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Alonso-Alonso S, Esteve-Codina A, Martin-Mur B, Álvarez-González L, Ruiz-Herrera A, Santaló J, Ibáñez E. Blastomeres of 8-cell mouse embryos differ in their ability to generate embryonic stem cells and produce lines with different transcriptional signatures. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1274660. [PMID: 37876553 PMCID: PMC10591181 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1274660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell (ESC) derivation from single blastomeres of 8-cell mouse embryos results in lower derivation rates than that from whole blastocysts, raising a biological question about the developmental potential of sister blastomeres. We aimed to assess the ability of 8-cell blastomeres to produce epiblast cells and ESC lines after isolation, and the properties of the resulting lines. Our results revealed unequal competence among sister blastomeres to produce ESC lines. At least half of the blastomeres possess a lower potential to generate ESCs, although culture conditions and blastomeres plasticity can redirect their non-pluripotent fate towards the epiblast lineage, allowing us to generate up to seven lines from the same embryo. Lines originated from the same embryo segregated into two groups according to their transcriptional signatures. While the expression of genes related to pluripotency and development was higher in one group, no differences were found in their trilineage differentiation ability. These results may help to improve our understanding of the ESC derivation process from single blastomeres and cell fate determination in the preimplantation mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Alonso-Alonso
- Genome Integrity and Reproductive Biology Group, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martin-Mur
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucia Álvarez-González
- Genome Integrity and Reproductive Biology Group, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Genome Integrity and Instability Group, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurora Ruiz-Herrera
- Genome Integrity and Reproductive Biology Group, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Genome Integrity and Instability Group, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Santaló
- Genome Integrity and Reproductive Biology Group, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Ibáñez
- Genome Integrity and Reproductive Biology Group, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Fujiwara N, Miyahara K, Nakazawa-Tanaka N, Oishi Y, Akazawa C, Tada N, Yamataka A. Differentiation of enteric neural crest cells transplanted from SOX10-Venus mouse embryonic stem cells into the gut of the endothelin receptor B null mouse model. Pediatr Surg Int 2022; 39:18. [PMID: 36449105 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-022-05318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Failure of enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCCs) to correctly colonize the embryonic gut results in Hirschsprung's disease (HD). Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the potential to differentiate into all tissue-specific cells and lineages, including ENCCs. We investigated the cellular differentiation of ESCs from Sox10-Venus + mice into both control and endothelin receptor-B knockout (Ednrb KO) mouse gut to assess each region. METHODS We established ESCs from Sox10-Venus + mice. These cells were cultured for 2 days, then selected and co-cultured with either a dissociated control or Sox10-Venus - Ednrb KO mouse gut (both small intestine and colon) on embryonic day (E) 13.5. Four days later, cells were immunolabeled for Tuj1 and visualized using confocal microscopy. RESULTS Confocal microscopy revealed that transplanted Sox10-Venu + cells from ESCs migrated extensively within the host gut. Moreover, Tuj1-positive neurites were detected in the transplanted ESCs. Tuj1 expression was significantly decreased in aganglionic HD colon compared to controls (p < 0.05) and the HD small intestine (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that an appropriate host environment is crucial for normal and complete colonization of the gut. Further investigations are required to confirm whether modifying this environment can improve the results of this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naho Fujiwara
- Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Katsumi Miyahara
- Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Nana Nakazawa-Tanaka
- Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Juntendo Nerima Hospital, Nerima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshie Oishi
- Medical Technology Innovation Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Akazawa
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tada
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuyuki Yamataka
- Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
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3
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Byers C, Spruce C, Fortin HJ, Hartig EI, Czechanski A, Munger SC, Reinholdt LG, Skelly DA, Baker CL. Genetic control of the pluripotency epigenome determines differentiation bias in mouse embryonic stem cells. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109445. [PMID: 34931323 PMCID: PMC8762565 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically diverse pluripotent stem cells display varied, heritable responses to differentiation cues. Here, we harnessed these disparities through derivation of mouse embryonic stem cells from the BXD genetic reference panel, along with C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) parental strains, to identify loci regulating cell state transitions. Upon transition to formative pluripotency, B6 stem cells quickly dissolved naïve networks adopting gene expression modules indicative of neuroectoderm lineages, whereas D2 retained aspects of naïve pluripotency. Spontaneous formation of embryoid bodies identified divergent differentiation where B6 showed a propensity toward neuroectoderm and D2 toward definitive endoderm. Genetic mapping identified major trans-acting loci co-regulating chromatin accessibility and gene expression in both naïve and formative pluripotency. These loci distally modulated occupancy of pluripotency factors at hundreds of regulatory elements. One trans-acting locus on Chr 12 primarily impacted chromatin accessibility in embryonic stem cells, while in epiblast-like cells, the same locus subsequently influenced expression of genes enriched for neurogenesis, suggesting early chromatin priming. These results demonstrate genetically determined biases in lineage commitment and identify major regulators of the pluripotency epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Byers
- The Jackson LaboratoryBar HarborMEUSA,Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTufts UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | | | - Haley J Fortin
- The Jackson LaboratoryBar HarborMEUSA,Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTufts UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | - Ellen I Hartig
- The Jackson LaboratoryBar HarborMEUSA,Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTufts UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | | | - Steven C Munger
- The Jackson LaboratoryBar HarborMEUSA,Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTufts UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | | | | | - Christopher L Baker
- The Jackson LaboratoryBar HarborMEUSA,Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTufts UniversityBostonMAUSA
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4
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Wnt/Beta-catenin/Esrrb signalling controls the tissue-scale reorganization and maintenance of the pluripotent lineage during murine embryonic diapause. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5499. [PMID: 33127892 PMCID: PMC7603494 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epiblast, which provides the foundation of the future body, is actively reshaped during early embryogenesis, but the reshaping mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, using a 3D in vitro model of early epiblast development, we identify the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway and its central downstream factor Esrrb as the key signalling cascade regulating the tissue-scale organization of the murine pluripotent lineage. Although in vivo the Wnt/β-catenin/Esrrb circuit is dispensable for embryonic development before implantation, autocrine Wnt activity controls the morphogenesis and long-term maintenance of the epiblast when development is put on hold during diapause. During this phase, the progressive changes in the epiblast architecture and Wnt signalling response show that diapause is not a stasis but instead is a dynamic process with underlying mechanisms that can appear redundant during transient embryogenesis. Embryonic diapause is a state of dormancy with poorly understood mechanisms of embryo intrinsic regulation. Here, the authors show that murine diapause is a dynamic process, where tissue-scale reorganization of the pluripotent lineage is controlled in an autocrine manner by the Wnt/b-catenin/Esrrb signalling cascade.
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5
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Daimon A, Morihara H, Tomoda K, Morita N, Koishi Y, Kanki K, Ohmichi M, Asahi M. Intravenously Injected Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Cells Form Fetomaternal Vasculature and Prevent Miscarriage in Mouse. Cell Transplant 2020; 29:963689720970456. [PMID: 33349053 PMCID: PMC7873769 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720970456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Miscarriage is the most common complication of pregnancy, and about 1% of pregnant women suffer a recurrence. Using a widely used mouse miscarriage model, we previously showed that intravenous injection of bone marrow (BM)-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) may prevent miscarriage. However, preparing enough BM-derived EPCs to treat a patient might be problematic. Here, we demonstrated the generation of mouse pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), propagation of sufficient PSC-derived cells with endothelial potential (PSC-EPs), and intravenous injection of the PSC-EPs into the mouse miscarriage model. We found that the injection prevented miscarriage. Three-dimensional reconstruction images of the decidua after tissue cleaning revealed robust fetomaternal neovascularization induced by the PSC-EP injection. Additionally, the injected PSC-EPs directly formed spiral arteries. These findings suggest that intravenous injection of PSC-EPs could become a promising remedy for recurrent miscarriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Daimon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College,
Takatsuki, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki,
Japan
- These authors contributed equally to
this article
| | - Hirofumi Morihara
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki,
Japan
- These authors contributed equally to
this article
| | - Kiichiro Tomoda
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki,
Japan
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research
and Application, Kyoto University, Japan
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA,
USA
- These authors contributed equally to
this article
| | - Natsuko Morita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College,
Takatsuki, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki,
Japan
| | - Yoshinori Koishi
- Division of Research Animal Laboratory and Translational Medicine,
Research and Development Center, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kanki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College,
Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Masahide Ohmichi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College,
Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Michio Asahi
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki,
Japan
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6
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Abbey D, Singh G, Verma I, Derebail S, Kolkundkar U, Chandrashekar DS, Acharya KK, Vemuri MC, Seshagiri PB. Successful Derivation of an Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Line from a Genetically Nonpermissive Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein-Transgenic FVB/N Mouse Strain. Cell Reprogram 2019; 21:270-284. [PMID: 31596624 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2019.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The embryonic stem cell line derivation from nonpermissive mouse strains is a challenging and highly inefficient process. The cellular reprogramming strategy provides an alternative route for generating pluripotent stem cell (PSC) lines from such strains. In this study, we successfully derived an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-transgenic "N9" induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS cell, iPSC) line from the FVB/N strain-derived mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). The exposure of MEFs to human OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC (OSKM) transgenes via lentiviral transduction resulted in complete reprogramming. The N9 iPS cell line demonstrated all the criteria of a typical mouse PSC line, including normal colony morphology and karyotype (40,XY), high replication and propagation efficiencies, expression of the pluripotency-associated genes, spontaneous differentiation to three germ lineage-derived cell types, and robust potential of chimeric blastocyst formation. Taken together, using human OSKM genes for transduction, we report, for the first time, the successful derivation of an EGFP-expressing iPS cell line from a genetically nonpermissive transgenic FVB/N mouse. This cell line could provide opportunities for designing protocols for efficient derivation of PSC lines from other nonpermissive strains and developing mouse models of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Abbey
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Gurbind Singh
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Present address: Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College Campus, Bagayam, Vellore, India
| | - Isha Verma
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Polani B Seshagiri
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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7
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Wang S, Du L, Peng GH. Optogenetic stimulation inhibits the self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:73. [PMID: 31497278 PMCID: PMC6719367 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the embryonic stem cell state is beneficial for elucidating the innate mechanisms of development and regenerative medicine. Ion flux plays important roles in modulating the transition between stemness and differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Optogenetics is a novel tool for manipulating ion flux. To investigate the impact of optical stimulation on embryonic stem cells, optogenetically engineered V6.5 mESCs were used to measure the depolarization mediated by ChR2 on the proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation of mESCs. Blue light stimulation significantly inhibited ChR2-GFP-V6.5 ESC proliferation and disrupted the cell cycle progression, reducing the proportion of cells in the S phase. Interestingly, optical stimulation could inhibit ChR2-GFP-V6.5 ESC self-renewal and trigger differentiation by activating the extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. Our data suggest that membrane potential changes play pivotal roles in regulating the proliferation, self-renewal and initiation of differentiation of mESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Wang
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100853 China.,2Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071 China.,3Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Lu Du
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100853 China.,3Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
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8
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Hassani SN, Moradi S, Taleahmad S, Braun T, Baharvand H. Transition of inner cell mass to embryonic stem cells: mechanisms, facts, and hypotheses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:873-892. [PMID: 30420999 PMCID: PMC11105545 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2965-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are immortal stem cells that own multi-lineage differentiation potential. ESCs are commonly derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of pre-implantation embryos. Due to their tremendous developmental capacity and unlimited self-renewal, ESCs have diverse biomedical applications. Different culture media have been developed to procure and maintain ESCs in a state of naïve pluripotency, and to preserve a stable genome and epigenome during serial passaging. Chromatin modifications such as DNA methylation and histone modifications along with microRNA activity and different signaling pathways dynamically contribute to the regulation of the ESC gene regulatory network (GRN). Such modifications undergo remarkable changes in different ESC media and determine the quality and developmental potential of ESCs. In this review, we discuss the current approaches for derivation and maintenance of ESCs, and examine how differences in culture media impact on the characteristics of pluripotency via modulation of GRN during the course of ICM outgrowth into ESCs. We also summarize the current hypotheses concerning the origin of ESCs and provide a perspective about the relationship of these cells to their in vivo counterparts (early embryonic cells around the time of implantation). Finally, we discuss generation of ESCs from human embryos and domesticated animals, and offer suggestions to further advance this fascinating field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh-Nafiseh Hassani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharif Moradi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Taleahmad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Davidoff MS. The Pluripotent Microvascular Pericytes Are the Adult Stem Cells Even in the Testis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1122:235-267. [PMID: 30937872 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11093-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pericytes of the testis are part of the omnipresent population of pericytes in the vertebrate body and are the only true pluripotent adult stem cells able to produce structures typical for the tree primitive germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. They originate very early in the embryogenesis from the pluripotent epiblast. The pericytes become disseminated through the whole vertebrate organism by the growing and differentiating blood vessels where they remain in specialized periendothelial vascular niches as resting pluripotent adult stem cells for tissue generation, maintenance, repair, and regeneration. The pericytes are also the ancestors of the perivascular multipotent stromal cells (MSCs). The variable appearance of the pericytes and their progeny reflects the plasticity under the influence of their own epigenetic and the local environmental factors of the host organ. In the testis the pericytes are the ancestors of the neuroendocrine Leydig cells. After activation the pericytes start to proliferate, migrate, and build transit-amplifying cells that transdifferentiate into multipotent stromal cells. These represent progenitors for a number of different cell types in an organ. Finally, it becomes evident that the pericytes are a brilliant achievement of the biological nature aiming to supply every organ with an omnipresent population of pluripotent adult stem cells. Their fascinating features are prerequisites for future therapy concepts supporting cell systems of organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail S Davidoff
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg Museum of Medical History, Hamburg, Germany.
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10
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Du Y, Wang T, Xu J, Zhao C, Li H, Fu Y, Xu Y, Xie L, Zhao J, Yang W, Yin M, Wen J, Deng H. Efficient derivation of extended pluripotent stem cells from NOD-scid Il2rg -/- mice. Protein Cell 2018; 10:31-42. [PMID: 29948854 PMCID: PMC6321811 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-018-0558-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently we have established a new culture condition enabling the derivation of extended pluripotent stem (EPS) cells, which, compared to conventional pluripotent stem cells, possess superior developmental potential and germline competence. However, it remains unclear whether this condition permits derivation of EPS cells from mouse strains that are refractory or non-permissive to pluripotent cell establishment. Here, we show that EPS cells can be robustly generated from non-permissive NOD-scid Il2rg−/− mice through de novo derivation from blastocysts. Furthermore, these cells can also be efficiently generated by chemical reprogramming from embryonic NOD-scid Il2rg−/− fibroblasts. NOD-scid Il2rg−/− EPS cells can be expanded for more than 20 passages with genomic stability and can be genetically modified through gene targeting. Notably, these cells contribute to both embryonic and extraembryonic lineages in vivo. More importantly, they can produce chimeras and integrate into the E13.5 genital ridge. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of generating EPS cells from refractory mouse strains, which could potentially be a general strategy for deriving mouse pluripotent cells. The generation of NOD-scid Il2rg−/− EPS cell lines permits sophisticated genetic modification in NOD-scid Il2rg−/− mice, which may greatly advance the optimization of humanized mouse models for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Du
- Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chaoran Zhao
- Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yao Fu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yaxing Xu
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Liangfu Xie
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jingru Zhao
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Weifeng Yang
- Beijing Vitalstar Biotechnology, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Ming Yin
- Beijing Vitalstar Biotechnology, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jinhua Wen
- Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Hongkui Deng
- Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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11
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CNOT3-Dependent mRNA Deadenylation Safeguards the Pluripotent State. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:897-910. [PMID: 27746116 PMCID: PMC5106518 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(A) tail length and mRNA deadenylation play important roles in gene regulation. However, how they regulate embryonic development and pluripotent cell fate is not fully understood. Here we present evidence that CNOT3-dependent mRNA deadenylation governs the pluripotent state. We show that CNOT3, a component of the Ccr4-Not deadenylase complex, is required for mouse epiblast maintenance. It is highly expressed in blastocysts and its deletion leads to peri-implantation lethality. The epiblast cells in Cnot3 deletion embryos are quickly lost during diapause and fail to outgrow in culture. Mechanistically, CNOT3 C terminus is required for its interaction with the complex and its function in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Furthermore, Cnot3 deletion results in increases in the poly(A) tail lengths, half-lives, and steady-state levels of differentiation gene mRNAs. The half-lives of CNOT3 target mRNAs are shorter in ESCs and become longer during normal differentiation. Together, we propose that CNOT3 maintains the pluripotent state by promoting differentiation gene mRNA deadenylation and degradation, and we identify poly(A) tail-length regulation as a post-transcriptional mechanism that controls pluripotency. CNOT3 is required for mouse epiblast maintenance during early development CNOT3 C-terminal domain is necessary for the maintenance of the pluripotent state CNOT3 promotes differentiation gene mRNA deadenylation and degradation mRNA poly(A) tail regulation plays a critical role in pluripotency
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12
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Knappe N, Novak D, Weina K, Bernhardt M, Reith M, Larribere L, Hölzel M, Tüting T, Gebhardt C, Umansky V, Utikal J. Directed Dedifferentiation Using Partial Reprogramming Induces Invasive Phenotype in Melanoma Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 34:832-46. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Knappe
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Dermatology; Venereology, and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Daniel Novak
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Dermatology; Venereology, and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Kasia Weina
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Dermatology; Venereology, and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Mathias Bernhardt
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Dermatology; Venereology, and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Maike Reith
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Dermatology; Venereology, and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Lionel Larribere
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Dermatology; Venereology, and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Michael Hölzel
- Unit for RNA Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Thomas Tüting
- Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Christoffer Gebhardt
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Dermatology; Venereology, and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Dermatology; Venereology, and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Dermatology; Venereology, and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
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Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells perpetuate in vitro the broad developmental potential of naïve founder cells in the preimplantation embryo. ES cells self-renew relentlessly in culture but can reenter embryonic development seamlessly, differentiating on schedule to form all elements of the fetus. Here we review the properties of these remarkable cells. Arising from the stability, homogeneity, and equipotency of ES cells, we consider the concept of a pluripotent ground state. We evaluate the authenticity of ES cells in relation to cells in the embryo and examine their utility for dissecting mechanisms that confer pluripotency and that execute fate choice. We summarize current knowledge of the transcription factor circuitry that governs the ES cell state and discuss the opportunity to expose molecular logic further through iterative computational modeling and experimentation. Finally, we present a perspective on unresolved questions, including the challenge of deriving ground state pluripotent stem cells from non-rodent species.
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Lin CJ, Amano T, Tang Y, Tian X. Improved derivation efficiency and pluripotency of stem cells from the refractory inbred C57BL/6 mouse strain by small molecules. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106916. [PMID: 25211343 PMCID: PMC4161378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of small molecules to maintain self-renewal and to inhibit differentiation of pluripotent stem cells has been well-demonstrated. Two widely used molecules are PD 98059 (PD), an inhibitor of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK), and SC1 (Pluripotin), which inhibits the RasGAP and ERK pathways. However, no studies have been conducted to compare their effects on the pluripotency and derivation of embryonic stem (ES) cells from inbred mice C57BL/6, an important mouse strain frequently used to model behavior, cognitive functions, immune system, and metabolic disorders in humans and also the first mouse strain chosen to be sequenced for its entire genome. We found significantly increased derivation efficiency of ES cells from in vivo fertilized embryos (fES) of C57BL/6 with the use of PD (71.4% over the control of 35.3%). Because fES and ES from cloned embryos (ntES) are not distinguishable in transcription or translation profiles, we used ntES cells to compare the effect of small molecules on their in vitro characteristics, in vitro differentiation ability, and the ability to generate full-term ntES-4N pups by tetraploid complementation. NtES cells exhibited typical ES characteristics and up-regulated Sox2 expression in media with either small-molecule. Higher rates of full term ntES-4N pup were generated by the supplementation of PD or SC1. We obtained the highest efficiency of ntES-4N pup generation ever reported from this strain by supplementing ES medium with SC1. Lastly, we compared the pluripotency of fES, ntES and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells of C57BL/6 background using the tetraploid complementation assay. A significant increase in implantation sites and the number of full-term pups were obtained when fES, ntES, and iPS cells were cultured with SC1 compared to the control ES medium. In conclusion, supplementing ES cell culture medium with PD and SC1 increases the derivation efficiency and pluripotency, respectively, of stem cells derived from the refractory inbred C57BL/6 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jen Lin
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Tomokazu Amano
- University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Xiuchun Tian
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Derivation and characterization of mouse embryonic stem cells from permissive and nonpermissive strains. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:559-74. [PMID: 24504480 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) are key tools for genetic engineering, development of stem cell-based therapies and basic research on pluripotency and early lineage commitment. However, successful derivation of germline-competent embryonic stem cell lines has, until recently, been limited to a small number of inbred mouse strains. Recently, there have been considerable advances in the field of embryonic stem cell biology, particularly in the area of pluripotency maintenance in the epiblast from which the mESCs are derived. Here we describe a protocol for efficient derivation of germline-competent mESCs from any mouse strain, including strains previously deemed nonpermissive. We provide a protocol that is generally applicable to most inbred strains, as well as a variant for nonpermissive strains. By using this protocol, mESCs can be derived in 3 weeks and fully characterized after an additional 12 weeks, at efficiencies as high as 90% and in any strain background.
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16
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17
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Turco MY, Furia L, Dietze A, Fernandez Diaz L, Ronzoni S, Sciullo A, Simeone A, Constam D, Faretta M, Lanfrancone L. Cellular heterogeneity during embryonic stem cell differentiation to epiblast stem cells is revealed by the ShcD/RaLP adaptor protein. Stem Cells 2013; 30:2423-36. [PMID: 22948967 PMCID: PMC3533801 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Shc family of adaptor proteins are crucial mediators of a plethora of receptors such as the tyrosine kinase receptors, cytokine receptors, and integrins that drive signaling pathways governing proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Here, we report the role of the newly identified family member, ShcD/RaLP, whose expression in vitro and in vivo suggests a function in embryonic stem cell (ESC) to epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) transition. The transition from the naïve (ESC) to the primed (EpiSC) pluripotent state is the initial important step for ESCs to commit to differentiation and the mechanisms underlying this process are still largely unknown. Using a novel approach to simultaneously assess pluripotency, apoptosis, and proliferation by multiparameter flow cytometry, we show that ESC to EpiSC transition is a process involving a tight coordination between the modulation of the Oct4 expression, cell cycle progression, and cell death. We also describe, by high-content immunofluorescence analysis and time-lapse microscopy, the emergence of cells expressing caudal-related homeobox 2 (Cdx2) transcription factor during ESC to EpiSC transition. The use of the ShcD knockout ESCs allowed the unmasking of this process as they presented deregulated Oct4 modulation and an enrichment in Oct4-negative Cdx2-positive cells with increased MAPK/extracellular-regulated kinases 1/2 activation, within the differentiating population. Collectively, our data reveal ShcD as an important modulator in the switch of key pathway(s) involved in determining EpiSC identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Y Turco
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
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18
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Pieters T, Haenebalcke L, Hochepied T, D’Hont J, Haigh JJ, van Roy F, van Hengel J. Efficient and user-friendly pluripotin-based derivation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 8:768-78. [PMID: 22011883 PMCID: PMC3412084 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Classic derivation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells from blastocysts is inefficient, strain-dependent, and requires expert skills. Over recent years, several major improvements have greatly increased the success rate for deriving mouse ES cell lines. The first improvement was the establishment of a user-friendly and reproducible medium-alternating protocol that allows isolation of ES cells from C57BL/6 transgenic mice with efficiencies of up to 75%. A recent report describes the use of this protocol in combination with leukemia inhibitory factor and pluripotin treatment, which made it possible to obtain ES cells from F1 strains with high efficiency. We report modifications of these protocols for user-friendly and reproducible derivation of mouse ES cells with efficiencies of up to 100%. Our protocol involves a long initial incubation of primary outgrowths from blastocysts with pluripotin, which results in the formation of large spherical outgrowths. These outgrowths are morphologically distinct from classical inner cell mass (ICM) outgrowths and can be easily picked and trypsinized. Pluripotin was omitted after the first trypsinization because we found that it blocks attachment of ES cells to the feeder layer and its removal facilitated formation of ES cell colonies. The newly established ES cells exhibited normal karyotypes and generated chimeras. In summary, our user-friendly modified protocol allows formation of large spherical ICM outgrowths in a robust and reliable manner. These outgrowths gave rise to ES cell lines with success rates of up to 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Pieters
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieven Haenebalcke
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tino Hochepied
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jinke D’Hont
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jody J. Haigh
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frans van Roy
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolanda van Hengel
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB & Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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19
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Reinholdt LG, Howell GR, Czechanski AM, Macalinao DG, MacNicoll KH, Lin CS, Donahue LR, John SWM. Generating embryonic stem cells from the inbred mouse strain DBA/2J, a model of glaucoma and other complex diseases. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50081. [PMID: 23209647 PMCID: PMC3507949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst stage embryos and are used primarily for the creation of genetically engineered strains through gene targeting. While some inbred strains of mice are permissive to the derivation of embryonic stem cell lines and are therefore easily engineered, others are nonpermissive or recalcitrant. Genetic engineering of recalcitrant strain backgrounds requires gene targeting in a permissive background followed by extensive backcrossing of the engineered allele into the desired strain background. The inbred mouse strain DBA/2J is a recalcitrant strain that is used as a model of many human diseases, including glaucoma, deafness and schizophrenia. Here, we describe the generation of germ-line competent ES cell lines derived from DBA/2J mice. We also demonstrate the utility of DBA/2J ES cells with the creation of conditional knockout allele for Endothelin-2 (Edn2) directly on the DBA/2J strain background.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gareth R. Howell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Chyuan-Sheng Lin
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Leah Rae Donahue
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Simon W. M. John
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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The H3K27 demethylase JMJD3 is required for maintenance of the embryonic respiratory neuronal network, neonatal breathing, and survival. Cell Rep 2012; 2:1244-58. [PMID: 23103168 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
JMJD3 (KDM6B) antagonizes Polycomb silencing by demethylating lysine 27 on histone H3. The interplay of methyltransferases and demethylases at this residue is thought to underlie critical cell fate transitions, and the dynamics of H3K27me3 during neurogenesis posited for JMJD3 a critical role in the acquisition of neural fate. Despite evidence of its involvement in early neural commitment, however, its role in the emergence and maturation of the mammalian CNS remains unknown. Here, we inactivated Jmjd3 in the mouse and found that its loss causes perinatal lethality with the complete and selective disruption of the pre-Bötzinger complex (PBC), the pacemaker of the respiratory rhythm generator. Through genetic and electrophysiological approaches, we show that the enzymatic activity of JMJD3 is selectively required for the maintenance of the PBC and controls critical regulators of PBC activity, uncovering an unanticipated role of this enzyme in the late structuring and function of neuronal networks.
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21
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Abstract
Specific cells within the early mammalian embryo have the capacity to generate all somatic lineages plus the germline. This property of pluripotency is confined to the epiblast, a transient tissue that persists for only a few days. In vitro, however, pluripotency can be maintained indefinitely through derivation of stem cell lines. Pluripotent stem cells established from the newly formed epiblast are known as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), whereas those generated from later stages are called postimplantation epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs). These different classes of pluripotent stem cell have distinct culture requirements and gene expression programs, likely reflecting the dynamic development of the epiblast in the embryo. In this chapter we review current understanding of how the epiblast forms and relate this to the properties of derivative stem cells. We discuss whether ESCs and EpiSCs are true counterparts of different phases of epiblast development or are culture-generated phenomena. We also consider the proposition that early epiblast cells and ESCs may represent a naïve ground state without any prespecification of lineage choice, whereas later epiblasts and EpiSCs may be primed in favor of particular fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, Stem Cell Institute University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
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22
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Co-localization of NANOG and OCT4 in human pre-implantation embryos and in human embryonic stem cells. J Assist Reprod Genet 2012; 29:1021-8. [PMID: 22743827 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-012-9824-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE NANOG and OCT4 are required for the maintenance of pluripotency in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). These proteins are also expressed in the inner cell mass (ICM) of the mouse pre-implantation embryo. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to show the presence of NANOG and OCT4 protein, and in situ hybridization was used to localize NANOG mRNA in human embryos from two-cell to blastocyst stage, and in human ESCs (hESCs). RESULTS Nanog and Oct4 were co-localized in human embryos from morula and blastocyst stages. NANOG mRNA was detected in a group of cells in the morula, in cells of the ICM of blastocysts, and evenly in hESCs. All non-differentiated hESCs expressed NANOG and OCT4 protein. Pluripotent cells expressing NANOG and Oct4 were eccentrically localized, probably in polarized cells in a human compacted morula, which appears to be different from expression in murine embryos. CONCLUSION In this study, we demonstrate that whole mount in situ hybridization is amenable to localization of mRNAs in human development, as in other species.
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23
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Moraveji SF, Attari F, Shahverdi A, Sepehri H, Farrokhi A, Hassani SN, Fonoudi H, Aghdami N, Baharvand H. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 promotes efficient derivation of pluripotent stem cells from neonatal mouse testis. Hum Reprod 2012; 27:2312-24. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/des204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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24
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Singh G, Totiger TM, Seshagiri PB. Successful derivation of EGFP-transgenic embryonic stem cell line from a genetically non-permissive FVB/N mouse. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF STEM CELLS 2012; 1:163-173. [PMID: 23671805 PMCID: PMC3636736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Derivation of embryonic stem (ES)-cell lines from genetically non-permissive mouse strains, such as FVB/N, has been difficult, despite this strain offering advantages for mouse transgenesis for developmental studies. We earlier generated β-actin promoter-driven enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-transgenic FVB/N mice, expressing EGFP in all cells. Here, by optimizing culture system and using RESGROTM ES-cell culture medium, we successfully derived EGFP-transgenic ES-cell line, 'GS-2' line, from F1 hybrid blastocysts, from wild-type 129/SvJ female X EGFP-transgenic homozygous FVB/N male. The GS-2 ES-cell line exhibited all defining criteria of a typical ES-cell line, including normal colony morphology and karyotype (40,XY), high replication-expansion efficiency (passages: >100), expression of pluripotent markers (Oct-4, Nanog, Sox-2, SSEA-1 and others) and, embryoid body (EB) development and EB differentiation to ecto-/meso-/endo-dermal cell types, expressing nestin, BMP-4 and α-fetoprotein, respectively. GS-2 ES-cells formed (i) teratoma containing three germ lineage-derived cell types, (ii) chimeric blastocysts and fetuses, following their aggregation with wild-type 8-cell embryos, (iii) functional cardiac clusters and (iv) predominantly neural cell types when EBs were developed in KOSR-supplemented medium. Taken together, we derived a robust EGFP-transgenic GS-2 ES-cell line, from a non-permissive transgenic (FVB/N) mouse by a single cross to 129/SvJ wild-type mouse. The GS-2 ES-cell line exhibited full differentiation potential, in vitro/in vivo, providing enormous opportunity for stem cell research, including experimental cell transplantation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurbind Singh
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore-560 012, India
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25
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Greenow K, Clarke AR. Controlling the stem cell compartment and regeneration in vivo: the role of pluripotency pathways. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:75-99. [PMID: 22298652 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00040.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the realization that embryonic stem cells are maintained in a pluripotent state through the interplay of a number of key signal transduction pathways, it is becoming increasingly clear that stemness and pluripotency are defined by the complex molecular convergence of these pathways. Perhaps this has most clearly been demonstrated by the capacity to induce pluripotency in differentiated cell types, so termed iPS cells. We are therefore building an understanding of how cells may be maintained in a pluripotent state, and how we may manipulate cells to drive them between committed and pluripotent compartments. However, it is less clear how cells normally pass in and out of the stem cell compartment under normal and diseased physiological states in vivo, and indeed, how important these pathways are in these settings. It is also clear that there is a potential "dark side" to manipulating the stem cell compartment, as deregulation of somatic stem cells is being increasingly implicated in carcinogenesis and the generation of "cancer stem cells." This review explores these relationships, with a particular focus on the role played by key molecular regulators of stemness in tissue repair, and the possibility that a better understanding of this control may open the door to novel repair strategies in vivo. The successful development of such strategies has the potential to replace or augment intervention-based strategies (cell replacement therapies), although it is clear they must be developed with a full understanding of how such approaches might also influence tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Greenow
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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26
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Chen Q, Zhou Y, Zhao X, Zhang M. Effect of dual-specificity protein phosphatase 5 on pluripotency maintenance and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 112:3185-93. [PMID: 21732408 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The MAPK/Erk signaling pathway is considered as a key regulator of the pluripotency and differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells, while dual-specificity protein phosphatases (DUSPs) are negative regulators of MAPK. Although DUSPs are potential embryogenesis regulators, their functions in the regulation of ES cell differentiation have not been demonstrated. The present study revealed that Dusp5 was expressed in mouse ES (mES) cells and that its expression was correlated with the undifferentiated state of these cells. Exogenous Dusp5 expression enhanced mES cell clonogenicity and suppressed mES cell differentiation by maintaining Nanog expression via the inhibition of the Erk pathway. Following Dusp5 knockdown, Nanog and Oct4 expression was significantly attenuated and the Erk signaling pathway was activated. Additionally, EBs derived from Dusp5 knockdown mES cells (KDEBs) exhibited a weak adherence capability, very little outgrowth, and a reduction in the number of epithelial-like cells. The expression of Gata6 (an endodermal marker) and Flk1 and Twist1 (mesodermal markers) was inhibited in KDEBs, which indicated that Dusp5 influenced the differentiation of these germ layers during EB development. Collectively, this study suggested that Dusp5 plays an important role in the maintenance of pluripotency in mES cells, and that Dusp5 may be required for EB development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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27
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Bieberich E. It's a lipid's world: bioactive lipid metabolism and signaling in neural stem cell differentiation. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1208-29. [PMID: 22246226 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are often considered membrane components whose function is to embed proteins into cell membranes. In the last two decades, studies on brain lipids have unequivocally demonstrated that many lipids have critical cell signaling functions; they are called "bioactive lipids". Pioneering work in Dr. Robert Ledeen's laboratory has shown that two bioactive brain sphingolipids, sphingomyelin and the ganglioside GM1 are major signaling lipids in the nuclear envelope. In addition to derivatives of the sphingolipid ceramide, the bioactive lipids discussed here belong to the classes of terpenoids and steroids, eicosanoids, and lysophospholipids. These lipids act mainly through two mechanisms: (1) direct interaction between the bioactive lipid and a specific protein binding partner such as a lipid receptor, protein kinase or phosphatase, ion exchanger, or other cell signaling protein; and (2) formation of lipid microdomains or rafts that regulate the activity of a group of raft-associated cell signaling proteins. In recent years, a third mechanism has emerged, which invokes lipid second messengers as a regulator for the energy and redox balance of differentiating neural stem cells (NSCs). Interestingly, developmental niches such as the stem cell niche for adult NSC differentiation may also be metabolic compartments that respond to a distinct combination of bioactive lipids. The biological function of these lipids as regulators of NSC differentiation will be reviewed and their application in stem cell therapy discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhard Bieberich
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Georgia Health Sciences University, 1120 15th Street Room CA4012, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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28
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Taubenschmid J, Weitzer G. Mechanisms of cardiogenesis in cardiovascular progenitor cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 293:195-267. [PMID: 22251563 PMCID: PMC7615846 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394304-0.00012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-renewing cells of the vertebrate heart have become a major subject of interest in the past decade. However, many researchers had a hard time to argue against the orthodox textbook view that defines the heart as a postmitotic organ. Once the scientific community agreed on the existence of self-renewing cells in the vertebrate heart, their origin was again put on trial when transdifferentiation, dedifferentiation, and reprogramming could no longer be excluded as potential sources of self-renewal in the adult organ. Additionally, the presence of self-renewing pluripotent cells in the peripheral blood challenges the concept of tissue-specific stem and progenitor cells. Leaving these unsolved problems aside, it seems very desirable to learn about the basic biology of this unique cell type. Thus, we shall here paint a picture of cardiovascular progenitor cells including the current knowledge about their origin, basic nature, and the molecular mechanisms guiding proliferation and differentiation into somatic cells of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Taubenschmid
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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29
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Wray J, Hartmann C. WNTing embryonic stem cells. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 22:159-68. [PMID: 22196214 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) - undifferentiated cells originating from preimplantation stage embryos - have prolonged self-renewal capacity and are pluripotent. Activation of the canonical Wnt pathway is implicated in maintenance of and exit from the pluripotent state. Recent findings demonstrate that the essential mediator of canonical Wnt signaling, β-catenin, is dispensable for ESC maintenance; however, its activation inhibits differentiation through derepression of T cell factor 3 (Tcf3)-bound genes. Wnt agonists are useful in deriving ESCs from recalcitrant mouse strains and the rat and in nuclear reprogramming of somatic stem cells. We discuss recent advances in our understanding of the role of canonical Wnt signaling in the regulation of ESC self-renewal and how its manipulation can improve pluripotent ESC derivation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Wray
- University College London, Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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McDonel P, Demmers J, Tan DW, Watt F, Hendrich BD. Sin3a is essential for the genome integrity and viability of pluripotent cells. Dev Biol 2011; 363:62-73. [PMID: 22206758 PMCID: PMC3334623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Sin3a/HDAC co-repressor complex is a critical regulator of transcription networks that govern cell cycle control and apoptosis throughout development. Previous studies have identified Sin3a as essential for embryonic development around the time of implantation, during which the epiblast cell cycle is uniquely structured to achieve very rapid divisions with little tolerance of DNA damage. This study investigates the specific requirement for Sin3a in the early mouse embryo and shows that embryos lacking Sin3a suffer unresolved DNA damage and acute p53-independent apoptosis specifically in the E3.5–4.5 epiblast. Surprisingly, Myc and E2F targets in Sin3a-null ICMs are downregulated, suggesting a central but non-canonical role for Sin3a in regulating the pluripotent embryonic cell cycle. ES cells deleted for Sin3a mount a DNA damage response indicative of unresolved double-strand breaks, profoundly arrest at G2, and undergo apoptosis. These results indicate that Sin3a protects the genomic integrity of pluripotent embryonic cells and governs their unusual cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick McDonel
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, UK
| | - Jeroen Demmers
- Proteomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David W.M. Tan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Fiona Watt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Brian D. Hendrich
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
- Corresponding author at: Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.
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Simultaneous Suppression of TGF-β and ERK Signaling Contributes to the Highly Efficient and Reproducible Generation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells from Previously Considered Refractory and Non-permissive Strains. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 8:472-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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33
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Zhang S, Sun J, Pan S, Zhu H, Wang L, Hu Y, Wang J, Wang F, Cao H, Yan X, Hua J. Retinol (vitamin A) maintains self-renewal of pluripotent male germline stem cells (mGSCs) from adult mouse testis. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:1009-21. [PMID: 21308744 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that male germline stem cells (mGSCs), which are responsible for maintaining spermatogenesis in the male, could be obtained from mouse and human testis. However, the traditional cultural methods were mostly dependent on serum and feeder, and the initial mGSCs were either obtained from neonatal mice or the detailed description of its potency and origin was not provided. Here we reported a novel (retinol (RE) serum-free and feeder-free) system for the successful culture of adult germline stem cells from adult Kunming mice (8-24 weeks) testis. The isolated mGSCs cultured in RE serum-free and feeder-free medium maintained the typical morphology of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and they proliferated well in RE medium analyzed by proliferation assay, RT-PCR, microarray, and Western blotting. These cells also showed typical properties of ESCs (alkaline phosphatase (AP) positive, expressions of Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and SSEA1, with the capacity to form teratomas and differentiate into various types of cells within three germ layers). Taken together, we conclude that RE promotes the self-renewal of mGSCs and maintains the pluripotency of mGSCs, the RE serum-free and feeder-free system may be useful for the culture of pluripotent stem cell lines from adult testis tissues, which provides a new resource for tissue engineering and therapy for infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Key Lab for Reproductive Physiology & Embryo Biotechnology of Agriculture Ministry of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Lee KH, Chuang CK, Guo SF, Tu CF. Simple and efficient derivation of mouse embryonic stem cell lines using differentiation inhibitors or proliferation stimulators. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:373-83. [PMID: 21521035 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of endogenous differentiation-inducing signaling or the enhancement of growth capacity and viability of preimplantation embryos, via 2i (PD0325901 and CHIR99021), dramatically improves the establishment of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Using adrenocorticotropic hormone fragments 1-24 (ACTH 1-24), which enhances survival and/or proliferation of mESCs, also increases the derivation of mESCs from single blastomeres significantly. The CHIR99021 pathway and the proposed ACTH pathway are likely different. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the synergetic effects of 2i and ACTH 1-24 on derivation of mESCs. Results in the present study demonstrate that germline-transmitted mESCs could be efficiently derived from ICR and C57BL/6J at 0.5-4.5 days postcoitum denuded zygotes to blastocysts or isolated blastomeres of 2-8-cell embryos and cultured in 10 μL droplets with human foreskin fibroblast (Hs68) or STO (a mouse embryonic fibroblast line) feeders and in knockout serum replacement (KSR) ESC medium containing 2i or ACTH 1-24. The overall success rates for C57BL/6J and ICR were 56.2% when cultured in 2i+ACTH 1-24, 26.6% in 2i, 6.7% in ACTH 1-24, and 4.8% in KSR ESC medium. These results imply that CHIR99021 and ACTH 1-24 are synergistically enhancing the establishment of mESCs. The proposed protocol also demonstrates a highly efficient and reproducible method, has a simple layout, is easy to apply, and could be used as an alternative method for routinely establishing mESC lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Hsiung Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, Animal Technology Institute, Taiwan, Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan.
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Faustino RS, Maddaford TG, Pierce GN. Mitogen activated protein kinase at the nuclear pore complex. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15:928-37. [PMID: 20497490 PMCID: PMC3922677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases control eukaryotic proliferation, and import of kinases into the nucleus through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) can influence gene expression to affect cellular growth, cell viability and homeostatic function. The NPC is a critical regulatory checkpoint for nucleocytoplasmic traffic that regulates gene expression and cell growth, and MAP kinases may be physically associated with the NPC to modulate transport. In the present study, highly enriched NPC fractions were isolated and investigated for associated kinases and/or activity. Endogenous kinase activity was identified within the NPC fraction, which phosphorylated a 30 kD nuclear pore protein. Phosphomodification of this nucleoporin, here termed Nup30, was inhibited by apigenin and PD-98059, two MAP kinase antagonists as well as with SB-202190, a pharmacological blocker of p38. Furthermore, high throughput profiling of enriched NPCs revealed constitutive presence of all members of the MAP kinase family, extracellular regulated kinases (ERK), p38 and Jun N-terminal kinase. The NPC thus contains a spectrum of associated MAP kinases that suggests an intimate role for ERK and p38 in regulation of nuclear pore function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph S Faustino
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, Canada
| | - Thane G Maddaford
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, Canada
| | - Grant N Pierce
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, Canada
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Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are used extensively in biomedical research and as a model with which to study early mammalian development, but their exact origin has been subject to much debate. They are routinely derived from pre-implantation embryos, but it has been suggested that the cells that give rise to ES cells might arise from epiblast cells that are already predisposed to a primordial germ cell (PGC) fate, which then progress to ES cell status via the PGC lineage. Based on recent findings, we propose here that ES cells can be derived directly from early epiblast cells and that ES cells might arise via two different routes that are dictated by their culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.
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Han DW, Tapia N, Joo JY, Greber B, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Bernemann C, Ko K, Wu G, Stehling M, Do JT, Schöler HR. Epiblast stem cell subpopulations represent mouse embryos of distinct pregastrulation stages. Cell 2010; 143:617-27. [PMID: 21056461 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) comprise at least two populations of cells with divergent states of pluripotency. Here, we show that epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) also comprise two distinct cell populations that can be distinguished by the expression of a specific Oct4-GFP marker. These two subpopulations, Oct4-GFP positive and negative EpiSCs, are capable of converting into each other in vitro. Oct4-GFP positive and negative EpiSCs are distinct from ESCs with respect to global gene expression pattern, epigenetic profile, and Oct4 enhancer utilization. Oct4-GFP negative cells share features with cells of the late mouse epiblast and cannot form chimeras. However, Oct4-GFP positive EpiSCs, which only represent a minor EpiSC fraction, resemble cells of the early epiblast and can readily contribute to chimeras. Our findings suggest that the rare ability of EpiSCs to contribute to chimeras is due to the presence of the minor EpiSC fraction representing the early epiblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Han
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into endoderm without embryoid body formation. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14146. [PMID: 21152387 PMCID: PMC2994751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells hold a great promise as an unlimited source of tissue for treatment of chronic diseases such as Type 1 diabetes. Herein, we describe a protocol using all-trans-retinoic acid, basic fibroblast growth factor and dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP) in the absence of embryoid body formation, for differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells into definitive endoderm that may serve as pancreatic precursors. The produced cells were analyzed by quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry and static insulin release assay for markers of trilaminar embryo, and pancreas. Differentiated cells displayed increased Sox17 and Foxa2 expression consistent with definitive endoderm production. There was minimal production of Sox7, an extraembryonic endoderm marker, and Oct4, a marker of pluripotency. There was minimal mesoderm or neuroectoderm formation based on expression levels of the markers brachyury and Sox1, respectively. Various assays revealed that the cell clusters generated by this protocol express markers of the pancreatic lineage including insulin I, insulin II, C-peptide, PDX-1, carboxypeptidase E, pan-cytokeratin, amylase, glucagon, PAX6, Ngn3 and Nkx6.1. This protocol using all-trans-retinoic acid, DBcAMP, in the absence of embryoid bodies, generated cells that have features of definitive endoderm that may serve as pancreatic endocrine precursors.
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Liu N, Enkemann SA, Liang P, Hersmus R, Zanazzi C, Huang J, Wu C, Chen Z, Looijenga LHJ, Keefe DL, Liu L. Genome-wide gene expression profiling reveals aberrant MAPK and Wnt signaling pathways associated with early parthenogenesis. J Mol Cell Biol 2010; 2:333-44. [PMID: 20926514 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjq029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian parthenogenesis could not survive but aborted during mid-gestation, presumably because of lack of paternal gene expression. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the failure of parthenogenesis at early stages of development, we performed global gene expression profiling and functional analysis of parthenogenetic blastocysts in comparison with those of blastocysts from normally fertilized embryos. Parthenogenetic blastocysts exhibited changes in the expression of 749 genes, of which 214 had lower expression and 535 showed higher expressions than fertilized embryos using a minimal 1.8-fold change as a cutoff. Genes important for placenta development were decreased in their expression in parthenote blastocysts. Some maternally expressed genes were up-regulated and paternal-related genes were down-regulated. Moreover, aberrantly increased Wnt signaling and reduced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling were associated with early parthenogenesis. The protein level of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) was low in parthenogenetic blastocysts compared with that of fertilized blastocysts 120 h after fertilization. 6-Bromoindirubin-3'-oxime, a specific glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) inhibitor, significantly decreased embryo hatching. The expression of several imprinted genes was altered in parthenote blastocysts. Gene expression also linked reduced expression of Xist to activation of X chromosome. Our findings suggest that failed X inactivation, aberrant imprinting, decreased ERK/MAPK signaling and possibly elevated Wnt signaling, and reduced expression of genes for placental development collectively may contribute to abnormal placenta formation and failed fetal development in parthenogenetic embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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40
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Opposing microRNA families regulate self-renewal in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nature 2010; 463:621-6. [PMID: 20054295 PMCID: PMC2894702 DOI: 10.1038/nature08725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When embryonic stem cells (ESCs) differentiate, they must both silence the ESC self-renewal program as well as activate new tissue specific programs. In the absence of DGCR8 (Dgcr8 -/-), a protein required for microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis, mouse ESCs are unable to silence self-renewal. Here, we find that the introduction of let-7 miRNAs, a family of miRNAs highly expressed in somatic cells, can suppress self-renewal in Dgcr8 -/-, but not wild-type ESCs. Introduction of ESC cell cycle regulating (ESCC) miRNAs into the Dgcr8 -/- ESCs, blocks the capacity of let-7 to suppress self-renewal. Profiling and bioinformatic analyses show that let-7 inhibits while ESCC miRNAs indirectly activate numerous self-renewal genes. Furthermore, inhibition of the let-7 family promotes de-differentiation of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Together, these findings show how the ESCC and let-7 miRNAs act through common pathways to alternatively stabilize the self-renewing versus differentiated cell fates.
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Abstract
After maternal predetermination gives way to zygotic regulation, a ground state is established within the mammalian embryo. This tabula rasa for embryogenesis is present only transiently in the preimplantation epiblast. Here, we consider how unrestricted cells are first generated and then prepared for lineage commitment. We propose that two phases of pluripotency can be defined: naive and primed. This distinction extends to pluripotent stem cells derived from embryos or by molecular reprogramming ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, Department of Physiology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
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Nichols J, Silva J, Roode M, Smith A. Suppression of Erk signalling promotes ground state pluripotency in the mouse embryo. Development 2009; 136:3215-22. [PMID: 19710168 DOI: 10.1242/dev.038893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells can be derived and propagated from multiple strains of mouse and rat through application of small-molecule inhibitors of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/Erk pathway and of glycogen synthase kinase 3. These conditions shield pluripotent cells from differentiation-inducing stimuli. We investigate the effect of these inhibitors on the development of pluripotent epiblast in intact pre-implantation embryos. We find that blockade of Erk signalling from the 8-cell stage does not impede blastocyst formation but suppresses development of the hypoblast. The size of the inner cell mass (ICM) compartment is not reduced, however. Throughout the ICM, the epiblast-specific marker Nanog is expressed, and in XX embryos epigenetic silencing of the paternal X chromosome is erased. Epiblast identity and pluripotency were confirmed by contribution to chimaeras with germline transmission. These observations indicate that segregation of hypoblast from the bipotent ICM is dependent on FGF/Erk signalling and that in the absence of this signal, the entire ICM can acquire pluripotency. Furthermore, the epiblast does not require paracrine support from the hypoblast. Thus, naïve epiblast and ES cells are in a similar ground state, with an autonomous capacity for survival and replication, and high vulnerability to Erk signalling. We probed directly the relationship between naïve epiblast and ES cells. Dissociated ICM cells from freshly harvested late blastocysts gave rise to up to 12 ES cell clones per embryo when plated in the presence of inhibitors. We propose that ES cells are not a tissue culture creation, but are essentially identical to pre-implantation epiblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.
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43
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Yang W, Wei W, Shi C, Zhu J, Ying W, Shen Y, Ye X, Fang L, Duo S, Che J, Shen H, Ding S, Deng H. Pluripotin combined with leukemia inhibitory factor greatly promotes the derivation of embryonic stem cell lines from refractory strains. Stem Cells 2009; 27:383-9. [PMID: 19056907 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from a 129 or C57BL/6 background, whereas the derivation efficiency of ES cells is extremely low on certain refractory types of background for which ES cells are highly desired. Here we report an optimized, highly efficient protocol by combining pluripotin, a small molecule, and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) for the derivation of mouse ES cells. With this method, we successfully isolated ES cell lines from five strains of mice, with an efficiency of 57% for NOD-scid, 63% for SCID beige, 80% for CD-1, and 100% for two F1 strains from C57BL/6xCD-1. By tracking the Oct4-positive cells in the Oct4-green fluorescent protein embryos in the process of ES cell isolation, we found that pluripotin combined with LIF improved the efficiency of ES cell isolation by selectively maintaining the Oct4-positive cells in the outgrowth. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ES cells being efficiently derived from immunodeficient mice on refractory backgrounds (NOD-scid on a NOD background and SCID beige on a BALB/c background).
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Yang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Generative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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44
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Fivefold increase in derivation rates of mouse embryonic stem cells after supplementation of the media with multiple factors. Theriogenology 2009; 72:232-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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45
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Kossack N, Meneses J, Shefi S, Nguyen HN, Chavez S, Nicholas C, Gromoll J, Turek PJ, Reijo-Pera RA. Isolation and characterization of pluripotent human spermatogonial stem cell-derived cells. Stem Cells 2009; 27:138-49. [PMID: 18927477 PMCID: PMC2729695 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Several reports have documented the derivation of pluripotent cells (multipotent germline stem cells) from spermatogonial stem cells obtained from the adult mouse testis. These spermatogonia-derived stem cells express embryonic stem cell markers and differentiate to the three primary germ layers, as well as the germline. Data indicate that derivation may involve reprogramming of endogenous spermatogonia in culture. Here, we report the derivation of human multipotent germline stem cells (hMGSCs) from a testis biopsy. The cells express distinct markers of pluripotency, form embryoid bodies that contain derivatives of all three germ layers, maintain a normal XY karyotype, are hypomethylated at the H19 locus, and express high levels of telomerase. Teratoma assays indicate the presence of human cells 8 weeks post-transplantation but limited teratoma formation. Thus, these data suggest the potential to derive pluripotent cells from human testis biopsies but indicate a need for novel strategies to optimize hMGSC culture conditions and reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kossack
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304-5542, USA
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46
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Chen Z, Liu Z, Huang J, Amano T, Li C, Cao S, Wu C, Liu B, Zhou L, Carter MG, Keefe DL, Yang X, Liu L. Birth of Parthenote Mice Directly from Parthenogenetic Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2009; 27:2136-45. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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47
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Batlle-Morera L, Smith A, Nichols J. Parameters influencing derivation of embryonic stem cells from murine embryos. Genesis 2009; 46:758-67. [PMID: 18837461 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The derivation of ES cells is poorly understood and varies in efficiency between different strains of mice. We have investigated potential differences between embryos of permissive and recalcitrant strains during diapause and ES cell derivation. We found that in diapause embryos of the recalcitrant C57BL/6 and CBA strains, the epiblast failed to expand during the primary explant phase of ES cell derivation, whereas in the permissive 129 strain, it expanded dramatically. Epiblasts from the recalcitrant strains could be expanded by reducing Erk activation. Isolation of 129 epiblasts facilitated very efficient derivation of ES cell lines in serum- and feeder-free conditions, but reduction of Erk activity was required for derivation of ES cells from isolated C57BL/6 or CBA epiblasts. The results suggest that the discrepancy in ES cell derivation efficiency is not attributable merely to variable prodifferentiative effects of the extra-embryonic lineages but also to an intrinsic variability within the epiblast to maintain pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Batlle-Morera
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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48
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Gómez E, Rodríguez A, Muñoz M, Caamaño JN, Carrocera S, Martín D, Facal N, Díez C. Development and quality of bovine morulae cultured in serum-free medium with specific retinoid receptor agonists. Reprod Fertil Dev 2009; 20:884-91. [PMID: 19007552 DOI: 10.1071/rd08103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoids regulate development and differentiation of the bovine blastocyst in vitro, although the underlying mechanisms remain to be clarified. A challenge in reproductive biotechnology is the identification of pathways that regulate early embryonic development and their influence on blastocyst differentiation, apoptosis and survival to cryopreservation as traits of embryo quality. The present paper analyses the effects of short-term exposure (24 h) to retinoids on in vitro-produced bovine morulae. Immature cumulus oocyte complexes were in vitro matured and fertilised. Presumptive zygotes were subsequently cultured in modified synthetic oviduct fluid up to Day 6, in which morulae were randomly allocated to the different experimental groups. The treatments consisted of 0.1 microM LG100268 (LG; a retinoid X receptor agonist), 0.7 microM all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA; a retinoic acid receptor agonist) or no additives. Day 8 blastocyst development was increased in the ATRA-treated group compared with the LG and untreated embryos. In Day 7 embryos, the number of total cells and cells allocated to the trophectoderm were higher in the ATRA-treated group compared with untreated embryos. Apoptosis in the inner cell mass increased after LG treatment, whereas ATRA had no effect. After vitrification and warming, survival and hatching rates of Day 7 blastocysts did not change with retinoid treatment. Within the LG-treated and untreated blastocyst groups, survival and hatching rates were higher for Day 7 than Day 8 embryos; however, Day 8 blastocysts treated with ATRA showed improved hatching rates. In conclusion, treatment of morulae with ATRA in serum-free medium improves embryo development and quality without increasing the incidence of apoptosis and necrosis.
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Buehr M, Meek S, Blair K, Yang J, Ure J, Silva J, McLay R, Hall J, Ying QL, Smith A. Capture of authentic embryonic stem cells from rat blastocysts. Cell 2009; 135:1287-98. [PMID: 19109897 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells have been available from inbred mice since 1981 but have not been validated for other rodents. Failure to establish ES cells from a range of mammals challenges the identity of cultivated stem cells and our understanding of the pluripotent state. Here we investigated derivation of ES cells from the rat. We applied molecularly defined conditions designed to shield the ground state of authentic pluripotency from inductive differentiation stimuli. Undifferentiated cell lines developed that exhibited diagnostic features of ES cells including colonization of multiple tissues in viable chimeras. Definitive ES cell status was established by transmission of the cell line genome to offspring. Derivation of germline-competent ES cells from the rat paves the way to targeted genetic manipulation in this valuable biomedical model species. Rat ES cells will also provide a refined test-bed for functional evaluation of pluripotent stem cell-derived tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Buehr
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH93JQ, UK
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Promotion of reprogramming to ground state pluripotency by signal inhibition. PLoS Biol 2009; 6:e253. [PMID: 18942890 PMCID: PMC2570424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 602] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are generated from somatic cells by genetic manipulation. Reprogramming entails multiple transgene integrations and occurs apparently stochastically in rare cells over many days. Tissue stem cells may be subject to less-stringent epigenetic restrictions than other cells and might therefore be more amenable to deprogramming. We report that brain-derived neural stem (NS) cells acquire undifferentiated morphology rapidly and at high frequency after a single round of transduction with reprogramming factors. However, critical attributes of true pluripotency—including stable expression of endogenous Oct4 and Nanog, epigenetic erasure of X chromosome silencing in female cells, and ability to colonise chimaeras—were not attained. We therefore applied molecularly defined conditions for the derivation and propagation of authentic pluripotent stem cells from embryos. We combined dual inhibition (2i) of mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) with the self-renewal cytokine leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF). The 2i/LIF condition induced stable up-regulation of Oct4 and Nanog, reactivation of the X chromosome, transgene silencing, and competence for somatic and germline chimaerism. Using 2i /LIF, NS cell reprogramming required only 1–2 integrations of each transgene. Furthermore, transduction with Sox2 and c-Myc is dispensable, and Oct4 and Klf4 are sufficient to convert NS cells into chimaera-forming iPS cells. These findings demonstrate that somatic cell state influences requirements for reprogramming and delineate two phases in the process. The ability to capture pre-pluripotent cells that can advance to ground state pluripotency simply and with high efficiency opens a door to molecular dissection of this remarkable phenomenon. Development of an organism proceeds irreversibly from embryo to adult, with cells differentiating progressively towards specialised final phenotypes. Now, following the pioneering discovery of induced pluripotency by Shinya Yamanaka, it has become possible to reverse developmental time: we can reprogramme an adult cell back to the naïve state of pluripotency found in the early embryo. Induction of pluripotency is an extraordinary phenomenon but is currently poorly understood and inefficient. We investigated stem cells from the mouse brain and found that they reprogrammed faster than other cell types. However, the reprogrammed brain cells arrested on the verge of full pluripotency and did not gain some essential properties of induced pluripotency. Guided by the rationale of reversing a development process, we explored the effect of blocking the signal that initiates loss of pluripotency and entry into differentiation in the embryo. We used a chemical inhibitor of this signal in combination with stimulation of a second pathway known to promote maintenance of pluripotency. This simple treatment allowed the partly converted neural stem cells to complete the transition efficiently and become indistinguishable from embryonic stem cells. Therefore, incompletely reprogrammed cells, which have previously been dismissed as useless by-products of attempts to generate pluripotent stem cells, in fact provide the fastest, most reliable, and most efficient route to obtaining authentic induced pluripotent cells. Induced reprogramming of stem cells proceeds in two phases via an intermediate that is undifferentiated but not pluripotent. Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling converts this intermediate transitional state to authentic pluripotency.
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