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James K, Macreadie PI, Burdett HL, Davies I, Kamenos NA. It's time to broaden what we consider a 'blue carbon ecosystem'. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17261. [PMID: 38712641 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Photoautotrophic marine ecosystems can lock up organic carbon in their biomass and the associated organic sediments they trap over millennia and are thus regarded as blue carbon ecosystems. Because of the ability of marine ecosystems to lock up organic carbon for millennia, blue carbon is receiving much attention within the United Nations' 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development as a nature-based solution (NBS) to climate change, but classically still focuses on seagrass meadows, mangrove forests, and tidal marshes. However, other coastal ecosystems could also be important for blue carbon storage, but remain largely neglected in both carbon cycling budgets and NBS strategic planning. Using a meta-analysis of 253 research publications, we identify other coastal ecosystems-including mud flats, fjords, coralline algal (rhodolith) beds, and some components or coral reef systems-with a strong capacity to act as blue carbon sinks in certain situations. Features that promote blue carbon burial within these 'non-classical' blue carbon ecosystems included: (1) balancing of carbon release by calcification via carbon uptake at the individual and ecosystem levels; (2) high rates of allochthonous organic carbon supply because of high particle trapping capacity; (3) high rates of carbon preservation and low remineralization rates; and (4) location in depositional environments. Some of these features are context-dependent, meaning that these ecosystems were blue carbon sinks in some locations, but not others. Therefore, we provide a universal framework that can evaluate the likelihood of a given ecosystem to behave as a blue carbon sink for a given context. Overall, this paper seeks to encourage consideration of non-classical blue carbon ecosystems within NBS strategies, allowing more complete blue carbon accounting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter I Macreadie
- Marine Research and Innovation Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heidi L Burdett
- Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, Umeå University, Norrbyn, Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Nicholas A Kamenos
- Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, Umeå University, Norrbyn, Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Vulliet C, Koci J, Sheaves M, Waltham N. Linking tidal wetland vegetation mosaics to micro-topography and hydroperiod in a tropical estuary. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 197:106485. [PMID: 38598960 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Although saltmarshes are critical coastal ecosystems they are threatened by human activities and sea-level rise (SLR). Long-term restoration and management strategies are often hampered by an insufficient understanding of the past, present, and future processes that influence tidal wetland functionality and change. As understanding vegetation distribution in relation to elevation and tidal hydroperiod is often the basis of restoration and management decisions, this study investigated the relationships between micro-topography, tidal hydroperiod, and the distribution of saltmarshes, mangroves, and unvegetated flats in a tropical estuary situated within a Great Barrier Reef Catchment in North Queensland, Australia. A combination of high-resolution unattended-aerial-vehicle (UAV)-derived digital elevation model (DEMs) and land cover coupled with 2D hydrodynamic modelling was used to investigate these aspects. Zonation was more complex than generally recognised in restoration and legislation, with overlapping distribution across elevation. Additionally, although each type of tidal wetland cover had distinct mean hydroperiods, and elevation and hydroperiods were strongly correlated, elevation explained only 15% of the variability in tidal wetland cover distribution. This suggests that other factors (e.g., groundwater dynamics) likely contribute to tidal wetland cover zonation patterns. These findings underline that simplistic rules in the causality of tidal wetlands need to be applied with caution. Their applicability in management and restoration are likely to vary depending on contexts, as observed in our study site, with varying environmental and biological factors playing important roles in the distribution patterns of tidal wetland components. We also identified strong monthly variability in tidal hydroperiods and connectivity experienced by each tidal wetland cover (e.g., 10.26% of succulent saltmarshes were inundated during lower-than-average tides compared to 66% in higher than-average tides), highlighting the importance of integrating temporal dynamics in tidal wetland research and management. Additionally, we explored the potential effects of sea-level rise (SLR) on the tidal hydroperiods and connectivity of our study site. The results show that the inundation experienced by each tidal wetland cover may increase importantly if vegetation does not keep up with SLR (e.g., under a 0.8 m sea level scenarios, mean maximum depth of succulent saltmarsh in higher-than-average tides is 184.1 mm higher than the current mean-maximum inundation depth of mangroves). This underlines the importance of acquiring detailed spatio-temporally resolved data to enable the development of robust long-term and adaptive saltmarsh management strategies. Our results are discussed from a management and restoration perspective. We highlight the uncertainties and complexities in understanding the processes influencing tidal wetland functionality, and hence, their management and restoration prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Vulliet
- TropWATER Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Bebegu Yumba, Townsville, QLD, 4814, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Bebegu Yumba, Townsville, QLD, 4814, Australia.
| | - Jack Koci
- TropWATER Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Bebegu Yumba, Townsville, QLD, 4814, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Bebegu Yumba, Townsville, QLD, 4814, Australia
| | - Marcus Sheaves
- TropWATER Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Bebegu Yumba, Townsville, QLD, 4814, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Bebegu Yumba, Townsville, QLD, 4814, Australia
| | - Nathan Waltham
- TropWATER Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Bebegu Yumba, Townsville, QLD, 4814, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Bebegu Yumba, Townsville, QLD, 4814, Australia
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Adame MF, Kelleway J, Krauss KW, Lovelock CE, Adams JB, Trevathan-Tackett SM, Noe G, Jeffrey L, Ronan M, Zann M, Carnell PE, Iram N, Maher DT, Murdiyarso D, Sasmito S, Tran DB, Dargusch P, Kauffman JB, Brophy L. All tidal wetlands are blue carbon ecosystems. Bioscience 2024; 74:253-268. [PMID: 38720908 PMCID: PMC11075650 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Managing coastal wetlands is one of the most promising activities to reduce atmospheric greenhouse gases, and it also contributes to meeting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. One of the options is through blue carbon projects, in which mangroves, saltmarshes, and seagrass are managed to increase carbon sequestration and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, other tidal wetlands align with the characteristics of blue carbon. These wetlands are called tidal freshwater wetlands in the United States, supratidal wetlands in Australia, transitional forests in Southeast Asia, and estuarine forests in South Africa. They have similar or larger potential for atmospheric carbon sequestration and emission reductions than the currently considered blue carbon ecosystems and have been highly exploited. In the present article, we suggest that all wetlands directly or indirectly influenced by tides should be considered blue carbon. Their protection and restoration through carbon offsets could reduce emissions while providing multiple cobenefits, including biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Adame
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeff Kelleway
- University of Wollongong, School of Earth, Atmospheric, and Life Sciences, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ken W Krauss
- US Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States
| | - Catherine E Lovelock
- School of the Environment The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Janine B Adams
- Nelson Mandela University, Institute for Coastal & Marine Research and Department of Botany, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - Stacey M Trevathan-Tackett
- Deakin Marine Research and Innovation Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences at Deakin University, Melboourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Greg Noe
- U.S. Geological Survey, Florence Bascom Geoscience Center, Reston, Virginia, United States
| | - Luke Jeffrey
- Faculty of Science and Engineering at Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mike Ronan
- Department of Environment, Science, and Innovation, Wetlands Team, Queensland Government, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maria Zann
- Department of Environment, Science, and Innovation, Wetlands Team, Queensland Government, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul E Carnell
- Deakin Marine Research and Innovation Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences at Deakin University, Melboourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Naima Iram
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Nature-Based Climate Solutions, Faculty of Science at the National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Damien T Maher
- Faculty of Science and Engineering at Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel Murdiyarso
- Centre for International Forestry Research, Word Agroforestry, Department of Geophysics and Meteorology at IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Sigit Sasmito
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Da B Tran
- Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Paul Dargusch
- School of the Environment The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Boone Kauffman
- Ilahee Sciences International and with the Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, Corvallis, Oregon, United States
- Conservation Sciences at Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States
| | - Laura Brophy
- Institute for Applied Ecology and the College of Earth, Ocean, Corvallis Oregon, United States
- Atmospheric Sciences at Oregon State University, Corvallis Oregon, United States
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Sheehy J, Bates R, Bell M, Porter J. Sounding out maerl sediment thickness: an integrated data approach. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5220. [PMID: 38433221 PMCID: PMC10909873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Maerl beds are listed as a priority marine feature in Scotland. They are noted for creating suitable benthic habitat for diverse communities of fauna and flora and in supporting a wide array of ecosystem services. Within the context of climate change, they are also recognised as a potential blue carbon habitat through sequestration of carbon in living biomass and underlying sediment. There are, however, significant data gaps on the potential of maerl carbon sequestration which impede inclusion in blue carbon policy frameworks. Key data gaps include sediment thickness, from which carbon content is extrapolated. There are additional logistical and financial barriers associated with quantification methods that aim to address these data gaps. This study investigates the use of sub-bottom profiling (SBP) to lessen financial and logistical constraints of maerl bed sediment thickness estimation and regional blue carbon quantification. SBP data were cross validated with cores, other SBP data on blue carbon sediments, and analysed with expert input. Combining SBP data with estimates of habitat health (as % cover) from drop-down video (DDV) data, and regional abiotic data, this study also elucidates links between abiotic and biotic factors in determining maerl habitat health and maerl sediment thickness through pathway analysis in structural equation modelling (SEM). SBP data were proved to be sufficiently robust for identification of maerl sediments when corroborated with core data. SBP and DDV data of maerl bed habitats in Orkney exhibited some positive correlations of sediment thickness with maerl % cover. The average maerl bed sediment thickness was 1.08 m across all ranges of habitat health. SEM analysis revealed maerl bed habitat health was strongly determined by abiotic factors. Maerl habitat health had a separate positive effect on maerl bed sediment thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Sheehy
- International Centre for Island Technology, Heriot-Watt University, Orkney Campus, Robert Rendall Building, Franklin Road, Stromness, Orkney, KW16 3AW, Scotland.
| | - Richard Bates
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, Bute Building, Queen's Terrace, St Andrews, KY16 9TS, Scotland
| | - Michael Bell
- International Centre for Island Technology, Heriot-Watt University, Orkney Campus, Robert Rendall Building, Franklin Road, Stromness, Orkney, KW16 3AW, Scotland
| | - Jo Porter
- International Centre for Island Technology, Heriot-Watt University, Orkney Campus, Robert Rendall Building, Franklin Road, Stromness, Orkney, KW16 3AW, Scotland
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Wang Q, Ren F, Li R. Uncovering the world's largest carbon sink-a profile of ocean carbon sinks research. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:20362-20382. [PMID: 38374510 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32161-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
As the world's largest carbon sink, the oceans are essential to achieving the 1.5 °C target. Marine ecosystems play a crucial role in the "sink enhancement" process. A deeper comprehension of research trends, hotspots, and the boundaries of ocean carbon sinks is necessary for a more effective response to climate change. To this end, academic literature in the field of ocean carbon sinks was investigated and analyzed using the core database of the Web of Science. The results show that (1) The ocean carbon sink is a global study. The number of literatures in the field of ocean carbon sinks is growing, and the USA and China are the main leaders, with the USA accounting for 31.19% of the global publications and China accounting for 26.57% of the global publications, and the environmental science discipline is the most popular in this field. (2) Keyword burst detection shows that the keywords "sink, sensitivity, land, dynamics, and seagrass" appear earliest and have high burst intensity, which are the hot spots of research in this field; the keyword clustering shows that the global ocean carbon sinks research mainly focuses on three themes: (i) carbon cycle and climate change; (ii) carbon sinks estimation models and techniques; and (iii) carbon sinks capacity and ocean biological carbon sequestration in different seas. Finally, targeted research recommendations are proposed to further match the ocean carbon sink research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- School of Economics and Management, Xinjiang University, Wulumuqi, 830046, People's Republic of China.
- School of Economics and Management, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feng Ren
- School of Economics and Management, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Li
- School of Economics and Management, Xinjiang University, Wulumuqi, 830046, People's Republic of China
- School of Economics and Management, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, People's Republic of China
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Hu J, Pradit S, Loh PS, Chen Z, Guo C, Le TPQ, Oeurng C, Sok T, Mohamed CAR, Lee CW, Bong CW, Lu X, Anshari GZ, Kandasamy S, Wang J. Storage and dynamics of soil organic carbon in allochthonous-dominated and nitrogen-limited natural and planted mangrove forests in southern Thailand. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 200:116064. [PMID: 38290368 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Mangrove forests can help to mitigate climate change by storing a significant amount of carbon (C) in soils. Planted mangrove forests have been established to combat anthropogenic threats posed by climate change. However, the efficiency of planted forests in terms of soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and dynamics relative to that of natural forests is unclear. We assessed SOC and nutrient storage, SOC sources and drivers in a natural and a planted forest in southern Thailand. Although the planted forest stored more C and nutrients than the natural forest, the early-stage planted forest was not a strong sink relative to mudflat. Both forests were predominated by allochthonous organic C and nitrogen limited, with total nitrogen being a major driver of SOC in both cases. SOC showed a significant decline along land-to-sea and depth gradients as a result of soil texture, nutrient availability, and pH in the natural forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Hu
- Institute of Marine Geology and Resources, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Siriporn Pradit
- Coastal Oceanography and Climate Change Research Center, Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
| | - Pei Sun Loh
- Institute of Marine Geology and Resources, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China.
| | - Zengxuan Chen
- Institute of Marine Geology and Resources, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Chuanyi Guo
- Institute of Marine Geology and Resources, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Thi Phuong Quynh Le
- Institute of Natural Product Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 11307, Viet Nam
| | - Chantha Oeurng
- Faculty of Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Phnom Penh 12156, Cambodia
| | - Ty Sok
- Faculty of Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Phnom Penh 12156, Cambodia
| | - Che Abd Rahim Mohamed
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Choon Weng Lee
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chui Wei Bong
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Xixi Lu
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| | - Gusti Z Anshari
- Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanjungpura University, Pontianak 78124, Indonesia
| | - Selvaraj Kandasamy
- Department of Geology, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Liu H, An X, Liu X, Yang S, Liu Y, Wei X, Li X, Chen Q, Wang J. Molecular mechanism of salinity and waterlogging tolerance in mangrove Kandelia obovata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1354249. [PMID: 38384752 PMCID: PMC10879410 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1354249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Mangrove forests are colloquially referred to as "Earth's kidneys" and serve many important ecological and commercial functions. Salinity and waterlogging stress are the most important abiotic stressors restricting the growth and development of mangroves. Kandelia obovata (K. obovata) is the greatest latitudinally-distributed salt mangrove species in China.Here, morphology and transcriptomics were used to study the response of K. obovata to salt and waterlogging stress. In addition, weighted gene co-expression network analysis of the combined gene expression and phenotypic datasets was used to identify core salinity- and waterlogging-responsive modules. In this study, we observed that both high salinity and waterlogging significantly inhibited growth and development in K. obovata. Notably, growth was negatively correlated with salt concentration and positively correlated with waterlogging duration, and high salinity was significantly more inhibitive than waterlogging. A total of 7, 591 salt-responsive and 228 waterlogging-responsive differentially expressed genes were identified by RNA sequencing. Long-term salt stress was highly correlated with the measured physiological parameters while long-term waterlogging was poorly correlated with these traits. At the same time, 45 salinity-responsive and 16 waterlogging-responsive core genes were identified. All 61 core genes were mainly involved in metabolic and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites pathways. This study provides valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms of salinity and waterlogging tolerance in K. obovata, as well as a useful genetic resource for the improvement of mangrove stress tolerance using molecular breeding techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizi Liu
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xia An
- Zhejiang Xiaoshan Institute of Cotton and Bast Fiber Crops, Zhejiang Institute of Landscape Plants and Flowers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiuxia Chen
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jinwang Wang
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
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Sheehy J, Porter J, Bell M, Kerr S. Redefining blue carbon with adaptive valuation for global policy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168253. [PMID: 37926265 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Blue carbon has multiple definitions but is mostly defined, by criteria, as specific habitats or species: seagrass, saltmarsh, and mangrove. These qualifying criteria include significant capacity of carbon, long-term storage of carbon, feasibility of conservation to support carbon sequestration, and other criteria depending on the definition used. If 'blue carbon' habitats and species may change given new data, however, blue carbon will never fit a constant definition. As such, this approach underpins uncertainty in the blue carbon definition and impedes policy integration; policy frameworks require clear and unambiguous definitions. Global policy considers blue carbon for climate change mitigation through carbon trading. As such, the requirements for blue carbon inclusion in policy mechanisms are functionally determined by carbon trading verification agencies - Standard Setting Organisations (SSOs). In practice then, accreditation criteria override and make redundant the conditions used in criteria-based definitions of blue carbon. The definition of blue carbon would therefore be more effective in policy if simply aligned to the SSO's five criteria: an established baseline, additionality, permanence, leakage, and co-benefits. This paper presents a redefinition of blue carbon that is better aligned to policy application, accreditation criteria, and research agendas: This may include sedimentary stocks in addition to carbon stored in living biomass, which may be essential to protecting or maintaining sedimentary stocks of carbon, and with potential to be increased through protection and/or restoration. Alongside other recommendations, including a novel approach for adaptive accreditation and valuation, this paper explores how this redefinition of blue carbon would work in practice to support climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation, and biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Sheehy
- International Centre for Island Technology, Heriot-Watt University, Orkney Campus, Robert Rendall Building, Franklin Road, Stromness, Orkney, Scotland KW16 3AW, UK.
| | - Jo Porter
- International Centre for Island Technology, Heriot-Watt University, Orkney Campus, Robert Rendall Building, Franklin Road, Stromness, Orkney, Scotland KW16 3AW, UK
| | - Michael Bell
- International Centre for Island Technology, Heriot-Watt University, Orkney Campus, Robert Rendall Building, Franklin Road, Stromness, Orkney, Scotland KW16 3AW, UK
| | - Sandy Kerr
- International Centre for Island Technology, Heriot-Watt University, Orkney Campus, Robert Rendall Building, Franklin Road, Stromness, Orkney, Scotland KW16 3AW, UK
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Bi Y, Gao X, Su L, Lei Y, Li T, Dong X, Li X, Yan Z. Unveiling the impact of flooding and salinity on iron oxides-mediated binding of organic carbon in the rhizosphere of Scirpus mariqueter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168447. [PMID: 37956840 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The abundant Fe (hydr-) oxides present in wetland sediments can form stable iron (Fe)-organic carbon (OC) complexes (Fe-OC), which are key mechanisms contributing to the stability of sedimentary OC stocks in coastal wetland ecosystems. However, the effects of increased flooding and salinity stress, resulting from global change, on the Fe-OC complexes in sediments remain unclear. In this study, we conducted controlled experiments in a climate chamber to quantify the impacts of flooding and salinity on the different forms of Fe (hydr-) oxides binding to OC in the rhizosphere sediments of S. mariqueter as well as the influence on Fe redox cycling bacteria in the rhizosphere. The results of this study demonstrated that prolonged flooding and high salinity treatments significantly reduced the content of organo-metal complexes (FePP) in the rhizosphere. Under high salinity conditions, the content of FePP-OC increased significantly, while flooding led to a decrease in FePP-OC content, inhibiting co-precipitation processes. The association of amorphous Fe (hydr-) oxides (FeHH) with OC showed no significant differences under different flooding and salinity treatments. Prolonged flooding significantly increased the relative abundance of Fe-reducing bacteria (FeRB) Deferrisoma and Geothermobacter and decreased polyphenol oxidase in the rhizosphere, while the relative abundance of Fe-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB) Paracoccus and Pseudomonas decreased with increasing salinity and duration of flooding. Overall, short-term water and salinity stress promoted the binding of FeDH to OC in the rhizosphere of S. mariqueter, leading to a reduction in the OC content held by FePP. However, there were no significant differences observed in the OC stocks or the total Fe-OC content in the rhizosphere sediments. The findings suggest a degree of consistency in the Fe-OC of the "plant-soil" complex system within tidal flat wetlands, showing resilience to abrupt shifts in flooding and salinity over short periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education & Shanghai Science and Technology Committee, China
| | - Xiaoqing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education & Shanghai Science and Technology Committee, China
| | - Lin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education & Shanghai Science and Technology Committee, China
| | - Ying Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education & Shanghai Science and Technology Committee, China
| | - Tianyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education & Shanghai Science and Technology Committee, China
| | - Xinhan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education & Shanghai Science and Technology Committee, China
| | - Xiuzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education & Shanghai Science and Technology Committee, China
| | - Zhongzheng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education & Shanghai Science and Technology Committee, China.
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10
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Holmquist JR, Klinges D, Lonneman M, Wolfe J, Boyd B, Eagle M, Sanderman J, Todd-Brown K, Belshe EF, Brown LN, Chapman S, Corstanje R, Janousek C, Morris JT, Noe G, Rovai A, Spivak A, Vahsen M, Windham-Myers L, Kroeger K, Megonigal JP. The Coastal Carbon Library and Atlas: Open source soil data and tools supporting blue carbon research and policy. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17098. [PMID: 38273507 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Quantifying carbon fluxes into and out of coastal soils is critical to meeting greenhouse gas reduction and coastal resiliency goals. Numerous 'blue carbon' studies have generated, or benefitted from, synthetic datasets. However, the community those efforts inspired does not have a centralized, standardized database of disaggregated data used to estimate carbon stocks and fluxes. In this paper, we describe a data structure designed to standardize data reporting, maximize reuse, and maintain a chain of credit from synthesis to original source. We introduce version 1.0.0. of the Coastal Carbon Library, a global database of 6723 soil profiles representing blue carbon-storing systems including marshes, mangroves, tidal freshwater forests, and seagrasses. We also present the Coastal Carbon Atlas, an R-shiny application that can be used to visualize, query, and download portions of the Coastal Carbon Library. The majority (4815) of entries in the database can be used for carbon stock assessments without the need for interpolating missing soil variables, 533 are available for estimating carbon burial rate, and 326 are useful for fitting dynamic soil formation models. Organic matter density significantly varied by habitat with tidal freshwater forests having the highest density, and seagrasses having the lowest. Future work could involve expansion of the synthesis to include more deep stock assessments, increasing the representation of data outside of the U.S., and increasing the amount of data available for mangroves and seagrasses, especially carbon burial rate data. We present proposed best practices for blue carbon data including an emphasis on disaggregation, data publication, dataset documentation, and use of standardized vocabulary and templates whenever appropriate. To conclude, the Coastal Carbon Library and Atlas serve as a general example of a grassroots F.A.I.R. (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) data effort demonstrating how data producers can coordinate to develop tools relevant to policy and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Klinges
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael Lonneman
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
| | - Jaxine Wolfe
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - E Fay Belshe
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lauren N Brown
- Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | - James T Morris
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Gregory Noe
- USGS, Wetland Ecosystem Ecology and Biogeochemistry Laboratory, Reston, Virginia, USA
| | - André Rovai
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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11
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Sierra A, Correia C, Ortega T, Forja J, Rodrigues M, Cravo A. Dynamics of CO 2, CH 4, and N 2O in Ria Formosa coastal lagoon (southwestern Iberia) and export to the Gulf of Cadiz. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167094. [PMID: 37734615 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
A first characterization of greenhouse gases had been carried out to study their role and impact in a productive transitional coastal system of the southern Portugal - Ria Formosa lagoon. To this purpose, the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and the concentration of dissolved CH4 and N2O have been measured. Two surveys were carried out during 2020, at low tide under typical conditions of Spring (March) and end of Summer (October). The samplings sites were distributed along the costal lagoon covering: i) inner areas with strong human impact (influence of different flows of treated wastewater discharges); and ii) main channels in connection with the main inlets to study the exchanges with the ocean. In general, the highest values of the three greenhouse gases were found at the inner studied areas, especially affected by the disposal of treated effluents from wastewater treatment plans, in October. The mean water - atmosphere fluxes of the CO2, CH4 and N2O are positive, showing that the study area acts as a source of these gases to the atmosphere. On the other hand, it was calculated a rough estimation of the three gases globally exported from Ria Formosa to the ocean, through the main six inlets to evaluate the magnitude of the supply of these gases from Ria Formosa to the adjacent ocean. The mean CO2, CH4 and N2O horizontal water fluxes exported from all the inlets of Ria Formosa to the Gulf of Cadiz for both seasons, during low water, are 8.7 ± 3.9 mmol m-2 s-1, 8.0 ± 3.5 μmol m-2 s-1 and 3.2 ± 1.5 μmol m-2 s-1, which corresponds to a mass transport through the inlets section of 0.7 ± 0.7 kg s-1, 0.2 ± 0.2 g s-1 and 0.2 ± 0.3 g s-1 respectively. From these estimates, as expected, the higher mass transport was found at the larger and deeper inlets (Faro-Olhão and Armona).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sierra
- Dpto. Química-Física, INMAR, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Andalucía, Spain.
| | - C Correia
- FCT, CIMA, Centre of Marine and Environmental Research\ARNET - Infrastructure Network in Aquatic Research, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - T Ortega
- Dpto. Química-Física, INMAR, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Andalucía, Spain.
| | - J Forja
- Dpto. Química-Física, INMAR, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Andalucía, Spain.
| | - M Rodrigues
- Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Avenida do Brasil, 101, 1700-066 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - A Cravo
- FCT, CIMA, Centre of Marine and Environmental Research\ARNET - Infrastructure Network in Aquatic Research, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139 Faro, Portugal.
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12
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Stankovic M, Mishra AK, Rahayu YP, Lefcheck J, Murdiyarso D, Friess DA, Corkalo M, Vukovic T, Vanderklift MA, Farooq SH, Gaitan-Espitia JD, Prathep A. Blue carbon assessments of seagrass and mangrove ecosystems in South and Southeast Asia: Current progress and knowledge gaps. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166618. [PMID: 37643707 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Coastal blue carbon ecosystems can be an important nature-based solution for mitigating climate change, when emphasis is given to their protection, management, and restoration. Globally, there has been a rapid increase in blue carbon research in the last few decades, with substantial investments on national scales by the European Union, the USA, Australia, Seychelles, and Belize. Blue carbon ecosystems in South and Southeast Asia are globally diverse, highly productive and could represent a global hotspot for carbon sequestration and storage. To guide future efforts, we conducted a systematic review of the available literature on two primary blue carbon ecosystems-seagrasses and mangroves-across 13 countries in South and Southeast Asia to assess existing national inventories, review current research trends and methodologies, and identify existing knowledge gaps. Information related to various aspects of seagrass and mangrove ecosystems was extracted from 432 research articles from 1967 to 2022. We find that: (1) blue carbon estimates in several countries have limited data, especially for seagrass meadows compared to mangrove ecosystems, although the highest reported carbon stocks were in Indonesia and the Philippines with 4,515 and 707 Tg within mangrove forest and 60.9 and 63.3 Tg within seagrass meadows, respectively; (2) there is a high difference in the quantity and quality of data between mangrove and seagrass ecosystems, and the methodologies used for blue carbon estimates are highly variable across countries; and (3) most studies on blue carbon stocks are spatially biased towards more familiar study areas of individual countries, than several lesser-known suspected blue carbon hotspots. In sum, our review demonstrates the paucity and variability in current research in the region, and highlights research frontiers that should be addressed by future research before the robust implementation of these ecosystems into national climate strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Stankovic
- Excellence Center for Biodiversity of Peninsular Thailand, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Field Marine Station, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
| | - Amrit Kumar Mishra
- The SWIRE Institute of Marine Sciences and the School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, S.A.R., China; School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Argul, Khurda, Odisha, India.
| | - Yusmiana P Rahayu
- School of Biological Sciences and Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Research Center for Conservation of Marine and Inland Water Resources, National Research and Innovation Agency, the Republic of Indonesia, Soekarno Science and Technology Area, Jl. Raya Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, Bogor 16911, Indonesia.
| | - Jonathan Lefcheck
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA.
| | - Daniel Murdiyarso
- Center for International Forestry Research - World Agroforestry Centre, Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor 16115, Indonesia; Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
| | - Daniel A Friess
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
| | - Marko Corkalo
- Department of Biology, Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Teodora Vukovic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 2100 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Mathew A Vanderklift
- CSIRO Environment, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Syed Hilal Farooq
- School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Argul, Khurda, Odisha, India.
| | - Juan Diego Gaitan-Espitia
- The SWIRE Institute of Marine Sciences and the School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, S.A.R., China; Institute for Climate and Carbon Neutrality, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Anchana Prathep
- Excellence Center for Biodiversity of Peninsular Thailand, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Divison of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
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13
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Pessarrodona A, Franco-Santos RM, Wright LS, Vanderklift MA, Howard J, Pidgeon E, Wernberg T, Filbee-Dexter K. Carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation using macroalgae: a state of knowledge review. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1945-1971. [PMID: 37437379 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The conservation, restoration, and improved management of terrestrial forests significantly contributes to mitigate climate change and its impacts, as well as providing numerous co-benefits. The pressing need to reduce emissions and increase carbon removal from the atmosphere is now also leading to the development of natural climate solutions in the ocean. Interest in the carbon sequestration potential of underwater macroalgal forests is growing rapidly among policy, conservation, and corporate sectors. Yet, our understanding of whether carbon sequestration from macroalgal forests can lead to tangible climate change mitigation remains severely limited, hampering their inclusion in international policy or carbon finance frameworks. Here, we examine the results of over 180 publications to synthesise evidence regarding macroalgal forest carbon sequestration potential. We show that research efforts on macroalgae carbon sequestration are heavily skewed towards particulate organic carbon (POC) pathways (77% of data publications), and that carbon fixation is the most studied flux (55%). Fluxes leading directly to carbon sequestration (e.g. carbon export or burial in marine sediments) remain poorly resolved, likely hindering regional or country-level assessments of carbon sequestration potential, which are only available from 17 of the 150 countries where macroalgal forests occur. To solve this issue, we present a framework to categorize coastlines according to their carbon sequestration potential. Finally, we review the multiple avenues through which this sequestration can translate into climate change mitigation capacity, which largely depends on whether management interventions can increase carbon removal above a natural baseline or avoid further carbon emissions. We find that conservation, restoration and afforestation interventions on macroalgal forests can potentially lead to carbon removal in the order of 10's of Tg C globally. Although this is lower than current estimates of natural sequestration value of all macroalgal habitats (61-268 Tg C year-1 ), it suggests that macroalgal forests could add to the total mitigation potential of coastal blue carbon ecosystems, and offer valuable mitigation opportunities in polar and temperate areas where blue carbon mitigation is currently low. Operationalizing that potential will necessitate the development of models that reliably estimate the proportion of production sequestered, improvements in macroalgae carbon fingerprinting techniques, and a rethinking of carbon accounting methodologies. The ocean provides major opportunities to mitigate and adapt to climate change, and the largest coastal vegetated habitat on Earth should not be ignored simply because it does not fit into existing frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Pessarrodona
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
- Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Dr., Suite 600, Arlington, VA, USA
- International Blue Carbon Institute, 42B Boat Quay, Singapore, 049831, Singapore
| | - Rita M Franco-Santos
- CSIRO Environment, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Luka Seamus Wright
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
- CSIRO Environment, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mathew A Vanderklift
- CSIRO Environment, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jennifer Howard
- Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Dr., Suite 600, Arlington, VA, USA
- International Blue Carbon Institute, 42B Boat Quay, Singapore, 049831, Singapore
| | - Emily Pidgeon
- Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Dr., Suite 600, Arlington, VA, USA
- International Blue Carbon Institute, 42B Boat Quay, Singapore, 049831, Singapore
| | - Thomas Wernberg
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
- Institute of Marine Research, Nye Flødevigveien 20, His, 4817, Norway
| | - Karen Filbee-Dexter
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
- Institute of Marine Research, Nye Flødevigveien 20, His, 4817, Norway
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14
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Chanda A, Akhand A. Challenges towards the Sustainability and Enhancement of the Indian Sundarban Mangrove's Blue Carbon Stock. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1787. [PMID: 37629645 PMCID: PMC10455859 DOI: 10.3390/life13081787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sundarban is the world's largest contiguous mangrove forest and stores around 26.62 Tg of blue carbon. The present study reviewed the factors causing a decline in its blue carbon content and poses a challenge in enhancing the carbon stock of this region. This review emphasized that recurrent tropical cyclones, soil erosion, freshwater scarcity, reduced sediment load into the delta, nutrient deficiency, salt-stress-induced changes in species composition, mangrove clearing, and anthropogenic pollution are the fundamental drivers which can potentially reduce the total blue carbon stock of this region. The southern end of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta that shelters this forest has stopped its natural progradation due to inadequate sediment flow from the upper reaches. Growing population pressure from the north of the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve and severe erosion in the southern end accentuated by regional sea-level rise has left minimal options to enhance the blue carbon stock by extending the forest premises. This study collated the scholarly observations of the past decades from this region, indicating a carbon sequestration potential deterioration. By collecting the existing knowledge base, this review indicated the aspects that require immediate attention to stop this ecosystem's draining of the valuable carbon sequestered and, at the same time, enhance the carbon stock, if possible. This review provided some key recommendations that can help sustain the blue carbon stock of the Indian Sundarban. This review stressed that characterizing the spatial variability of blue carbon with more sampling points, catering to the damaged trees after tropical cyclones, estuarine rejuvenation in the upper reaches, maintaining species diversity through afforestation programs, arresting coastal erosion through increasing sediment flow, and combating marine pollution have become urgent needs of the hour. The observations synthesized in this study can be helpful for academics, policy managers, and decision makers willing to uphold the sustainability of the blue carbon stock of this crucial ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhra Chanda
- School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Anirban Akhand
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Coastal and Estuarine Environment Research Group, Port and Airport Research Institute, Nagase, Yokosuka 239-0826, Kanagawa, Japan
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15
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Mishra AK, Acharya P, Apte D, Farooq SH. Seagrass ecosystem adjacent to mangroves store higher amount of organic carbon of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andaman Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 193:115135. [PMID: 37339534 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
This study quantified the organic carbon (Corg) stocks in Thalassia hemprichii meadows that are (i) adjacent to mangroves (MG), and (ii) without mangroves (WMG), in tropical Andaman and Nicobar Islands (ANI) of India. In the top 10 cm of the sediment, Corg content was 1.8-fold higher at the MG sites than the WMG sites. The total Corg stocks (sediment + biomass) in the 144 ha of seagrass meadows at MG sites (988.74 ± 138.77 Mg C) was 1.9-fold higher than in 148 ha of WMG sites. Protection and management of T. hemprichii meadows of ANI can lead to emission avoidance of around 5447.33 (MG; 3595.12 + WMG: 1852.21) tons of CO2. The social cost of the carbon stocks in these T. hemprichii meadows is around US$ 0.30 and 0.16 million at the MG and WMG sites, respectively, showcasing the importance of ANI's seagrass ecosystems as nature-based solutions for climate change mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Kumar Mishra
- School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Argul, Khurda 752050, India; Department of Marine Conservation, Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, Dr. Salim Ali Chowk, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Road, Opp. Lion Gate, Mumbai 400001, India.
| | - Prasannajit Acharya
- Environmental Science Program, Department of Chemistry, ITER, S'O'A University, Odisha, India
| | - Deepak Apte
- Srusti Conservation Foundation, Flat no-104, Hissa 8, Soba Garden Saffron, C Pune CIT Mahatma Society, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Syed Hilal Farooq
- School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Argul, Khurda 752050, India
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16
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Arneth A, Leadley P, Claudet J, Coll M, Rondinini C, Rounsevell MDA, Shin YJ, Alexander P, Fuchs R. Making protected areas effective for biodiversity, climate and food. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:3883-3894. [PMID: 36872638 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The spatial extent of marine and terrestrial protected areas (PAs) was among the most intensely debated issues prior to the decision about the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Positive impacts of PAs on habitats, species diversity and abundance are well documented. Yet, biodiversity loss continues unabated despite efforts to protect 17% of land and 10% of the oceans by 2020. This casts doubt on whether extending PAs to 30%, the agreed target in the Kunming-Montreal GBF, will indeed achieve meaningful biodiversity benefits. Critically, the focus on area coverage obscures the importance of PA effectiveness and overlooks concerns about the impact of PAs on other sustainability objectives. We propose a simple means of assessing and visualising the complex relationships between PA area coverage and effectiveness and their effects on biodiversity conservation, nature-based climate mitigation and food production. Our analysis illustrates how achieving a 30% PA global target could be beneficial for biodiversity and climate. It also highlights important caveats: (i) achieving lofty area coverage objectives alone will be of little benefit without concomitant improvements in effectiveness, (ii) trade-offs with food production particularly for high levels of coverage and effectiveness are likely and (iii) important differences in terrestrial and marine systems need to be recognized when setting and implementing PA targets. The CBD's call for a significant increase in PA will need to be accompanied by clear PA effectiveness goals to reduce and revert dangerous anthropogenic impacts on socio-ecological systems and biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almut Arneth
- KIT, Department of Atmospheric Environmental Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
- KIT, Department of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Paul Leadley
- ESE Laboratory, Université Paris-Saclay/CNRS/AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Paris, France
| | - Marta Coll
- Institute of Marine Science (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlo Rondinini
- Global Mammal Assessment Program, Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Global Wildlife Conservation Center, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Mark D A Rounsevell
- KIT, Department of Atmospheric Environmental Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
- KIT, Department of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yunne-Jai Shin
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Univ Montpellier, IFREMER, CNRS, MARBEC, Montpellier, France
| | - Peter Alexander
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard Fuchs
- KIT, Department of Atmospheric Environmental Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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17
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Uddin MM, Abdul Aziz A, Lovelock CE. Importance of mangrove plantations for climate change mitigation in Bangladesh. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:3331-3346. [PMID: 36897640 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves have been identified as blue carbon ecosystems that are natural carbon sinks. In Bangladesh, the establishment of mangrove plantations for coastal protection has occurred since the 1960s, but the plantations may also be a sustainable pathway to enhance carbon sequestration, which can help Bangladesh meet its greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction targets, contributing to climate change mitigation. As a part of its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement 2016, Bangladesh is committed to limiting the GHG emissions through the expansion of mangrove plantations, but the level of carbon removal that could be achieved through the establishment of plantations has not yet been estimated. The mean ecosystem carbon stock of 5-42 years aged (average age: 25.5 years) mangrove plantations was 190.1 (±30.3) Mg C ha-1 , with ecosystem carbon stocks varying regionally. The biomass carbon stock was 60.3 (±5.6) Mg C ha-1 and the soil carbon stock was 129.8 (±24.8) Mg C ha-1 in the top 1 m of which 43.9 Mg C ha-1 was added to the soil after plantation establishment. Plantations at age 5 to 42 years achieved 52% of the mean ecosystem carbon stock calculated for the reference site (Sundarbans natural mangroves). Since 1966, the 28,000 ha of established plantations to the east of the Sundarbans have accumulated approximately 76,607 Mg C year-1 sequestration in biomass and 37,542 Mg C year-1 sequestration in soils, totaling 114,149 Mg C year-1 . Continuation of the current plantation success rate would sequester an additional 664,850 Mg C by 2030, which is 4.4% of Bangladesh's 2030 GHG reduction target from all sectors described in its NDC, however, plantations for climate change mitigation would be most effective 20 years after establishment. Higher levels of investment in mangrove plantations and higher plantation establishment success could contribute up to 2,098,093 Mg C to blue carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation in Bangladesh by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Main Uddin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Ammar Abdul Aziz
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - Catherine E Lovelock
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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18
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Yin S, Wang J, Zeng H. A bibliometric study on carbon cycling in vegetated blue carbon ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27816-2. [PMID: 37243764 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27816-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Understanding carbon cycling in blue carbon ecosystems is key to sequestrating more carbon in these ecosystems to mitigate climate change. However, limited information is available on the basic characteristics of publications, research hotspots, research frontiers, and the evolution of topics related to carbon cycling in different blue carbon ecosystems. Here, we conducted bibliometric analysis on carbon cycling in salt marsh, mangrove, and seagrass ecosystems. The results showed that interest in this field has dramatically increased with time, particularly for mangroves. The USA has substantially contributed to the research on all ecosystems. Research hotspots for salt marshes were sedimentation process, carbon sequestration, carbon emissions, lateral carbon exchange, litter decomposition, plant carbon fixation, and carbon sources. In addition, biomass estimation by allometric equations was a hotspot for mangroves, and carbonate cycling and ocean acidification were hotspots for seagrasses. Topics involving energy flow, such as productivity, food webs, and decomposition, were the predominant areas a decade ago. Current research frontiers mainly concentrated on climate change and carbon sequestration for all ecosystems, while methane emission was a common frontier for mangroves and salt marshes. Ecosystem-specific research frontiers included mangrove encroachment for salt marshes, ocean acidification for seagrasses, and aboveground biomass estimation and restoration for mangroves. Future research should expand estimates of lateral carbon exchange and carbonate burial and strengthen the exploration of the impacts of climate change and restoration on blue carbon. Overall, this study provides the research status of carbon cycling in vegetated blue carbon ecosystems, which favors knowledge exchanges for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yin
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
- College of Urban and Environment Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Junjian Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
- College of Urban and Environment Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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19
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Booth JM, Fusi M, Marasco R, Daffonchio D. The microbial landscape in bioturbated mangrove sediment: A resource for promoting nature-based solutions for mangroves. Microb Biotechnol 2023. [PMID: 37209285 PMCID: PMC10364319 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, soils and sediments are affected by the bioturbation activities of benthic species. The consequences of these activities are particularly impactful in intertidal sediment, which is generally anoxic and nutrient-poor. Mangrove intertidal sediments are of particular interest because, as the most productive forests and one of the most important stores of blue carbon, they provide global-scale ecosystem services. The mangrove sediment microbiome is fundamental for ecosystem functioning, influencing the efficiency of nutrient cycling and the abundance and distribution of key biological elements. Redox reactions in bioturbated sediment can be extremely complex, with one reaction creating a cascade effect on the succession of respiration pathways. This facilitates the overlap of different respiratory metabolisms important in the element cycles of the mangrove sediment, including carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and iron cycles, among others. Considering that all ecological functions and services provided by mangrove environments involve microorganisms, this work reviews the microbial roles in nutrient cycling in relation to bioturbation by animals and plants, the main mangrove ecosystem engineers. We highlight the diversity of bioturbating organisms and explore the diversity, dynamics and functions of the sediment microbiome, considering both the impacts of bioturbation. Finally, we review the growing evidence that bioturbation, through altering the sediment microbiome and environment, determining a 'halo effect', can ameliorate conditions for plant growth, highlighting the potential of the mangrove microbiome as a nature-based solution to sustain mangrove development and support the role of this ecosystem to deliver essential ecological services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Booth
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Coastal Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Marco Fusi
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Centre for Conservation and Restoration Science, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
- Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, UK
| | - Ramona Marasco
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniele Daffonchio
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Conrad SR, Santos IR, White SA, Holloway CJ, Brown DR, Wadnerkar PD, Correa RE, Woodrow RL, Sanders CJ. Land use change increases contaminant sequestration in blue carbon sediments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162175. [PMID: 36801407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Coastal blue carbon habitats perform many important environmental functions, including long-term carbon and anthropogenic contaminant storage. Here, we analysed twenty-five 210Pb-dated mangrove, saltmarsh, and seagrass sediment cores from six estuaries across a land-use gradient to determine metal, metalloid, and phosphorous sedimentary fluxes. Cadmium, arsenic, iron, and manganese had linear to exponential positive correlations between concentrations, sediment flux, geoaccumulation index, and catchment development. Increases in anthropogenic development (agricultural or urban land uses) from >30 % of the total catchment area enhanced mean concentrations of arsenic, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc between 1.5 and 4.3-fold. A ~ 30 % anthropogenic land-use was the threshold in which blue carbon sediment quality begins to be detrimentally impacted on an entire estuary scale. Fluxes of phosphorous, cadmium, lead, and aluminium responded similarly, increasing 1.2 to 2.5-fold when anthropogenic land-use increased by at least 5 %. Exponential increases in phosphorus flux to estuary sediments seem to precede eutrophication as observed in more developed estuaries. Overall, multiple lines of evidence revealed how catchment development drives blue carbon sediment quality across a regional scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Conrad
- National Marine Science Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2540, Australia
| | - Isaac R Santos
- National Marine Science Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2540, Australia; Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 461, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shane A White
- National Marine Science Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2540, Australia
| | - Ceylena J Holloway
- National Marine Science Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2540, Australia
| | - Dylan R Brown
- National Marine Science Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2540, Australia
| | - Praktan D Wadnerkar
- National Marine Science Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2540, Australia
| | - Rogger E Correa
- National Marine Science Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2540, Australia; Corporacion Merceditas - Merceditas Corporation, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Rebecca L Woodrow
- National Marine Science Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2540, Australia
| | - Christian J Sanders
- National Marine Science Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2540, Australia.
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21
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Climate-driven tradeoffs between landscape connectivity and the maintenance of the coastal carbon sink. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1137. [PMID: 36914625 PMCID: PMC10011419 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36803-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecosystem connectivity tends to increase the resilience and function of ecosystems responding to stressors. Coastal ecosystems sequester disproportionately large amounts of carbon, but rapid exchange of water, nutrients, and sediment makes them vulnerable to sea level rise and coastal erosion. Individual components of the coastal landscape (i.e., marsh, forest, bay) have contrasting responses to sea level rise, making it difficult to forecast the response of the integrated coastal carbon sink. Here we couple a spatially-explicit geomorphic model with a point-based carbon accumulation model, and show that landscape connectivity, in-situ carbon accumulation rates, and the size of the landscape-scale coastal carbon stock all peak at intermediate sea level rise rates despite divergent responses of individual components. Progressive loss of forest biomass under increasing sea level rise leads to a shift from a system dominated by forest biomass carbon towards one dominated by marsh soil carbon that is maintained by substantial recycling of organic carbon between marshes and bays. These results suggest that climate change strengthens connectivity between adjacent coastal ecosystems, but with tradeoffs that include a shift towards more labile carbon, smaller marsh and forest extents, and the accumulation of carbon in portions of the landscape more vulnerable to sea level rise and erosion.
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22
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Pearson HC, Savoca MS, Costa DP, Lomas MW, Molina R, Pershing AJ, Smith CR, Villaseñor-Derbez JC, Wing SR, Roman J. Whales in the carbon cycle: can recovery remove carbon dioxide? Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:238-249. [PMID: 36528413 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The great whales (baleen and sperm whales), through their massive size and wide distribution, influence ecosystem and carbon dynamics. Whales directly store carbon in their biomass and contribute to carbon export through sinking carcasses. Whale excreta may stimulate phytoplankton growth and capture atmospheric CO2; such indirect pathways represent the greatest potential for whale-carbon sequestration but are poorly understood. We quantify the carbon values of whales while recognizing the numerous ecosystem, cultural, and moral motivations to protect them. We also propose a framework to quantify the economic value of whale carbon as populations change over time. Finally, we suggest research to address key unknowns (e.g., bioavailability of whale-derived nutrients to phytoplankton, species- and region-specific variability in whale carbon contributions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi C Pearson
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Alaska Southeast, Juneau, AK, USA.
| | - Matthew S Savoca
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
| | - Daniel P Costa
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Michael W Lomas
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, USA
| | - Renato Molina
- Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science and Miami Herbert Business School, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Craig R Smith
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Villaseñor-Derbez
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA; Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Stephen R Wing
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joe Roman
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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23
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Raw JL, Van Niekerk L, Chauke O, Mbatha H, Riddin T, Adams JB. Blue carbon sinks in South Africa and the need for restoration to enhance carbon sequestration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160142. [PMID: 36375557 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Blue carbon ecosystems (mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrasses) contribute towards climate change mitigation because they are efficient at sequestering atmospheric CO2 into long-term total ecosystem carbon stocks. Destruction or disturbance therefore reduces sink capacity and leads to significant CO2 emissions. This study reports the first national estimates of: 1) total carbon storage, 2) CO2 emissions from anthropogenic activities, 3) the potential for restoration to enhance carbon sequestration for blue carbon ecosystems in South Africa. Mangrove ecosystems have the greatest carbon storage per unit area (253-534 Mg C ha-1), followed by salt marshes (100-199 Mg C ha-1) and seagrasses (45-144 Mg C ha-1). Salt marshes are the most extensive and contribute 67 % to the national carbon stock of 4000 Gg C. Since 1930, 6500 ha has been lost across all blue carbon ecosystems (26 % of the natural extent), equivalent to losing 1086 Gg C from the national carbon stock. Historic CO2 emissions were estimated at an average rate of 30,266 t CO2e yr-1. Despite losses, a total of 3998 ha could be restored to increase carbon sequestration and CO2 removals of 14,845 tCO2e.yr-1. Extractive activities have declined rapidly in recent decades, but abiotic pressures on estuarine ecosystems (flow modification, reduced water quality, and artificial breaching) have been increasing. There is an urgent need to quantify the potential impact of these pressures and include them in estuarine management and restoration plans. Blue carbon ecosystems cover a relatively small area in South Africa, but they are valued for their multiple ecosystem services that contribute towards climate change adaptation and biodiversity co-benefits. These ecosystems need to be included in national policies driving climate change response in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land-Use (AFOLU) sector, such as incorporating them into the wetland subcategory of the national GHG inventory.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Raw
- DSI-NRF Research Chair in Shallow Water Ecosystems, Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa; Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa.
| | - L Van Niekerk
- Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa; Coastal Systems and Earth Observation Research Group, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - O Chauke
- National Department of Forestry, Fisheries, and the Environment (DFFE), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - H Mbatha
- National Department of Forestry, Fisheries, and the Environment (DFFE), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - T Riddin
- DSI-NRF Research Chair in Shallow Water Ecosystems, Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa; Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - J B Adams
- DSI-NRF Research Chair in Shallow Water Ecosystems, Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa; Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
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24
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Cooley SR, Klinsky S, Morrow DR, Satterfield T. Sociotechnical Considerations About Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2023; 15:41-66. [PMID: 35850491 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-032122-113850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ocean carbon dioxide removal (OCDR) is rapidly attracting interest, as climate change is putting ecosystems at risk and endangering human communities globally. Due to the centrality of the ocean in the global carbon cycle, augmenting the carbon sequestration capacity of the ocean could be a powerful mechanism for the removal of legacy excess emissions. However, OCDR requires careful assessment due to the unique biophysical characteristics of the ocean and its centrality in the Earth system and many social systems. Using a sociotechnical system lens, this review identifies the sets of considerations that need to be included within robust assessments for OCDR decision-making. Specifically, it lays out the state of technical assessments of OCDR approaches along with key financial concerns, social issues (including public perceptions), and the underlying ethical debates and concerns that would need to be addressed if OCDR were to be deployed as a carbon dioxide removal strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonja Klinsky
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - David R Morrow
- Institute for Carbon Removal Law and Policy, American University, Washington, DC, USA
- Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Terre Satterfield
- Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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25
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Roth F, Broman E, Sun X, Bonaglia S, Nascimento F, Prytherch J, Brüchert V, Lundevall Zara M, Brunberg M, Geibel MC, Humborg C, Norkko A. Methane emissions offset atmospheric carbon dioxide uptake in coastal macroalgae, mixed vegetation and sediment ecosystems. Nat Commun 2023; 14:42. [PMID: 36596795 PMCID: PMC9810657 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35673-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coastal ecosystems can efficiently remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and are thus promoted for nature-based climate change mitigation. Natural methane (CH4) emissions from these ecosystems may counterbalance atmospheric CO2 uptake. Still, knowledge of mechanisms sustaining such CH4 emissions and their contribution to net radiative forcing remains scarce for globally prevalent macroalgae, mixed vegetation, and surrounding depositional sediment habitats. Here we show that these habitats emit CH4 in the range of 0.1 - 2.9 mg CH4 m-2 d-1 to the atmosphere, revealing in situ CH4 emissions from macroalgae that were sustained by divergent methanogenic archaea in anoxic microsites. Over an annual cycle, CO2-equivalent CH4 emissions offset 28 and 35% of the carbon sink capacity attributed to atmospheric CO2 uptake in the macroalgae and mixed vegetation habitats, respectively, and augment net CO2 release of unvegetated sediments by 57%. Accounting for CH4 alongside CO2 sea-air fluxes and identifying the mechanisms controlling these emissions is crucial to constrain the potential of coastal ecosystems as net atmospheric carbon sinks and develop informed climate mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Roth
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Tvärminne Zoological Station, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Hanko, Finland.
| | - Elias Broman
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaole Sun
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Stefano Bonaglia
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francisco Nascimento
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Prytherch
- Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker Brüchert
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Märta Brunberg
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Hanko, Finland
| | - Marc C Geibel
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph Humborg
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Tvärminne Zoological Station, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Hanko, Finland
| | - Alf Norkko
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Tvärminne Zoological Station, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Hanko, Finland
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26
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Calone R, Mircea DM, González-Orenga S, Boscaiu M, Zuzunaga-Rosas J, Barbanti L, Vicente O. Effect of Recurrent Salt and Drought Stress Treatments on the Endangered Halophyte Limonium angustebracteatum Erben. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:191. [PMID: 36616320 PMCID: PMC9823942 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Limonium angustebracteatum is an endemic halophyte from the Spanish Mediterranean coastal salt marshes. To investigate this species' ability to cope with recurrent drought and salt stress, one-year-old plants were subjected to two salt stress treatments (watering with 0.5 and 1 M NaCl solutions), one water stress treatment (complete irrigation withholding), or watered with non-saline water for the control, across three phases: first stress (30 days), recovery from both stresses (15 days), and second stress (15 days). Growth and biochemical parameters were determined after each period. The plants showed high salt tolerance but were sensitive to water deficit, as shown by the decrease in leaf fresh weight and water content, root water content, and photosynthetic pigments levels in response to the first water stress; then, they were restored to the respective control values upon recovery. Salt tolerance was partly based on the accumulation of Na+, Cl- and Ca2+ in the roots and predominantly in the leaves; ion levels also decreased to control values during recovery. Organic osmolytes (proline and total soluble sugars), oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde and H2O2), and antioxidant compounds (total phenolic compounds and flavonoids) increased by various degrees under the first salt and water stress treatments, and declined after recovery. The analysed variables increased again, but generally to a lesser extent, during the second stress phase, suggesting the occurrence of stress acclimation acquired by the activation of defence mechanisms during the first stress period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Calone
- CREA—Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, I-40128 Bologna, I-00184 Rome, Italy
- Institute for Conservation and Improvement of Valencian Agrodiversity (COMAV), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Diana-Maria Mircea
- Institute for Conservation and Improvement of Valencian Agrodiversity (COMAV), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Manastur St., 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sara González-Orenga
- Institute for Conservation and Improvement of Valencian Agrodiversity (COMAV), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, Universidad de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Monica Boscaiu
- Mediterranean Agroforestry Institute (IAM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Zuzunaga-Rosas
- Institute for Conservation and Improvement of Valencian Agrodiversity (COMAV), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Barbanti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Oscar Vicente
- Institute for Conservation and Improvement of Valencian Agrodiversity (COMAV), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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27
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Stavros EN, Chrone J, Cawse‐Nicholson K, Freeman A, Glenn NF, Guild L, Kokaly R, Lee C, Luvall J, Pavlick R, Poulter B, Schollaert Uz S, Serbin S, Thompson DR, Townsend PA, Turpie K, Yuen K, Thome K, Wang W, Zareh S, Nastal J, Bearden D, Miller CE, Schimel D. Designing an Observing System to Study the Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) of the Earth in the 2020s. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. BIOGEOSCIENCES 2023; 128:e2021JG006471. [PMID: 37362830 PMCID: PMC10286770 DOI: 10.1029/2021jg006471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Observations of planet Earth from space are a critical resource for science and society. Satellite measurements represent very large investments and United States (US) agencies organize their effort to maximize the return on that investment. The US National Research Council conducts a survey of Earth science and applications to prioritize observations for the coming decade. The most recent survey prioritized a visible to shortwave infrared imaging spectrometer and a multispectral thermal infrared imager to meet a range of needs for studying Surface Biology and Geology (SBG). SBG will be the premier integrated observatory for observing the emerging impacts of climate change by characterizing the diversity of plant life and resolving chemical and physiological signatures. It will address wildfire risk, behavior, and recovery as well as responses to hazards such as oil spills, toxic minerals in minelands, harmful algal blooms, landslides, and other geological hazards. The SBG team analyzed needed instrument characteristics (spatial, temporal, and spectral resolutions, measurement uncertainty) and assessed the cost, mass, power, volume, and risk of different architectures. We present an overview of the Research and Applications trade-study analysis of algorithms, calibration and validation needs, and societal applications with specifics of substudies detailed in other articles in this special collection. We provide a value framework to converge from hundreds down to three candidate architectures recommended for development. The analysis identified valuable opportunities for international collaboration to increase the revisit frequency, adding value for all partners, leading to a clear measurement strategy for an observing system architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Natasha Stavros
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Jon Chrone
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
| | | | - Anthony Freeman
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | | | | | | | - Christine Lee
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | | | - Ryan Pavlick
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | | | | | | | - David R. Thompson
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Philip A. Townsend
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
- University of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Kevin Turpie
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- University of Maryland Baltimore CountyGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Karen Yuen
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Kurt Thome
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | | | - Shannon‐Kian Zareh
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Jamie Nastal
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - David Bearden
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Charles E. Miller
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - David Schimel
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
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28
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Miller MA, Tonoto P. Leveraging plural valuations of mangroves for climate interventions in Indonesia. SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE 2023; 18:1533-1547. [PMID: 37124121 PMCID: PMC10082564 DOI: 10.1007/s11625-023-01297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mangrove forests are globally significant blue carbon sinks that remain critically under-governed and under threat. In Indonesia, the rapid rate of mangrove loss over the past three decades, combined with the promise of these carbon-dense ecosystems to mitigate climate change impacts, has catalyzed the world's largest replanting program. Institutional and ideological divisions between advocates of conservation and commodification approaches to mangrove governance, however, have historically compromised Indonesia's ability to meet its climate commitments. Market valuations of mangroves as blue carbon have further complicated their governance by opening up new opportunities for environmental collaboration and resource exploitation. Drawing on the concept of leverage points, this study examines how plural valuations of mangroves might be applied to sustainability interventions in Riau Province, Indonesia. Using document analysis and interviews with public, private and societal stakeholders, we examine how sector-level values translate into collaborative actions through mangrove partnerships. We posit that integrating indigenous knowledge and place-based values into mangrove policy development could help to address the existing conservation-commodification divide. As plural values are mutually transformative, we argue that recognizing areas of strategic compatibility creates space for flexible and adaptive cross-sector cooperation. Such recognition is especially important for mangrove communities, whose marginal socioeconomic position reinforces their need to remain ideologically and tactfully open to areas of compatibility with shifting market valuations, both to sustainably develop locally important resources and to avoid livelihood capture by predatory development interests. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11625-023-01297-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ann Miller
- Asia Research Institute AS8, #07-22, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore, 119260 Singapore
| | - Prayoto Tonoto
- Riau Provincial Environment and Forestry Office, Pekanbaru, Indonesia
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Sternberg‐Rodríguez P, Ezcurra P, Costa MT, Aburto‐Oropeza O, Ezcurra E. Precision of mangrove sediment blue carbon estimates and the role of coring and data analysis methods. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9655. [PMID: 36582778 PMCID: PMC9790802 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon accumulation in coastal wetlands is normally assessed by extracting a sediment core and estimating its carbon content and bulk density. Because carbon content and bulk density are functionally related, the latter can be estimated gravimetrically from a section of the core or, alternatively, from the carbon content in the sample using the mixing model equation from soil science. Using sediment samples from La Paz Bay, Mexico, we analyzed the effect that the choice of corer and the method used to estimate bulk density could have on the final estimates of carbon storage in the sediments. We validated the results using a larger dataset of tropical mangroves, and then by Monte Carlo simulation. The choice of corer did not have sizable influence on the final estimates of carbon density. The main factor in selecting a corer is the operational difficulties that each corer may have in different types of sediments. Because of the multiplication of errors in a product of two variables subject to random sampling error, when using gravimetric estimates of bulk density, the dispersion of the data points in the estimation of total carbon density rises rapidly as the amount of carbon in the sediment increases. In contrast, the estimation of total carbon density using only the carbon fraction as a predictor is very precise, especially in sediments rich in organic matter. This method, however, depends critically on the accurate estimation of the two parameters of the mixing model: the bulk density of pure peat and the bulk density of pure mineral sediment. The estimation of carbon densities in peaty sediments can be very imprecise when using gravimetric bulk densities. Estimating carbon density in peaty sediments using only the estimate of organic fraction can be much more precise, provided the model parameters are estimated with accuracy. These results open the door for simplified and precise estimates of carbon dynamics in mangroves and coastal wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew T. Costa
- Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Exequiel Ezcurra
- Department of Botany & Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCaliforniaUSA
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Wang H, Dai Z, Trettin CC, Krauss KW, Noe GB, Burton AJ, Stagg CL, Ward EJ. Modeling impacts of drought-induced salinity intrusion on carbon dynamics in tidal freshwater forested wetlands. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2700. [PMID: 35751513 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tidal freshwater forested wetlands (TFFW) provide critical ecosystem services including an essential habitat for a variety of wildlife species and significant carbon sinks for atmospheric carbon dioxide. However, large uncertainties remain concerning the impacts of climate change on the magnitude and variability of carbon fluxes and storage across a range of TFFW. In this study, we developed a process-driven Tidal Freshwater Wetlands DeNitrification-DeComposition model (TFW-DNDC) that has integrated new features, such as soil salinity effects on plant productivity and soil organic matter decomposition to explore carbon dynamics in the TFFW in response to drought-induced saltwater intrusion. Eight sites along the floodplains of the Waccamaw River (USA) and the Savannah River (USA) were selected to represent the TFFW transition from healthy to moderately and highly salt-impacted forests, and eventually to oligohaline marshes. The TFW-DNDC was calibrated and validated using field observed annual litterfall, stem growth, root growth, soil heterotrophic respiration, and soil organic carbon storage. Analyses indicate that plant productivity and soil carbon sequestration in TFFW could change substantially in response to increased soil pore water salinity and reduced soil water table due to drought, but in interactive ways dependent on the river simulated. These responses are variable due to nonlinear relationships between carbon cycling processes and environmental drivers. Plant productivity, plant respiration, soil organic carbon sequestration rate, and storage in the highly salt-impacted forest sites decreased significantly under drought conditions compared with normal conditions. Considering the high likelihood of healthy and moderately salt-impacted forests becoming highly salt-impacted forests under future climate change and sea-level rise, it is very likely that the TFFW will lose their capacity as carbon sinks without up-slope migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqing Wang
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Zhaohua Dai
- Center for Forested Wetlands Research, USDA Forest Service, Cordesville, South Carolina, USA
- Michigan Technological University, College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Carl C Trettin
- Center for Forested Wetlands Research, USDA Forest Service, Cordesville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ken W Krauss
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gregory B Noe
- U.S. Geological Survey, Florence Bascom Geoscience Center, Reston, Virginia, USA
| | - Andrew J Burton
- Michigan Technological University, College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Camille L Stagg
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
| | - Eric J Ward
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
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31
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Krauss KW, Lovelock CE, Chen L, Berger U, Ball MC, Reef R, Peters R, Bowen H, Vovides AG, Ward EJ, Wimmler MC, Carr J, Bunting P, Duberstein JA. Mangroves provide blue carbon ecological value at a low freshwater cost. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17636. [PMID: 36271232 PMCID: PMC9586979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21514-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
"Blue carbon" wetland vegetation has a limited freshwater requirement. One type, mangroves, utilizes less freshwater during transpiration than adjacent terrestrial ecoregions, equating to only 43% (average) to 57% (potential) of evapotranspiration ([Formula: see text]). Here, we demonstrate that comparative consumptive water use by mangrove vegetation is as much as 2905 kL H2O ha-1 year-1 less than adjacent ecoregions with [Formula: see text]-to-[Formula: see text] ratios of 47-70%. Lower porewater salinity would, however, increase mangrove [Formula: see text]-to-[Formula: see text] ratios by affecting leaf-, tree-, and stand-level eco-physiological controls on transpiration. Restricted water use is also additive to other ecosystem services provided by mangroves, such as high carbon sequestration, coastal protection and support of biodiversity within estuarine and marine environments. Low freshwater demand enables mangroves to sustain ecological values of connected estuarine ecosystems with future reductions in freshwater while not competing with the freshwater needs of humans. Conservative water use may also be a characteristic of other emergent blue carbon wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken W. Krauss
- grid.2865.90000000121546924U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA
| | - Catherine E. Lovelock
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Australia
| | - Luzhen Chen
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 Fujian China
| | - Uta Berger
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Institute of Forest Growth and Forest Computer Sciences, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marilyn C. Ball
- grid.1001.00000 0001 2180 7477Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Ruth Reef
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Ronny Peters
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Institute of Forest Growth and Forest Computer Sciences, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hannah Bowen
- grid.452507.10000 0004 1798 0367Instituto de Ecología AC, Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, 91073 Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
| | - Alejandra G. Vovides
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Eric J. Ward
- grid.2865.90000000121546924U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA
| | - Marie-Christin Wimmler
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Institute of Forest Growth and Forest Computer Sciences, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Joel Carr
- grid.2865.90000000121546924U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Pete Bunting
- grid.8186.70000 0001 2168 2483Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales UK
| | - Jamie A. Duberstein
- grid.26090.3d0000 0001 0665 0280Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science, Clemson University, Georgetown, SC 29442 USA
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32
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Blanco-Sacristán J, Johansen K, Duarte CM, Daffonchio D, Hoteit I, McCabe MF. Mangrove distribution and afforestation potential in the Red Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:157098. [PMID: 35779736 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mangrove ecosystems represent one of the most effective natural environments for fixing and storing carbon (C). Mangroves also offer significant co-benefits, serving as nurseries for marine species, providing nutrients and food to support marine ecosystems, and stabilizing coastlines from erosion and extreme events. Given these considerations, mangrove afforestation and associated C sequestration has gained considerable attention as a nature-based solution to climate adaptation (e.g., protect against more frequent storm surges) and mitigation (e.g. offsetting other C-producing activities). To advance our understanding and description of these important ecosystems, we leverage Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 satellite data to provide a current assessment of mangrove extent within the Red Sea region and also explore the effect of spatial resolution on mapping accuracy. We establish that Sentinel-2 provides a more precise spatial record of extent and subsequently use these data together with a maximum entropy (MaxEnt) modeling approach to: i) map the distribution of Red Sea mangrove systems, and ii) identify potential areas for future afforestation. From these current and potential mangrove distribution maps, we then estimate the carbon sequestration rate for the Red Sea (as well as for each bordering country) using a meta-analysis of sequestration values surveyed from the available literature. For the mangrove classification, we obtained mapping accuracies of 98 %, with a total Red Sea mangrove extent estimated at approximately 175 km2. Based on the MaxEnt approach, which used soil physical and environmental variables to identify the key factors limiting mangrove growth and distribution, an area of nearly 410 km2 was identified for potential mangrove afforestation expansion. The factors constraining the potential distribution of mangroves were related to soil physical properties, likely reflecting the low sediment load and limited nutrient input of the Red Sea. The current rate of carbon sequestration was calculated as 1034.09 ± 180.53 Mg C yr-1, and the potential sequestration rate as 2424.49 ± 423.26 Mg C yr-1. While our results confirm the maintenance of a positive trend in mangrove growth over the last few decades, they also provide the upper bounds on above ground carbon sequestration potential for the Red Sea mangroves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Blanco-Sacristán
- Climate and Livability Initiative, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kasper Johansen
- Climate and Livability Initiative, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center and Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniele Daffonchio
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Hoteit
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Matthew F McCabe
- Climate and Livability Initiative, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Sultana F, Wahab MA, Nahiduzzaman M, Mohiuddin M, Iqbal MZ, Shakil A, Mamun AA, Khan MSR, Wong L, Asaduzzaman M. Seaweed farming for food and nutritional security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and women empowerment: A review. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Watson SCL, Watson GJ, Beaumont NJ, Preston J. Inclusion of condition in natural capital assessments is critical to the implementation of marine nature-based solutions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156026. [PMID: 35595143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Current approaches to measure ecosystem services (ES) within natural capital (NC) and nature-based solutions (NbS) assessments are generally coarse, often using a single figure for ecosystem services (e.g., nutrient remediation or blue carbon sequestration) applied to the local or national habitat stock, which fails to take account of local ecosystem conditions and regional variability. As such, there is a need for improved understanding of the link between habitat condition and ES provision, using comparable indicators in order to take more informed management decisions. Here the UK, Solent Marine Sites (SEMS) is used as a case study system to demonstrate how Water Framework Directive (WFD) 'ecological status' and other indicators of ecosystem condition (state or quality) can be coupled with habitat extent information to deliver a more precise locally-tailored NC approach for active coastal and marine habitat restoration. Habitat extent and condition data are collected for seven NbS relevant coastal habitats (littoral sediment, mat-forming green macroalgae, subtidal sediment, saltmarsh, seagrass, reedbeds and native oyster beds). The workflow includes: 1) biophysical assessment of regulatory ES; 2) monetary valuation; and 3) compilation of future scenarios of habitat restoration and creation. The results indicate that incorporating classifications by condition indices into local NC extent accounts improved ES benefits by 11-67%. This suggests that omitting condition from NC assessments could lead to undervaluation of ES benefits. Future scenarios of restoration in the SEMS also show that the additional regulatory benefits of reaching 'Good' ecological status are £376 million annually, but could be as much as £1.218 billion if 'High'status and all habitat creation targets were met. This evidence of the potential value of restoration and importance of including condition indices in assessments is highly relevant to consider when investing in water ecosystems conservation and restoration as called for by the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021-2030), and more generally in global nutrient neutrality and blue carbon policy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C L Watson
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth PO49LY, UK; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, The Hoe Plymouth, Prospect Place, Devon PL13DH, UK.
| | - Gordon J Watson
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth PO49LY, UK
| | - Nicola J Beaumont
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, The Hoe Plymouth, Prospect Place, Devon PL13DH, UK
| | - Joanne Preston
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth PO49LY, UK
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Jiang L, Yang T, Yu J. Global trends and prospects of blue carbon sinks: a bibliometric analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:65924-65939. [PMID: 35881286 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Blue carbon sinks (mangroves, saltmarshes, and seagrasses) are considered an effective nature-based approach for climate change mitigation. Despite growing interest, a systematic review of this topic is still scarce. This study evaluated 1348 blue carbon sink-related articles from 1990 to 2020 using bibliometric technology. The results from total of 85 countries, 1538 institutions, and 4492 authors indicated that blue carbon sink research shows the characteristics of rapid growth. The most active country, institution, and author were USA, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Duarte C.M., respectively. Relatively close academic collaboration has formed in blue carbon science. Environmental Sciences was the most popular category with 590 papers. The percentages of articles related to mangroves, saltmarshes, and seagrasses were 63.87%, 40.36%, and 40.65%, respectively. Mangrove carbon sinks are the most popular topic, and stable isotope and remote sensing are the most researched technologies for mapping and quantifying blue carbon sinks. The threats to blue carbon sinks are complex and distinctive. Restoration, conservation, and management of blue carbon ecosystems aimed to improve their carbon sink capacity are becoming hot issues and should be further investigated in the future. These findings provide a scientific roadmap for further research in this field and will enable stakeholders to identify the research trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Tang Yang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yu
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Marine Development of Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China.
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36
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Wang F, Guo R, Zhang N, Yang S, Cao W. Soil organic carbon storages and bacterial communities along a restored mangrove soil chronosequence in the Jiulong River Estuary: From tidal flats to mangrove afforestation. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Kaal J, González-Pérez JA, Márquez San Emeterio L, Serrano O. Fingerprinting macrophyte Blue Carbon by pyrolysis-GC-compound specific isotope analysis (Py-CSIA). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155598. [PMID: 35500709 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for tools to determine the origin of organic matter (OM) in Blue Carbon Ecosystems (BCE) and marine sediments to (1) facilitate the implementation of Blue Carbon strategies into carbon accounting and crediting schemes and (2) decipher changes in ecosystem condition over decadal to millennial time scales and thus to understand and predict the stability of BCE in a changing world. Pyrolysis-GC-compound specific isotope analysis (Py-CSIA) is applied for the first time in marine environments and BCE research. We studied Australian mangrove, tidal marsh and seagrass sediments, in addition to potential sources of OM (Avicennia, Posidonia, Zostera, Sarcocornia, Ecklonia and Ulva species and seagrass epiphytes), to identify precursors of different biomacromolecule constituents (lignin, polysaccharides and aliphatic structures). Firstly, the link between bulk δ13C and δ13C reconstructed from compound-specific δ13C showed that the pyrolysis approach allows for the isotopic screening of a representative portion of the OM. Secondly, for all samples, the C isotope fingerprint of the carbohydrate products (plant polysaccharides) was the heaviest (13C enriched), followed by lignin and aliphatic products. The differences in δ13C among macromolecules and the overlap in δ13C among putative sources reflect the limitations of bulk δ13C analyses for deciphering OM provenance. Thirdly, phanerogams specimen had the heaviest carbohydrate and lignin, confirming that seagrass-derived lignocellulose can be traced based on δ13C. Consistent differences for individual compounds were identified between seagrasses and between Avicennia and Sarcocornia using Py-CSIA. Fourth, ecosystem shifts (colonization of seagrass habitats by mangrove) on millenary time scales, hypothesized in previous studies on the basis of bulk δ13C and Py-GC-MS, were confirmed by Py-CSIA. We conclude that Py-CSIA is useful in Blue Carbon research to decipher OM sources in marine sediments, identify ecosystem transitions in palaeoenvironmental records, and to understand the role of different OM compounds in Blue Carbon storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeri Kaal
- Pyrolyscience, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - José A González-Pérez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNAS-CSIC), MOSS Group, Seville, Spain
| | - Layla Márquez San Emeterio
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNAS-CSIC), MOSS Group, Seville, Spain; Med_Soil Research Group, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Oscar Serrano
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CEAB-CISC), Blanes, Spain; School of Science & Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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Lai Q, Ma J, He F, Zhang A, Pei D, Yu M. Current and Future Potential of Shellfish and Algae Mariculture Carbon Sinks in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148873. [PMID: 35886723 PMCID: PMC9322719 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Shellfish and algae mariculture make up an important part of the marine fishery carbon sink. Carbon sink research is necessary to ensure China achieves its goal of carbon neutrality. This study used the material quality assessment method to estimate the carbon sink capacity of shellfish and algae. Product value, carbon storage value, and oxygen release value were used to calculate the economic value of shellfish and algae carbon sequestration. The results showed that the annual average shellfish and algae carbon sink in China was 1.10 million tons from 2003 to 2019, of which shellfish accounted for 91.63%, wherein Crassostreagigas, Ruditapesphilippinarum, and Chlamysfarreri were the main contributors. The annual average economic value of China’s shellfish and algae carbon sequestration was USD 71,303.56 million, and the product value was the main contributor, accounting for 99.11%. The carbon sink conversion ratios of shellfish and algae were 8.37% and 5.20%, respectively, thus making shellfish the aquaculture species with the strongest carbon sink capacity and the greatest carbon sink potential. The estimated growth rate in the shellfish and algae removable carbon sink was 33,900 tons/year in China, but this trend was uncertain. The capacity for carbon sequestration and exchange by aquaculture can be improved by expanding breeding space, promoting multi-level comprehensive breeding modes, and marine artificial upwelling projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuying Lai
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China; (Q.L.); (J.M.); (A.Z.)
| | - Jie Ma
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China; (Q.L.); (J.M.); (A.Z.)
| | - Fei He
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China; (Q.L.); (J.M.); (A.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Aiguo Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China; (Q.L.); (J.M.); (A.Z.)
| | - Dongyan Pei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China;
| | - Minghui Yu
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China;
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Kwan V, Fong J, Ng CSL, Huang D. Temporal and spatial dynamics of tropical macroalgal contributions to blue carbon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 828:154369. [PMID: 35259389 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Blue carbon ecosystems are a vital part of nature-based climate solutions due to their capacity to store and sequester carbon, but often exclude macroalgal beds even though they can form highly productive coastal ecosystems. Recent estimates of macroalgal contributions to global carbon sequestration are derived primarily from temperate kelp forests, while tropical macroalgal carbon stock in living biomass is still unclear. Here, using Singapore as a case study, we integrate field surveys and remote sensing data to estimate living macroalgal carbon stock. Results show that macroalgae in Singapore account for up to 650 Mg C biomass stock, which is greater than the aboveground carbon found in seagrass meadows but lower than that in mangrove forests. Ulva and Sargassum dominate macroalgal assemblages and biomass along the coast, with both genera exhibiting distinct spatio-temporal variation. The annual range of macroalgal biomass carbon is estimated to be 450 Mg C yr-1, or 0.77 Mg C ha-1 yr-1. Noting the uncertainties of the fate of macroalgal biomass carbon, we estimate the potential sequestration rate and find that it is comparable to mature terrestrial ecosystems such as tropical grasslands and temperate forests. This study demonstrates that macroalgal seasonality allows for a consistent amount of biomass carbon to either be exported and eventually sequestered, or harvested for utilization on an annual basis. These findings on macroalgal growth patterns and their considerable contributions to tropical coastal carbon pool add to the growing support for macroalgae to be formally included in blue carbon assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Kwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore; Centre for Nature-based Climate Solutions, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore.
| | - Jenny Fong
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119227, Singapore
| | - Chin Soon Lionel Ng
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119227, Singapore
| | - Danwei Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore; Centre for Nature-based Climate Solutions, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore; Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119227, Singapore.
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40
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Bertolini C, Pastres R. Identifying knowledge gaps for successful restorative aquaculture of Ostrea edulis: a bibliometric analysis. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2022; 1:103. [PMID: 37645111 PMCID: PMC10446074 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14074.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Background: Active restoration is necessary to enhance the recovery of Ostrea edulis reefs, which contribute to many ecosystem services. Restoration can be integrated within aquaculture practices, bringing positive environmental changes while maximising space utilisation. The restoration project MAREA (MAtchmaking Restoration Ecology and Aquaculture) aims to bring back O. edulis in the North-West Adriatic addressing the feasibility of its cultivation. Both successful restoration and sustainable aquaculture require a thorough understanding of the ecological needs, as the requirements of both activities need to be harmonized. Therefore, one of the preliminary activities before embarking on the pilot was the completion of a thorough literature review to identify research directions and gaps required for 'restorative aquaculture', aiming to gather the most up to date O . edulis knowledge on a global and local scale. Methods: Internet (Web of Science, Scopus, Google scholar) and physical resources (libraries) were searched for all available global and local knowledge on O . edulis. Bibliometrix was used to identify the main research topics using keywords, titles, and abstracts analyses. Studies were then manually screened and summarised to extract knowledge specific to restoration and aquaculture. Results: While restoration studies are recent, evidence for the loss of this species and potential causes (and solutions) have been discussed since the end of the 19 th century. While diseases were a leading cause for reef loss, substratum limitation appears to be one of the leading limiting factors for both restoration and aquaculture of O . edulis, and was already mentioned in the early texts that were found. Conclusions: The review highlighted that restoration success and aquaculture feasibility depend upon the crucial stage of settlement. The project 'MAREA' will therefore increase its focus on this stage, both in terms of timing, location, and materials for settlement plates placement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Pastres
- DAIS, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, 30170, Italy
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Lovelock CE, Adame MF, Bradley J, Dittmann S, Hagger V, Hickey SM, Hutley L, Jones A, Kelleway JJ, Lavery P, Macreadie PI, Maher DT, McGinley S, McGlashan A, Perry S, Mosley L, Rogers K, Sippo JZ. An Australian blue carbon method to estimate climate change mitigation benefits of coastal wetland restoration. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E. Lovelock
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Maria Fernanda Adame
- Australian Rivers Institute Griffith University Nathan 4111 Queensland Australia
| | - Jennifer Bradley
- Clean Energy Regulator, Australian Government 5 Farrel Place Canberra Australian Capital Territory 2600 Australia
| | - Sabine Dittmann
- College of Science & Engineering Flinders University, GPO Box 2100 Adelaide South Australia 5001 Australia
| | - Valerie Hagger
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Sharyn M. Hickey
- The School of Agriculture and Environment, and The Oceans Institute The University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Lindsay Hutley
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University Casuarina Northern Territory 0810 Australia
| | - Alice Jones
- School of Biological Sciences and Environment Institute University of Adelaide South Australia 5000 Australia
- South Australian Department for Environment and Water Adelaide South Australia 5000 Australia
| | - Jeffrey J. Kelleway
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences and GeoQuEST Research Centre University of Wollongong Wollongong New South Wales 2522 Australia
| | - Paul Lavery
- School of Science Edith Cowan University Joondalup Western Australia 6027 Australia
| | - Peter I. Macreadie
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University 221 Burwood Highway Burwood Victoria 3125 Australia
| | - Damien T. Maher
- Faculty of Science and Engineering Southern Cross University, PO Box 157 Lismore New South Wales 2480 Australia
| | - Soraya McGinley
- Clean Energy Regulator, Australian Government 5 Farrel Place Canberra Australian Capital Territory 2600 Australia
| | - Alice McGlashan
- Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment Australian Government, John Gorton Building, King Edward Terrace Parkes Australian Capital Territory 2600 Australia
| | - Sarah Perry
- Clean Energy Regulator, Australian Government 5 Farrel Place Canberra Australian Capital Territory 2600 Australia
| | - Luke Mosley
- School of Biological Sciences and Environment Institute University of Adelaide South Australia 5000 Australia
| | - Kerrylee Rogers
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences and GeoQuEST Research Centre University of Wollongong Wollongong New South Wales 2522 Australia
| | - James Z. Sippo
- Faculty of Science and Engineering Southern Cross University, PO Box 157 Lismore New South Wales 2480 Australia
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Zhu JJ, Yan B. Blue carbon sink function and carbon neutrality potential of mangroves. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153438. [PMID: 35114248 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves are widely distributed in the upper part of tropical and subtropical intertidal zones, with the characteristics of high productivity and fast deposition rate. Under the combined action of its own growth and microorganisms, mangroves capture, transform and store CO2 in the atmosphere into coastal sediment for a long time, and export some organic carbon from the coastal zone to the offshore and ocean, which is of great significance to prevent coastal erosion and organic carbon burial. In recent years, with the worldwide problems caused by global warming, the concept of carbon neutrality has been widely proposed. Mangroves have attracted extensive attention due to their role in regulating the global carbon cycle. This viewpoint discusses the importance of mangroves to human beings, their role in carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling, their ability to capture CO2, and their carbon sequestration functions and mechanisms, aiming to provide reference for the protection and rational utilization of mangrove resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Zhu
- Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Mangrove Research Center, Guangxi Key Lab of Mangrove Conservation and Utilization, Beihai 536000, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Mangrove Research Center, Guangxi Key Lab of Mangrove Conservation and Utilization, Beihai 536000, China.
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43
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Perera N, Lokupitiya E, Halwatura D, Udagedara S. Quantification of blue carbon in tropical salt marshes and their role in climate change mitigation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153313. [PMID: 35066046 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vegetated coastal ecosystems (VCE) display a promising potential to act as natural carbon sinks in climate change mitigation. Although growing interest in wetland carbon has intensified the global level carbon stock estimation studies, large knowledge gaps and uncertainties remain, particularly in tropical salt marshes in the South and Southeast Asian regions. Therefore, the current study aims to quantify the organic carbon stocks in the salt marsh habitats on the Northwest coast of Sri Lanka and to showcase the relevance of salt marsh carbon in local and regional contexts. Vegetation and soil up to a depth of 50 cm were sampled from four sites representing the Wedithalathive Nature Reserve (WNR). Species-specific allometric relationships developed for the major succulent halophytic species indicated a significant positive correlation between dry biomass and plant height. The loss-on-ignition (LOI) technique was applied in combination with a carbon conversion factor to calculate the soil organic carbon (SOC) content across 4 depth intervals. The study provided an average total organic carbon (TOC) storage of 73 ± 14.47 Mg C ha-1 up to a depth of 50 cm, in which the aboveground vegetation accounted for ~2% share. Sri Lankan salt marshes hold 2.01 Tg of organic carbon and directly reflect their potential for inclusion in Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. This has been the first comprehensive study on salt marsh blue carbon stocks in Sri Lanka and the findings of this study will strengthen the knowledge base on regional and global saltmarsh carbon stocks and their potential role in climate change mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipuni Perera
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, PO Box 1490, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka.
| | - Erandathie Lokupitiya
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, PO Box 1490, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | - Devanmini Halwatura
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, PO Box 1490, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
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44
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Epstein G, Middelburg JJ, Hawkins JP, Norris CR, Roberts CM. The impact of mobile demersal fishing on carbon storage in seabed sediments. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2875-2894. [PMID: 35174577 PMCID: PMC9307015 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Subtidal marine sediments are one of the planet's primary carbon stores and strongly influence the oceanic sink for atmospheric CO2 . By far the most widespread human activity occurring on the seabed is bottom trawling/dredging for fish and shellfish. A global first-order estimate suggested mobile demersal fishing activities may cause 0.16-0.4 Gt of organic carbon (OC) to be remineralized annually from seabed sediment carbon stores (Sala et al., 2021). There are, however, many uncertainties in this calculation. Here, we discuss the potential drivers of change in seabed sediment OC stores due to mobile demersal fishing activities and conduct a literature review, synthesizing studies where this interaction has been directly investigated. Under certain environmental settings, we hypothesize that mobile demersal fishing would reduce OC in seabed stores due to lower production of flora and fauna, the loss of fine flocculent material, increased sediment resuspension, mixing and transport and increased oxygen exposure. Reductions would be offset to varying extents by reduced faunal bioturbation and community respiration, increased off-shelf transport and increases in primary production from the resuspension of nutrients. Studies which directly investigated the impact of demersal fishing on OC stocks had mixed results. A finding of no significant effect was reported in 61% of 49 investigations; 29% reported lower OC due to fishing activities, with 10% reporting higher OC. In relation to remineralization rates within the seabed, four investigations reported that demersal fishing activities decreased remineralization, with three reporting higher remineralization rates. Patterns in the environmental and experimental characteristics between different outcomes were largely indistinct. More evidence is urgently needed to accurately quantify the impact of anthropogenic physical disturbance on seabed carbon in different environmental settings and to incorporate full evidence-based carbon considerations into global seabed management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Epstein
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterCornwallUK
| | | | - Julie P. Hawkins
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterCornwallUK
| | - Catrin R. Norris
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterCornwallUK
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45
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Passos T, Sanders CJ, Barcellos R, Penny D. Assessment of the temporal retention of mercury and nutrient records within the mangrove sediments of a highly impacted estuary. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112569. [PMID: 34932983 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mangrove ecosystems are dynamic and biodiverse environments with the capacity to sequester more organic carbon per unit area, per time, than terrestrial forests, yet are among one of the most heavily degraded ecosystems on Earth. Here, we quantify trace metal, nutrient and carbon accumulation rates in a tropical mangrove environment in northeast Brazil, a region that has been rapidly developed over the past seven decades. Carbon accumulation rate results show modest or no increase since the 1950's, when major development occurred in the region. Organic carbon isotope (δ13C) and C:N molar ratios indicate that the OM is primarily derived from autochthonous C3 plant sources. However, the most recent sediments revealed changes from terrestrial to alga-derived source of OM, which is consistent with the increase of total nitrogen, δ15N and total phosphorous content in the last seven decades, suggesting anthropogenic impact. Furthermore, the Hg enrichment factor (EF) in mangrove sediments is shown to have increased 13-fold since the 1960's, highlighting the ability of tropical mangrove systems in trap filtering pollutants from proximal urban development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Passos
- The University of Sydney, School of Geosciences, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Christian J Sanders
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW, 2540, Australia
| | - Roberto Barcellos
- Oceanography Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Dan Penny
- The University of Sydney, School of Geosciences, NSW, 2006, Australia
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46
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Fest BJ, Swearer SE, Arndt SK. A review of sediment carbon sampling methods in mangroves and their broader impacts on stock estimates for blue carbon ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 816:151618. [PMID: 34774962 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Blue carbon ecosystems (BCEs), such as mangroves, tidal marshes, and seagrasses, are attracting interest for their potential to mitigate climate change arising from their high rates of carbon accumulation and the significant carbon stocks in their sediments. However, current sediment carbon sampling methods present a mixture of approaches adopted from paleoenvironmental methods focused on historical reconstruction of carbon accumulation, and from soil science methods developed to provide highly accurate and spatially representative carbon stock measurements. Currently, no international standard method for sediment carbon stock analysis exists. Consequently, current estimates of sediment carbon stock values for BCEs may have large uncertainties due to variable methodology. We reviewed and analysed the methods used 217 studies included in two recent global syntheses of carbon stocks in mangrove forest ecosystems to illustrate a lack of consistency in sediment sampling. We then outline how the choice of study design and field sampling methods can introduce inaccuracies and uncertainties in sediment carbon stock analysis. We conclude with examples of how each of these challenges can be resolved and how greater carbon stock quantification accuracy and higher spatial integration can be achieved for blue carbon ecosystems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt J Fest
- School of BioSciences and National Centre for Coasts and Climate, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Centre for eResearch and Digital Innovation, Federation University Australia, Mt Helen, Victoria 3350, Australia.
| | - Stephen E Swearer
- School of BioSciences and National Centre for Coasts and Climate, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stefan K Arndt
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences and National Centre for Coasts and Climate, The University of Melbourne, Burnley Campus, Richmond, Victoria 3121, Australia
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Kim SH, Suonan Z, Qin LZ, Kim H, Park JI, Kim YK, Lee S, Kim SG, Kang CK, Lee KS. Variability in blue carbon storage related to biogeochemical factors in seagrass meadows off the coast of the Korean peninsula. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:152680. [PMID: 34971692 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Coastal vegetated habitats such as mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrasses, referred to as blue carbon ecosystems, play an important role in climate change mitigation by an effective CO2 capture from atmosphere and water columns and long-term organic carbon (Corg) storage in sediments. Although seagrass meadows are considered intense carbon sinks, information on regional variability in seagrass blue carbon stock and factors influencing its capacity still remain sparse. In the present study, seagrass blue carbon storage by measuring Corg stocks in sediments and living seagrass biomass, and carbon accumulation rates (CARs) in seagrass meadows were estimated along the Korean coast. Factors affecting variability in Corg stocks were also analyzed using partial least squares (PLS) regression and principal component analysis (PCA). Projected Corg stocks in sediment, extrapolated to a depth 1 m, exhibited substantial variability among sites, ranging from 49.91 to 125.71 Mg C ha-1. The majority of Corg (96-99%) was stored in sediments, whereas the contribution of living biomass was minor. PLS regression and PCA indicated that Corg stocks in seagrass meadows are strongly associated with sediment characteristics such as dry bulk density and water and mud content. Among seagrass traits, above- to below-ground biomass ratio was significantly related to the quantity of Corg stocks in seagrass meadows. Because of the high spatial variability in Corg stocks and CARs, local and regional differences in seagrass blue carbon storage should be considered to accurately assess the climate change mitigation potential of seagrass ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyeon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhaxi Suonan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Le-Zheng Qin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hyegwang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Im Park
- Marine Eco-Technology Institute, Busan 48520, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; School of Earth Sciences & Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukhui Lee
- Korea Marine Environment Management Corporation, Seoul 05718, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gil Kim
- Korea Marine Environment Management Corporation, Seoul 05718, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Keun Kang
- School of Earth Sciences & Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun-Seop Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Zhao X, Wang C, Li T, Zhang C, Fan X, Zhang Q, Zhang Q, Chen X, Zou X, Shen C, Tang Y, Qin Z. Net CO 2 and CH 4 emissions from restored mangrove wetland: New insights based on a case study in estuary of the Pearl River, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:151619. [PMID: 34780816 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves have the potential to affect climate via C sequestration and methane (CH4) emissions. With half of the world's mangroves lost during the 20th century, mangrove restoration in mitigating greenhouse gases has been increasingly recognized. However, the carbon exchanges during restored processes still remain large uncertain. In this study, we analyzed the temporal variations of CO2 and CH4 fluxes and their environmental controls during 2019 and 2020 based on a closed-path eddy covariance (EC) system in a 12-year restored subtropical mangrove wetland, in estuary of the Pearl River, southeastern China. We also estimated the CO2 and CH4 fluxes and their climate effect from the beginning of restoration by Random Forest algorithm (RF). The EC observations showed that annually the 12-year restored mangrove acted as CO2 and CH4 sources, with net CO2 ecosystem exchange (NEE) of 82-175 gC·m- 2·a-1 and CH4 fluxes of 24.7-26.3 gC·m-2·a-1. Low vegetation gross primary productivity (GPP) and high ecosystem respiration (Re) caused net CO2 emissions in the mangroves. The estimation by RF indicated that the mangroves were always a CO2 source after the beginning of restoration, but the annual NEE was linearly decreased from 233 to 131 gC·m-2·a-1 from 2008 to 2020. The annual CH4 emissions continually increased from 19.0 to 25.8 gC·m-2·a-1 after restoration. As a result, the restored mangrove had a positive effect on climate warming, with increased GWP from 1276 to 1386 g CO2-eq ·m-2·a-1 from 2008 to 2020. This is mainly due to lower GPP and higher Re by young restored mangroves, large water area as well as low salinity induced strong CH4 emissions. Our results indicate new sights that young restored mangrove with large area of water surface may act as carbon sources. However, the long-term climate and ecosystem benefits due to mangrove restoration should not be ignored in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China; Guangzhou Climate and Agrometeorology Center, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China; State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Chengyi Zhang
- National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xingwang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xianyan Chen
- National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xukai Zou
- National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chong Shen
- Guangzhou Climate and Agrometeorology Center, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuqi Tang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhangcai Qin
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China; School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
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Jones AR, Alleway HK, McAfee D, Reis-Santos P, Theuerkauf SJ, Jones RC. Climate-Friendly Seafood: The Potential for Emissions Reduction and Carbon Capture in Marine Aquaculture. Bioscience 2022; 72:123-143. [PMID: 35145350 PMCID: PMC8824708 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is a critical food source for the world's growing population, producing 52% of the aquatic animal products consumed. Marine aquaculture (mariculture) generates 37.5% of this production and 97% of the world's seaweed harvest. Mariculture products may offer a climate-friendly, high-protein food source, because they often have lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emission footprints than do the equivalent products farmed on land. However, sustainable intensification of low-emissions mariculture is key to maintaining a low GHG footprint as production scales up to meet future demand. We examine the major GHG sources and carbon sinks associated with fed finfish, macroalgae and bivalve mariculture, and the factors influencing variability across sectors. We highlight knowledge gaps and provide recommendations for GHG emissions reductions and carbon storage, including accounting for interactions between mariculture operations and surrounding marine ecosystems. By linking the provision of maricultured products to GHG abatement opportunities, we can advance climate-friendly practices that generate sustainable environmental, social, and economic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice R Jones
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Heidi K Alleway
- Nature Conservancy's Aquaculture Program, Arlington, Virginia, United States
| | - Dominic McAfee
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Seth J Theuerkauf
- NOAA National Marine Fisheries Office of Aquaculture, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Robert C Jones
- Nature Conservancy's Aquaculture Program, Arlington, Virginia, United States
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50
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Comer-Warner SA, Nguyen ATQ, Nguyen MN, Wang M, Turner A, Le H, Sgouridis F, Krause S, Kettridge N, Nguyen N, Hamilton RL, Ullah S. Restoration impacts on rates of denitrification and greenhouse gas fluxes from tropical coastal wetlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:149577. [PMID: 34487896 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Forested coastal wetlands are globally important systems sequestering carbon and intercepting nitrogen pollution from nutrient-rich river systems. Coastal wetlands that have suffered extensive disturbance are the target of comprehensive restoration efforts. Accurate assessment of restoration success requires detailed mechanistic understanding of wetland soil biogeochemical functioning across restoration chrono-sequences, which remains poorly understood for these sparsely investigated systems. This study investigated denitrification and greenhouse gas fluxes in mangrove and Melaleuca forest soils of Vietnam, using the 15N-Gas flux method. Denitrification-derived N2O was significantly higher from Melaleuca than mangrove forest soils, despite higher potential rates of total denitrification in the mangrove forest soils (8.1 ng N g-1 h-1) than the Melaleuca soils (6.8 ng N g-1 h-1). Potential N2O and CO2 emissions were significantly higher from the Melaleuca soils than from the mangrove soils. Disturbance and subsequent recovery had no significant effect on N biogeochemistry except with respect to the denitrification product ratio in the mangrove sites, which was highest from the youngest mangrove site. Potential CO2 and CH4 fluxes were significantly affected by restoration in the mangrove soils. The lowest potential CO2 emissions were observed in the mid-age plantation and potential CH4 fluxes decreased in the older forests. The mangrove system, therefore, may remove excess N and improve water quality with low greenhouse gas emissions, whereas in Melaleucas, increased N2O and CO2 emissions also occur. These emissions are likely balanced by higher carbon stocks observed in the Melaleuca soils. These mechanistic insights highlight the importance of ecosystem restoration for pollution attenuation and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from coastal wetlands. Restoration efforts should continue to focus on increasing wetland area and function, which will benefit local communities with improved water quality and potential for income generation under future carbon trading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Comer-Warner
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Anh T Q Nguyen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ha Noi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Minh N Nguyen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ha Noi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Manlin Wang
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Antony Turner
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hue Le
- VNU-Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Fotis Sgouridis
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Stefan Krause
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023, Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), 69622 Villeurbanne, France; Institute of Global Innovation, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nicholas Kettridge
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nghia Nguyen
- Department of Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Biology, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Viet Nam
| | - R Liz Hamilton
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sami Ullah
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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