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Anandachar MS, Roy S, Sinha S, Boadi A, Katkar GD, Ghosh P. Diverse gut pathogens exploit the host engulfment pathway via a conserved mechanism. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105390. [PMID: 37890785 PMCID: PMC10696401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages clear infections by engulfing and digesting pathogens within phagolysosomes. Pathogens escape this fate by engaging in a molecular arms race; they use WxxxE motif-containing "effector" proteins to subvert the host cells they invade and seek refuge within protective vacuoles. Here, we define the host component of the molecular arms race as an evolutionarily conserved polar "hot spot" on the PH domain of ELMO1 (Engulfment and Cell Motility protein 1), which is targeted by diverse WxxxE effectors. Using homology modeling and site-directed mutagenesis, we show that a lysine triad within the "patch" directly binds all WxxxE effectors tested: SifA (Salmonella), IpgB1 and IpgB2 (Shigella), and Map (enteropathogenic Escherichia coli). Using an integrated SifA-host protein-protein interaction network, in silico network perturbation, and functional studies, we show that the major consequences of preventing SifA-ELMO1 interaction are reduced Rac1 activity and microbial invasion. That multiple effectors of diverse structure, function, and sequence bind the same hot spot on ELMO1 suggests that the WxxxE effector(s)-ELMO1 interface is a convergence point of intrusion detection and/or host vulnerability. We conclude that the interface may represent the fault line in coevolved molecular adaptations between pathogens and the host, and its disruption may serve as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahitha Shree Anandachar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Suchismita Roy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Saptarshi Sinha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Agyekum Boadi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Gajanan D Katkar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
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2
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Teixeira SC, Teixeira TL, Tavares PCB, Alves RN, da Silva AA, Borges BC, Martins FA, Dos Santos MA, de Castilhos P, E Silva Brígido RT, Notário AFO, Silveira ACA, da Silva CV. Subversion strategies of lysosomal killing by intracellular pathogens. Microbiol Res 2023; 277:127503. [PMID: 37748260 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Many pathogenic organisms need to reach either an intracellular compartment or the cytoplasm of a target cell for their survival, replication or immune system evasion. Intracellular pathogens frequently penetrate into the cell through the endocytic and phagocytic pathways (clathrin-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis and macropinocytosis) that culminates in fusion with lysosomes. However, several mechanisms are triggered by pathogenic microorganisms - protozoan, bacteria, virus and fungus - to avoid destruction by lysosome fusion, such as rupture of the phagosome and thereby release into the cytoplasm, avoidance of autophagy, delaying in both phagolysosome biogenesis and phagosomal maturation and survival/replication inside the phagolysosome. Here we reviewed the main data dealing with phagosome maturation and evasion from lysosomal killing by different bacteria, protozoa, fungi and virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cota Teixeira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Thaise Lara Teixeira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Aline Alves da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna Cristina Borges
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Flávia Alves Martins
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marlus Alves Dos Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Castilhos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Claudio Vieira da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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3
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Chandrasekhar H, Mohapatra G, Kajal K, Singh M, Walia K, Rana S, Kaur N, Sharma S, Tuli A, Das P, Srikanth CV. SifA SUMOylation governs Salmonella Typhimurium intracellular survival via modulation of lysosomal function. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011686. [PMID: 37773952 PMCID: PMC10566704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the mechanisms shaping the pathophysiology during the infection of enteric pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium is host PTM machinery utilization by the pathogen encoded effectors. Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Tm) during infection in host cells thrives in a vacuolated compartment, Salmonella containing vacuole (SCV), which sequentially acquires host endosomal and lysosomal markers. Long tubular structures, called as Salmonella induced filaments (SIFs), are further generated by S. Tm, which are known to be required for SCV's nutrient acquisition, membrane maintenance and stability. A tightly coordinated interaction involving prominent effector SifA and various host adapters PLEKHM1, PLEKHM2 and Rab GTPases govern SCV integrity and SIF formation. Here, we report for the first time that the functional regulation of SifA is modulated by PTM SUMOylation at its 11th lysine. S. Tm expressing SUMOylation deficient lysine 11 mutants of SifA (SifAK11R) is defective in intracellular proliferation due to compromised SIF formation and enhanced lysosomal acidification. Furthermore, murine competitive index experiments reveal defective in vivo proliferation and weakened virulence of SifAK11R mutant. Concisely, our data reveal that SifAK11R mutant nearly behaves like a SifA knockout strain which impacts Rab9-MPR mediated lysosomal acidification pathway, the outcome of which culminates in reduced bacterial load in in vitro and in vivo infection model systems. Our results bring forth a novel pathogen-host crosstalk mechanism where the SUMOylation of effector SifA regulated S. Tm intracellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gayatree Mohapatra
- Systems Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kirti Kajal
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Mukesh Singh
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Kshitiz Walia
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sarika Rana
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Universite´ Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | - Amit Tuli
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prasenjit Das
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
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4
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Anandachar MS, Roy S, Sinha S, Agyekum B, Ibeawuchi SR, Gementera H, Amamoto A, Katkar GD, Ghosh P. Diverse Gut Pathogens Exploit the Host Engulfment Pathway via a Conserved Mechanism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.09.536168. [PMID: 37066267 PMCID: PMC10104235 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.09.536168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages clear infections by engulfing and digesting pathogens within phagolysosomes. Pathogens escape this fate by engaging in a molecular arms race; they use WxxxE motif-containing effector proteins to subvert the host cells they invade and seek refuge within protective vacuoles. Here we define the host component of the molecular arms race as an evolutionarily conserved polar hotspot on the PH-domain of ELMO1 (Engulfment and Cell Motility1), which is targeted by diverse WxxxE-effectors. Using homology modeling and site-directed mutagenesis, we show that a lysine triad within the patch directly binds all WxxxE-effectors tested: SifA (Salmonella), IpgB1 and IpgB2 (Shigella), and Map (enteropathogenic E. coli). Using an integrated SifA-host protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, in-silico network perturbation, and functional studies we show that the major consequences of preventing SifA-ELMO1 interaction are reduced Rac1 activity and microbial invasion. That multiple effectors of diverse structure, function, and sequence bind the same hotpot on ELMO1 suggests that the WxxxE-effector(s)-ELMO1 interface is a convergence point of intrusion detection and/or host vulnerability. We conclude that the interface may represent the fault line in co-evolved molecular adaptations between pathogens and the host and its disruption may serve as a therapeutic strategy.
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5
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Heyman O, Yehezkel D, Ciolli Mattioli C, Blumberger N, Rosenberg G, Solomon A, Hoffman D, Bossel Ben-Moshe N, Avraham R. Paired single-cell host profiling with multiplex-tagged bacterial mutants reveals intracellular virulence-immune networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218812120. [PMID: 37399397 PMCID: PMC10334762 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218812120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Encounters between host cells and intracellular bacterial pathogens lead to complex phenotypes that determine the outcome of infection. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is increasingly used to study the host factors underlying diverse cellular phenotypes but has limited capacity to analyze the role of bacterial factors. Here, we developed scPAIR-seq, a single-cell approach to analyze infection with a pooled library of multiplex-tagged, barcoded bacterial mutants. Infected host cells and barcodes of intracellular bacterial mutants are both captured by scRNA-seq to functionally analyze mutant-dependent changes in host transcriptomes. We applied scPAIR-seq to macrophages infected with a library of Salmonella Typhimurium secretion system effector mutants. We analyzed redundancy between effectors and mutant-specific unique fingerprints and mapped the global virulence network of each individual effector by its impact on host immune pathways. ScPAIR-seq is a powerful tool to untangle bacterial virulence strategies and their complex interplay with host defense strategies that drive infection outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ori Heyman
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Dror Yehezkel
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Camilla Ciolli Mattioli
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Neta Blumberger
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Gili Rosenberg
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Aryeh Solomon
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Dotan Hoffman
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Noa Bossel Ben-Moshe
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Roi Avraham
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
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Meng K, Yang J, Xue J, Lv J, Zhu P, Shi L, Li S. A host E3 ubiquitin ligase regulates Salmonella virulence by targeting an SPI-2 effector involved in SIF biogenesis. MLIFE 2023; 2:141-158. [PMID: 38817622 PMCID: PMC10989757 DOI: 10.1002/mlf2.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium creates an intracellular niche for its replication by utilizing a large cohort of effectors, including several that function to interfere with host ubiquitin signaling. Although the mechanism of action of many such effectors has been elucidated, how the interplay between the host ubiquitin network and bacterial virulence factors dictates the outcome of infection largely remains undefined. In this study, we found that the SPI-2 effector SseK3 inhibits SNARE pairing to promote the formation of a Salmonella-induced filament by Arg-GlcNAcylation of SNARE proteins, including SNAP25, VAMP8, and Syntaxin. Further study reveals that host cells counteract the activity of SseK3 by inducing the expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM32, which catalyzes K48-linked ubiquitination on SseK3 and targets its membrane-associated portion for degradation. Hence, TRIM32 antagonizes SNAP25 Arg-GlcNAcylation induced by SseK3 to restrict Salmonella-induced filament biogenesis and Salmonella replication. Our study reveals a mechanism by which host cells inhibit bacterial replication by eliminating specific virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Meng
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe HospitalHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
| | - Jin Yang
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe HospitalHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
| | - Juan Xue
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe HospitalHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
| | - Jun Lv
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe HospitalHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
| | - Ping Zhu
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe HospitalHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
| | - Liuliu Shi
- School of Basic Medical ScienceHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
| | - Shan Li
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe HospitalHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Biomedicine and HealthHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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7
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Claviere M, Lavedrine A, Lamiral G, Bonnet M, Verlhac P, Petkova DS, Espert L, Duclaux-Loras R, Lucifora J, Rivoire M, Boschetti G, Nancey S, Rozières A, Viret C, Faure M. Measles virus-imposed remodeling of the autophagy machinery determines the outcome of bacterial coinfection. Autophagy 2023; 19:858-872. [PMID: 35900944 PMCID: PMC9980578 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2107309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is admitted that secondary infection can complicate viral diseases, the consequences of viral infection on cell susceptibility to other infections remain underexplored at the cellular level. We though to examine whether the sustained macroautophagy/autophagy associated with measles virus (MeV) infection could help cells oppose invasion by Salmonella Typhimurium, a bacterium sensitive to autophagic restriction. We report here the unexpected finding that Salmonella markedly replicated in MeV-infected cultures due to selective growth within multinucleated cells. Hyper-replicating Salmonella localized outside of LAMP1-positive compartments to an extent that equaled that of the predominantly cytosolic sifA mutant Salmonella. Bacteria were subjected to effective ubiquitination but failed to be targeted by LC3 despite an ongoing productive autophagy. Such a phenotype could not be further aggravated upon silencing of the selective autophagy regulator TBK1 or core autophagy factors ATG5 or ATG7. MeV infection also conditioned primary human epithelial cells for augmented Salmonella replication. The analysis of selective autophagy receptors able to target Salmonella revealed that a lowered expression level of SQSTM1/p62 and TAX1BP1/T6BP autophagy receptors prevented effective anti-Salmonella autophagy in MeV-induced syncytia. Conversely, as SQSTM1/p62 is promoting the cytosolic growth of Shigella flexneri, MeV infection led to reduced Shigella replication. The results indicate that the rarefaction of dedicated autophagy receptors associated with MeV infection differentially affects the outcome of bacterial coinfection depending on the nature of the functional relationship between bacteria and such receptors. Thus, virus-imposed reconfiguration of the autophagy machinery can be instrumental in determining the fate of bacterial coinfection.Abbreviations: ACTB/β-ACTIN: actin beta; ATG: autophagy related; BAFA1: bafilomycin A1; CFU: colony-forming units; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; FIP: fusion inhibitory peptide; GFP: green fluorescent protein; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LIR: MAP1LC3/LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MeV: measles virus; MOI: multiplicity of infection; OPTN: optineurin; PHH: primary human hepatocyte; SCV: Salmonella-containing vacuoles; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; S. flexneri: Shigella flexneri; S. Typhimurium: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium; TAX1BP1/T6BP: Tax1 binding protein 1; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Claviere
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Aude Lavedrine
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Guénaëlle Lamiral
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mariette Bonnet
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pauline Verlhac
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Denitsa S. Petkova
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Lucile Espert
- IRIM, University of Montpellier, UMR 9004 CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Rémi Duclaux-Loras
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Femme-Mère-Enfant Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Julie Lucifora
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Gilles Boschetti
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lyon-Sud university hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Nancey
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lyon-Sud university hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Aurore Rozières
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Viret
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mathias Faure
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM, France
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Zaldívar-López S, Herrera-Uribe J, Bautista R, Jiménez Á, Moreno Á, Claros MG, Garrido JJ. Salmonella Typhimurium induces genome-wide expression and phosphorylation changes that modulate immune response, intracellular survival and vesicle transport in infected neutrophils. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:104597. [PMID: 36450302 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is a food-borne pathogen that causes salmonellosis. When in contact with the host, neutrophils are rapidly recruited to act as first line of defense. To better understand the pathogenesis of this infection, we used an in vitro model of neutrophil infection to perform dual RNA-sequencing (both host and pathogen). In addition, and given that many pathogens interfere with kinase-mediated phosphorylation in host signaling, we performed a phosphoproteomic analysis. The immune response was overall diminished in infected neutrophils, mainly JAK/STAT and toll-like receptor signaling pathways. We found decreased expression of proinflammatory cytokine receptor genes and predicted downregulation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAPK) signaling pathway. Also, Salmonella infection inhibited interferons I and II signaling pathways by upregulation of SOCS3 and subsequent downregulation of STAT1 and STAT2. Additionally, phosphorylation of PSMC2 and PSMC4, proteasome regulatory proteins, was decreased in infected neutrophils. Cell viability and survival was increased by p53 signaling, cell cycle arrest and NFkB-proteasome pathways activation. Combined analysis of RNA-seq and phosphoproteomics also revealed inhibited vesicle transport mechanisms mediated by dynein/dynactin and exocyst complexes, involved in ER-to-Golgi transport and centripetal movement of lysosomes and endosomes. Among the overexpressed virulence genes from Salmonella we found potential effectors responsible of these dysregulations, such as spiC, sopD2, sifA or pipB2, all of them involved in intracellular replication. Our results suggest that Salmonella induces (through overexpression of virulence factors) transcriptional and phosphorylation changes that increases neutrophil survival and shuts down immune response to minimize host response, and impairing intracellular vesicle transport likely to keep nutrients for replication and Salmonella-containing vacuole formation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zaldívar-López
- Grupo de Inmunogenómica y Patogénesis Molecular, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), GA-14 Research Group, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Juber Herrera-Uribe
- Grupo de Inmunogenómica y Patogénesis Molecular, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rocío Bautista
- Plataforma Andaluza de Bioinformática, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ángeles Jiménez
- Grupo de Inmunogenómica y Patogénesis Molecular, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ángela Moreno
- Grupo de Inmunogenómica y Patogénesis Molecular, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M Gonzalo Claros
- Plataforma Andaluza de Bioinformática, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan J Garrido
- Grupo de Inmunogenómica y Patogénesis Molecular, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), GA-14 Research Group, Córdoba, Spain
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9
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Fang Z, Méresse S. Endomembrane remodeling and dynamics in Salmonella infection. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2022; 9:24-41. [PMID: 35127930 PMCID: PMC8796136 DOI: 10.15698/mic2022.02.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellae are bacteria that cause moderate to severe infections in humans, depending on the strain and the immune status of the infected host. These pathogens have the particularity of residing in the cells of the infected host. They are usually found in a vacuolar compartment that the bacteria shape with the help of effector proteins. Following invasion of a eukaryotic cell, the bacterial vacuole undergoes maturation characterized by changes in localization, composition and morphology. In particular, membrane tubules stretching over the microtubule cytoskeleton are formed from the bacterial vacuole. Although these tubules do not occur in all infected cells, they are functionally important and promote intracellular replication. This review focuses on the role and significance of membrane compartment remodeling observed in infected cells and the bacterial and host cell pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Fang
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
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10
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Sayed IM, Ibeawuchi SR, Lie D, Anandachar MS, Pranadinata R, Raffatellu M, Das S. The interaction of enteric bacterial effectors with the host engulfment pathway control innate immune responses. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1991776. [PMID: 34719317 PMCID: PMC8565811 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1991776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Host engulfment protein ELMO1 generates intestinal inflammation following internalization of enteric bacteria. In Shigella, bacterial effector IpgB1 interacts with ELMO1 and promotes bacterial invasion. IpgB1 belongs to the WxxxE effector family, a motif found in several effectors of enteric pathogens. Here, we have studied the role of WxxxE effectors, with emphasis on Salmonella SifA and whether it interacts with ELMO1 to regulate inflammation. In-silico-analysis of WxxxE effectors was performed using BLAST search and Clustal W program. The interaction of ELMO1 with SifA was assessed by GST pulldown assay and co-immunoprecipitation. ELMO1 knockout mice, and ELMO1-depleted murine macrophage J774 cell lines were challenged with WT and SifA mutant Salmonella. Bacterial effectors containing the WxxxE motif were transfected in WT and ELMO1-depleted J774 cells to assess the inflammatory cytokines. ELMO1 generates differential pro-inflammatory cytokines between pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria. WxxxE motif is present in pathogens and in the TIR domain of host proteins. The C-terminal part of ELMO1 interacts with SifA where WxxxE motif is important for interaction. ELMO1-SifA interaction affects bacterial colonization, dissemination, and inflammatory cytokines in vivo. Moreover, ELMO1-SifA interaction increases TNF-α and IL-6 production from the macrophage cell line and is associated with enhanced Rac1 activity. ELMO1 also interacts with WxxxE effectors IpgB1, IpgB2, and Map and induces inflammation after challenge with microbes or microbial ligands. ELMO1 generates a differential response through interaction with the WxxxE motif, which is absent in commensals. ELMO1-WxxxE interaction plays a role in bacterial pathogenesis and induction of inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Dominique Lie
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Rama Pranadinata
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, University of California San Diego, LA Jolla, CA, USA,Center for Mucosal Immunology, Chiba University-UC San Diego, La Jolla, CAUSA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,CONTACT Soumita Das Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mc 0644, George Palade Laboratory, Office Rm 256, San Diego, Ca, 92093-0644, USA
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11
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Quantitative proteomic screen identifies annexin A2 as a host target for Salmonella pathogenicity island-2 effectors SopD2 and PipB2. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23630. [PMID: 34880286 PMCID: PMC8655068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02795-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens need to establish an intracellular replicative niche to promote survival and replication within the hostile environment inside the host cell. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) initiates formation of the unique Salmonella-containing vacuole and an extensive network of Salmonella-induced tubules in order to survive and thrive within host cells. At least six effectors secreted by the type III secretion system encoded within Salmonella pathogenicity island-2 (SPI-2), namely SifA, SopD2, PipB2, SteA, SseJ, and SseF, purportedly manipulate host cell intracellular trafficking and establish the intracellular replicative niche for S. Typhimurium. The phenotypes of these effectors are both subtle and complex, complicating elucidation of the mechanism underpinning host cell manipulation by S. Typhimurium. In this work we used stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) and a S. Typhimurium mutant that secretes increased amounts of effectors to identify cognate effector binding partners during infection. Using this method, we identified the host protein annexin A2 (AnxA2) as a binding partner for both SopD2 and PipB2 and were able to confirm its binding to SopD2 and PipB2 by reciprocal pull down, although there was a low level of non-specific binding of SopD2-2HA and PipB2-2HA to the Ni-Sepharose beads present. We further showed that knockdown of AnxA2 altered the intracellular positioning of the Salmonella containing vacuole (SCV). This suggests that AnxA2 plays a role in the subcellular positioning of the SCV which could potentially be mediated through protein–protein interactions with either SopD2 or PipB2. This demonstrates the value of studying effector interactions using proteomic techniques and natural effector delivery during infection rather than transfection.
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12
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Fang Z, Fallet M, Moest T, Gorvel JP, Méresse S. The Salmonella effector SifA initiates a kinesin-1 and kinesin-3 recruitment process mirroring that mediated by Arl8a/b. J Cell Sci 2021; 135:273658. [PMID: 34878110 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When intracellular, pathogenic Salmonella reside in a membrane compartment composed of interconnected vacuoles and tubules, the formation of which depends on the translocation of bacterial effectors into the host cell. Cytoskeletons and their molecular motors are prime targets for these effectors. In this study, we show that the microtubule molecular motor KIF1Bß, a member of the kinesin-3 family, is a key element for the establishment of the Salmonella replication niche as its absence is detrimental to the stability of bacterial vacuoles and the formation of associated tubules. Kinesin-3 interacts with the Salmonella effector SifA but also with SKIP, a host protein complexed to SifA. The interaction with SifA is essential for the recruitment of kinesin-3 on Salmonella vacuoles while that with SKIP is incidental. In the non-infectious context, however, the interaction with SKIP is essential for the recruitment and activity of kinesin-3 on a part of lysosomes. Finally, our results show that in infected cells, the presence of SifA establishes a kinesin-1 and kinesin-3 recruitment pathway that is analogous to and functions independently of that mediated by the Arl8a/b GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Fang
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Mathieu Fallet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Tomas Moest
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
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13
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Vaughn B, Abu Kwaik Y. Idiosyncratic Biogenesis of Intracellular Pathogens-Containing Vacuoles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:722433. [PMID: 34858868 PMCID: PMC8632064 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.722433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While most bacterial species taken up by macrophages are degraded through processing of the bacteria-containing vacuole through the endosomal-lysosomal degradation pathway, intravacuolar pathogens have evolved to evade degradation through the endosomal-lysosomal pathway. All intra-vacuolar pathogens possess specialized secretion systems (T3SS-T7SS) that inject effector proteins into the host cell cytosol to modulate myriad of host cell processes and remodel their vacuoles into proliferative niches. Although intravacuolar pathogens utilize similar secretion systems to interfere with their vacuole biogenesis, each pathogen has evolved a unique toolbox of protein effectors injected into the host cell to interact with, and modulate, distinct host cell targets. Thus, intravacuolar pathogens have evolved clear idiosyncrasies in their interference with their vacuole biogenesis to generate a unique intravacuolar niche suitable for their own proliferation. While there has been a quantum leap in our knowledge of modulation of phagosome biogenesis by intravacuolar pathogens, the detailed biochemical and cellular processes affected remain to be deciphered. Here we discuss how the intravacuolar bacterial pathogens Salmonella, Chlamydia, Mycobacteria, Legionella, Brucella, Coxiella, and Anaplasma utilize their unique set of effectors injected into the host cell to interfere with endocytic, exocytic, and ER-to-Golgi vesicle traffic. However, Coxiella is the main exception for a bacterial pathogen that proliferates within the hydrolytic lysosomal compartment, but its T4SS is essential for adaptation and proliferation within the lysosomal-like vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Vaughn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Yousef Abu Kwaik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Center for Predictive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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14
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Röder J, Felgner P, Hensel M. Single-cell analyses reveal phosphate availability as critical factor for nutrition of Salmonella enterica within mammalian host cells. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13374. [PMID: 34160116 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STM) is an invasive, facultative intracellular pathogen and acquisition of nutrients from host cells is essential for survival and proliferation of intracellular STM. The nutritional environment of intracellular STM is only partially understood. We deploy bacteria harbouring reporter plasmids to interrogate the environmental cues acting on intracellular STM, and flow cytometry allows analyses on level of single STM. Phosphorus is a macro-element for cellular life, and in STM inorganic phosphate (Pi ), homeostasis is mediated by the two-component regulatory system PhoBR, resulting in expression of the high affinity phosphate transporter pstSCAB-phoU. Using fluorescent protein reporters, we investigated Pi availability for intracellular STM at single-cell level over time. We observed that Pi concentration in the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) is limiting and activates the promoter of pstSCAB-phoU encoding a high affinity phosphate uptake system. Correlation between reporter activation by STM in defined media and in host cells indicates Pi concentration less 10 μM within the SCV. STM proliferating within the SCV experience increasing Pi limitations. Activity of the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2)-encoded type III secretion system (T3SS) is crucial for efficient intracellular proliferation, and SPI2-T3SS-mediated endosomal remodelling also reliefs Pi limitation. STM that are released from SCV to enter the cytosol of epithelial cells did not indicate Pi limitations. Addition of Pi to culture media of infected cells partially relieved Pi limitations in the SCV, as did inhibition of intracellular proliferation. We conclude that availability of Pi is critical for intracellular lifestyle of STM, and Pi acquisition is maintained by multiple mechanisms. Our work demonstrates the use of bacterial pathogens as sensitive single-cell reporters for their environment in host cell or host organisms. TAKE AWAY: Salmonella strains were engineered to report their intracellular niche and the availability of inorganic phosphate (Pi ) on level of single intracellular bacteria Within the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV), Pi is limited and limitation increases with bacterial proliferation Salmonella located in host cell cytosol are not limited in Pi availability Remodelling of the host cell endosomal system mediated by T3SS-2 reliefs Pi limitation in the SCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Röder
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Pascal Felgner
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,CellNanOs-Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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15
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Reuter T, Scharte F, Franzkoch R, Liss V, Hensel M. Single cell analyses reveal distinct adaptation of typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars to intracellular lifestyle. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009319. [PMID: 34143852 PMCID: PMC8244875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a common foodborne, facultative intracellular enteropathogen. Human-restricted typhoidal S. enterica serovars Typhi (STY) or Paratyphi A (SPA) cause severe typhoid or paratyphoid fever, while many S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (STM) strains have a broad host range and in human hosts usually lead to a self-limiting gastroenteritis. Due to restriction of STY and SPA to primate hosts, experimental systems for studying the pathogenesis of typhoid and paratyphoid fever are limited. Therefore, STM infection of susceptible mice is commonly considered as model system for studying these diseases. The type III secretion system encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2-T3SS) is a key factor for intracellular survival of Salmonella. Inside host cells, the pathogen resides within the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) and induces tubular structures extending from the SCV, termed Salmonella-induced filaments (SIF). This study applies single cell analyses approaches, which are flow cytometry of Salmonella harboring dual fluorescent protein reporters, effector translocation, and correlative light and electron microscopy to investigate the fate and activities of intracellular STY and SPA. The SPI2-T3SS of STY and SPA is functional in translocation of effector proteins, SCV and SIF formation. However, only a low proportion of intracellular STY and SPA are actively deploying SPI2-T3SS and STY and SPA exhibited a rapid decline of protein biosynthesis upon experimental induction. A role of SPI2-T3SS for proliferation of STY and SPA in epithelial cells was observed, but not for survival or proliferation in phagocytic host cells. Our results indicate that reduced intracellular activities are factors of the stealth strategy of STY and SPA and facilitate systemic spread and persistence of the typhoidal Salmonella. Typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi (STY) and Paratyphi A (SPA) cause a major disease burden to the human population. The restriction of these pathogens to human hosts limits experimental analyses of molecular mechanisms of diseases. S. enterica serovar Typhimurium is commonly used as surrogate model for typhoidal Salmonella (TS), and allowed the identification of virulence factors for intracellular lifestyle of S. enterica in mammalian host cells. If virulence factors, such as the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2-encoded type III secretion system (SPI2-T3SS) have similar roles for intracellular lifestyle of TS is largely unknown. We analyzed, on single cell level, the intracellular activities of STY and SPA in comparison to STM. STY and SPA deploy SPI2-T3SS to actively manipulate their host cells, but with far lower frequency than STM. Our work supports a model of TS as stealth pathogens that persist in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Reuter
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Felix Scharte
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Rico Franzkoch
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- iBiOs–integrated Bioimaging Facility Osnabrück, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Viktoria Liss
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- iBiOs–integrated Bioimaging Facility Osnabrück, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- CellNanOs–Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- * E-mail:
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16
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Singh MK, Zangoui P, Yamanaka Y, Kenney LJ. Genetic code expansion enables visualization of Salmonella type three secretion system components and secreted effectors. eLife 2021; 10:67789. [PMID: 34061032 PMCID: PMC8192122 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type three secretion systems enable bacterial pathogens to inject effectors into the cytosol of eukaryotic hosts to reprogram cellular functions. It is technically challenging to label effectors and the secretion machinery without disrupting their structure/function. Herein, we present a new approach for labeling and visualization of previously intractable targets. Using genetic code expansion, we site-specifically labeled SsaP, the substrate specificity switch, and SifA, a here-to-fore unlabeled secreted effector. SsaP was secreted at later infection times; SsaP labeling demonstrated the stochasticity of injectisome and effector expression. SifA was labeled after secretion into host cells via fluorescent unnatural amino acids or non-fluorescent labels and a subsequent click reaction. We demonstrate the superiority of imaging after genetic code expansion compared to small molecule tags. It provides an alternative for labeling proteins that do not tolerate N- or C-terminal tags or fluorophores and thus is widely applicable to other secreted effectors and small proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moirangthem Kiran Singh
- Mechanobiology Institute, T-Lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Parisa Zangoui
- Mechanobiology Institute, T-Lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Yuki Yamanaka
- Mechanobiology Institute, T-Lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Linda J Kenney
- Mechanobiology Institute, T-Lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
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17
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Röder J, Felgner P, Hensel M. Comprehensive Single Cell Analyses of the Nutritional Environment of Intracellular Salmonella enterica. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:624650. [PMID: 33834004 PMCID: PMC8021861 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.624650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The facultative intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (STM) resides in a specific membrane-bound compartment termed the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). STM is able to obtain all nutrients required for rapid proliferation, although being separated from direct access to host cell metabolites. The formation of specific tubular membrane compartments, called Salmonella-induced filaments (SIFs) are known to provides bacterial nutrition by giving STM access to endocytosed material and enabling proliferation. Additionally, STM expresses a range of nutrient uptake system for growth in nutrient limited environments to overcome the nutrition depletion inside the host. By utilizing dual fluorescence reporters, we shed light on the nutritional environment of intracellular STM in various host cells and distinct intracellular niches. We showed that STM uses nutrients of the host cell and adapts uniquely to the different nutrient conditions. In addition, we provide further evidence for improved nutrient supply by SIF formation or presence in the cytosol of epithelial cells, and the correlation of nutrient supply to bacterial proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Röder
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Pascal Felgner
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- CellNanOs – Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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18
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Sachdeva K, Sundaramurthy V. The Interplay of Host Lysosomes and Intracellular Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:595502. [PMID: 33330138 PMCID: PMC7714789 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.595502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are an integral part of the intracellular defense system against microbes. Lysosomal homeostasis in the host is adaptable and responds to conditions such as infection or nutritional deprivation. Pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Salmonella avoid lysosomal targeting by actively manipulating the host vesicular trafficking and reside in a vacuole altered from the default lysosomal trafficking. In this review, the mechanisms by which the respective pathogen containing vacuoles (PCVs) intersect with lysosomal trafficking pathways and maintain their distinctness are discussed. Despite such active inhibition of lysosomal targeting, emerging literature shows that different pathogens or pathogen derived products exhibit a global influence on the host lysosomal system. Pathogen mediated lysosomal enrichment promotes the trafficking of a sub-set of pathogens to lysosomes, indicating heterogeneity in the host-pathogen encounter. This review integrates recent advancements on the global lysosomal alterations upon infections and the host protective role of the lysosomes against these pathogens. The review also briefly discusses the heterogeneity in the lysosomal targeting of these pathogens and the possible mechanisms and consequences.
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19
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Meena B, Anburajan L, Selvaganapathi K, Vinithkumar NV, Dharani G. Characteristics and dynamics of Salmonella diversity and prevalence of biomarker genes in Port Blair Bays, South Andaman, India. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 160:111582. [PMID: 32882603 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans worldwide, and the infection with multidrug-resistant strains can cause severe diseases. Many coastal cities around the world discharge their wastewaters into the marine environment. These wastewaters contain a variety of pathogenic microorganisms that may have a role in the contamination of this ecosystem and have potential risks for public health. Using an environmental approach, the present study investigated the presence of Salmonella in sediment and water samples collected from Port Blair Bays. In this environmental approach, the provided information about the diversity of the Salmonella serovars, antibiotic resistance and the prevalence of virulence factors in Salmonella, especially from the coastal waters of Port Blair Bays. The occurrence of Salmonellae was significantly higher in water column samples (2.9%) than in those taken from the marine sediments (0.7%). Of the 133 positive Salmonella strains, 22 different serovars were identified. Salmonella enterica serovar Senftenberg was the predominant serovar, being represented by 54 isolates (42.5%), followed by serovar Typhimurium (19 isolates [15%]) and serovar Agona (12 isolates [9.4%]). The presence of virulence genes (filC, sitC, hilA, invA, sipC, hilD, hilC, invF, invE, invH, sipF, aadA, pare, gyrA, spaP and parC) and susceptibility studies with 10 selected antibiotics were also performed. The results of this study revealed that all Salmonella isolates were positive for targeted virulence genes and were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Antibiotic susceptibility studies revealed the presence of multidrug resistant Salmonella strains in coastal water, which usually from land base sources end up in the marine environment and may pose a significant risk on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balakrishnan Meena
- Atal Centre for Ocean Science and Technology for Islands, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Port Blair 744103, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.
| | - Lawrance Anburajan
- Atal Centre for Ocean Science and Technology for Islands, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Port Blair 744103, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Karuppaiya Selvaganapathi
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nambali Valsalan Vinithkumar
- Atal Centre for Ocean Science and Technology for Islands, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Port Blair 744103, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Gopal Dharani
- Marine Biotechnology Division, Ocean Science and Technology for Islands Group, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Chennai 600100, Tamil Nadu, India
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20
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Sukumaran A, Woroszchuk E, Ross T, Geddes-McAlister J. Proteomics of host-bacterial interactions: new insights from dual perspectives. Can J Microbiol 2020; 67:213-225. [PMID: 33027598 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2020-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mass-spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics is a powerful and robust platform for studying the interactions between biological systems during health and disease. Bacterial infections represent a significant threat to global health and drive the pursuit of novel therapeutic strategies to combat emerging and resistant pathogens. During infection, the interplay between a host and pathogen determines the ability of the microbe to survive in a hostile environment and promotes an immune response by the host as a protective measure. It is the protein-level changes from either biological system that define the outcome of infection, and MS-based proteomics provides a rapid and effective platform to identify such changes. In particular, proteomics detects alterations in protein abundance, quantifies protein secretion and (or) release, measures an array of post-translational modifications that influence signaling cascades, and profiles protein-protein interactions through protein complex and (or) network formation. Such information provides new insight into the role of known and novel bacterial effectors, as well as the outcome of host cell activation. In this Review, we highlight the diverse applications of MS-based proteomics in profiling the relationship between bacterial pathogens and the host. Our work identifies a plethora of strategies for exploring mechanisms of infection from dual perspectives (i.e., host and pathogen), and we suggest opportunities to extrapolate the current knowledgebase to other biological systems for applications in therapeutic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Sukumaran
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Woroszchuk
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Taylor Ross
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jennifer Geddes-McAlister
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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21
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Kehl A, Noster J, Hensel M. Eat in or Take out? Metabolism of Intracellular Salmonella enterica. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:644-654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Kehl A, Göser V, Reuter T, Liss V, Franke M, John C, Richter CP, Deiwick J, Hensel M. A trafficome-wide RNAi screen reveals deployment of early and late secretory host proteins and the entire late endo-/lysosomal vesicle fusion machinery by intracellular Salmonella. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008220. [PMID: 32658937 PMCID: PMC7377517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular lifestyle of Salmonella enterica is characterized by the formation of a replication-permissive membrane-bound niche, the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). As a further consequence of the massive remodeling of the host cell endosomal system, intracellular Salmonella establish a unique network of various Salmonella-induced tubules (SIT). The bacterial repertoire of effector proteins required for the establishment for one type of these SIT, the Salmonella-induced filaments (SIF), is rather well-defined. However, the corresponding host cell proteins are still poorly understood. To identify host factors required for the formation of SIF, we performed a sub-genomic RNAi screen. The analyses comprised high-resolution live cell imaging to score effects on SIF induction, dynamics and morphology. The hits of our functional RNAi screen comprise: i) The late endo-/lysosomal SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) complex, consisting of STX7, STX8, VTI1B, and VAMP7 or VAMP8, which is, in conjunction with RAB7 and the homotypic fusion and protein sorting (HOPS) tethering complex, a complete vesicle fusion machinery. ii) Novel interactions with the early secretory GTPases RAB1A and RAB1B, providing a potential link to coat protein complex I (COPI) vesicles and reinforcing recently identified ties to the endoplasmic reticulum. iii) New connections to the late secretory pathway and/or the recycling endosome via the GTPases RAB3A, RAB8A, and RAB8B and the SNAREs VAMP2, VAMP3, and VAMP4. iv) An unprecedented involvement of clathrin-coated structures. The resulting set of hits allowed us to characterize completely new host factor interactions, and to strengthen observations from several previous studies. The facultative intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium induces the reorganization of the endosomal system of mammalian host cells. This activity is dependent on translocated effector proteins of the pathogen. The host cell factors required for endosomal remodeling are only partially known. To identify such factors for the formation and dynamics of endosomal compartments in Salmonella-infected cells, we performed a live cell imaging-based RNAi screen to investigate the role of 496 mammalian proteins involved in cellular logistics. We identified that endosomal remodeling by intracellular Salmonella is dependent on host factors in the following functional classes: i) the late endo-/lysosomal SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) complex, ii) the early secretory pathway, represented by regulator GTPases RAB1A and RAB1B, iii) the late secretory pathway and/or recycling endosomes represented by GTPases RAB3A, RAB8A, RAB8B, and the SNAREs VAMP2, VAMP3, and VAMP4, and iv) clathrin-coated structures. The identification of these new host factors provides further evidence for the complex manipulation of host cell transport functions by intracellular Salmonella and should enable detailed follow-up studies on the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kehl
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- * E-mail: (AK); (MH)
| | - Vera Göser
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Tatjana Reuter
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Viktoria Liss
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Maximilian Franke
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christopher John
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Deiwick
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- CellNanOs–Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- * E-mail: (AK); (MH)
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23
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Gao R, Wang L, Ogunremi D. Virulence Determinants of Non-typhoidal Salmonellae. Microorganisms 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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24
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Knuff-Janzen K, Tupin A, Yurist-Doutsch S, Rowland JL, Finlay BB. Multiple Salmonella-pathogenicity island 2 effectors are required to facilitate bacterial establishment of its intracellular niche and virulence. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235020. [PMID: 32584855 PMCID: PMC7316343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Salmonella Typhimurium depends on the
bacterium’s ability to survive and replicate within host cells. The formation
and maintenance of a unique membrane-bound compartment, termed the
Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV), is essential for
S. Typhimurium pathogenesis. SCV-bound S.
Typhimurium induces formation of filamentous tubules that radiate outwards from
the SCV, termed Salmonella-induced filaments (SIFs). SIF
formation is concomitant with the onset of replication within host epithelial
cells. SIF biogenesis, formation and maintenance of the SCV, and the
intracellular positioning of the SCV within the host cell requires translocation
of bacterial proteins (effectors) into the host cell. Effectors secreted by the
type III secretion system encoded on Salmonella pathogenicity
island 2 (T3SS2) function to interfere with host cellular processes and promote
both intracellular survival and replication of S. Typhimurium.
Seven T3SS2-secreted effectors, SifA, SopD2, PipB2, SteA, SseJ, SseF, and SseG
have previously been implicated to play complementary, redundant, and/or
antagonistic roles with respect to SIF biogenesis, intracellular positioning of
the SCV, and SCV membrane dynamics modulation during infection. We undertook a
systematic study to delineate the contribution of each effector to these
processes by (i) deleting all seven of these effectors in a single
S. Typhimurium strain; and (ii) deleting combinations of
multiple effectors based on putative effector function. Using this deletion
mutant library, we show that each of SIF biogenesis, intracellular SCV
localization, intramacrophage replication, colonization, and virulence depends
on the activities of multiple effectors. Together, our data demonstrates the
complex interplay between these seven effectors and highlights the necessity to
study T3SS2-secreted effectors as groups, rather than studies of individual
effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Knuff-Janzen
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Audrey Tupin
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sophie Yurist-Doutsch
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jennifer L. Rowland
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - B. Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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25
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Alberdi L, Vergnes A, Manneville JB, Tembo DL, Fang Z, Zhao Y, Schroeder N, Dumont A, Lagier M, Bassereau P, Redondo-Morata L, Gorvel JP, Méresse S. Regulation of kinesin-1 activity by the Salmonella enterica effectors PipB2 and SifA. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/9/jcs239863. [PMID: 32409568 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.239863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is an intracellular bacterial pathogen. The formation of its replication niche, which is composed of a vacuole associated with a network of membrane tubules, depends on the secretion of a set of bacterial effector proteins whose activities deeply modify the functions of the eukaryotic host cell. By recruiting and regulating the activity of the kinesin-1 molecular motor, Salmonella effectors PipB2 and SifA play an essential role in the formation of the bacterial compartments. In particular, they allow the formation of tubules from the vacuole and their extension along the microtubule cytoskeleton, and thus promote membrane exchanges and nutrient supply. We have developed in vitro and in cellulo assays to better understand the specific role played by these two effectors in the recruitment and regulation of kinesin-1. Our results reveal a specific interaction between the two effectors and indicate that, contrary to what studies on infected cells suggested, interaction with PipB2 is sufficient to relieve the autoinhibition of kinesin-1. Finally, they suggest the involvement of other Salmonella effectors in the control of the activity of this molecular motor.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean-Baptiste Manneville
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Ziyan Fang
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Yaya Zhao
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Nina Schroeder
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Audrey Dumont
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Margaux Lagier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, 1 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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26
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Göser V, Kehl A, Röder J, Hensel M. Role of the ESCRT‐III complex in controlling integrity of the
Salmonella
‐containing vacuole. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13176. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Göser
- Abt. MikrobiologieFachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
| | - Alexander Kehl
- Abt. MikrobiologieFachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
- Institut für HygieneUniversität Münster Münster Germany
- CellNanOs, Center for Cellular NanoanalyticsFachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
| | - Jennifer Röder
- Abt. MikrobiologieFachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abt. MikrobiologieFachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
- CellNanOs, Center for Cellular NanoanalyticsFachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
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27
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Röder J, Hensel M. Presence of SopE and mode of infection result in increased
Salmonella
‐containing vacuole damage and cytosolic release during host cell infection by
Salmonella enterica. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13155. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Röder
- Abteilung MikrobiologieUniversitat Osnabruck Osnabrück Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abteilung MikrobiologieUniversitat Osnabruck Osnabrück Germany
- CellNanOs – Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, Fachbereich Biologie/ChemieUniversität Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
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28
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Shutinoski B, Patel R, Tomlinson JJ, Schlossmacher MG, Sad S. Ripk3 licenced protection against microbial infection in the absence of Caspase1-11 inflammasome. Microbes Infect 2020; 22:40-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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29
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Gulati A, Shukla R, Mukhopadhaya A. Salmonella Effector SteA Suppresses Proinflammatory Responses of the Host by Interfering With IκB Degradation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2822. [PMID: 31921113 PMCID: PMC6914705 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is known to cause its virulence by secreting various effector proteins directly into the host cytoplasm via two distinct type III secretion systems (T3SS-1 and T3SS-2). Generally, T3SS-1-delivered effectors help Salmonella Typhimurium in the early phases of infection including invasion and immune modulation of the host cells, whereas T3SS-2 effectors mainly help in the survival of Salmonella Typhimurium within the host cells including maintenance of Salmonella-containing vacuole, replication of the bacteria, and dissemination. Some of the effectors are secreted via both T3SS-1 and T3SS-2, suggesting their role in distinct phases of infection of host cells. SteA is such an effector that is secreted by both T3SS-1 and T3SS-2. It has been shown to control the membrane dynamics of the Salmonella-containing vacuole within the host cells in the late phases of infection. In this manuscript, toward characterizing the T3SS-1 function of SteA, we found that SteA suppresses inflammatory responses of the host by interfering with the nuclear factor kappa B pathway. Our initial observation showed that the mice infected with steA-deleted Salmonella Typhimurium (ΔsteA) died earlier compared to the wild-type bacteria due to heightened immune responses, which indicated that SteA might suppress immune responses. Furthermore, our study revealed that SteA suppresses immune responses in macrophages by interfering with the degradation of IκB, the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B. SteA suppresses the ubiquitination and hence degradation of IκB by acting on Cullin-1 of the Skp-1, Cullin-1, F-box (SCF)-E3 ligase complex. Our study revealed that SteA suppresses a key step necessary for E3 ligase activation, i.e., neddylation of Cullin-1 by interfering with dissociation of its inhibitor Cand-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakanksha Gulati
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Rhythm Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Arunika Mukhopadhaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
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30
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BioID screen of Salmonella type 3 secreted effectors reveals host factors involved in vacuole positioning and stability during infection. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:2511-2522. [PMID: 31611645 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens express virulence proteins that are translocated into host cells (herein referred to as effectors), where they can interact with target proteins to manipulate host cell processes. These effector-host protein interactions are often dynamic and transient in nature, making them difficult to identify using traditional interaction-based methods. Here, we performed a systematic comparison between proximity-dependent biotin labelling (BioID) and immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry to investigate a series of Salmonella type 3 secreted effectors that manipulate host intracellular trafficking (SifA, PipB2, SseF, SseG and SopD2). Using BioID, we identified 632 candidate interactions with 381 unique human proteins, collectively enriched for roles in vesicular trafficking, cytoskeleton components and transport activities. From the subset of proteins exclusively identified by BioID, we report that SifA interacts with BLOC-2, a protein complex that regulates dynein motor activity. We demonstrate that the BLOC-2 complex is necessary for SifA-mediated positioning of Salmonella-containing vacuoles, and affects stability of the vacuoles during infection. Our study provides insight into the coordinated activities of Salmonella type 3 secreted effectors and demonstrates the utility of BioID as a powerful, complementary tool to characterize effector-host protein interactions.
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31
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Salmonella enterica Effectors SifA, SpvB, SseF, SseJ, and SteA Contribute to Type III Secretion System 1-Independent Inflammation in a Streptomycin-Pretreated Mouse Model of Colitis. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00872-18. [PMID: 31235639 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00872-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) induces inflammatory changes in the ceca of streptomycin-pretreated mice. In this mouse model of colitis, the type III secretion system 1 (T3SS-1) has been shown to induce rapid inflammatory change in the cecum at early points, 10 to 24 h after infection. Five proteins, SipA, SopA, SopB, SopD, and SopE2, have been identified as effectors involved in eliciting intestinal inflammation within this time range. In contrast, a T3SS-1-deficient strain was shown to exhibit inflammatory changes in the cecum at 72 to 120 h postinfection. However, the effectors eliciting T3SS-1-independent inflammation remain to be clarified. In this study, we focused on two T3SS-2 phenotypes, macrophage proliferation and cytotoxicity, to identify the T3SS-2 effectors involved in T3SS-1-independent inflammation. We identified a mutant strain that could not induce cytotoxicity in a macrophage-like cell line and that reduced intestinal inflammation in streptomycin-pretreated mice. We also identified five T3SS-2 effectors, SifA, SpvB, SseF, SseJ, and SteA, associated with T3SS-1-independent macrophage cytotoxicity. We then constructed a strain lacking T3SS-1 and all the five T3SS-2 effectors, termed T1S5. The S. Typhimurium T1S5 strain significantly reduced cytotoxicity in macrophages in the same manner as a mutant invA spiB strain (T1T2). Finally, the T1S5 strain elicited no inflammatory changes in the ceca of streptomycin-pretreated mice. We conclude that these five T3SS-2 effectors contribute to T3SS-1-independent inflammation.
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32
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Abstract
In this article, we explore the unique adaptations of intracellular bacterial pathogens that manipulate conserved cellular pathways, organelles, and cargo to convert the phagosome into a pathogen-containing vacuole (PCV). The phagosome is a degradative organelle that rapidly acidifies as it delivers cargo to the lysosome to destroy microbes and cellular debris. However, to avoid this fate, intracellular bacterial pathogens hijack the key molecular modulators of intracellular traffic: small GTPases, phospholipids, SNAREs, and their associated effectors. Following uptake, pathogens that reside in the phagosome either remain associated with the endocytic pathway or rapidly diverge from the preprogrammed route to the lysosome. Both groups rely on effector-mediated mechanisms to meet the common challenges of intracellular life, such as nutrient acquisition, vacuole expansion, and evasion of the host immune response. Mycobacteria, Salmonella, and Coxiella serve as a lens through which we explore regulators of the canonical endocytic route and pathogens that seek to subvert it. On the other hand, pathogens such as Chlamydia, Legionella, and Brucella disconnect from the canonical endocytic route. This bifurcation is linked to extensive hijacking of the secretory pathway and repurposing of the PCV into specialized compartments that resemble organelles in the secretory network. Finally, each pathogen devises specific strategies to counteract host immune responses, such as autophagy, which aim to destroy these aberrant organelles. Collectively, each unique intracellular niche and the pathogens that construct them reflect the outcome of an aggressive and ongoing molecular arms race at the host-pathogen interface. Improving our understanding of these well-adapted pathogens can help us refine our knowledge of conserved cell biological processes.
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33
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Alghoribi MF, Doumith M, Alrodayyan M, Al Zayer M, Köster WL, Muhanna A, Aljohani SM, Balkhy HH, Desin TS. S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium Harboring SPI-1 and SPI-2 Are the Predominant Serotypes Associated With Human Salmonellosis in Saudi Arabia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:187. [PMID: 31214517 PMCID: PMC6554431 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) strains are Gram negative bacterial pathogens that are associated with foodborne illness worldwide. During the process of infection, Salmonella uses two molecular injectisomes known as Type 3 Secretion Systems (T3SS) to secrete virulence factors that are encoded by Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-1 (SPI-1) and SPI-2 into host cells. These secretion systems play a major role in virulence, as shown in various animal models, but little is known about their role in human infections. In Saudi Arabia, NTS strains frequently cause human infections but data regarding these pathogenic strains is fairly limited. The aim of this study was to characterize Salmonella human clinical isolates in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, by determining their serotype, testing for the presence of SPI-1 and SPI-2 genes and to determine the antibiotic resistance profiles of these strains. Using the rapid Check and Trace Salmonella™ (CTS) system our results demonstrate that S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium were the predominant serovars, followed by S. Livingstone, S. Kentucky and S. Poona among a list of 36 serovars reported for the first time in the country. In addition, SPI-1 genes were detected in 99% of the isolates, while the sifA gene (SPI-2) was not detected in 13.5% of the isolates. These results suggest that both the SPI-1 and SPI-2 virulence determinants are important for human infection. Moreover, we report the presence of a Multi-Drug (MDR) carbapenem resistant S. Kentucky isolate harboring the blaOXA−48 gene not reported previously in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed F Alghoribi
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michel Doumith
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Alrodayyan
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Al Zayer
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wolfgang L Köster
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Abdulhai Muhanna
- John H. Stroger Junior Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sameera M Aljohani
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan H Balkhy
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taseen S Desin
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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34
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Several pathogens have evolved to infect host cells from within, which requires subversion of many host intracellular processes. In the case of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, adaptation to an intracellular life cycle relies largely on the activity of type III secretion systems (T3SSs), an apparatus used to deliver effector proteins into the host cell, from where these effectors regulate important cellular functions such as vesicular trafficking, cytoskeleton reorganization, and the innate immune response. Each bacterium is equipped with a unique suite of these T3SS effectors, which aid in the development of an individual intracellular lifestyle for their respective pathogens. Some bacteria adapt to reside and propagate within a customized vacuole, while others establish a replicative niche in the host cytosol. In this article, we review the mechanisms by which T3SS effectors contribute to these different lifestyles. To illustrate the formation of a vacuolar and a cytosolic lifestyle, we discuss the intracellular habitats of the enteric pathogens
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium and
Shigella flexneri
, respectively. These represent well-characterized systems that function as informative models to contribute to our understanding of T3SS-dependent subversion of intracellular processes. Additionally, we present
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
, another enteric Gram-negative pathogen, as an emerging model for future studies of the cytosolic lifestyle.
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35
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Noster J, Chao TC, Sander N, Schulte M, Reuter T, Hansmeier N, Hensel M. Proteomics of intracellular Salmonella enterica reveals roles of Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 in metabolism and antioxidant defense. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007741. [PMID: 31009521 PMCID: PMC6497321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STM) deploy the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2-encoded type III secretion system (SPI2-T3SS) for the massive remodeling of the endosomal system for host cells. This activity results in formation of an extensive interconnected tubular network of Salmonella-induced filaments (SIFs) connected to the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). Such network is absent in cells infected with SPI2-T3SS-deficient mutant strains such as ΔssaV. A tubular network with reduced dimensions is formed if SPI2-T3SS effector protein SseF is absent. Previous single cell live microscopy-based analyses revealed that intracellular proliferation of STM is directly correlated to the ability to transform the host cell endosomal system into a complex tubular network. This network may also abrogate host defense mechanisms such as delivery of antimicrobial effectors to the SCV. To test the role of SIFs in STM patho-metabolism, we performed quantitative comparative proteomics of STM recovered from infected murine macrophages. We infected RAW264.7 cells with STM wild type (WT), ΔsseF or ΔssaV strains, recovered bacteria 12 h after infection and determined proteome compositions. Increased numbers of proteins characteristic for nutritional starvation were detected in STM ΔsseF and ΔssaV compared to WT. In addition, STM ΔssaV, but not ΔsseF showed signatures of increased exposure to stress by antimicrobial defenses, in particular reactive oxygen species, of the host cells. The proteomics analyses presented here support and extend the role of SIFs for the intracellular lifestyle of STM. We conclude that efficient manipulation of the host cell endosomal system by effector proteins of the SPI2-T3SS contributes to nutrition, as well as to resistance against antimicrobial host defense mechanisms. The facultative intracellular bacterium Salmonella enterica has evolved sophisticated mechanisms to adapt to life inside a pathogen-containing vacuole in mammalian host cells. Intracellular Salmonella manipulate the host cell endosomal system resulting in formation of a complex network of tubular vesicles, termed Salmonella-induced filaments (SIFs). We applied quantitative proteomics to intracellular Salmonella in murine macrophages and compared the wild-type strain to mutant strains with aberrant SIF architecture, or no capacity for induction of SIF. We determined that those mutant strains contain higher amounts of transporters for nutrient uptake, and lower amounts of proteins for central carbon metabolism. These observations indicate response to nutrient restriction in absence of fully established SIF. In addition, the mutant strain unable to induce SIF formation showed increased amounts of proteins required for response to antimicrobial factors of the host cells. These data show that the massive remodeling of the endosomal system of host cells by intracellular Salmonella serves to essential needs, i.e. to enable access to nutrients for efficient proliferation of the pathogen, and to withstand hostile conditions within the pathogen-containing vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Noster
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Tzu-Chiao Chao
- Institute of Environmental Change & Society, University of Regina, Regina, Canada
| | - Nathalie Sander
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Marc Schulte
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Tatjana Reuter
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Nicole Hansmeier
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Institute of Environmental Change & Society, University of Regina, Regina, Canada
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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Ed-Dra A, Filali FR, Khayi S, Oulghazi S, Bouchrif B, El Allaoui A, Ouhmidou B, Moumni M. Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Genes, and Genetic Diversity of Salmonella enterica Isolated from Sausages. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2019; 9:56-61. [PMID: 31223497 PMCID: PMC6563686 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans worldwide, and the infection with multidrug-resistant strains can cause severe diseases. This study was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance, to detect the virulence genes, and to study the genetic diversity of isolated Salmonella strains using 16S rRNA sequences. For this, 34 Salmonella strains isolated from sausages were identified using biochemical and serological methods. Molecular tools were used to evaluate the presence of virulence genes (orgA, sitC, sipB, spiA, iroN, and sifA) using simplex and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and to sequence 16S rRNA genes for phylogenetic analysis. The susceptibility to 24 selected antibiotics was also studied. The results of this study showed that all isolated Salmonella were positive for targeted virulence genes and were resistant to at least one antibiotic. However, the multidrug resistance was observed in 44% of isolated strains. The phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA sequences highlighted that Salmonella isolates were divided into 3 clusters and 3 sub-clusters, with a ≥98% similarity to Salmonella enterica species. From this study, we conclude that sausages are considered as a potential source of Salmonella, which could be a major risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Ed-Dra
- Team of Microbiology and Health, Laboratory of Chemistry-Biology Applied to the Environment, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Sciences, BP. 11201 Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
| | - Fouzia Rhazi Filali
- Team of Microbiology and Health, Laboratory of Chemistry-Biology Applied to the Environment, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Sciences, BP. 11201 Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
| | - Slimane Khayi
- Biotechnology Research Unit, National Institute for Agronomic Research (INRA), BP. 415, Avenue de la Victoire, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Said Oulghazi
- Cellular Genomics and Molecular Techniques of Investigations, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Sciences, BP. 11201 Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
| | - Brahim Bouchrif
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Hygiene of Food and Water, Pasteur Institute Morocco, 1 place Louis Pasteur, Casablanca 20100, Morocco
| | - Abdellah El Allaoui
- Team of Microbiology and Health, Laboratory of Chemistry-Biology Applied to the Environment, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Sciences, BP. 11201 Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
| | - Bouchra Ouhmidou
- Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules, Structures and Functions, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University, Fes, Morocco
| | - Mohieddine Moumni
- Cellular Genomics and Molecular Techniques of Investigations, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Sciences, BP. 11201 Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
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37
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Patel S, Wall DM, Castillo A, McCormick BA. Caspase-3 cleavage of Salmonella type III secreted effector protein SifA is required for localization of functional domains and bacterial dissemination. Gut Microbes 2019; 10:172-187. [PMID: 30727836 PMCID: PMC6546311 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1506668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SifA is a bi-functional Type III Secretion System (T3SS) effector protein that plays an important role in Salmonella virulence. The N-terminal domain of SifA binds SifA-Kinesin-Interacting-Protein (SKIP), and via an interaction with kinesin, forms tubular membrane extensions called Sif filaments (Sifs) that emanate from the Salmonella Containing Vacuole (SCV). The C-terminal domain of SifA harbors a WxxxE motif that functions to mimic active host cell GTPases. Taken together, SifA functions in inducing endosomal tubulation in order to maintain the integrity of the SCV and promote bacterial dissemination. Since SifA performs multiple, unrelated functions, the objective of this study was to determine how each functional domain of SifA becomes processed. Our work demonstrates that a linker region containing a caspase-3 cleavage motif separates the two functional domains of SifA. To test the hypothesis that processing of SifA by caspase-3 at this particular site is required for function and proper localization of the effector protein domains, we developed two tracking methods to analyze the intracellular localization of SifA. We first adapted a fluorescent tag called phiLOV that allowed for type-III secretion system (T3SS) mediated delivery of SifA and observation of its intracellular colocalization with caspase-3. Additionally, we created a dual-tagging strategy that permitted tracking of each of the SifA functional domains following caspase-3 cleavage to different subcellular locations. The results of this study reveal that caspase-3 cleavage of SifA is required for the proper localization of functional domains and bacterial dissemination. Considering the importance of these events in Salmonella pathogenesis, we conclude that caspase-3 cleavage of effector proteins is a more broadly applicable effector processing mechanism utilized by Salmonella to invade and persist during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA,CONTACT Beth McCormick Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS8-2011, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Daniel M. Wall
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Antonio Castillo
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Beth A. McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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38
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Kenney LJ. The role of acid stress in Salmonella pathogenesis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 47:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Moest T, Zhao W, Zhao Y, Schüssler JM, Yan W, Gorvel JP, Méresse S. Contribution of bacterial effectors and host proteins to the composition and function of Salmonella-induced tubules. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12951. [PMID: 30212607 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Cells infected with Salmonella are characterised by the appearance of membrane tubular structures that stretch from the bacterial vacuole. The formation of these tubules requires the translocation of Salmonella effector proteins within the infected cell. Different types of Salmonella-induced tubules with varying host protein compositions have been identified. This variability probably reflects the ability of these tubules to interact with different host compartments. Membrane tubules decorated with effector proteins but essentially devoid of host proteins and named LAMP1-negative (LNT) were observed. LNTs wrap around LAMP1-positive vesicles and may promote recruitment of lysosomal glycoproteins to bacterial vacuole and the formation of a replication niche. We conducted a biochemical and functional characterisation of LNTs. We show that the effector proteins SseF and SseG are necessary for their formation. The absence of these tubules is associated with decreased recruitment of LAMP1 to SCVs, decreased intracellular replication of Salmonella, and decreased virulence in mice. We found that the process leading to the recruitment of lysosomal glycoproteins to tubules involves the C-terminal domain of the effector protein SifA and the GTPase Arl8b. Overall, these data suggest that Salmonella-induced tubules promote the establishment of the replication niche by promoting recruitment of host proteins to the bacterial vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Moest
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Weidong Zhao
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Yaya Zhao
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | | | - Wen Yan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
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40
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Tuli A, Sharma M. How to do business with lysosomes: Salmonella leads the way. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 47:1-7. [PMID: 30391777 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens have devised various strategies to alter the host endomembrane system towards building their replicative niche. This is aptly illustrated by Salmonella Typhimurium, whereby it remodels the host endolysosomal system to form a unique niche, also known as Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). Decades of research using in vitro cell-based infection studies have revealed intricate details of how Salmonella effectors target endocytic trafficking machinery of the host cell to acquire membrane and nutrients for bacterial replication. Unexpectedly, Salmonella requires host factors involved in endosome-lysosome fusion for its intravacuolar replication. Understanding how Salmonella obtains selective content from lysosomes, that is nutrients, but not active hydrolases, needs further exploration. Recent studies have described heterogeneity in the composition and pH of lysosomes, which will be highly relevant to explore, not only in the context of Salmonella infection, but also for other intracellular pathogens that interact with the endolysosomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Tuli
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India.
| | - Mahak Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Mohali, Punjab, India.
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41
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van Elsland D, Neefjes J. Bacterial infections and cancer. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201846632. [PMID: 30348892 PMCID: PMC6216254 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections are estimated to contribute to 20% of all human tumours. These are mainly caused by viruses, which explains why a direct bacterial contribution to cancer formation has been largely ignored. While epidemiological data link bacterial infections to particular cancers, tumour formation is generally assumed to be solely caused by the ensuing inflammation responses. Yet, many bacteria directly manipulate their host cell in various phases of their infection cycle. Such manipulations can affect host cell integrity and can contribute to cancer formation. We here describe how bacterial surface moieties, bacterial protein toxins and bacterial effector proteins can induce host cell DNA damage, and thereby can interfere with essential host cell signalling pathways involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and immune signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne van Elsland
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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42
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Yuan N, Rai KM, Balasubramanian VK, Upadhyay SK, Luo H, Mendu V. Genome-wide identification and characterization of LRR-RLKs reveal functional conservation of the SIF subfamily in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:185. [PMID: 30189845 PMCID: PMC6128003 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As one of the largest subfamilies of the receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) in plants, Leucine Rich Repeats-RLKs (LRR-RLKs) are involved in many critical biological processes including growth, development and stress responses in addition to various physiological roles. Arabidopsis contains 234 LRR-RLKs, and four members of Stress Induced Factor (SIF) subfamily (AtSIF1-AtSIF4) which are involved in abiotic and biotic stress responses. Herein, we aimed at identification and functional characterization of SIF subfamily in cultivated tetraploid cotton Gossypium hirsutum. RESULTS Genome-wide analysis of cotton LRR-RLK gene family identified 543 members and phylogenetic analysis led to the identification of 6 cotton LRR-RLKs with high homology to Arabidopsis SIFs. Of the six SIF homologs, GhSIF1 is highly conserved exhibiting 46-47% of homology with AtSIF subfamily in amino acid sequence. The GhSIF1 was transiently silenced using Virus-Induced Gene Silencing system specifically targeting the 3' Untranslated Region. The transiently silenced cotton seedlings showed enhanced salt tolerance compared to the control plants. Further, the transiently silenced plants showed better growth, lower electrolyte leakage, and higher chlorophyll and biomass contents. CONCLUSIONS Overall, 543 LRR-RLK genes were identified using genome-wide analysis in cultivated tetraploid cotton G. hirsutum. The present investigation also demonstrated the conserved salt tolerance function of SIF family member in cotton. The GhSIF1 gene can be knocked out using genome editing technologies to improve salt tolerance in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yuan
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute (FBRI), Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA
| | - Krishan Mohan Rai
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute (FBRI), Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA
| | - Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute (FBRI), Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA
| | | | - Hong Luo
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
| | - Venugopal Mendu
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute (FBRI), Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA
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Gao Y, Spahn C, Heilemann M, Kenney LJ. The Pearling Transition Provides Evidence of Force-Driven Endosomal Tubulation during Salmonella Infection. mBio 2018; 9:e01083-18. [PMID: 29921673 PMCID: PMC6016247 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01083-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens exploit eukaryotic pathways for their own end. Upon ingestion, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium passes through the stomach and then catalyzes its uptake across the intestinal epithelium. It survives and replicates in an acidic vacuole through the action of virulence factors secreted by a type three secretion system located on Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2). Two secreted effectors, SifA and SseJ, are sufficient for endosomal tubule formation, which modifies the vacuole and enables Salmonella to replicate within it. Two-color, superresolution imaging of the secreted virulence factor SseJ and tubulin revealed that SseJ formed clusters of conserved size at regular, periodic intervals in the host cytoplasm. Analysis of SseJ clustering indicated the presence of a pearling effect, which is a force-driven, osmotically sensitive process. The pearling transition is an instability driven by membranes under tension; it is induced by hypotonic or hypertonic buffer exchange and leads to the formation of beadlike structures of similar size and regular spacing. Reducing the osmolality of the fixation conditions using glutaraldehyde enabled visualization of continuous and intact tubules. Correlation analysis revealed that SseJ was colocalized with the motor protein kinesin. Tubulation of the endoplasmic reticulum is driven by microtubule motors, and in the present work, we describe how Salmonella has coopted the microtubule motor kinesin to drive the force-dependent process of endosomal tubulation. Thus, endosomal tubule formation is a force-driven process catalyzed by Salmonella virulence factors secreted into the host cytoplasm during infection.IMPORTANCE This study represents the first example of using two-color, superresolution imaging to analyze the secretion of Salmonella virulence factors as they are secreted from the SPI-2 type three secretion system. Previous studies imaged effectors that were overexpressed in the host cytoplasm. The present work reveals an unusual force-driven process, the pearling transition, which indicates that Salmonella-induced filaments are under force through the interactions of effector molecules with the motor protein kinesin. This work provides a caution by highlighting how fixation conditions can influence the images observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Gao
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christoph Spahn
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mike Heilemann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Linda J Kenney
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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44
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dos Santos AMP, Ferrari RG, Conte-Junior CA. Virulence Factors in Salmonella Typhimurium: The Sagacity of a Bacterium. Curr Microbiol 2018; 76:762-773. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-018-1510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
More than a century ago, infections by Salmonella were already associated with foodborne enteric diseases with high morbidity in humans and cattle. Intestinal inflammation and diarrhea are hallmarks of infections caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars, and these pathologies facilitate pathogen transmission to the environment. In those early times, physicians and microbiologists also realized that typhoid and paratyphoid fever caused by some Salmonella serovars could be transmitted by "carriers," individuals outwardly healthy or at most suffering from some minor chronic complaint. In his pioneering study of the nontyphoidal serovar Typhimurium in 1967, Takeuchi published the first images of intracellular bacteria enclosed by membrane-bound vacuoles in the initial stages of the intestinal epithelium penetration. These compartments, called Salmonella-containing vacuoles, are highly dynamic phagosomes with differing biogenesis depending on the host cell type. Single-cell studies involving real-time imaging and gene expression profiling, together with new approaches based on genetic reporters sensitive to growth rate, have uncovered unprecedented heterogeneous responses in intracellular bacteria. Subpopulations of intracellular bacteria displaying fast, reduced, or no growth, as well as cytosolic and intravacuolar bacteria, have been reported in both in vitro and in vivo infection models. Recent investigations, most of them focused on the serovar Typhimurium, point to the selection of persisting bacteria inside macrophages or following an autophagy attack in fibroblasts. Here, we discuss these heterogeneous intracellular lifestyles and speculate on how these disparate behaviors may impact host-to-host transmissibility of Salmonella serovars.
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46
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Fang SB, Huang CJ, Huang CH, Wang KC, Chang NW, Pan HY, Fang HW, Huang MT, Chen CK. speG Is Required for Intracellular Replication of Salmonella in Various Human Cells and Affects Its Polyamine Metabolism and Global Transcriptomes. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2245. [PMID: 29187844 PMCID: PMC5694781 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The speG gene has been reported to regulate polyamine metabolism in Escherichia coli and Shigella, but its role in Salmonella remains unknown. Our preliminary studies have revealed that speG widely affects the transcriptomes of infected in vitro M and Caco-2 cells and that it is required for the intracellular replication of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) in HeLa cells. In this study, we demonstrated that speG plays a time-dependent and cell type-independent role in the intracellular replication of S. Typhimurium. Moreover, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of four major polyamines demonstrated putrescine, spermine, and cadaverine as the leading polyamines in S. Typhimurium. The deletion of speG significantly increased the levels of the three polyamines in intracellular S. Typhimurium, suggesting the inhibitory effect of speG on the biosynthesis of these polyamines. The deletion of speG was associated with elevated levels of these polyamines in the attenuated intracellular replication of S. Typhimurium in host cells. This result was subsequently validated by the dose-dependent suppression of intracellular proliferation after the addition of the polyamines. Furthermore, our RNA transcriptome analysis of S. Typhimurium SL1344 and its speG mutant outside and inside Caco-2 cells revealed that speG regulates the genes associated with flagellar biosynthesis, fimbrial expression, and functions of types III and I secretion systems. speG also affects the expression of genes that have been rarely reported to correlate with polyamine metabolism in Salmonella, including those associated with the periplasmic nitrate reductase system, glucarate metabolism, the phosphotransferase system, cytochromes, and the succinate reductase complex in S. Typhimurium in the mid-log growth phase, as well as those in the ilv-leu and histidine biosynthesis operons of intracellular S. Typhimurium after invasion in Caco-2 cells. In the present study, we characterized the phenotypes and transcriptome effects of speG in S. Typhimurium and reviewed the relevant literature to facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the potential role of speG in the polyamine metabolism and virulence regulation of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiuh-Bin Fang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Master Program for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jou Huang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institution of Engineering Technology-Doctoral, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ke-Chuan Wang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Chang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yin Pan
- Graduate Institution of Engineering Technology-Doctoral, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Wei Fang
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Te Huang
- Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Kuo Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
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Salmonella exploits the host endolysosomal tethering factor HOPS complex to promote its intravacuolar replication. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006700. [PMID: 29084291 PMCID: PMC5679646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium extensively remodels the host late endocytic compartments to establish its vacuolar niche within the host cells conducive for its replication, also known as the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). By maintaining a prolonged interaction with late endosomes and lysosomes of the host cells in the form of interconnected network of tubules (Salmonella-induced filaments or SIFs), Salmonella gains access to both membrane and fluid-phase cargo from these compartments. This is essential for maintaining SCV membrane integrity and for bacterial intravacuolar nutrition. Here, we have identified the multisubunit lysosomal tethering factor—HOPS (HOmotypic fusion and Protein Sorting) complex as a crucial host factor facilitating delivery of late endosomal and lysosomal content to SCVs, providing membrane for SIF formation, and nutrients for intravacuolar bacterial replication. Accordingly, depletion of HOPS subunits significantly reduced the bacterial load in non-phagocytic and phagocytic cells as well as in a mouse model of Salmonella infection. We found that Salmonella effector SifA in complex with its binding partner; SKIP, interacts with HOPS subunit Vps39 and mediates recruitment of this tethering factor to SCV compartments. The lysosomal small GTPase Arl8b that binds to, and promotes membrane localization of Vps41 (and other HOPS subunits) was also required for HOPS recruitment to SCVs and SIFs. Our findings suggest that Salmonella recruits the host late endosomal and lysosomal membrane fusion machinery to its vacuolar niche for access to host membrane and nutrients, ensuring its intracellular survival and replication. Intracellular pathogens have devised various strategies to subvert the host membrane trafficking pathways for their growth and survival inside the host cells. Salmonella is one such successful intracellular pathogen that redirects membrane and nutrients from the host endocytic compartments to its replicative niche known as the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) via establishing an interconnected network of tubules (Salmonella-induced filaments or SIFs) that form a continuum with the SCVs. How Salmonella ensures a constant supply of endocytic cargo required for its survival and growth remained unexplored. Our work uncovers a strategy evolved by Salmonella wherein it secretes a bacterial effector into the host cytosol that recruits component of host vesicle fusion machinery-HOPS complex to SCVs and SIFs. HOPS complex promotes docking of the late endocytic compartments at the SCV membrane, prior to their fusion. Thus, depletion of HOPS subunits both in cultured cell lines as well as a mouse model inhibits Salmonella replication, likely due to reduced access to host membranes and nutrients by the vacuolar bacteria. These findings provide mechanistic insights into how this pathogen reroutes the host’s endocytic transport towards its vacuole, ensuring its own intracellular survival and replication.
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Anderson CJ, Kendall MM. Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Strategies for Host Adaptation. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1983. [PMID: 29075247 PMCID: PMC5643478 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens must sense and respond to newly encountered host environments to regulate the expression of critical virulence factors that allow for niche adaptation and successful colonization. Among bacterial pathogens, non-typhoidal serovars of Salmonella enterica, such as serovar Typhimurium (S. Tm), are a primary cause of foodborne illnesses that lead to hospitalizations and deaths worldwide. S. Tm causes acute inflammatory diarrhea that can progress to invasive systemic disease in susceptible patients. The gastrointestinal tract and intramacrophage environments are two critically important niches during S. Tm infection, and each presents unique challenges to limit S. Tm growth. The intestinal tract is home to billions of commensal microbes, termed the microbiota, which limits the amount of available nutrients for invading pathogens such as S. Tm. Therefore, S. Tm encodes strategies to manipulate the commensal population and side-step this nutritional competition. During subsequent stages of disease, S. Tm resists host immune cell mechanisms of killing. Host cells use antimicrobial peptides, acidification of vacuoles, and nutrient limitation to kill phagocytosed microbes, and yet S. Tm is able to subvert these defense systems. In this review, we discuss recently described molecular mechanisms that S. Tm uses to outcompete the resident microbiota within the gastrointestinal tract. S. Tm directly eliminates close competitors via bacterial cell-to-cell contact as well as by stimulating a host immune response to eliminate specific members of the microbiota. Additionally, S. Tm tightly regulates the expression of key virulence factors that enable S. Tm to withstand host immune defenses within macrophages. Additionally, we highlight the chemical and physical signals that S. Tm senses as cues to adapt to each of these environments. These strategies ultimately allow S. Tm to successfully adapt to these two disparate host environments. It is critical to better understand bacterial adaptation strategies because disruption of these pathways and mechanisms, especially those shared by multiple pathogens, may provide novel therapeutic intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine,, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Melissa M Kendall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine,, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Cheng S, Wang L, Liu Q, Qi L, Yu K, Wang Z, Wu M, Liu Y, Fu J, Hu M, Li M, Zhou D, Liu X. Identification of a Novel Salmonella Type III Effector by Quantitative Secretome Profiling. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:2219-2228. [PMID: 28887382 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is arguably one of the most studied bacterial pathogens and successful infection requires the delivery of its virulence factors (effectors) directly into host cells via the type III secretion systems (T3SSs). Central to Salmonella pathogenesis, these effector proteins have been subjected to extensive studies over the years. Nevertheless, whether additional effectors exist remains unclear. Here we report the identification of a novel Salmonella T3SS effector STM1239 (which we renamed SopF) via quantitative secretome profiling. Immunoblotting and β-lactamase reporter assays confirmed the secretion and translocation of SopF in a T3SS-dependent manner. Moreover, ectopic expression of SopF caused significant toxicity in yeast cells. Importantly, genetic ablation of sopF led to Salmonella strains defective in intracellular replication within macrophages and the mutant were also markedly attenuated in a mouse model of infection. Our study underscores the use of quantitative secretome profiling in identifying novel virulence factors for bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Cheng
- From the ‡Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China 100871
| | - Lu Wang
- §Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Qian Liu
- ¶Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China 200127
| | - Linlu Qi
- From the ‡Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China 100871
| | - Kaiwen Yu
- From the ‡Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China 100871
| | - Zhen Wang
- From the ‡Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China 100871
| | - Mei Wu
- From the ‡Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China 100871
| | - Yanhua Liu
- From the ‡Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China 100871
| | - Jiaqi Fu
- From the ‡Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China 100871
| | - Mo Hu
- From the ‡Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China 100871
| | - Min Li
- ¶Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China 200127
| | - Daoguo Zhou
- §Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; .,‖TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China 300457
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- From the ‡Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China 100871;
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Namakchian M, Kassler K, Sticht H, Hensel M, Deiwick J. Structure-based functional analysis of effector protein SifA in living cells reveals motifs important for Salmonella intracellular proliferation. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:84-96. [PMID: 28939436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The facultative intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica survives and replicates inside the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) of mammalian host cells. SifA is a key effector protein translocated by a type III secretion system and involved in formation of Salmonella-induced filaments (SIF), extensive tubular endosomal compartments. Recruitment of LAMP1 (lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1)-positive membranes to SIF ensures integrity and dynamics of the membrane network. The binding of SifA to the host protein SKIP (SifA and kinesin interacting protein) was proposed as crucial for this function. Due to structural mimicry SifA has further been proposed to interact with G-proteins. We conducted a mutational study of SifA to identify domains and amino acid residues specifically relevant for intracellular replication and SIF formation. Mutations were designed based on the available structural data of SifA and its interface with SKIP, or modeled for SifA as putative guanine nucleotide exchange factor. We developed a live cell imaging-based approach for volume quantification of the SIF network that allowed determination of subtle changes in SIF network and performed a comprehensive analysis of mutant forms of SifA by this approach. We found that the SifA catalytic loop of WxxxE effectors is as important for SIF formation and intracellular proliferation as the SKIP interaction motif, or the CAAX motif for membrane anchoring of SifA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristin Kassler
- Institut für Biochemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Institut für Biochemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Jörg Deiwick
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.
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