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Kfoury B, Rodrigues WFC, Kim SJ, Brandizzi F, Del-Bem LE. Multiple horizontal gene transfer events have shaped plant glycosyl hydrolase diversity and function. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:809-824. [PMID: 38417454 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Plant glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) play a crucial role in selectively breaking down carbohydrates and glycoconjugates during various cellular processes, such as reserve mobilization, pathogen defense, and modification/disassembly of the cell wall. In this study, we examined the distribution of GH genes in the Archaeplastida supergroup, which encompasses red algae, glaucophytes, and green plants. We identified that the GH repertoire expanded from a few tens of genes in early archaeplastidians to over 400 genes in modern angiosperms, spanning 40 GH families in land plants. Our findings reveal that major evolutionary transitions were accompanied by significant changes in the GH repertoire. Specifically, we identified at least 23 GH families acquired by green plants through multiple horizontal gene transfer events, primarily from bacteria and fungi. We found a significant shift in the subcellular localization of GH activity during green plant evolution, with a marked increase in extracellular-targeted GH proteins associated with the diversification of plant cell wall polysaccharides and defense mechanisms against pathogens. In conclusion, our study sheds light on the macroevolutionary processes that have shaped the GH repertoire in plants, highlighting the acquisition of GH families through horizontal transfer and the role of GHs in plant adaptation and defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Kfoury
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
- Del-Bem Lab, Department of Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Wenderson Felipe Costa Rodrigues
- Del-Bem Lab, Department of Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Plant Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Sang-Jin Kim
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Luiz-Eduardo Del-Bem
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
- Del-Bem Lab, Department of Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Plant Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Wang C, Chen Y, Cui C, Shan F, Zhang R, Lyu X, Lyu L, Chang H, Yan C, Ma C. Blue Light Regulates Cell Wall Structure and Carbohydrate Metabolism of Soybean Hypocotyl. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1017. [PMID: 36674538 PMCID: PMC9864885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean stem elongation and thickening are related to cell wall composition. Plant morphogenesis can be influenced by blue light, which can regulate cell wall structure and composition, and affect stem growth and development. Here, using proteomics and metabolomics, differentially expressed proteins and metabolites of hypocotyls grown in the dark and under blue light were studied to clarify the effects of blue light on the cell wall structure and carbohydrate metabolism pathway of soybean hypocotyls. Results showed that 1120 differential proteins were upregulated and 797 differential proteins were downregulated under blue light treatment, while 63 differential metabolites were upregulated and 36 differential metabolites were downregulated. Blue light promoted the establishment of cell wall structure and composition by regulating the expression of both the enzymes and metabolites related to cell wall structural composition and nonstructural carbohydrates. Thus, under blue light, the cross-sectional area of the hypocotyl and xylem were larger, the longitudinal length of pith cells was smaller, elongation of the soybean hypocotyl was inhibited, and diameter was increased.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chao Yan
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chunmei Ma
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Liu B, Santo Domingo M, Mayobre C, Martín-Hernández AM, Pujol M, Garcia-Mas J. Knock-Out of CmNAC-NOR Affects Melon Climacteric Fruit Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:878037. [PMID: 35755703 PMCID: PMC9226586 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.878037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening is an important process that affects fruit quality. A QTL in melon, ETHQV6.3, involved in climacteric ripening regulation, has been found to be encoded by CmNAC-NOR, a homologue of the tomato NOR gene. To further investigate CmNAC-NOR function, we obtained two CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutants (nor-3 and nor-1) in the climacteric Védrantais background. nor-3, containing a 3-bp deletion altering the NAC domain A, resulted in ~8 days delay in ripening without affecting fruit quality. In contrast, the 1-bp deletion in nor-1 resulted in a fully disrupted NAC domain, which completely blocked climacteric ripening. The nor-1 fruits did not produce ethylene, no abscission layer was formed and there was no external color change. Additionally, volatile components were dramatically altered, seeds were not well developed and flesh firmness was also altered. There was a delay in fruit ripening with the nor-1 allele in heterozygosis of ~20 days. Our results provide new information regarding the function of CmNAC-NOR in melon fruit ripening, suggesting that it is a potential target for modulating shelf life in commercial climacteric melon varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Santo Domingo
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Mayobre
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Montserrat Martín-Hernández
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Pujol
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marta Pujol,
| | - Jordi Garcia-Mas
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain
- Jordi Garcia-Mas,
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Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Polygalacturonase Gene Family in Maize ( Zea mays L.). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910722. [PMID: 34639068 PMCID: PMC8509529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polygalacturonase (PG, EC 3.2.1.15) is a crucial enzyme for pectin degradation and is involved in various developmental processes such as fruit ripening, pollen development, cell expansion, and organ abscission. However, information on the PG gene family in the maize (Zea mays L.) genome and the specific members involved in maize anther development are still lacking. In this study, we identified 55 PG family genes from the maize genome and further characterized their evolutionary relationship and expression patterns. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ZmPGs are grouped into six Clades, and gene structures of the same Clade are highly conserved, suggesting their functional conservation. The ZmPGs are randomly distributed across maize chromosomes, and collinearity analysis showed that many ZmPGs might be derived from tandem duplications and segmental duplications, and these genes are under purifying selection. Furthermore, gene expression analysis provided insights into possible functional divergence among ZmPGs. Based on the RNA-seq data analysis, we found that many ZmPGs are expressed in various tissues while 18 ZmPGs are highly expressed in maize anther, and their detailed expression profiles in different anther developmental stages were further investigated by using RT-qPCR analysis. These results provide valuable information for further functional characterization and application of the ZmPGs in maize.
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Liao J, Chen Z, Wei X, Tao K, Zhang J, Qin X, Pan Z, Ma W, Pan L, Yang S, Wang M, Ou X, Chen S. Identification of pollen and pistil polygalacturonases in Nicotiana tabacum and their function in interspecific stigma compatibility. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2020; 33:173-190. [PMID: 32880726 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-020-00393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The pollen and pistil polygalacturonases in Nicotiana tabacum were identified and found to regulate pollen tube growth and interspecific compatibility. Polygalacturonase (PG) is one of the enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of pectin. This process plays important roles in the pollen and pistil. In this research, the pollen and pistil PGs in Nicotiana tabacum (NtPGs) were identified, and their expression, localization and the potential function in the pollen and interspecific stigma incompatibility were explored. The results showed that 118 NtPGs were retrieved from the genome of N. tabacum. The phylogenetic tree and RT-qPCR analysis led to the identification of 10 pollen PGs; among them, two, seven and one showed specifically higher expression levels in the early development of anthers, during pollen maturation and in mature anthers, respectively, indicating their function difference. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that PGs were located in the cytoplasm of (1) mature pollen and (2) in vitro grown pollen tubes, as well as in the wall of in vivo grown pollen tubes. Four NtPGs in clade A were identified as the pistil PGs, and the pistil PGs were not found in clade E. Significantly higher PGs expression was recorded after incompatible pollination in comparison with the compatible stigma, indicating a potential function of PGs in regulating stigma incompatibility. The influence of PGs on pollen tube growth was explored in vitro and partly in vivo, showing that high PGs activity inhibited pollen tube growth. The application of PGs on the otherwise compatible stigma resulted in pollen tube growth inhibition or failure of germination. These results further supported that increased PGs expression in incompatible stigma might be partially responsible for the interspecific stigma incompatibility in Nicotiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jugou Liao
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Diseases and Pests, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Diseases & Pests, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhiyun Chen
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Diseases and Pests, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Diseases & Pests, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xuemei Wei
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Diseases and Pests, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Diseases & Pests, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Keliang Tao
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Diseases and Pests, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Diseases & Pests, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Diseases and Pests, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Diseases & Pests, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xiaojun Qin
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Diseases and Pests, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Diseases & Pests, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zihui Pan
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Diseases and Pests, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Diseases & Pests, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Wenguang Ma
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Yuxi, 653100, China
| | - Lei Pan
- Yuxi China Tobacco Seed Co., Ltd., Yuxi, 653100, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Yuxi China Tobacco Seed Co., Ltd., Yuxi, 653100, China
| | | | - Xiaokun Ou
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Diseases and Pests, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Diseases & Pests, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Suiyun Chen
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Diseases and Pests, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Diseases & Pests, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, China.
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Ye J, Yang X, Yang Z, Niu F, Chen Y, Zhang L, Song X. Comprehensive analysis of polygalacturonase gene family highlights candidate genes related to pollen development and male fertility in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PLANTA 2020; 252:31. [PMID: 32740680 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03435-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Four polygalacturonase gene family members were highlighted that contribute to elucidate the roles of polygalacturonase during the fertility conversion process in male-sterile wheat. Polygalacturonase (PG) belongs to a large family of hydrolases with important functions in cell separation during plant growth and development via the degradation of pectin. Specific expressed PGs in anthers may be significant for male sterility research and hybrid wheat breeding, but they have not been characterized in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this study, we systematically studied the PG gene family using the latest published wheat reference genomic information. In total, 113 wheat PG genes were identified, which could be classified into six categories A-F according to their structure characteristics and phylogenetic comparisons with Arabidopsis and rice. Polyploidy and segmental duplications in wheat were proved to be mainly responsible for the expansion of the wheat PG gene family. RNA-seq showed that TaPGs have specific temporal and spatial expression characteristics, in which 12 TaPGs with spike-specific expression patterns were detected by qRT-PCR in different fertility anthers of KTM3315A, a thermo-sensitive cytoplasmic male-sterile wheat. Four of them specific upregulated (TaPG09, TaPG95, and TaPG93) or downregulated (TaPG87) at trinucleate stage of fertile anthers, and further aligning with the homologous in Arabidopsis revealed that they may undertake functions such as anther dehiscence, separation of pollen, pollen development, and pollen tube elongation, thereby inducing male fertility conversion in KTM3315A. These findings facilitate function investigations of the wheat PG gene family and provide new insights into the fertility conversion mechanism in male-sterile wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Ye
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuetong Yang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiquan Yang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fuqiang Niu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanru Chen
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiyue Song
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Reconsidering conventional and innovative methods for pectin extraction from fruit and vegetable waste: Targeting rhamnogalacturonan I. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Li C, Ma X, Huang X, Wang H, Wu H, Zhao M, Li J. Involvement of HD-ZIP I transcription factors LcHB2 and LcHB3 in fruitlet abscission by promoting transcription of genes related to the biosynthesis of ethylene and ABA in litchi. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1600-1613. [PMID: 31222320 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal fruitlet abscission is a limiting factor in the production of litchi, an economically important fruit in Southern Asia. Both ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) induce organ abscission in plants. Although ACS/ACO and NCED genes are known to encode key enzymes required for ethylene and ABA biosynthesis, respectively, the transcriptional regulation of these genes is unclear in the process of plant organ shedding. Here, two polygalacturonase (PG) genes (LcPG1 and LcPG2) and two novel homeodomain-leucine zipper I transcription factors genes (LcHB2 and LcHB3) were identified as key genes associated with the fruitlet abscission in litchi. The expression of LcPG1 and LcPG2 was strongly associated with litchi fruitlet abscission, consistent with enhanced PG activity and reduced homogalacturonan content in fruitlet abscission zones (FAZs). The promoter activities of LcPG1/2 were enhanced by ethephon and ABA. In addition, the production of ethylene and ABA in fruitlets was significantly increased during fruit abscission. Consistently, expression of five genes (LcACO2, LcACO3, LcACS1, LcACS4 and LcACS7) related to ethylene biosynthesis and one gene (LcNCED3) related to ABA biosynthesis in FAZs were activated. Further, electrophoretic mobility shift assays and transient expression experiments demonstrated that both LcHB2 and LcHB3 could directly bind to the promoter of LcACO2/3, LcACS1/4/7 and LcNCED3 genes and activate their expression. Collectively, we propose that LcHB2/3 are involved in the litchi fruitlet abscission through positive regulation of ethylene and ABA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingshuai Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuming Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huicong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minglei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Ge T, Huang X, Pan X, Zhang J, Xie R. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of citrus fruitlet abscission-related polygalacturonase genes. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:250. [PMID: 31218174 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polygalacturonases (PGs) encoded by a relatively large gene family are involved in plant organ abscission, but few data is available in citrus. Here, to explore the role of PGs in citrus fruitlet abscission (CFA), we have obtained 38 citrus PG (CitPG) members, based on the citrus genome sequences. The ORF length varied from 378 to 2418 bp, encoding proteins with theoretical pI and molecular mass ranging from 4.83 to 9.92 and from 13,951.71 to 85,542.28, respectively. Most CitPGs contained no less than 3 introns, suggesting a high probability of alternative splicing. Phylogenetic tree revealed that all PGs could be divided into three groups, in which 9 CitPGs, including CitPG2, CitPG3, CitPG10, CitPG24, CitPG27, CitPG29, CitPG30, CitPG33 and CitPG34 possessed a close relationship with abscission-associated PGs, indicating their role in CFA. Expression analysis further demonstrated that CitPG2, CitPG29 and CitPG34 might be involved in CFA, the expression levels of which could be induced by ethylene, inhibited by IAA and increased during CFA. The findings in this study have provided a foundation for future studies to elucidate the roles of CitPGs in CFA.
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Wang D, Yeats TH, Uluisik S, Rose JKC, Seymour GB. Fruit Softening: Revisiting the Role of Pectin. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:302-310. [PMID: 29429585 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fruit softening, which is a major determinant of shelf life and commercial value, is the consequence of multiple cellular processes, including extensive remodeling of cell wall structure. Recently, it has been shown that pectate lyase (PL), an enzyme that degrades de-esterified pectin in the primary wall, is a major contributing factor to tomato fruit softening. Studies of pectin structure, distribution, and dynamics have indicated that pectins are more tightly integrated with cellulose microfibrils than previously thought and have novel structural features, including branches of the main polymer backbone. Moreover, recent studies of the significance of pectinases, such as PL and polygalacturonase, are consistent with a causal relationship between pectin degradation and a major effect on fruit softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoduo Wang
- Plant and Crop Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Trevor H Yeats
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Selman Uluisik
- Colemerik Vocational School, Hakkari University, University Street, Karsiyaka Neighborhood 30000, Hakkari, Turkey
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Graham B Seymour
- Plant and Crop Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
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Yang Y, Yu Y, Liang Y, Anderson CT, Cao J. A Profusion of Molecular Scissors for Pectins: Classification, Expression, and Functions of Plant Polygalacturonases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1208. [PMID: 30154820 PMCID: PMC6102391 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the construction, differentiation, maturation, and degradation of the cell wall are essential for development. Pectins, which are major constituents of primary cell walls in eudicots, function in multiple developmental processes through their synthesis, modification, and degradation. Several pectin modifying enzymes regulate pectin degradation via different modes of action. Polygalacturonases (PGs), which function in the last step of pectin degradation, are a crucial class of pectin-modifying enzymes. Based on differences in their hydrolyzing activities, PGs can be divided into three main types: exo-PGs, endo-PGs, and rhamno-PGs. Their functions were initially investigated based on the expression patterns of PG genes and measurements of total PG activity in organs. In most plant species, PGs are encoded by a large, multigene family. However, due to the lack of genome sequencing data in early studies, the number of identified PG genes was initially limited. Little was initially known about the evolution and expression patterns of PG family members in different species. Furthermore, the functions of PGs in cell dynamics and developmental processes, as well as the regulatory pathways that govern these functions, are far from fully understood. In this review, we focus on how recent studies have begun to fill in these blanks. On the basis of identified PG family members in multiple species, we review their structural characteristics, classification, and molecular evolution in terms of plant phylogenetics. We also highlight the diverse expression patterns and biological functions of PGs during various developmental processes, as well as their mechanisms of action in cell dynamic processes. How PG functions are potentially regulated by hormones, transcription factors, environmental factors, pH and Ca2+ is discussed, indicating directions for future research into PG function and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture – Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youjian Yu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture – Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Charles T. Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, United States
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, United States
| | - Jiashu Cao
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture – Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiashu Cao,
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Jiang C, Johkan M, Hohjo M, Tsukagoshi S, Ebihara M, Nakaminami A, Maruo T. Photosynthesis, plant growth, and fruit production of single-truss tomato improves with supplemental lighting provided from underneath or within the inner canopy. SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE 2017; 222:221-229. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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13
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Xiao C, Barnes WJ, Zamil MS, Yi H, Puri VM, Anderson CT. Activation tagging of Arabidopsis POLYGALACTURONASE INVOLVED IN EXPANSION2 promotes hypocotyl elongation, leaf expansion, stem lignification, mechanical stiffening, and lodging. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:1159-1173. [PMID: 28004869 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is the most abundant component of primary cell walls in eudicot plants. The modification and degradation of pectin affects multiple processes during plant development, including cell expansion, organ initiation, and cell separation. However, the extent to which pectin degradation by polygalacturonases affects stem development and secondary wall formation remains unclear. Using an activation tag screen, we identified a transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana line with longer etiolated hypocotyls, which overexpresses a gene encoding a polygalacturonase. We designated this gene as POLYGALACTURONASE INVOLVED IN EXPANSION2 (PGX2), and the corresponding activation tagged line as PGX2AT . PGX2 is widely expressed in young seedlings and in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and siliques of adult plants. PGX2-GFP localizes to the cell wall, and PGX2AT plants show higher total polygalacturonase activity and smaller pectin molecular masses than wild-type controls, supporting a function for this protein in apoplastic pectin degradation. A heterologously expressed, truncated version of PGX2 also displays polygalacturonase activity in vitro. Like previously identified PGX1AT plants, PGX2AT plants have longer hypocotyls and larger rosette leaves, but they also uniquely display early flowering, earlier stem lignification, and lodging stems with enhanced mechanical stiffness that is possibly due to decreased stem thickness. Together, these results indicate that PGX2 both functions in cell expansion and influences secondary wall formation, providing a possible link between these two developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowen Xiao
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - William J Barnes
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - M Shafayet Zamil
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Hojae Yi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Virendra M Puri
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Merelo P, Agustí J, Arbona V, Costa ML, Estornell LH, Gómez-Cadenas A, Coimbra S, Gómez MD, Pérez-Amador MA, Domingo C, Talón M, Tadeo FR. Cell Wall Remodeling in Abscission Zone Cells during Ethylene-Promoted Fruit Abscission in Citrus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:126. [PMID: 28228766 PMCID: PMC5296326 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Abscission is a cell separation process by which plants can shed organs such as fruits, leaves, or flowers. The process takes place in specific locations termed abscission zones. In fruit crops like citrus, fruit abscission represents a high percentage of annual yield losses. Thus, understanding the molecular regulation of abscission is of capital relevance to control production. To identify genes preferentially expressed within the citrus fruit abscission zone (AZ-C), we performed a comparative transcriptomics assay at the cell type resolution level between the AZ-C and adjacent fruit rind cells (non-abscising tissue) during ethylene-promoted abscission. Our strategy combined laser microdissection with microarray analysis. Cell wall modification-related gene families displayed prominent representation in the AZ-C. Phylogenetic analyses of such gene families revealed a link between phylogenetic proximity and expression pattern during abscission suggesting highly conserved roles for specific members of these families in abscission. Our transcriptomic data was validated with (and strongly supported by) a parallel approach consisting on anatomical, histochemical and biochemical analyses on the AZ-C during fruit abscission. Our work identifies genes potentially involved in organ abscission and provides relevant data for future biotechnology approaches aimed at controlling such crucial process for citrus yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paz Merelo
- Centre de Genòmica, Institut Valencià d' AgràriesValència, Spain
| | - Javier Agustí
- Centre de Genòmica, Institut Valencià d' AgràriesValència, Spain
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Centre de Genòmica, Institut Valencià d' AgràriesValència, Spain
| | - Mário L. Costa
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | | | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume ICastelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Silvia Coimbra
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - María D. Gómez
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Acción Hormonal en Plantas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasValencia, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Pérez-Amador
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Acción Hormonal en Plantas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasValencia, Spain
| | - Concha Domingo
- Centre de Genòmica, Institut Valencià d' AgràriesValència, Spain
| | - Manuel Talón
- Centre de Genòmica, Institut Valencià d' AgràriesValència, Spain
| | - Francisco R. Tadeo
- Centre de Genòmica, Institut Valencià d' AgràriesValència, Spain
- *Correspondence: Francisco R. Tadeo
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Roongsattham P, Morcillo F, Fooyontphanich K, Jantasuriyarat C, Tragoonrung S, Amblard P, Collin M, Mouille G, Verdeil JL, Tranbarger TJ. Cellular and Pectin Dynamics during Abscission Zone Development and Ripe Fruit Abscission of the Monocot Oil Palm. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:540. [PMID: 27200017 PMCID: PMC4844998 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) fruit primary abscission zone (AZ) is a multi-cell layered boundary region between the pedicel (P) and mesocarp (M) tissues. To examine the cellular processes that occur during the development and function of the AZ cell layers, we employed multiple histological and immunohistochemical methods combined with confocal, electron and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy approaches. During early fruit development and differentiation of the AZ, the orientation of cell divisions in the AZ was periclinal compared with anticlinal divisions in the P and M. AZ cell wall width increased earlier during development suggesting cell wall assembly occurred more rapidly in the AZ than the adjacent P and M tissues. The developing fruit AZ contain numerous intra-AZ cell layer plasmodesmata (PD), but very few inter-AZ cell layer PD. In the AZ of ripening fruit, PD were less frequent, wider, and mainly intra-AZ cell layer localized. Furthermore, DAPI staining revealed nuclei are located adjacent to PD and are remarkably aligned within AZ layer cells, and remain aligned and intact after cell separation. The polarized accumulation of ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and vesicles suggested active secretion at the tip of AZ cells occurred during development which may contribute to the striated cell wall patterns in the AZ cell layers. AZ cells accumulated intracellular pectin during development, which appear to be released and/or degraded during cell separation. The signal for the JIM5 epitope, that recognizes low methylesterified and un-methylesterified homogalacturonan (HG), increased in the AZ layer cell walls prior to separation and dramatically increased on the separated AZ cell surfaces. Finally, FT-IR microspectroscopy analysis indicated a decrease in methylesterified HG occurred in AZ cell walls during separation, which may partially explain an increase in the JIM5 epitope signal. The results obtained through a multi-imaging approach allow an integrated view of the dynamic developmental processes that occur in a multi-layered boundary AZ and provide evidence for distinct regulatory mechanisms that underlie oil palm fruit AZ development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kim Fooyontphanich
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementMontpellier, France
| | | | - Somvong Tragoonrung
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Genome InstitutePathum Thani, Thailand
| | | | - Myriam Collin
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementMontpellier, France
| | - Gregory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique -AgroParisTechERL3559 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France
| | | | - Timothy J. Tranbarger
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementMontpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Timothy J. Tranbarger
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Liang Y, Yu Y, Shen X, Dong H, Lyu M, Xu L, Ma Z, Liu T, Cao J. Dissecting the complex molecular evolution and expression of polygalacturonase gene family in Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 89:629-46. [PMID: 26506823 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polygalacturonases (PGs) participate in pectin disassembly of cell wall and belong to one of the largest hydrolase families in plants. In this study, we identified 99 PG genes in Brassica rapa. Comprehensive analysis of phylogeny, gene structures, physico-chemical properties and coding sequence evolution demonstrated that plant PGs should be classified into seven divergent clades and each clade's members had specific sequence and structure characteristics, and/or were under specific selection pressures. Genomic distribution and retention rate analysis implied duplication events and biased retention contributed to PG family's expansion. Promoter divergence analysis using "shared motif method" revealed a significant correlation between regulatory and coding sequence evolution of PGs, and proved Clades A and E were of ancient origin. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that expression patterns of PGs displayed group specificities in B. rapa. Particularly, nearly half of PG family members, especially those of Clades C, D and F, closely relates to reproductive development. Most duplicates showed similar expression profiles, suggesting dosage constraints accounted for preservation after duplication. Promoter-GUS assay further indicated PGs' extensive roles and possible redundancy during reproductive development. This work can provide a scientific classification of plant PGs, dissect the internal relationships between their evolution and expressions, and promote functional researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liang
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Youjian Yu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, 311300, China.
| | - Xiuping Shen
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Heng Dong
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Meiling Lyu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Liai Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Zhiming Ma
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Tingting Liu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Jiashu Cao
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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18
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Kirsch R, Gramzow L, Theißen G, Siegfried BD, Ffrench-Constant RH, Heckel DG, Pauchet Y. Horizontal gene transfer and functional diversification of plant cell wall degrading polygalacturonases: Key events in the evolution of herbivory in beetles. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 52:33-50. [PMID: 24978610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are the largest reservoir of organic carbon on earth. To breach and utilize this carbohydrate-rich protective barrier, microbes secrete plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) targeting pectin, cellulose and hemicelluloses. There is a growing body of evidence that genomes of some herbivorous insects also encode PCWDEs, raising questions about their evolutionary origins and functions. Among herbivorous beetles, pectin-degrading polygalacturonases (PGs) are found in the diverse superfamilies Chrysomeloidea (leaf beetles, long-horn beetles) and Curculionoidea (weevils). Here our aim was to test whether these arose from a common ancestor of beetles or via horizontal gene transfer (HGT), and whether PGs kept their ancestral function in degrading pectin or evolved novel functions. Transcriptome data derived from 10 beetle species were screened for PG-encoding sequences and used for phylogenetic comparisons with their bacterial, fungal and plant counterparts. These analyses revealed a large family of PG-encoding genes of Chrysomeloidea and Curculionoidea sharing a common ancestor, most similar to PG genes of ascomycete fungi. In addition, 50 PGs from beetle digestive systems were heterologously expressed and functionally characterized, showing a set of lineage-specific consecutively pectin-degrading enzymes, as well as conserved but enzymatically inactive PG proteins. The evidence indicates that a PG gene was horizontally transferred ∼200 million years ago from an ascomycete fungus to a common ancestor of Chrysomeloidea and Curculionoidea. This has been followed by independent duplications in these two lineages, as well as independent replacement in two sublineages of Chrysomeloidea by two other subsequent HGTs. This origin, leading to subsequent functional diversification of the PG gene family within its new hosts, was a key event promoting the evolution of herbivory in these beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Kirsch
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Lydia Gramzow
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Günter Theißen
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Blair D Siegfried
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, 312A Entomology Hall, Lincoln, 68583-0816 NE, United States
| | | | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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19
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Ireland HS, Gunaseelan K, Muddumage R, Tacken EJ, Putterill J, Johnston JW, Schaffer RJ. Ethylene regulates Apple (Malus x domestica) fruit softening through a dose x time-dependent mechanism and through differential sensitivities and dependencies of cell wall-modifying genes. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1005-16. [PMID: 24553848 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In fleshy fruit species that have a strong requirement for ethylene to ripen, ethylene is synthesized autocatalytically, producing increasing concentrations as the fruits ripen. Apple fruit with the ACC OXIDASE 1 (ACO1) gene suppressed cannot produce ethylene autocatalytically at ripening. Using these apple lines, an ethylene sensitivity dependency model was previously proposed, with traits such as softening showing a high dependency for ethylene as well as low sensitivity. In this study, it is shown that the molecular control of fruit softening is a complex process, with different cell wall-related genes being independently regulated and exhibiting differential sensitivities to and dependencies on ethylene at the transcriptional level. This regulation is controlled through a dose × time mechanism, which results in a temporal transcriptional response that would allow for progressive cell wall disassembly and thus softening. This research builds on the sensitivity dependency model and shows that ethylene-dependent traits can progress over time to the same degree with lower levels of ethylene. This suggests that a developmental clock measuring cumulative ethylene controls the fruit ripening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary S Ireland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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20
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Guerriero G, Giorno F, Folgado R, Printz B, Baric S, Hausman JF. Callose and cellulose synthase gene expression analysis from the tight cluster to the full bloom stage and during early fruit development in Malus × domestica. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2013; 127:173-183. [PMID: 23934062 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-013-0586-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Apple (Malus × domestica) is an economically important temperate fruit-bearing crop which belongs to the family of Rosaceae and its pomaceous fruit is one of the most commonly cultivated. Several studies have demonstrated that the cell wall plays a pivotal role during flower and fruit development. It takes active part in pollen tube growth and contributes to determine the fruit firmness trait through the action of cell wall-related enzymes (i.e. polygalacturonase and pectinmethylesterase). We have investigated the expression of callose and cellulose synthase genes during flowering from tight cluster to anthesis and during early fruit development in domesticated apple. We also link the changes observed in gene expression to the profile of soluble non-structural carbohydrates at different developmental stages of flowers/fruitlets and to the qualitative results linked to wall polysaccharides' composition obtained through near-infrared spectroscopy. This work represents an important addition to the study of tree physiology with respect to the analysis of the expression of callose and cellulose synthase genes during flower and early fruit development in domesticated apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gea Guerriero
- Laimburg Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), 39040, Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy,
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21
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Jiang J, Jiang J, Qiu L, Miao Y, Yao L, Cao J. Identification of gene expression profile during fertilization in Brassica campestris subsp. chinensis. Genome 2013; 56:39-48. [PMID: 23379337 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2012-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fertilization is controlled by a complex gene regulatory network. To study the fertilization mechanism, we determined time courses of the four developmental stages of fertilization in Chinese cabbage pak-choi (Brassica campestris subsp. chinensis) by cytological observation. We then used the Arabidopsis ATH1 microarray to characterize the gene expression profiles of pollinated and unpollinated pistils in B. campestris subsp. chinensis. The result showed 44 up-regulated genes and 33 down-regulated genes in pollinated pistils compared with unpollinated pistils. Gene ontology analysis identified 20% of the up-regulated genes as belonging to the category of cell wall metabolism. We compared the up-regulated genes in pollinated pistils with previously identified pollen development related genes. Ten genes were found to be in common, which were termed as continuously expressed genes, in the two processes in the present article. Their expression patterns during pollen development and fertilization processes were then verified by RT-PCR. One of the continuously expressed genes, the homologous gene of At3g01270 in B. campestris subsp. chinensis, was confirmed as specifically expressed in microspores and pollinated pistils by using in situ hybridization. The potential biological functions of the other continuously expressed genes were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiang
- a Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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22
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Roongsattham P, Morcillo F, Jantasuriyarat C, Pizot M, Moussu S, Jayaweera D, Collin M, Gonzalez-Carranza ZH, Amblard P, Tregear JW, Tragoonrung S, Verdeil JL, Tranbarger TJ. Temporal and spatial expression of polygalacturonase gene family members reveals divergent regulation during fleshy fruit ripening and abscission in the monocot species oil palm. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:150. [PMID: 22920238 PMCID: PMC3546427 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell separation that occurs during fleshy fruit abscission and dry fruit dehiscence facilitates seed dispersal, the final stage of plant reproductive development. While our understanding of the evolutionary context of cell separation is limited mainly to the eudicot model systems tomato and Arabidopsis, less is known about the mechanisms underlying fruit abscission in crop species, monocots in particular. The polygalacturonase (PG) multigene family encodes enzymes involved in the depolymerisation of pectin homogalacturonan within the primary cell wall and middle lamella. PG activity is commonly found in the separation layers during organ abscission and dehiscence, however, little is known about how this gene family has diverged since the separation of monocot and eudicots and the consequence of this divergence on the abscission process. RESULTS The objective of the current study was to identify PGs responsible for the high activity previously observed in the abscission zone (AZ) during fruit shedding of the tropical monocot oil palm, and to analyze PG gene expression during oil palm fruit ripening and abscission. We identified 14 transcripts that encode PGs, all of which are expressed in the base of the oil palm fruit. The accumulation of five PG transcripts increase, four decrease and five do not change during ethylene treatments that induce cell separation. One PG transcript (EgPG4) is the most highly induced in the fruit base, with a 700-5000 fold increase during the ethylene treatment. In situ hybridization experiments indicate that the EgPG4 transcript increases preferentially in the AZ cell layers in the base of the fruit in response to ethylene prior to cell separation. CONCLUSIONS The expression pattern of EgPG4 is consistent with the temporal and spatial requirements for cell separation to occur during oil palm fruit shedding. The sequence diversity of PGs and the complexity of their expression in the oil palm fruit tissues contrast with data from tomato, suggesting functional divergence underlying the ripening and abscission processes has occurred between these two fruit species. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of EgPG4 with PGs from other species suggests some conservation, but also diversification has occurred between monocots and eudicots, in particular between dry and fleshy fruit species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peerapat Roongsattham
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD Centre de Montpellier, IRD/CIRAD Palm Development Group, DIADE 911 avenue agropolis BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Fabienne Morcillo
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, CIRAD, UMR DIADE, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Chatchawan Jantasuriyarat
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkhen Campus, 50 Phahonyothin Road, Jatujak, Thailand
| | - Maxime Pizot
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD Centre de Montpellier, IRD/CIRAD Palm Development Group, DIADE 911 avenue agropolis BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Steven Moussu
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, CIRAD, UMR DIADE, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Dasuni Jayaweera
- Division, Loughborough, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, School of Biosciences, Plant Science, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Myriam Collin
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD Centre de Montpellier, IRD/CIRAD Palm Development Group, DIADE 911 avenue agropolis BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Zinnia H Gonzalez-Carranza
- Division, Loughborough, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, School of Biosciences, Plant Science, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | | | - James W Tregear
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD Centre de Montpellier, IRD/CIRAD Palm Development Group, DIADE 911 avenue agropolis BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Somvong Tragoonrung
- Genome Institute, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, BIOTEC, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Jean-Luc Verdeil
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement CIRAD, UMR AGAP, MRI-PHIV, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Timothy J Tranbarger
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD Centre de Montpellier, IRD/CIRAD Palm Development Group, DIADE 911 avenue agropolis BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Atkinson RG, Sutherland PW, Johnston SL, Gunaseelan K, Hallett IC, Mitra D, Brummell DA, Schröder R, Johnston JW, Schaffer RJ. Down-regulation of POLYGALACTURONASE1 alters firmness, tensile strength and water loss in apple (Malus x domestica) fruit. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:129. [PMID: 22856470 PMCID: PMC3509026 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While there is now a significant body of research correlating apple (Malus x domestica) fruit softening with the cell wall hydrolase ENDO-POLYGALACTURONASE1 (PG1), there is currently little knowledge of its physiological effects in planta. This study examined the effect of down regulation of PG1 expression in 'Royal Gala' apples, a cultivar that typically has high levels of PG1, and softens during fruit ripening. RESULTS PG1-suppressed 'Royal Gala' apples harvested from multiple seasons were firmer than controls after ripening, and intercellular adhesion was higher. Cell wall analyses indicated changes in yield and composition of pectin, and a higher molecular weight distribution of CDTA-soluble pectin. Structural analyses revealed more ruptured cells and free juice in pulled apart sections, suggesting improved integrity of intercellular connections and consequent cell rupture due to failure of the primary cell walls under stress. PG1-suppressed lines also had reduced expansion of cells in the hypodermis of ripe apples, resulting in more densely packed cells in this layer. This change in morphology appears to be linked with reduced transpirational water loss in the fruit. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm PG1's role in apple fruit softening and suggests that this is achieved in part by reducing cellular adhesion. This is consistent with previous studies carried out in strawberry but not with those performed in tomato. In apple PG1 also appears to influence other fruit texture characters such as juiciness and water loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Paul W Sutherland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sarah L Johnston
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kularajathevan Gunaseelan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ian C Hallett
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Deepali Mitra
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - David A Brummell
- PFR, Food Industry Science Centre, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Roswitha Schröder
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jason W Johnston
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Robert J Schaffer
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Bar-Peled M, Urbanowicz BR, O’Neill MA. The Synthesis and Origin of the Pectic Polysaccharide Rhamnogalacturonan II - Insights from Nucleotide Sugar Formation and Diversity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:92. [PMID: 22639675 PMCID: PMC3355719 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
There is compelling evidence showing that the structurally complex pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) exists in the primary cell wall as a borate cross-linked dimer and that this dimer is required for the assembly of a functional wall and for normal plant growth and development. The results of several studies have also established that RG-II structure and cross-linking is conserved in vascular plants and that RG-II likely appeared early in the evolution of land plants. Two features that distinguish RG-II from other plant polysaccharides are that RG-II is composed of 13 different glycoses linked to each other by up to 22 different glycosidic linkages and that RG-II is the only polysaccharide known to contain both apiose and aceric acid. Thus, one key event in land plant evolution was the emergence of genes encoding nucleotide sugar biosynthetic enzymes that generate the activated forms of apiose and aceric acid required for RG-II synthesis. Many of the genes involved in the generation of the nucleotide sugars used for RG-II synthesis have been functionally characterized. By contrast, only one glycosyltransferase involved in the assembly of RG-II has been identified. Here we provide an overview of the formation of the activated sugars required for RG-II synthesis and point to the possible cellular and metabolic processes that could be involved in assembling and controlling the formation of a borate cross-linked RG-II molecule. We discuss how nucleotide sugar synthesis is compartmentalized and how this may control the flux of precursors to facilitate and regulate the formation of RG-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maor Bar-Peled
- Department of Plant Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research, The University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA
- *Correspondence: Maor Bar-Peled, Department of Plant Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA. e-mail:
| | | | - Malcolm A. O’Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA
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Swain S, Kay P, Ogawa M. Preventing unwanted breakups: using polygalacturonases to regulate cell separation. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:93-7. [PMID: 21248492 PMCID: PMC3122015 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.1.14147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell separation is an important biological process in plants that is precisely regulated both spatially and temporally. Key separation events include abscission of organs such as leaves and fruit and dehiscence events such as pod shatter in canola and other Brassicas. Polygalacturonases (PGs) are enzymes essential for the degradation of pectin, an important component of the adhesive material between cells. Although there are around 70 PG genes with overlapping expression domains, recent analysis has revealed the function of several PGs in specific aspects of Arabidopsis reproductive development. Upstream regulators that control the expression domain of some of these PGs during reproductive development have also been identified. This information provides new strategies to control unwanted cell separation events in various crops.
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Intron loss mediated structural dynamics and functional differentiation of the polygalacturonase gene family in land plants. Genes Genomics 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-010-0076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Costa F, Peace CP, Stella S, Serra S, Musacchi S, Bazzani M, Sansavini S, Van de Weg WE. QTL dynamics for fruit firmness and softening around an ethylene-dependent polygalacturonase gene in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:3029-39. [PMID: 20462945 PMCID: PMC2892147 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Apple fruit are well known for their storage life, although a wide range of flesh softening occurs among cultivars. Loss of firmness is genetically coordinated by the action of several cell wall enzymes, including polygalacturonase (PG) which depolymerizes cell wall pectin. By the analysis of 'Fuji' (Fj) and 'Mondial Gala' (MG), two apple cultivars characterized by a distinctive ripening behaviour, the involvement of Md-PG1 in the fruit softening process was confirmed to be ethylene dependent by its transcript being down-regulated by 1-methylcyclopropene treatment in MG and in the low ethylene-producing cultivar Fj. Comparing the PG sequence of MG and Fj, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was discovered. Segregation of the Md-PG1(SNP) marker within a full-sib population, obtained by crossing Fj and MG, positioned Md-PG1 in the linkage group 10 of MG, co-located with a quantitative trait locus (QTL) identified for fruit firmness in post-harvest ripening. Fruit firmness and softening analysed in different stages, from harvest to post-storage, determined a shift of the QTL from the top of this linkage group to the bottom, where Md-ACO1, a gene involved in ethylene biosynthesis in apple, is mapped. This PG-ethylene-related gene has beeen positioned in the apple genome on chromosome 10, which contains several QTLs controlling fruit firmness and softening, and the interplay among the allelotypes of the linked loci should be considered in the design of a marker-assisted selection breeding scheme for apple texture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Costa
- Department of Fruit Tree and Woody Plant Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Chisari M, Barbagallo RN, Spagna G, Artés F. Distribution of degradative enzymatic activities in the mesocarp of two melon groups. Int J Food Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2010.02234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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A polygalacturonase inhibitory protein gene (BcMF19) expressed during pollen development in Chinese cabbage-pak-choi. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:545-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Huang L, Ye Y, Zhang Y, Zhang A, Liu T, Cao J. BcMF9, a novel polygalacturonase gene, is required for both Brassica campestris intine and exine formation. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 104:1339-51. [PMID: 19815569 PMCID: PMC2778392 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The polygalacturonase (PG) gene family has been found to be enriched in pollen of several species; however, little is currently known about the function of the PG gene in pollen development. To investigate the exact role that the PG gene has played in pollen development and about this family in general, one putative PG gene, Brassica campestris Male Fertility 9 (BcMF9), was isolated from Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis, syn. B. rapa ssp. chinensis) and characterized. METHODS RT-PCR, northern blotting and in situ hybridization were used to analyse the expression pattern of BcMF9, and antisense RNA technology was applied to study the function of this gene. KEY RESULTS BcMF9 is expressed in particular in the tapetum and microspore during the late stages of pollen development. Antisense RNA transgenic plants that displayed decreased expression of BcMF9 showed pollen morphological defects that resulted in reduced pollen germination efficiency. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the homogeneous pectic exintine layer of pollen facing the exterior was over-developed and predominantly occupied the intine, reversing the normal proportional distribution of the internal endintine layer and the external exintine in transgenic pollen. Inhibition of BcMF9 also resulted in break-up of the previously formed tectum and baculae from the beginning of the binucleate stage, as a result of premature degradation of tapetum. CONCLUSIONS Several lines of evidence, including patterns of BcMF9 expression and phenotypic defects, suggest a sporophytic role in exine patterning, and a gametophytic mode of action of BcMF9 in intine formation. BcMF9 might act as a co-ordinator in the late stages of tapetum degeneration, and subsequently in the regulation of wall material secretion and, in turn, exine formation. BcMF9 might also play a role in intine formation, possibly via regulation of the dynamic metabolism of pectin.
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Roy Choudhury S, Roy S, Sengupta DN. Characterization of cultivar differences in beta-1,3 glucanase gene expression, glucanase activity and fruit pulp softening rates during fruit ripening in three naturally occurring banana cultivars. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2009; 28:1641-53. [PMID: 19697038 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-009-0764-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
beta-1,3 glucanase (E.C.3.2.1.39) is the key enzyme involved in the hydrolytic cleavage of 1,3 beta-D glucosidic linkages in beta-1,3 glucans. This work describes a comparative analysis of expression patterns of beta-1,3 glucanase gene in relation to changes in fruit pulp softening rates in three banana cultivars, Rasthali (AAB), Kanthali (AB), and Monthan (ABB). Analysis of transcript and protein levels of beta-1,3 glucanase gene during ripening revealed differential timing in expression of the gene which correlated well with the variation in enzymatic activity of glucanase and fruit pulp softening rates in the three cultivars. Exogenously applied ethylene strongly induced beta-1,3 glucanase expression during the early ripening days in Rasthali, while the expression of the gene was marginally stimulated following ethylene treatment in preclimacteric Kanthali fruit. Conversely, in Monthan, beta-1,3 glucanase expression was very low throughout the ripening stages, and ethylene treatment did not induce the expression of the gene in this cultivar. Analysis of glucanase activity using protein extracts from unripe and ripe fruit of Monthan with crude cell wall polysaccharide fractions (used as substrate) indicated that the natural substrate for glucanase remained almost unutilized in this cultivar due to low in vivo glucanase activity. Furthermore, the recombinant beta-1,3 glucanase protein, overexpressed in E. coli, showed requirement for substrates with contiguous beta-1,3 linkages for optimal activity. Overall, our results provide new information on the expression profile of beta-1,3 glucanase gene in connection with the pattern of changes in fruit firmness at the physiological and molecular levels during ripening in three banana cultivars.
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García-Gago JA, Posé S, Muñoz-Blanco J, Quesada MA, Mercado JA. The polygalacturonase FaPG1 gene plays a key role in strawberry fruit softening. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2009; 4:766-768. [PMID: 19820312 PMCID: PMC2801395 DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.8.9167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The loss of firm texture is one of the most characteristic physiological processes that occur during the ripening of fleshy fruits. It is generally accepted that the disassembly of primary cell wall and middle lamella is the main factor involved in fruit softening. In this process, polygalacturonase (PG) has been implicated in the degradation of the polyuronide network in several fruits. However, the minor effect of PG downregulation on tomato softening, reported during the nineties, minimized the role of this enzyme in softening. Further works in other fruits are challenging this general assumption, as is occurring in strawberry. The strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) fruit undergoes an extensive and fast softening that limit its shelf life and postharvest. Traditionally, it has also been considered that PG plays a minor role on this process, due to the low PG activity found in ripened strawberry fruits. Transgenic strawberry plants expressing an antisense sequence of the ripening-specific PG gene FaPG1 have been generated to get an insight into the role of this gene in softening. Half of the transgenic lines analyzed yielded fruits significantly firmer than control, without being affected other fruit parameters such as weight, color or soluble solids. The increase on firmness was maintained after several days of posharvest. In these firmer lines, FaPG1 was silenced to 95%, but total PG activity was only minor reduced. At the cell wall level, transgenic fruits contained a higher amount of covalently bound pectins whereas the soluble fraction was diminished. A microarray analysis of genes expressed in ripened receptacle did not show any significant change between control and transgenic fruits. Thus, contrary to the most accepted view, it is concluded that PG plays a key role on pectin metabolism and softening of strawberry fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A García-Gago
- Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera, Centro de Churriana, Málaga, Spain
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33
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Quesada MA, Blanco-Portales R, Posé S, García-Gago JA, Jiménez-Bermúdez S, Muñoz-Serrano A, Caballero JL, Pliego-Alfaro F, Mercado JA, Muñoz-Blanco J. Antisense down-regulation of the FaPG1 gene reveals an unexpected central role for polygalacturonase in strawberry fruit softening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 150:1022-32. [PMID: 19395408 PMCID: PMC2689968 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.138297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa 'Chandler') fruit undergoes a fast softening during ripening. Polygalacturonase (PG) activity is low during this process, but two ripening-related PG genes, FaPG1 and FaPG2, have been cloned. Both genes were up-regulated during fruit ripening and were also negatively regulated by auxin. To further assess the role of FaPG1 on strawberry softening, transgenic plants containing an antisense sequence of this gene under the control of the 35S promoter (APG lines) were obtained. Sixteen out of 30 independent transgenic lines showed fruit yields similar to those of the control. Several quality parameters were measured in ripe fruits from these 16 lines. Fruit weight was slightly reduced in four lines, and most of them showed an increase in soluble solid content. Half of these lines yielded fruits significantly firmer than did the control. Four APG lines were selected, their ripened fruits being on average 163% firmer than the control. The postharvest softening of APG fruits was also diminished. Ripened fruits from the four selected lines showed a 90% to 95% decrease in FaPG1 transcript abundance, whereas the level of FaPG2 was not significantly altered. Total PG activity was reduced in three of these lines when compared with control fruits. Cell wall extracts from APG fruits showed a reduction in pectin solubilization and an increase in pectins covalently bound to the cell wall. A comparative transcriptomic analysis of gene expression between the ripened receptacle of the control and those of the APG fruits (comprising 1,250 receptacle expressed sequence tags) did not show any statistically significant change. These results indicate that FaPG1 plays a central role in strawberry softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Quesada
- Departemento Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Ogawa M, Kay P, Wilson S, Swain SM. ARABIDOPSIS DEHISCENCE ZONE POLYGALACTURONASE1 (ADPG1), ADPG2, and QUARTET2 are Polygalacturonases required for cell separation during reproductive development in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:216-33. [PMID: 19168715 PMCID: PMC2648098 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.063768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2008] [Revised: 12/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell separation is thought to involve degradation of pectin by several hydrolytic enzymes, particularly polygalacturonase (PG). Here, we characterize an activation tagging line with reduced growth and male sterility caused by increased expression of a PG encoded by QUARTET2 (QRT2). QRT2 is essential for pollen grain separation and is part of a small family of three closely related endo-PGs in the Arabidopsis thaliana proteome, including ARABIDOPSIS DEHISCENCE ZONE POLYGALACTURONASE1 (ADPG1) and ADPG2. Functional assays and complementation experiments confirm that ADPG1, ADPG2, and QRT2 are PGs. Genetic analysis demonstrates that ADPG1 and ADPG2 are essential for silique dehiscence. In addition, ADPG2 and QRT2 contribute to floral organ abscission, while all three genes contribute to anther dehiscence. Expression analysis is consistent with the observed mutant phenotypes. INDEHISCENT (IND) encodes a putative basic helix-loop-helix required for silique dehiscence, and we demonstrate that the closely related HECATE3 (HEC3) gene is required for normal seed abscission and show that IND and HEC3 are required for normal expression of ADPG1 in the silique dehiscence zone and seed abscission zone, respectively. We also show that jasmonic acid and ethylene act together with abscisic acid to regulate floral organ abscission, in part by promoting QRT2 expression. These results demonstrate that multiple cell separation events, including both abscission and dehiscence, require closely related PG genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikihiro Ogawa
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Private Mail bag, Merbein, Victoria 3505, Australia
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35
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Huang L, Cao J, Zhang A, Ye Y, Zhang Y, Liu T. The polygalacturonase gene BcMF2 from Brassica campestris is associated with intine development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:301-13. [PMID: 19039102 PMCID: PMC3071776 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Brassica campestris Male Fertility 2 (BcMF2) is a putative polygalacturonase (PG) gene previously isolated from the flower bud of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino, syn. B. rapa ssp. chinensis). This gene was found to be expressed specifically in tapetum and pollen after the tetrad stage of anther development. Antisense RNA technology was used to study the function of BcMF2 in Chinese cabbage. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that there were deformities in the transgenic mature pollen grains such as abnormal location of germinal furrows. In addition, the homogeneous pectic exintine layer facing the exterior seemed to be overdeveloped and predominantly occupied the intine, thus reversing the normal proportional distribution of the internal endintine layer and the external exintine layer. Since it is a continuation of the intine layer, the pollen tube wall could not grow normally. This resulted in the formation of a balloon-like swelling structure in the pollen tube tip in nearly 80% of the transgenic pollen grains. Premature degradation of tapetum was also found in these transgenic plants, which displayed decreased expression of the BcMF2 gene. BcMF2 might therefore encode a new PG with an important role in pollen wall development, possibly via regulation of pectin's dynamic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiashu Cao
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Nuñez-Palenius HG, Gomez-Lim M, Ochoa-Alejo N, Grumet R, Lester G, Cantliffe DJ. Melon fruits: genetic diversity, physiology, and biotechnology features. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008; 28:13-55. [PMID: 18322855 DOI: 10.1080/07388550801891111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Among Cucurbitaceae, Cucumis melo is one of the most important cultivated cucurbits. They are grown primarily for their fruit, which generally have a sweet aromatic flavor, with great diversity and size (50 g to 15 kg), flesh color (orange, green, white, and pink), rind color (green, yellow, white, orange, red, and gray), form (round, flat, and elongated), and dimension (4 to 200 cm). C. melo can be broken down into seven distinct types based on the previously discussed variations in the species. The melon fruits can be either climacteric or nonclimacteric, and as such, fruit can adhere to the stem or have an abscission layer where they will fall from the plant naturally at maturity. Traditional plant breeding of melons has been done for 100 years wherein plants were primarily developed as open-pollinated cultivars. More recently, in the past 30 years, melon improvement has been done by more traditional hybridization techniques. An improvement in germplasm is relatively slow and is limited by a restricted gene pool. Strong sexual incompatibility at the interspecific and intergeneric levels has restricted rapid development of new cultivars with high levels of disease resistance, insect resistance, flavor, and sweetness. In order to increase the rate and diversity of new traits in melon it would be advantageous to introduce new genes needed to enhance both melon productivity and melon fruit quality. This requires plant tissue and plant transformation techniques to introduce new or foreign genes into C. melo germplasm. In order to achieve a successful commercial application from biotechnology, a competent plant regeneration system of in vitro cultures for melon is required. More than 40 in vitro melon regeneration programs have been reported; however, regeneration of the various melon types has been highly variable and in some cases impossible. The reasons for this are still unknown, but this plays a heavy negative role on trying to use plant transformation technology to improve melon germplasm. In vitro manipulation of melon is difficult; genotypic responses to the culture method (i.e., organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, etc.) as well as conditions for environmental and hormonal requirements for plant growth and regeneration continue to be poorly understood for developing simple in vitro procedures to culture and transform all C. melo genotypes. In many cases, this has to be done on an individual line basis. The present paper describes the various research findings related to successful approaches to plant regeneration and transgenic transformation of C. melo. It also describes potential improvement of melon to improve fruit quality characteristics and postharvest handling. Despite more than 140 transgenic melon field trials in the United States in 1996, there are still no commercial transgenic melon cultivars on the market. This may be a combination of technical or performance factors, intellectual property rights concerns, and, most likely, a lack of public acceptance. Regardless, the future for improvement of melon germplasm is bright when considering the knowledge base for both techniques and gene pools potentially useable for melon improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector G Nuñez-Palenius
- Plant Genetic Engineering Department, Guanajuato Campus. Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav-IPN), National Polytechnic Institute, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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Bennett AB, Labavitch JM. Ethylene and ripening-regulated expression and function of fruit cell wall modifying proteins. PLANT SCIENCE 2008; 175:130-136. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Moreno E, Obando JM, Dos-Santos N, Fernández-Trujillo JP, Monforte AJ, Garcia-Mas J. Candidate genes and QTLs for fruit ripening and softening in melon. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2008; 116:589-602. [PMID: 18094954 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-007-0694-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Different factors affect the quality of melon fruit and among them long shelf life is critical from the consumer's point of view. In melon, cultivars showing both climacteric and non-climacteric ripening types are found. In this study we have investigated climacteric ripening and fruit softening using a collection of near-isogenic lines (NILs) derived from the non-climacteric melon parental lines PI 161375 (SC) and "Piel de Sapo" (PS). Surprisingly, we found that QTL eth3.5 in NIL SC3-5b induced a climacteric-ripening phenotype with increased respiration and ethylene levels. Data suggest that the non-climacteric phenotypes from PI 161375 and "Piel de Sapo" may be the result of mutations in different genes. Several QTLs for fruit flesh firmness were also detected. Candidate genes putatively involved in ethylene regulation, biosynthesis and perception and cell wall degradation were mapped and some colocations with QTLs were observed. These results may provide additional data towards understanding of non-climacteric ripening in melon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Moreno
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica CSIC-IRTA-UAB, Carretera de Cabrils Km2, 08348, Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
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39
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Park KC, Kwon SJ, Kim PH, Bureau T, Kim NS. Gene structure dynamics and divergence of the polygalacturonase gene family of plants and fungus. Genome 2008; 51:30-40. [DOI: 10.1139/g07-093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Whole copies of the polygalacturonase (PG) genes from rice ( Oryza sativa subsp. japonica) and a filamentous fungus ( Aspergillus oryzae ) were isolated. The orthologs of the rice PGs were also retrieved from other plant species. The 106 plant PGs analyzed were divided into 5 clades, A, B, C, D, and E. The fungus PGs were classified into 3 clades, of which one formed a loose cluster with clade E of the plant PGs. Four domain motifs (I, II, III, IV) were identified in all PGs. Motifs II and III were split by introns such as G/DDC and CGPGHGIS/IGSLG, respectively. In plant PGs there were 446 introns in total and 3.98 introns per gene. Intron phase distribution was 65.5% for phase 0, 19.7% for phase 1, and 14.8% for phase 2 in plant PGs. In the PGs of A. oryzae there were 37 introns of phase 0 (59.5%), phase 1 (24.3%), and phase 2 (16.2%), with 2.47 introns per gene. The 5 clades of plant PGs were divided into 3 basic gene structure lineages. Intron positions and phases were conserved among the PGs in the first 2 lineages. The third lineage consisted of PGs of clade E, which also carried highly conserved introns at different positions from other PGs. Intron positions were not as highly conserved in fungus PGs as in plant PGs. The introns in the current PGs have been present since before the divergence of monocots from dicots. The results obtained show that differential losses of introns created gene diversity, which was followed by segmental and tandem duplication in plant PGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.-C. Park
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea 200-701
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea, 200-701
| | - S.-J. Kwon
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea 200-701
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea, 200-701
| | - P.-H. Kim
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea 200-701
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea, 200-701
| | - T. Bureau
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea 200-701
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea, 200-701
| | - N.-S. Kim
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea 200-701
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea, 200-701
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40
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Lefever G, Vieuille M, Delage N, harlingue A, de
Monteclerc J, Bompeix G. Characterization of Cell Wall Enzyme Activities, Pectin Composition, and Technological Criteria of Strawberry Cultivars (Fragaria
×ananassa
Duch). J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.tb06320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Agüero-Chapin G, González-Díaz H, Molina R, Varona-Santos J, Uriarte E, González-Díaz Y. Novel 2D maps and coupling numbers for protein sequences. The first QSAR study of polygalacturonases; isolation and prediction of a novel sequence fromPsidium guajavaL. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:723-30. [PMID: 16413021 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of 2D graph-theoretic representations for DNA sequences was very important for qualitative and quantitative comparison of sequences. Calculation of numeric features for these representations is useful for DNA-QSAR studies. Most of all graph-theoretic representations identify each one of the four bases with a unitary walk in one axe direction in the 2D space. In the case of proteins, twenty amino acids instead of four bases have to be considered. This fact has limited the introduction of useful 2D Cartesian representations and the corresponding sequences descriptors to encode protein sequence information. In this study, we overcome this problem grouping amino acids into four groups: acid, basic, polar and non-polar amino acids. The identification of each group with one of the four axis directions determines a novel 2D representation and numeric descriptors for proteins sequences. Afterwards, a Markov model has been used to calculate new numeric descriptors of the protein sequence. These descriptors are called herein the sequence 2D coupling numbers (zeta(k)). In this work, we calculated the zeta(k) values for 108 sequences of different polygalacturonases (PGs) and for 100 sequences of other proteins. A Linear Discriminant Analysis model derived here (PG=5.36.zeta1-3.98.zeta3-42.21) successfully discriminates between PGs and other proteins. The model correctly classified 100% of a subset of 81 PGs and 75 non-PG proteins sequences used to train the model. The model also correctly classified 51 out of 52 (98.07%) of proteins sequences used as external validation series. The uses of different group of amino acids and/or axes orientation give different results, so it is suggested to be explored for other databases. Finally, to illustrates the use of the model we report the isolation and prediction of the PG action for a novel sequence (AY908988) isolated by our group from Psidium guajava L. This prediction coincides very well with sequence alignment results found by the BLAST methodology. These findings illustrate the possibilities of the sequence descriptors derived for this novel 2D sequence representation in proteins sequence QSAR studies.
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42
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Morgutti S, Negrini N, Nocito FF, Ghiani A, Bassi D, Cocucci M. Changes in endopolygalacturonase levels and characterization of a putative endo-PG gene during fruit softening in peach genotypes with nonmelting and melting flesh fruit phenotypes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 171:315-28. [PMID: 16866939 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The changes in endopolygalacturonase (endo-PG) levels and endo-PG expression in nonmelting flesh (NMF) and melting flesh (MF) peach fruits (Prunus persica) during softening were studied. The endo-PG gene was analysed to identify polymorphisms exploitable for early marker-assisted selection (MAS) of flesh texture. The role of endo-PG in softening was assessed by western and northern blotting and by biochemical analyses. Polymorphisms in the endo-PG gene were revealed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing. An endo-PG protein was detected in both NMF and MF fruits. The levels of this endo-PG protein were higher and increased with softening in MF fruits, but remained lower and were constant in NMF fruits. The different levels of endo-PG appeared to be caused by the differential expression of an endo-PG gene, whose open-reading frame (ORF) showed five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in NMF 'Oro A' compared with MF 'Bolero'. One of these SNPs allowed us to determine the allelic configuration at the melting flesh (M) locus and also seemed to be exploitable for early MAS in other NMF/MF phenotypes. The NMF phenotype does not seem to be caused by a large deletion of the endo-PG gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morgutti
- Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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43
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Asif MH, Nath P. Expression of multiple forms of polygalacturonase gene during ripening in banana fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2005; 43:177-84. [PMID: 15820666 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2005.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The activity of polygalacturonase (PG, E.C 3.2.1.15) during ripening in climacteric fruits has been positively correlated with softening of the fruit tissue and differential expression of its gene is suspected to be regulated by the plant hormone ethylene. We have cloned four partial cDNAs, MAPG1 (acc. no. AF311881), MAPG2 (acc. no. AF311882), MAPG3 (acc. no. AF542382) and MAPG4 (acc. no. AY603341) for PG genes and studied their differential expression during ripening in banana. MAPG3 and MAPG4 are believed to be ripening related and regulated by ethylene whereas MAPG2 is associated more with senescence. MAPG1 shows constitutive expression and is not significantly expressed in fruit tissue. The genomic clone MAGPG (acc. No. AY603340) includes the complete MAPG3 gene, which consists of four exons and three introns. The structure of the gene has more similarity to tomato abscission PG rather than tomato fruit PG. It is concluded that softening during ripening in banana fruit results from the concerted action of at least four PG genes, which are differentially expressed during ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehar H Asif
- Plant Gene Expression Laboratory, National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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44
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Rodríguez-Gacio MDC, Nicolás C, Matilla AJ. Cloning and analysis of a cDNA encoding an endo-polygalacturonase expressed during the desiccation period of the silique-valves of turnip-tops (Brassica rapa L. cv. Rapa). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 161:219-227. [PMID: 15022837 DOI: 10.1078/0176-1617-01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
During zygotic embryogenesis of turnip-tops (Brassica rapa L. cv. Rapa), the polygalacturonase activity (PG; EC 3.2.1.15), measured as a decrease in viscosity of polygalacturonic acid, reached a high when the desiccation process in the seeded silique was triggered and the valves had lost more than 70-75% of their moisture (45-50 DPA). The PG activity was not detected in any phases of developing seeds. This work also characterizes a cDNA with an open reading frame of 1303 bp and that codes for a putative PG called BrPG1. This falls into the category of clade-B, which includes PG related to shattering and abscission processes. The deduced BrPG1 sequence predicted a 434-residue-long precursor protein (46.7kDa) with a transit peptide sequence 23 amino acids long. A molecular mass of 44.3 kDa was calculated for the mature form of BrPG1, which showed high sequence similarity to PGA1 (97%) of B. napus (X98373) and ADPG1 (87%) of Arabidopsis thaliana (AJ002532). All conserved amino acids at the catalytic site of PGs belonging to clade-B were preserved on BrPG1. This BrPG1 gene was specifically expressed in the silique valves of turnip-tops and was temporally expressed at the beginning of its desiccation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Carmen Rodríguez-Gacio
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur s/n. 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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45
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Rondeau-Mouro C, Crepeau MJ, Lahaye M. Application of CP-MAS and liquid-like solid-state NMR experiments for the study of the ripening-associated cell wall changes in tomato. Int J Biol Macromol 2003; 31:235-44. [PMID: 12568932 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-8130(02)00086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
13C and 1H NMR spectra of an ethanol insoluble material (EIM) prepared from the pericarp of mature-green (MG) and red-ripe (RR) tomato fruits were acquired in 'liquid-like' and cross-polarisation with dipolar decoupling and magic angle spinning (CPMAS) conditions using the same triple resonance probe. Such a strategy allowed acquisitions of various NMR experiments aimed at detecting compositional differences as well as distinguishing differences in molecular mobility for various constituent polysaccharides related with the two ripening stages. Increase of the proton dipolar decoupling power levels from 3 to 50-55 kHz during single pulse 13C acquisition, led to more intense signals for pectic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides. This behaviour was interpreted as reflecting motional restrictions of these polysaccharides inside the porous cell wall network. Measurements of the proton rotating frame relaxation times T(1rho) in the 'liquid-like' conditions and of the proton transverse relaxation times T(2) from CPMAS spectra, revealed changes in mobilities for some pectic polysaccharides in relation with ripening, particularly for the H1 and H5 protons of alpha-1,5 arabinan (Ara) side chains of rhamnogalacturonans. These data are discussed in relation with known pectic modifications occurring during ripening and associated with the tomato fruit softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Rondeau-Mouro
- Unité de Physico-Chimie des Macromolécules, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
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46
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Rao GU, Paran I. Polygalacturonase: a candidate gene for the soft flesh and deciduous fruit mutation in Capsicum. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 51:135-141. [PMID: 12602897 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020771906524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The soft flesh and deciduous fruit of pepper (Capsicum spp.) originated from the wild C. frutescens BG 2816 accession is a complete dominant trait controlled by the S gene. We constructed an F2 population from a cross of BG 2816 (SS) and the bell-type C. annuum cultivar Maor (ss) and determined that S cosegregated with the tomato fruit-specific endo-polygalacturonase (PG) gene. The soft flesh and deciduous fruit phenotypes were observed together in all F2 individuals, indicating a pleiotropic effect of PG on the two traits. We mapped S to pepper chromosome 10 in the region corresponding to that in which PG was previously mapped in tomato. Northern, RT-PCR and western analyses and enzyme activity assays, collectively, indicated that PG is not detected in green, breaker or red fruits of Maor, nor in green fruits of BG 2816. Accumulation of PG mRNA and protein was detected in the fruits of BG 2816, and it increased during ripening from breaker to red stages. The sequence analysis of partial PG cDNA isolated from BG 2816 revealed high homology (87% identity) with the tomato PG. The resemblance of the soft flesh and deciduous fruit phenotypes to PG-associated phenotypes in other fruit crops, the complete linkage between S and PG, and the greater expression of PG in the fruits of BG 2816 than in those of Maor, all strongly indicate that PG is a candidate gene for S.
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Affiliation(s)
- G U Rao
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
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Périn C, Gomez-Jimenez M, Hagen L, Dogimont C, Pech JC, Latché A, Pitrat M, Lelièvre JM. Molecular and genetic characterization of a non-climacteric phenotype in melon reveals two loci conferring altered ethylene response in fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 129:300-9. [PMID: 12011360 PMCID: PMC155893 DOI: 10.1104/pp.010613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2001] [Revised: 11/01/2001] [Accepted: 02/04/2002] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening and abscission are associated with an ethylene burst in several melon (Cucumis melo) genotypes. In cantaloupe as in other climacteric fruit, exogenous ethylene can prematurely induce abscission, ethylene production, and ripening. Melon genotypes without fruit abscission or without ethylene burst also exist and are, therefore, non-climacteric. In the nonabscising melon fruit PI 161375, exogenous ethylene failed to stimulate abscission, loss of firmness, ethylene production, and expression of all target genes tested. However, the PI 161375 etiolated seedlings displayed the usual ethylene-induced triple response. Genetic analysis on a population of recombinant cantaloupe Charentais x PI 161375 inbred lines in segregation for fruit abscission and ethylene production indicated that both characters are controlled by two independent loci, abscission layer (Al)-3 and Al-4. The non-climacteric phenotype in fruit tissues is attributable to ethylene insensitivity conferred by the recessive allelic forms from PI 161375. Five candidate genes (two ACO, two ACS, and ERS) that were localized on the melon genetic map did not exhibit colocalization with Al-3 or Al-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Périn
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Station de Génétique et d'Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Domaine St. Maurice, Boîte Postale 94, 84143 Montfavet cedex, France
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48
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González-Carranza ZH, Whitelaw CA, Swarup R, Roberts JA. Temporal and spatial expression of a polygalacturonase during leaf and flower abscission in oilseed rape and Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 128:534-43. [PMID: 11842157 PMCID: PMC148916 DOI: 10.1104/pp.010610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2001] [Revised: 09/30/2001] [Accepted: 11/15/2001] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
During leaf abscission in oilseed rape (Brassica napus), cell wall degradation is brought about by the action of several hydrolytic enzymes. One of these is thought to be polygalacturonase (PG). Degenerate primers were used to isolate a PG cDNA fragment by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction from RNA extracted from ethylene-promoted leaf abscission zones (AZs), and in turn a full-length clone (CAW471) from an oilseed rape AZ cDNA library. The highest homology of this cDNA (82%) was to an Arabidopsis sequence that was predicted to encode a PG protein. Analysis of expression revealed that CAW471 mRNA accumulated in the AZ of leaves and reached a peak 24 h after ethylene treatment. Ethylene-promoted leaf abscission in oilseed rape was not apparent until 42 h after exposure to the gas, reaching 50% at 48 h and 100% by 56 h. In floral organ abscission, expression of CAW471 correlated with cell separation. Genomic libraries from oilseed rape and Arabidopsis were screened with CAW471 and the respective genomic clones PGAZBRAN and PGAZAT isolated. Characterization of these PG genes revealed that they had substantial homology within both the coding regions and in the 5'-upstream sequences. Fusion of a 1,476-bp 5'-upstream sequence of PGAZAT to beta-glucuronidase or green fluorescent protein and transformation of Arabidopsis revealed that this fragment was sufficient to drive expression of these reporter genes in the AZs at the base of the anther filaments, petals, and sepals.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Arabidopsis/enzymology
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/growth & development
- Brassica/enzymology
- Brassica/genetics
- Brassica/growth & development
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Plant/chemistry
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Ethylenes/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacology
- Plant Leaves/enzymology
- Plant Leaves/genetics
- Plant Leaves/growth & development
- Plant Stems/enzymology
- Plant Stems/genetics
- Plant Stems/growth & development
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Polygalacturonase/genetics
- Polygalacturonase/metabolism
- Seeds/enzymology
- Seeds/genetics
- Seeds/growth & development
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinnia Haydé González-Carranza
- Plant Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
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49
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Roberts JA, Elliott KA, Gonzalez-Carranza ZH. Abscission, dehiscence, and other cell separation processes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2002; 53:131-58. [PMID: 12221970 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.53.092701.180236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell separation is a critical process that takes place throughout the life cycle of a plant. It enables roots to emerge from germinating seeds, cotyledons, and leaves to expand, anthers to dehisce, fruit to ripen, and organs to be shed. The focus of this review is to examine how processes such as abscission and dehiscence are regulated and the ways new research strategies are helping us to understand the mechanisms involved in bringing about a reduction in cell-to-cell adhesion. The opportunities for using this information to manipulate cell separation for the benefit of agriculture and horticulture are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Roberts
- Division of Plant Science, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leics LE12 5RD, United Kingdom.
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50
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D'INNOCENZO MARISA, LAJOLO FRANCOMARIA. EFFECT OF GAMMA IRRADIATION ON SOFTENING CHANGES AND ENZYME ACTIVITIES DURING RIPENING OF PAPAYA FRUIT. J Food Biochem 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2001.tb00750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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