu Mon Saw
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Arounnapha Vongduangchanh
- Laboratory Section, Bacteriology Unit, National Center for Laboratory and Epidemiology, Km 3 Thadeau Road, Ban Thaphalarnxay, Sisathanack district, Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR
| | - Onechanh Keosavanh
- Epidemiology Section, Bacteriology Unit, National Center for Laboratory and Epidemiology, Km 3 Thadeau Road, Ban Thaphalarnxay, Sisathanack district, Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR.,Laboratory Section, Bacteriology Unit, National Center for Laboratory and Epidemiology, Km 3 Thadeau Road, Ban Thaphalarnxay, Sisathanack district, Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR
| | - Nobuyuki Hamajima
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
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Martinez PP, Mahmud AS, Yunus M, Faruque ASG, Ahmed T, Pascual M, Buckee CO. Tube Well Use as Protection Against Rotavirus Infection During the Monsoons in an Urban Setting. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:238-242. [PMID: 31776559 PMCID: PMC6936003 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus, a diarrheal pathogen spread via fecal-oral transmission, is typically characterized by a winter incidence peak in most countries. Unlike for cholera and other waterborne infections, the role of sanitation and socioeconomic factors on the spatial variation of rotavirus seasonality remains unclear. In the current study, we analyzed their association with rotavirus seasonality, specifically the odds of monsoon cases, across 46 locations from 2001 to 2012 in Dhaka. Drinking water from tube wells, compared to other sources, has a clear protective effect against cases during the monsoon, when flooding and water contamination are more likely. This finding supports a significant environmental component of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela P Martinez
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ayesha S Mahmud
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Planetary Health Alliance, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Demography, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Mohammad Yunus
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A S G Faruque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mercedes Pascual
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Caroline O Buckee
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Ghoshal V, Das RR, Nayak MK, Singh S, Das P, Mohakud NK. Climatic Parameters and Rotavirus Diarrhea Among Hospitalized Children: A Study of Eastern India. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:573448. [PMID: 33194902 PMCID: PMC7661789 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.573448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rotavirus diarrhea is often referred as "winter diarrheal disease" as it causes nearly 50% of the pediatric hospitalizations during winter season. This study was done with the objective of bringing out the epidemiological nexus of rotavirus cases with different seasonal parameters like maximum, minimum temperature, humidity, and average rainfall. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital of Eastern India from February 2016 to December 2018. Data on daily maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall were collected. Result: Of 964 children admitted, 768 stool samples were collected for rotavirus assay. A total of 222 children (29%) were positive. The maximum, minimum temperature, average rainfall, and average humidity of 83.4 mm, 79.2%, 28.1, and 21.9, respectively, were significantly associated with positive rotaviral cases. Conclusions: The incidence of rotavirus positivity cases was found to be inversely associated with average temperature, humidity, and rainfall. The knowledge about the seasonal pattern in a particular geographical area would help in the reallocation of hospital services (staff and bed) to tackle the epidemic or emergency situations resulting from clustering of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwanath Ghoshal
- Department of Pediatrics and Community Medicine, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Rashmi Ranjan Das
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Manas Kumar Nayak
- Department of Pediatrics and Community Medicine, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Snigdha Singh
- Department of Pediatrics and Community Medicine, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Palash Das
- Department of Pediatrics and Community Medicine, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Nirmal Kumar Mohakud
- Department of Pediatrics and Community Medicine, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Bhubaneswar, India
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Pérez-Ortín R, Santiso-Bellón C, Vila-Vicent S, Carmona-Vicente N, Rodríguez-Díaz J, Buesa J. Rotavirus symptomatic infection among unvaccinated and vaccinated children in Valencia, Spain. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:998. [PMID: 31771522 PMCID: PMC6880582 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human group A rotavirus is the leading cause of severe acute gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. Immunization programs have reduced the disease burden in many countries. Vaccination coverage in the Autonomous Region of Valencia, Spain, is around 40%, as the rotavirus vaccine is not funded by the National Health System. Despite this low-medium vaccine coverage, rotavirus vaccination has substantially reduced hospitalizations due to rotavirus infection and hospital-related costs. However, there are very few studies evaluating symptomatic rotavirus infections not requiring hospitalization in vaccinated children. The objective of this study was to investigate symptomatic rotavirus infections among vaccinated children in the health area served by the Hospital Clínico Universitario of Valencia, Spain, from 2013 to 2015. METHODS A total of 133 children younger than 5 years of age with rotavirus infection were studied. Demographic and epidemiological data were collected and informed consent from their caretakers obtained. Rotavirus infection was detected by immunological methods and G/P rotavirus genotypes were determined by RT-PCR, following standard procedures from the EuroRotaNet network. RESULTS Forty infants (30.1%; 95% CI: 22.3-37.9) out of 133 were diagnosed with symptomatic rotavirus infection despite having been previously vaccinated, either with RotaTeq (85%) or with Rotarix (15%). Children fully vaccinated against rotavirus (24.8%), partially vaccinated (5.3%) and unvaccinated (69.9%) were found. The infecting genotypes showed high G-type diversity, although no significant differences were found between the G/P genotypes infecting vaccinated and unvaccinated children during the same time period. G9P[8], G12P[8] and G1P[8] were the most prevalent genotypes. Severity of gastroenteritis symptoms required 28 (66.6%) vaccinated and 67 (73.6%) unvaccinated children to be attended at the Emergency Room. CONCLUSION Rotavirus vaccine efficacy in reducing the incidence of severe rotavirus infection has been well documented, but symptomatic rotavirus infection can sometimes occur in vaccinees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Pérez-Ortín
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia and Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario and Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Santiso-Bellón
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia and Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario and Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Susana Vila-Vicent
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia and Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario and Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Noelia Carmona-Vicente
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia and Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario and Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia and Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario and Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Buesa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia and Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario and Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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