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Wong MY, Wurzburger N, Hall JS, Wright SJ, Tang W, Hedin LO, Saltonstall K, van Breugel M, Batterman SA. Trees adjust nutrient acquisition strategies across tropical forest secondary succession. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:132-144. [PMID: 38742309 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Nutrient limitation may constrain the ability of recovering and mature tropical forests to serve as a carbon sink. However, it is unclear to what extent trees can utilize nutrient acquisition strategies - especially root phosphatase enzymes and mycorrhizal symbioses - to overcome low nutrient availability across secondary succession. Using a large-scale, full factorial nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization experiment of 76 plots along a secondary successional gradient in lowland wet tropical forests of Panama, we tested the extent to which root phosphatase enzyme activity and mycorrhizal colonization are flexible, and if investment shifts over succession, reflective of changing nutrient limitation. We also conducted a meta-analysis to test how tropical trees adjust these strategies in response to nutrient additions and across succession. We find that tropical trees are dynamic, adjusting investment in strategies - particularly root phosphatase - in response to changing nutrient conditions through succession. These changes reflect a shift from strong nitrogen to weak phosphorus limitation over succession. Our meta-analysis findings were consistent with our field study; we found more predictable responses of root phosphatase than mycorrhizal colonization to nutrient availability. Our findings suggest that nutrient acquisition strategies respond to nutrient availability and demand in tropical forests, likely critical for alleviating nutrient limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y Wong
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, 12545, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Nina Wurzburger
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jefferson S Hall
- ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancón, 0843-03092, Panama, Panama
| | - S Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama
| | - Wenguang Tang
- School of Geography and Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2, UK
| | - Lars O Hedin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Kristin Saltonstall
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama
| | - Michiel van Breugel
- ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancón, 0843-03092, Panama, Panama
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
- Yale-NUS College, Singapore, 138527, Singapore
| | - Sarah A Batterman
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, 12545, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama
- School of Geography and Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2, UK
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2
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Du Z, Zhou L, Thakur MP, Zhou G, Fu Y, Li N, Liu R, He Y, Chen H, Li J, Zhou H, Li M, Lu M, Zhou X. Mycorrhizal associations relate to stable convergence in plant-microbial competition for nitrogen absorption under high nitrogen conditions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17338. [PMID: 38822535 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) immobilization (Nim, including microbial N assimilation) and plant N uptake (PNU) are the two most important pathways of N retention in soils. The ratio of Nim to PNU (hereafter Nim:PNU ratio) generally reflects the degree of N limitation for plant growth in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the key factors driving the pattern of Nim:PNU ratio across global ecosystems remain unclear. Here, using a global data set of 1018 observations from 184 studies, we examined the relative importance of mycorrhizal associations, climate, plant, and soil properties on the Nim:PNU ratio across terrestrial ecosystems. Our results show that mycorrhizal fungi type (arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) or ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi) in combination with soil inorganic N mainly explain the global variation in the Nim:PNU ratio in terrestrial ecosystems. In AM fungi-associated ecosystems, the relationship between Nim and PNU displays a weaker negative correlation (r = -.06, p < .001), whereas there is a stronger positive correlation (r = .25, p < .001) in EM fungi-associated ecosystems. Our meta-analysis thus suggests that the AM-associated plants display a weak interaction with soil microorganisms for N absorption, while EM-associated plants cooperate with soil microorganisms. Furthermore, we find that the Nim:PNU ratio for both AM- and EM-associated ecosystems gradually converge around a stable value (13.8 ± 0.5 for AM- and 12.1 ± 1.2 for EM-associated ecosystems) under high soil inorganic N conditions. Our findings highlight the dependence of plant-microbial interaction for N absorption on both plant mycorrhizal association and soil inorganic N, with the stable convergence of the Nim:PNU ratio under high soil N conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenggang Du
- Northeast Asia Ecosystem Carbon Sink Research Center (NACC), Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Lingyan Zhou
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Plant Innovation, Shanghai Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Madhav P Thakur
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Guiyao Zhou
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Funcionamiento Ecosistémico, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Yuling Fu
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Li
- Northeast Asia Ecosystem Carbon Sink Research Center (NACC), Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruiqiang Liu
- Northeast Asia Ecosystem Carbon Sink Research Center (NACC), Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanghui He
- Northeast Asia Ecosystem Carbon Sink Research Center (NACC), Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyang Chen
- Northeast Asia Ecosystem Carbon Sink Research Center (NACC), Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Li
- Northeast Asia Ecosystem Carbon Sink Research Center (NACC), Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Lu
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Northeast Asia Ecosystem Carbon Sink Research Center (NACC), Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Fernandez-Tschieder E, Marshall JD, Binkley D. Carbon budget at the individual-tree scale: dominant Eucalyptus trees partition less carbon belowground. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38641865 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Large trees in plantations generally produce more wood per unit of resource use than small trees. Two processes may account for this pattern: greater photosynthetic resource use efficiency or greater partitioning of carbon to wood production. We estimated gross primary production (GPP) at the individual scale by combining transpiration with photosynthetic water-use efficiency of Eucalyptus trees. Aboveground production fluxes were estimated using allometric equations and modeled respiration; total belowground carbon fluxes (TBCF) were estimated by subtracting aboveground fluxes from GPP. Partitioning was estimated by dividing component fluxes by GPP. Dominant trees produced almost three times as much wood as suppressed trees. They used 25 ± 10% (mean ± SD) of their photosynthates for wood production, whereas suppressed trees only used 12 ± 2%. By contrast, dominant trees used 27 ± 19% of their photosynthate belowground, whereas suppressed trees used 58 ± 5%. Intermediate trees lay between these extremes. Photosynthetic water-use efficiency of dominant trees was c. 13% greater than the efficiency of suppressed trees. Suppressed trees used more than twice as much of their photosynthate belowground and less than half as much aboveground compared with dominant trees. Differences in carbon partitioning were much greater than differences in GPP or photosynthetic water-use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Fernandez-Tschieder
- National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Agricultural Experimental Station of Delta del Paraná, Campana, B2804, Argentina
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - John D Marshall
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
- Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung, Müncheberg, 15374, Germany
- Department of Geological Sciences, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden
- Department of Energy and Matter Fluxes, Czech Globe, Belidla, 603 00, Czechia
| | - Dan Binkley
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
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4
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Wei J, von Arx G, Fan Z, Ibrom A, Mund M, Knohl A, Peters RL, Babst F. Drought alters aboveground biomass production efficiency: Insights from two European beech forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170726. [PMID: 38331275 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The fraction of photosynthetically assimilated carbon that trees allocate to long-lasting woody biomass pools (biomass production efficiency - BPE), is a key metric of the forest carbon balance. Its apparent simplicity belies the complex interplay between underlying processes of photosynthesis, respiration, litter and fruit production, and tree growth that respond differently to climate variability. Whereas the magnitude of BPE has been routinely quantified in ecological studies, its temporal dynamics and responses to extreme events such as drought remain less well understood. Here, we combine long-term records of aboveground carbon increment (ACI) obtained from tree rings with stand-level gross primary productivity (GPP) from eddy covariance (EC) records to empirically quantify aboveground BPE (= ACI/GPP) and its interannual variability in two European beech forests (Hainich, DE-Hai, Germany; Sorø, DK-Sor, Denmark). We found significant negative correlations between BPE and a daily-resolved drought index at both sites, indicating that woody growth is de-prioritized under water limitation. During identified extreme years, early-season drought reduced same-year BPE by 29 % (Hainich, 2011), 31 % (Sorø, 2006), and 14 % (Sorø, 2013). By contrast, the 2003 late-summer drought resulted in a 17 % reduction of post-drought year BPE at Hainich. Across the entire EC period, the daily-to-seasonal drought response of BPE resembled that of ACI, rather than that of GPP. This indicates that BPE follows sink dynamics more closely than source dynamics, which appear to be decoupled given the distinctive climate response patterns of GPP and ACI. Based on our observations, we caution against estimating the magnitude and variability of the carbon sink in European beech (and likely other temperate forests) based on carbon fluxes alone. We also encourage comparable studies at other long-term EC measurement sites from different ecosystems to further constrain the BPE response to rare climatic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Wei
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1064 E Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun Town, Mengla County, Yunnan Province 666303, China.
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 4, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zexin Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun Town, Mengla County, Yunnan Province 666303, China
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Biosystems Division, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Martina Mund
- Forestry Research and Competence Centre Gotha, Jägerstraße1, D-99867 Gotha, Germany
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Bioclimatology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard L Peters
- Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Flurin Babst
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1064 E Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 E Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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5
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Fang C, Verbrigghe N, Sigurdsson BD, Ostonen I, Leblans NIW, Marañón-Jiménez S, Fuchslueger L, Sigurðsson P, Meeran K, Portillo-Estrada M, Verbruggen E, Richter A, Sardans J, Peñuelas J, Bahn M, Vicca S, Janssens IA. Decadal soil warming decreased vascular plant above and belowground production in a subarctic grassland by inducing nitrogen limitation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:565-576. [PMID: 37545200 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Below and aboveground vegetation dynamics are crucial in understanding how climate warming may affect terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling. In contrast to aboveground biomass, the response of belowground biomass to long-term warming has been poorly studied. Here, we characterized the impacts of decadal geothermal warming at two levels (on average +3.3°C and +7.9°C) on below and aboveground plant biomass stocks and production in a subarctic grassland. Soil warming did not change standing root biomass and even decreased fine root production and reduced aboveground biomass and production. Decadal soil warming also did not significantly alter the root-shoot ratio. The linear stepwise regression model suggested that following 10 yr of soil warming, temperature was no longer the direct driver of these responses, but losses of soil N were. Soil N losses, due to warming-induced decreases in organic matter and water retention capacity, were identified as key driver of the decreased above and belowground production. The reduction in fine root production was accompanied by thinner roots with increased specific root area. These results indicate that after a decade of soil warming, plant productivity in the studied subarctic grassland was affected by soil warming mainly by the reduction in soil N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fang
- Research Center for Global Changes and Ecosystem Carbon Sequestration & Mitigation, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
- PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Niel Verbrigghe
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Caritasstraat 39, Melle, 9090, Belgium
| | | | - Ivika Ostonen
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51003, Estonia
| | - Niki I W Leblans
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, 90333, Sweden
| | - Sara Marañón-Jiménez
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Lucia Fuchslueger
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Páll Sigurðsson
- Agricultural University of Iceland, Hvanneyri, Borgarnes, IS-311, Iceland
| | - Kathiravan Meeran
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Miguel Portillo-Estrada
- PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Erik Verbruggen
- PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Andreas Richter
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michael Bahn
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sara Vicca
- PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
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6
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Marshall JD, Tarvainen L, Zhao P, Lim H, Wallin G, Näsholm T, Lundmark T, Linder S, Peichl M. Components explain, but do eddy fluxes constrain? Carbon budget of a nitrogen-fertilized boreal Scots pine forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:2166-2179. [PMID: 37148187 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) fertilization increases biomass and soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation in boreal pine forests, but the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. At two Scots pine sites, one undergoing annual N fertilization and the other a reference, we sought to explain these responses. We measured component fluxes, including biomass production, SOC accumulation, and respiration, and summed them into carbon budgets. We compared the resulting summations to ecosystem fluxes measured by eddy covariance. N fertilization increased most component fluxes (P < 0.05), especially SOC accumulation (20×). Only fine-root, mycorrhiza, and exudate production decreased, by 237 (SD = 28) g C m-2 yr-1 . Stemwood production increases were ascribed to this partitioning shift, gross primary production (GPP), and carbon-use efficiency, in that order. The methods agreed in their estimates of GPP in both stands (P > 0.05), but the components detected an increase in net ecosystem production (NEP) (190 (54) g C m-2 yr-1 ; P < 0.01) that eddy covariance did not (19 (62) g C m-2 yr-1 ; ns). The pairing of plots, the simplicity of the sites, and the strength of response provide a compelling description of N effects on the C budget. However, the disagreement between methods calls for further paired tests of N fertilization effects in simple forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Marshall
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
- Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung, Isotopen-Biogeochemie and Gasflüsse, Müncheberg, 15374, Germany
| | - Lasse Tarvainen
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Hyungwoo Lim
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Juhan Liivi 2, Tartu, 50409, Estonia
| | - Göran Wallin
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Sweden
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Torgny Näsholm
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Tomas Lundmark
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Sune Linder
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, SLU, PO Box 190, Lomma, SE-234 22, Sweden
| | - Matthias Peichl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
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7
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Shao S, Wu J, He H, Moore TR, Bubier J, Larmola T, Juutinen S, Roulet NT. Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi mediate the response of ombrotrophic peatlands to fertilization: a modeling study. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:80-95. [PMID: 36300568 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ericaceous shrubs adapt to the nutrient-poor conditions in ombrotrophic peatlands by forming symbiotic associations with ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) fungi. Increased nutrient availability may diminish the role of ERM pathways in shrub nutrient uptake, consequently altering the biogeochemical cycling within bogs. To explore the significance of ERM fungi in ombrotrophic peatlands, we developed the model MWMmic (a peat cohort-based biogeochemical model) into MWMmic-NP by explicitly incorporating plant-soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycling and ERM fungi processes. The new model was applied to simulate the biogeochemical cycles in the Mer Bleue (MB) bog in Ontario, Canada, and their responses to fertilization. MWMmic_NP reproduced the carbon(C)-N-P cycles and vegetation dynamics observed in the MB bog, and their responses to fertilization. Our simulations showed that fertilization increased shrub biomass by reducing the C allocation to ERM fungi, subsequently suppressing the growth of underlying Sphagnum mosses, and decreasing the peatland C sequestration. Our species removal simulation further demonstrated that ERM fungi were key to maintaining the shrub-moss coexistence and C sink function of bogs. Our results suggest that ERM fungi play a significant role in the biogeochemical cycles in ombrotrophic peatlands and should be considered in future modeling efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siya Shao
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Jianghua Wu
- Environment and Sustainability, School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Hongxing He
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Tim R Moore
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Jill Bubier
- Department of Environmental Studies, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, 01075, USA
| | - Tuula Larmola
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Juutinen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nigel T Roulet
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
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8
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Van Sundert K, Leuzinger S, Bader MKF, Chang SX, De Kauwe MG, Dukes JS, Langley JA, Ma Z, Mariën B, Reynaert S, Ru J, Song J, Stocker B, Terrer C, Thoresen J, Vanuytrecht E, Wan S, Yue K, Vicca S. When things get MESI: The Manipulation Experiments Synthesis Initiative-A coordinated effort to synthesize terrestrial global change experiments. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1922-1938. [PMID: 36607160 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Responses of the terrestrial biosphere to rapidly changing environmental conditions are a major source of uncertainty in climate projections. In an effort to reduce this uncertainty, a wide range of global change experiments have been conducted that mimic future conditions in terrestrial ecosystems, manipulating CO2 , temperature, and nutrient and water availability. Syntheses of results across experiments provide a more general sense of ecosystem responses to global change, and help to discern the influence of background conditions such as climate and vegetation type in determining global change responses. Several independent syntheses of published data have yielded distinct databases for specific objectives. Such parallel, uncoordinated initiatives carry the risk of producing redundant data collection efforts and have led to contrasting outcomes without clarifying the underlying reason for divergence. These problems could be avoided by creating a publicly available, updatable, curated database. Here, we report on a global effort to collect and curate 57,089 treatment responses across 3644 manipulation experiments at 1145 sites, simulating elevated CO2 , warming, nutrient addition, and precipitation changes. In the resulting Manipulation Experiments Synthesis Initiative (MESI) database, effects of experimental global change drivers on carbon and nutrient cycles are included, as well as ancillary data such as background climate, vegetation type, treatment magnitude, duration, and, unique to our database, measured soil properties. Our analysis of the database indicates that most experiments are short term (one or few growing seasons), conducted in the USA, Europe, or China, and that the most abundantly reported variable is aboveground biomass. We provide the most comprehensive multifactor global change database to date, enabling the research community to tackle open research questions, vital to global policymaking. The MESI database, freely accessible at doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7153253, opens new avenues for model evaluation and synthesis-based understanding of how global change affects terrestrial biomes. We welcome contributions to the database on GitHub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Van Sundert
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Global Change Ecology Centre of Excellence, Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Climate and Ecological Synthesis Lab, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Earth System Science, Doerr School of Sustainability, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Ecological Synthesis Lab, School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Martin K-F Bader
- Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Scott X Chang
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Jeffrey S Dukes
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, USA
| | - J Adam Langley
- Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zilong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bertold Mariën
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Global Change Ecology Centre of Excellence, Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Simon Reynaert
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Global Change Ecology Centre of Excellence, Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jingyi Ru
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Jian Song
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Benjamin Stocker
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - César Terrer
- Climate and Ecological Synthesis Lab, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua Thoresen
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Wildland Consultants, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Eline Vanuytrecht
- Division of Soil & Water Management, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Climate Change Adaptation, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shiqiang Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Kai Yue
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanming, Fujian, China
| | - Sara Vicca
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Global Change Ecology Centre of Excellence, Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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9
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Meng F, Hong S, Wang J, Chen A, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Janssens IA, Mao J, Myneni RB, Peñuelas J, Piao S. Climate change increases carbon allocation to leaves in early leaf green-up. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:816-826. [PMID: 36958943 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Global greening, characterized by an increase in leaf area index (LAI), implies an increase in foliar carbon (C). Whether this increase in foliar C under climate change is due to higher photosynthesis or to higher allocation of C to leaves remains unknown. Here, we explored the trends in foliar C accumulation and allocation during leaf green-up from 2000 to 2017 using satellite-derived LAI and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) across the Northern Hemisphere. The accumulation of foliar C accelerated in the early green-up period due to both increased photosynthesis and higher foliar C allocation driven by climate change. In the late stage of green-up, however, we detected decreasing trends in foliar C accumulation and foliar C allocation. Such stage-dependent trends in the accumulation and allocation of foliar C are not represented in current terrestrial biosphere models. Our results highlight that a better representation of C allocation should be incorporated into models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fandong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System and Resources Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Songbai Hong
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Anping Chen
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Yao Zhang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jiafu Mao
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ranga B Myneni
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola de Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Shilong Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System and Resources Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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10
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Goll DS, Bauters M, Zhang H, Ciais P, Balkanski Y, Wang R, Verbeeck H. Atmospheric phosphorus deposition amplifies carbon sinks in simulations of a tropical forest in Central Africa. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:2054-2068. [PMID: 36226674 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Spatial redistribution of nutrients by atmospheric transport and deposition could theoretically act as a continental-scale mechanism which counteracts declines in soil fertility caused by nutrient lock-up in accumulating biomass in tropical forests in Central Africa. However, to what extent it affects carbon sinks in forests remains elusive. Here we use a terrestrial biosphere model to quantify the impact of changes in atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition on plant nutrition and biomass carbon sink at a typical lowland forest site in Central Africa. We find that the increase in nutrient deposition since the 1980s could have contributed to the carbon sink over the past four decades up to an extent which is similar to that from the combined effects of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and climate change. Furthermore, we find that the modelled carbon sink responds to changes in phosphorus deposition, but less so to nitrogen deposition. The pronounced response of ecosystem productivity to changes in nutrient deposition illustrates a potential mechanism that could control carbon sinks in Central Africa. Monitoring the quantity and quality of nutrient deposition is needed in this region, given the changes in nutrient deposition due to human land use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Goll
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, CNRS, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Marijn Bauters
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory-ISOFYS, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Department of Environment, Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology - CAVElab, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Haicheng Zhang
- Department Geoscience, Environment & Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, 1050, Belgium
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, CNRS, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Yves Balkanski
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, CNRS, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Integrated Research on Disaster Risk International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Center for Urban Eco-Planning & Design, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Big Data Institute for Carbon Emission and Environmental Pollution, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hans Verbeeck
- Department of Environment, Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology - CAVElab, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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11
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Liu Z, Chen Z, Yu G, Zhang W, Zhang T, Han L. The role of climate, vegetation, and soil factors on carbon fluxes in Chinese drylands. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1060066. [PMID: 36844101 PMCID: PMC9947249 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1060066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Drylands dominate the trend and variability of the land carbon (C) sink. A better understanding of the implications of climate-induced changes in the drylands for C sink-source dynamics is urgently needed. The effect of climate on ecosystem C fluxes (gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and net ecosystem productivity (NEP)) in drylands has been extensively explored, but the roles of other concurrently changing factors, such as vegetation conditions and nutrient availability, remain unclear. We used eddy-covariance C-flux measurements from 45 ecosystems with concurrent information on climate (mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP)), soil (soil moisture (SM) and soil total nitrogen content (soil N)), and vegetation (leaf area index (LAI) and leaf nitrogen content (LNC)) factors to assess their roles in C fluxes. The results showed that the drylands in China were weak C sinks. GPP and ER were positively correlated with MAP, while they were negatively correlated with MAT. NEP first decreased and then increased with increasing MAT and MAP, and 6.6 °C and 207 mm were the boundaries for the NEP response to MAT and MAP, respectively. SM, soil N, LAI, and MAP were the main factors affecting GPP and ER. However, SM and LNC had the most important influence on NEP. Compared with climate and vegetation factors, soil factors (SM and soil N) had a greater impact on C fluxes in the drylands. Climate factors mainly affected C fluxes by regulating vegetation and soil factors. To accurately estimate the global C balance and predict the response of ecosystems to environmental change, it is necessary to fully consider the discrepant effects of climate, vegetation, and soil factors on C fluxes, as well as the cascade relationships between different factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaogang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Yanshan Earth Critical Zone and Surface Fluxes Research Station, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guirui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Yanshan Earth Critical Zone and Surface Fluxes Research Station, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weikang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyou Zhang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lang Han
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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12
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Peichl M, Martínez‐García E, Fransson JES, Wallerman J, Laudon H, Lundmark T, Nilsson MB. Landscape-variability of the carbon balance across managed boreal forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1119-1132. [PMID: 36464908 PMCID: PMC10108254 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Boreal forests are important global carbon (C) sinks and, therefore, considered as a key element in climate change mitigation policies. However, their actual C sink strength is uncertain and under debate, particularly for the actively managed forests in the boreal regions of Fennoscandia. In this study, we use an extensive set of biometric- and chamber-based C flux data collected in 50 forest stands (ranging from 5 to 211 years) over 3 years (2016-2018) with the aim to explore the variations of the annual net ecosystem production (NEP; i.e., the ecosystem C balance) across a 68 km2 managed boreal forest landscape in northern Sweden. Our results demonstrate that net primary production rather than heterotrophic respiration regulated the spatio-temporal variations of NEP across the heterogeneous mosaic of the managed boreal forest landscape. We further find divergent successional patterns of NEP in our managed forests relative to naturally regenerating boreal forests, including (i) a fast recovery of the C sink function within the first decade after harvest due to the rapid establishment of a productive understory layer and (ii) a sustained C sink in old stands (131-211 years). We estimate that the rotation period for optimum C sequestration extends to 138 years, which over multiple rotations results in a long-term C sequestration rate of 86.5 t C ha-1 per rotation. Our study highlights the potential of forest management to maximize C sequestration of boreal forest landscapes and associate climate change mitigation effects by developing strategies that optimize tree biomass production rather than heterotrophic soil C emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Peichl
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)UmeåSweden
| | - Eduardo Martínez‐García
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)UmeåSweden
| | - Johan E. S. Fransson
- Department of Forest Resource ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)UmeåSweden
- Department of Forestry and Wood TechnologyLinnaeus UniversityVäxjöSweden
| | - Jörgen Wallerman
- Department of Forest Resource ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)UmeåSweden
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)UmeåSweden
| | - Tomas Lundmark
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)UmeåSweden
| | - Mats B. Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)UmeåSweden
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13
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Miao G, Noormets A, Gavazzi M, Mitra B, Domec JC, Sun G, McNulty S, King JS. Beyond carbon flux partitioning: Carbon allocation and nonstructural carbon dynamics inferred from continuous fluxes. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2655. [PMID: 35567435 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon (C) allocation and nonstructural carbon (NSC) dynamics play essential roles in plant growth and survival under stress and disturbance. However, quantitative understanding of these processes remains limited. Here we propose a framework where we connect commonly measured carbon cycle components (eddy covariance fluxes of canopy CO2 exchange, soil CO2 efflux, and allometry-based biomass and net primary production) by a simple mass balance model to derive ecosystem-level NSC dynamics (NSCi ), C translocation (dCi ), and the biomass production efficiency (BPEi ) in above- and belowground plant (i = agp and bgp) compartments. We applied this framework to two long-term monitored loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations of different ages in North Carolina and characterized the variations of NSC and allocation in years under normal and drought conditions. The results indicated that the young stand did not have net NSC flux at the annual scale, whereas the mature stand stored a near-constant proportion of new assimilates as NSC every year under normal conditions, which was comparable in magnitude to new structural growth. Roots consumed NSC in drought and stored a significant amount of NSC post drought. The above- and belowground dCi and BPEi varied more from year to year in the young stand and approached a relatively stable pattern in the mature stand. The belowground BPEbgp differed the most between the young and mature stands and was most responsive to drought. With the internal C dynamics quantified, this framework may also improve biomass production estimation, which reveals the variations resulting from droughts. Overall, these quantified ecosystem-scale dynamics were consistent with existing evidence from tree-based manipulative experiments and measurements and demonstrated that combining the continuous fluxes as proposed here can provide additional information about plant internal C dynamics. Given that it is based on broadly available flux data, the proposed framework is promising to improve the allocation algorithms in ecosystem C cycle models and offers new insights into observed variability in soil-plant-climate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Miao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Resources and Environment, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Asko Noormets
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Gavazzi
- Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bhaskar Mitra
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences AGRO, UMR1391 ISPA INRA, Gradignan Cedex, France
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ge Sun
- Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steve McNulty
- Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - John S King
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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14
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Blaško R, Forsmark B, Gundale MJ, Lim H, Lundmark T, Nordin A. The carbon sequestration response of aboveground biomass and soils to nutrient enrichment in boreal forests depends on baseline site productivity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156327. [PMID: 35640755 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient enrichment can alleviate productivity limitations and thus substantially increase carbon (C) uptake in northern coniferous forests. Yet, factors controlling stand-to-stand variation of forest ecosystem responses to nutrient enrichment remain unclear. We used five long-term (13 years) nutrient-enrichment experiments across Sweden, where nitrogen (N), phosphorus, and potassium were applied annually to young Norway spruce forests that varied in their baseline ecosystem properties. We measured tree biomass and soil C and N stocks, litterfall C inputs, soil CO2 efflux, and shifts in composition and biomass of soil microbial communities to understand the links between above and belowground responses to nutrient enrichment. We found that the strongest responses in tree biomass occurred when baseline site productivity was lowest. High increases in tree biomass C stocks were generally balanced by weaker responses in organic soil C stocks. The average ecosystem C-N response rate was 35 kg C kg-1 N added, with a nearly five-fold greater response rate in tree biomass than in soil. The positive nutrient enrichment effects on ecosystem C sinks were driven by a 95% increase in tree biomass C stocks, 150% increase in litter production, 67% increase in organic layer C stocks, and a 46% reduction in soil CO2 efflux accompanied by compositional changes in soil microbial communities. Our results show that ecosystem C uptake in spruce forests in northern Europe can be substantially enhanced by nutrient enrichment; however, the strength of the responses and whether the enhancement occurs mainly in tree biomass or soils are dependent on baseline forest productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Blaško
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden; Slovak Environment Agency, Tajovského 28, 975 90 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia.
| | - Benjamin Forsmark
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden; Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hyungwoo Lim
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tomas Lundmark
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Annika Nordin
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University/Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90736/SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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15
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Cunha HFV, Andersen KM, Lugli LF, Santana FD, Aleixo IF, Moraes AM, Garcia S, Di Ponzio R, Mendoza EO, Brum B, Rosa JS, Cordeiro AL, Portela BTT, Ribeiro G, Coelho SD, de Souza ST, Silva LS, Antonieto F, Pires M, Salomão AC, Miron AC, de Assis RL, Domingues TF, Aragão LEOC, Meir P, Camargo JL, Manzi AO, Nagy L, Mercado LM, Hartley IP, Quesada CA. Direct evidence for phosphorus limitation on Amazon forest productivity. Nature 2022; 608:558-562. [PMID: 35948632 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The productivity of rainforests growing on highly weathered tropical soils is expected to be limited by phosphorus availability1. Yet, controlled fertilization experiments have been unable to demonstrate a dominant role for phosphorus in controlling tropical forest net primary productivity. Recent syntheses have demonstrated that responses to nitrogen addition are as large as to phosphorus2, and adaptations to low phosphorus availability appear to enable net primary productivity to be maintained across major soil phosphorus gradients3. Thus, the extent to which phosphorus availability limits tropical forest productivity is highly uncertain. The majority of the Amazonia, however, is characterized by soils that are more depleted in phosphorus than those in which most tropical fertilization experiments have taken place2. Thus, we established a phosphorus, nitrogen and base cation addition experiment in an old growth Amazon rainforest, with a low soil phosphorus content that is representative of approximately 60% of the Amazon basin. Here we show that net primary productivity increased exclusively with phosphorus addition. After 2 years, strong responses were observed in fine root (+29%) and canopy productivity (+19%), but not stem growth. The direct evidence of phosphorus limitation of net primary productivity suggests that phosphorus availability may restrict Amazon forest responses to CO2 fertilization4, with major implications for future carbon sequestration and forest resilience to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelly M Andersen
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Laynara Figueiredo Lugli
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil.,TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Flavia Delgado Santana
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Izabela Fonseca Aleixo
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Anna Martins Moraes
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Garcia
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Raffaello Di Ponzio
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragment Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Erick Oblitas Mendoza
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Brum
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Schmeisk Rosa
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gyovanni Ribeiro
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Sara Deambrozi Coelho
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Lara Siebert Silva
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Felipe Antonieto
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Maria Pires
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Salomão
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragment Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Miron
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil.,Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rafael L de Assis
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil.,Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomas F Domingues
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciência e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,National Institute for Space Research, São Jose dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrick Meir
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - José Luis Camargo
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragment Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Antonio Ocimar Manzi
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil.,National Institute for Space Research, São Jose dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lina M Mercado
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, UK
| | - Iain P Hartley
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Carlos Alberto Quesada
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
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16
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Lu J, Yang J, Keitel C, Yin L, Wang P, Cheng W, Dijkstra FA. Belowground Carbon Efficiency for Nitrogen and Phosphorus Acquisition Varies Between Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens and Depends on Phosphorus Fertilization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:927435. [PMID: 35812934 PMCID: PMC9263692 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.927435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetically derived carbon (C) is allocated belowground, allowing plants to obtain nutrients. However, less is known about the amount of nutrients acquired relative to the C allocated belowground, which is referred to as C efficiency for nutrient acquisition (CENA). Here, we examined how C efficiency for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) acquisition varied between ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and clover (Trifolium repens) with and without P fertilization. A continuous 13C-labeling method was applied to track belowground C allocation. Both species allocated nearly half of belowground C to rhizosphere respiration (49%), followed by root biomass (37%), and rhizodeposition (14%). With regard to N and P, CENA was higher for clover than for ryegrass, which remained higher after accounting for relatively low C costs associated with biological N2 fixation. Phosphorus fertilization increased the C efficiency for P acquisition but decreased the C efficiency for N acquisition. A higher CENA for N and P in clover may be attributed to the greater rhizosphere priming on soil organic matter decomposition. Increased P availability with P fertilization could induce lower C allocation for P uptake but exacerbate soil N limitation, thereby making N uptake less C efficient. Overall, our study revealed that species-specific belowground C allocation and nutrient uptake efficiency depend on which nutrient is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jinfeng Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Claudia Keitel
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Liming Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Weixin Cheng
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Feike A. Dijkstra
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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17
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Jevon FV, Lang AK. Tree biomass allocation differs by mycorrhizal association. Ecology 2022; 103:e3688. [PMID: 35324010 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tree biomass allocation to leaves, roots, and wood affects the residence time of carbon in forests, with potentially dramatic implications for ecosystem carbon storage. However, drivers of tree biomass allocation remain poorly quantified. Using a combination of global datasets, we tested the relative importance of climate, leaf habit, and tree mycorrhizal associations on biomass allocation. We show that trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi allocate roughly 4% more of their biomass to root tissue than trees that associate with ectomycorrhizal fungi. Further, the effect of mycorrhizal association on root biomass allocation was greater than that of climate and similar in magnitude to that of leaf habit (evergreen vs. deciduous). These patterns in whole-plant biomass allocation are likely due to differences in carbon investment toward root vs fungal tissues, where trees with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi favor root production while trees with ectomycorrhizal fungi favor fungal tissue production. These results suggest that considering tree mycorrhizal associations could improve our understanding of ecosystem carbon storage in terrestrial biosphere models: specifically, that greater within-tree allocation to root biomass in AM-associated tree species may contribute to stable soil carbon pools in forests dominated by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona V Jevon
- Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ashley K Lang
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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18
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Vicca S, Goll DS, Hagens M, Hartmann J, Janssens IA, Neubeck A, Peñuelas J, Poblador S, Rijnders J, Sardans J, Struyf E, Swoboda P, van Groenigen JW, Vienne A, Verbruggen E. Is the climate change mitigation effect of enhanced silicate weathering governed by biological processes? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:711-726. [PMID: 34773318 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A number of negative emission technologies (NETs) have been proposed to actively remove CO2 from the atmosphere, with enhanced silicate weathering (ESW) as a relatively new NET with considerable climate change mitigation potential. Models calibrated to ESW rates in lab experiments estimate the global potential for inorganic carbon sequestration by ESW at about 0.5-5 Gt CO2 year-1 , suggesting ESW could be an important component of the future NETs mix. In real soils, however, weathering rates may differ strongly from lab conditions. Research on natural weathering has shown that biota such as plants, microbes, and macro-invertebrates can strongly affect weathering rates, but biotic effects were excluded from most ESW lab assessments. Moreover, ESW may alter soil organic carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions by influencing physicochemical and biological processes, which holds the potential to perpetuate even larger negative emissions. Here, we argue that it is likely that the climate change mitigation effect of ESW will be governed by biological processes, emphasizing the need to put these processes on the agenda of this emerging research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vicca
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Daniel S Goll
- CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, LSCE/IPSL, Université Paris Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Mathilde Hagens
- Soil Chemistry and Chemical Soil Quality, Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Hartmann
- Institute for Geology, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Anna Neubeck
- Department of Earth sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology CREAF- CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Poblador
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jet Rijnders
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CSIC, Global Ecology CREAF- CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eric Struyf
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Philipp Swoboda
- International Centre for Sustainable Development, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | | | - Arthur Vienne
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Erik Verbruggen
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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19
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Schulte‐Uebbing LF, Ros GH, de Vries W. Experimental evidence shows minor contribution of nitrogen deposition to global forest carbon sequestration. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:899-917. [PMID: 34699094 PMCID: PMC9299138 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Human activities have drastically increased nitrogen (N) deposition onto forests globally. This may have alleviated N limitation and thus stimulated productivity and carbon (C) sequestration in aboveground woody biomass (AGWB), a stable C pool with long turnover times. This 'carbon bonus' of human N use partly offsets the climate impact of human-induced N2 O emissions, but its magnitude and spatial variation are uncertain. Here we used a meta-regression approach to identify sources of heterogeneity in tree biomass C-N response (additional C stored per unit of N) based on data from fertilization experiments in global forests. We identified important drivers of spatial variation in forest biomass C-N response related to climate (potential evapotranspiration), soil fertility (N content) and tree characteristics (stand age), and used these relationships to quantify global spatial variation in N-induced forest biomass C sequestration. Results show that N deposition enhances biomass C sequestration in only one-third of global forests, mainly in the boreal region, while N reduces C sequestration in 5% of forests, mainly in the tropics. In the remaining 59% of global forests, N addition has no impact on biomass C sequestration. Average C-N responses were 11 (4-21) kg C per kg N for boreal forests, 4 (0-8) kg C per kg N for temperate forests and 0 (-4 to 5) kg C per kg N for tropical forests. Our global estimate of the N-induced forest biomass C sink of 41 (-53 to 159) Tg C yr-1 is substantially lower than previous estimates, mainly due to the absence of any response in most tropical forests (accounting for 58% of the global forest area). Overall, the N-induced C sink in AGWB only offsets ~5% of the climate impact of N2 O emissions (in terms of 100-year global warming potential), and contributes ~1% to the gross forest C sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena F. Schulte‐Uebbing
- Environmental Systems Analysis GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Gerard H. Ros
- Environmental Systems Analysis GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenthe Netherlands
- Nutrient Management InstituteWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Wim de Vries
- Environmental Systems Analysis GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenthe Netherlands
- Wageningen Environmental ResearchWageningen University & ResearchWageningenthe Netherlands
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20
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Vallicrosa H, Sardans J, Maspons J, Zuccarini P, Fernández-Martínez M, Bauters M, Goll DS, Ciais P, Obersteiner M, Janssens IA, Peñuelas J. Global maps and factors driving forest foliar elemental composition: the importance of evolutionary history. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:169-181. [PMID: 34614196 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Consistent information on the current elemental composition of vegetation at global scale and the variables that determine it is lacking. To fill this gap, we gathered a total of 30 912 georeferenced records on woody plants foliar concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) from published databases, and produced global maps of foliar N, P and K concentrations for woody plants using neural networks at a resolution of 1 km2 . We used data for climate, atmospheric deposition, soil and morphoclimatic groups to train the neural networks. Foliar N, P and K do not follow clear global latitudinal patterns but are consistent with the hypothesis of soil substrate age. We additionally built generalized linear mixed models to investigate the evolutionary history effect together with the effects of environmental effects. In this comparison, evolutionary history effects explained most of the variability in all cases (mostly > 60%). These results emphasize the determinant role of evolutionary history in foliar elemental composition, which should be incorporated in upcoming dynamic global vegetation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Vallicrosa
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, 08913, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, 08913, Spain
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, 08913, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, 08913, Spain
| | - Joan Maspons
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, 08913, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, 08913, Spain
| | - Paolo Zuccarini
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, 08913, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, 08913, Spain
| | - Marcos Fernández-Martínez
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, B-2610, Belgium
| | - Marijn Bauters
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, B-2610, Belgium
| | | | | | - Michael Obersteiner
- Ecosystems Services and Management, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg, A-2361, Austria
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, B-2610, Belgium
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, 08913, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, 08913, Spain
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21
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Linking Remotely Sensed Carbon and Water Use Efficiencies with In Situ Soil Properties. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13132593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of terrestrial ecosystems to sequester carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere is expected to be altered by climate change and CO2 fertilization, but this projection is limited by our understanding of how the soil system interacts with plants. Understanding the soil–vegetation interactions is essential to assess the magnitude and response of terrestrial ecosystems to the changing climate. Here, we used soil profile and satellite data to explore the role that soil properties play in regulating water and carbon use by plants. Data obtained for 19 terrestrial ecosystem sites in a warm temperate and humid climate were used to investigate the relationship between remotely sensed data and soil physical and chemical properties. Classification and regression tree results showed that in situ soil carbon isotope (δ13C), and soil order were significant predictors (r2 = 0.39, mean absolute error (MAE) = 0 of 0.175 gC/KgH2O) of remotely sensed water use efficiency (WUE) based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Soil extractable calcium (Ca), and land cover type were significant predictors of remotely sensed carbon use efficiency (CUE) based on MODIS and Landsat data-(r2 = 0.64–0.78, MAE = 0.04–0.06). We used gross primary productivity (GPP) derived from solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) data, based on the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2), to calculate WUE and CUE (referred to as WUESIF and CUESIF, respectively) for our study sites. The regression tree analysis revealed that soil organic matter and soil extractable magnesium (Mg), δ13C, and soil silt content were the important predictors of both WUESIF (r2 = 0.19, MAE = 0.64 gC/KgH2O) and CUESIF (r2 = 0.45, MAE = 0.1), respectively. Our results revealed the importance of soil extractable Ca, soil carbon (S13C is a facet of soil carbon content), and soil organic matter predicting CUE and WUE. Insights gained from this study highlighted the importance of biotic and abiotic factors regulating plant and soil interactions. These types of data are timely and critical for accurate predictions of how terrestrial ecosystems respond to climate change.
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22
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Mayer M, Rewald B, Matthews B, Sanden H, Rosinger C, Katzensteiner K, Gorfer M, Berger H, Tallian C, Berger TW, Godbold DL. Soil fertility relates to fungal-mediated decomposition and organic matter turnover in a temperate mountain forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:777-790. [PMID: 34013982 PMCID: PMC7611052 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are known to exert a significant influence over soil organic matter (SOM) turnover, however understanding of the effects of fungal community structure on SOM dynamics and its consequences for ecosystem fertility is fragmentary. Here we studied soil fungal guilds and SOM decomposition processes along a fertility gradient in a temperate mountain beech forest. High-throughput sequencing was used to investigate fungal communities. Carbon and nitrogen stocks, enzymatic activity and microbial respiration were measured. While ectomycorrhizal fungal abundance was not related to fertility, saprotrophic ascomycetes showed higher relative abundances under more fertile conditions. The activity of oxidising enzymes and respiration rates in mineral soil were related positively to fertility and saprotrophic fungi. In addition, organic layer carbon and nitrogen stocks were lower on the more fertile plots, although tree biomass and litter input were higher. Together, the results indicated a faster SOM turnover at the fertile end of the gradient. We suggest that there is a positive feedback mechanism between SOM turnover and fertility that is mediated by soil fungi to a significant extent. By underlining the importance of fungi for soil fertility and plant growth, these findings furthermore emphasise the dependency of carbon cycling on fungal communities below ground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Mayer
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter-Jordan Straße 82, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Boris Rewald
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter-Jordan Straße 82, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Bradley Matthews
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter-Jordan Straße 82, Vienna 1190, Austria
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Hans Sanden
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter-Jordan Straße 82, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Christoph Rosinger
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter-Jordan Straße 82, Vienna 1190, Austria
- Terrestrial Ecology Group, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, Cologne 50674, Germany
| | - Klaus Katzensteiner
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter-Jordan Straße 82, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Markus Gorfer
- Bioresources Unit, Center for Health & Bioresources, Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH (AIT), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Harald Berger
- Symbiocyte, Vorgartenstraße 145, Vienna 1020, Austria
| | - Claudia Tallian
- Bioresources Unit, Center for Health & Bioresources, Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH (AIT), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Torsten W. Berger
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter-Jordan Straße 82, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Douglas L. Godbold
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter-Jordan Straße 82, Vienna 1190, Austria
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23
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Beaulne J, Boucher É, Garneau M, Magnan G. Paludification reduces black spruce growth rate but does not alter tree water use efficiency in Canadian boreal forested peatlands. FOREST ECOSYSTEMS 2021; 8:28. [PMID: 34721933 PMCID: PMC8550502 DOI: 10.1186/s40663-021-00307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP)-forested peatlands are widespread ecosystems in boreal North America in which peat accumulation, known as the paludification process, has been shown to induce forest growth decline. The continuously evolving environmental conditions (e.g., water table rise, increasing peat thickness) in paludified forests may require tree growth mechanism adjustments over time. In this study, we investigate tree ecophysiological mechanisms along a paludification gradient in a boreal forested peatland of eastern Canada by combining peat-based and tree-ring analyses. Carbon and oxygen stable isotopes in tree rings are used to document changes in carbon assimilation rates, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency. In addition, paleohydrological analyses are performed to evaluate the dynamical ecophysiological adjustments of black spruce trees to site-specific water table variations. RESULTS Increasing peat accumulation considerably impacts forest growth, but no significant differences in tree water use efficiency (iWUE) are found between the study sites. Tree-ring isotopic analysis indicates no iWUE decrease over the last 100 years, but rather an important increase at each site up to the 1980s, before iWUE stabilized. Surprisingly, inferred basal area increments do not reflect such trends. Therefore, iWUE variations do not reflect tree ecophysiological adjustments required by changes in growing conditions. Local water table variations induce no changes in ecophysiological mechanisms, but a synchronous shift in iWUE is observed at all sites in the mid-1980s. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that paludification induces black spruce growth decline without altering tree water use efficiency in boreal forested peatlands. These findings highlight that failing to account for paludification-related carbon use and allocation could result in the overestimation of aboveground biomass production in paludified sites. Further research on carbon allocation strategies is of utmost importance to understand the carbon sink capacity of these widespread ecosystems in the context of climate change, and to make appropriate forest management decisions in the boreal biome. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40663-021-00307-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joannie Beaulne
- Geotop Research Center, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
- Department of Geography, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
- GRIL-UQAM, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Étienne Boucher
- Geotop Research Center, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
- Department of Geography, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
- Centre d’études nordiques, Université Laval, Montréal, Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Michelle Garneau
- Geotop Research Center, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
- Department of Geography, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
- GRIL-UQAM, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
- Centre d’études nordiques, Université Laval, Montréal, Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Gabriel Magnan
- Geotop Research Center, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
- Department of Geography, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
- GRIL-UQAM, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
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24
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Muller-Landau HC, Cushman KC, Arroyo EE, Martinez Cano I, Anderson-Teixeira KJ, Backiel B. Patterns and mechanisms of spatial variation in tropical forest productivity, woody residence time, and biomass. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3065-3087. [PMID: 33207007 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests vary widely in biomass carbon (C) stocks and fluxes even after controlling for forest age. A mechanistic understanding of this variation is critical to accurately predicting responses to global change. We review empirical studies of spatial variation in tropical forest biomass, productivity and woody residence time, focusing on mature forests. Woody productivity and biomass decrease from wet to dry forests and with elevation. Within lowland forests, productivity and biomass increase with temperature in wet forests, but decrease with temperature where water becomes limiting. Woody productivity increases with soil fertility, whereas residence time decreases, and biomass responses are variable, consistent with an overall unimodal relationship. Areas with higher disturbance rates and intensities have lower woody residence time and biomass. These environmental gradients all involve both direct effects of changing environments on forest C fluxes and shifts in functional composition - including changing abundances of lianas - that substantially mitigate or exacerbate direct effects. Biogeographic realms differ significantly and importantly in productivity and biomass, even after controlling for climate and biogeochemistry, further demonstrating the importance of plant species composition. Capturing these patterns in global vegetation models requires better mechanistic representation of water and nutrient limitation, plant compositional shifts and tree mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene C Muller-Landau
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| | - K C Cushman
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| | - Eva E Arroyo
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Isabel Martinez Cano
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute and National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Rd, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Bogumila Backiel
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
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25
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Walker AP, De Kauwe MG, Bastos A, Belmecheri S, Georgiou K, Keeling RF, McMahon SM, Medlyn BE, Moore DJP, Norby RJ, Zaehle S, Anderson-Teixeira KJ, Battipaglia G, Brienen RJW, Cabugao KG, Cailleret M, Campbell E, Canadell JG, Ciais P, Craig ME, Ellsworth DS, Farquhar GD, Fatichi S, Fisher JB, Frank DC, Graven H, Gu L, Haverd V, Heilman K, Heimann M, Hungate BA, Iversen CM, Joos F, Jiang M, Keenan TF, Knauer J, Körner C, Leshyk VO, Leuzinger S, Liu Y, MacBean N, Malhi Y, McVicar TR, Penuelas J, Pongratz J, Powell AS, Riutta T, Sabot MEB, Schleucher J, Sitch S, Smith WK, Sulman B, Taylor B, Terrer C, Torn MS, Treseder KK, Trugman AT, Trumbore SE, van Mantgem PJ, Voelker SL, Whelan ME, Zuidema PA. Integrating the evidence for a terrestrial carbon sink caused by increasing atmospheric CO 2. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2413-2445. [PMID: 32789857 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2 ]) is increasing, which increases leaf-scale photosynthesis and intrinsic water-use efficiency. These direct responses have the potential to increase plant growth, vegetation biomass, and soil organic matter; transferring carbon from the atmosphere into terrestrial ecosystems (a carbon sink). A substantial global terrestrial carbon sink would slow the rate of [CO2 ] increase and thus climate change. However, ecosystem CO2 responses are complex or confounded by concurrent changes in multiple agents of global change and evidence for a [CO2 ]-driven terrestrial carbon sink can appear contradictory. Here we synthesize theory and broad, multidisciplinary evidence for the effects of increasing [CO2 ] (iCO2 ) on the global terrestrial carbon sink. Evidence suggests a substantial increase in global photosynthesis since pre-industrial times. Established theory, supported by experiments, indicates that iCO2 is likely responsible for about half of the increase. Global carbon budgeting, atmospheric data, and forest inventories indicate a historical carbon sink, and these apparent iCO2 responses are high in comparison to experiments and predictions from theory. Plant mortality and soil carbon iCO2 responses are highly uncertain. In conclusion, a range of evidence supports a positive terrestrial carbon sink in response to iCO2 , albeit with uncertain magnitude and strong suggestion of a role for additional agents of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Walker
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Martin G De Kauwe
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ana Bastos
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Luisenstr. 37, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Soumaya Belmecheri
- Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Katerina Georgiou
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ralph F Keeling
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - David J P Moore
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, 1064 East Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Richard J Norby
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Sönke Zaehle
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, MRC 5535, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Giovanna Battipaglia
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università della Campania, Caserta, 81100, Italy
| | | | - Kristine G Cabugao
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Maxime Cailleret
- INRAE, UMR RECOVER, Aix-Marseille Université, 3275 route de Cézanne, Aix-en-Provence Cedex 5, 13182, France
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Elliott Campbell
- Department of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Josep G Canadell
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91191, France
| | - Matthew E Craig
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - David S Ellsworth
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Simone Fatichi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini Platz 5, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Joshua B Fisher
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - David C Frank
- Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Heather Graven
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Lianhong Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Vanessa Haverd
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Kelly Heilman
- Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Martin Heimann
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Bruce A Hungate
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Fortunat Joos
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstr. 5, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Mingkai Jiang
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Trevor F Keenan
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jürgen Knauer
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Christian Körner
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Victor O Leshyk
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Sebastian Leuzinger
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yao Liu
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Natasha MacBean
- Department of Geography, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Tim R McVicar
- CSIRO Land and Water, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, 142 Mills Rd, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Josep Penuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
| | - Julia Pongratz
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Luisenstr. 37, Munich, 80333, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstr. 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Shafer Powell
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Terhi Riutta
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Manon E B Sabot
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Juergen Schleucher
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Umeå University, Umea, 901 87, Sweden
| | - Stephen Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Laver Building, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - William K Smith
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, 1064 East Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Benjamin Sulman
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Benton Taylor
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - César Terrer
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Margaret S Torn
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kathleen K Treseder
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Anna T Trugman
- Department of Geography, 1832 Ellison Hall, Santa Barbara, CA, 93016, USA
| | - Susan E Trumbore
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | | | - Steve L Voelker
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Mary E Whelan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Pieter A Zuidema
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
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26
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Keller AB, Brzostek ER, Craig ME, Fisher JB, Phillips RP. Root‐derived inputs are major contributors to soil carbon in temperate forests, but vary by mycorrhizal type. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:626-635. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne B. Keller
- Department of Biology Indiana University Bloomington Bloomington IM USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota Twin Cities Minneapolis MN USA
| | | | - Matthew E. Craig
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN USA
| | - Joshua B. Fisher
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and EngineeringUniversity of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA
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27
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Fernández-Martínez M, Sardans J, Musavi T, Migliavacca M, Iturrate-Garcia M, Scholes RJ, Peñuelas J, Janssens IA. The role of climate, foliar stoichiometry and plant diversity on ecosystem carbon balance. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:7067-7078. [PMID: 33090630 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Global change is affecting terrestrial carbon (C) balances. The effect of climate on ecosystem C balance has been largely explored, but the roles of other concurrently changing factors, such as diversity and nutrient availability, remain elusive. We used eddy-covariance C-flux measurements from 62 ecosystems from which we compiled information on climate, ecosystem type, stand age, species abundance and foliar concentrations of N and P of the main species, to assess their importance in the ecosystem C balance. Climate and productivity were the main determinants of ecosystem C balance and its stability. In P-rich sites, increasing N was related to increased gross primary production and respiration and vice versa, but reduced net C uptake. Our analyses did not provide evidence for a strong relation between ecosystem diversity and their productivity and stability. Nonetheless, these results suggest that nutrient imbalances and, potentially, diversity loss may alter future global C balance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordi Sardans
- Global Ecology Unit, CSIC, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- CREAF, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Talie Musavi
- Department Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Mirco Migliavacca
- Department Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Maitane Iturrate-Garcia
- Department of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Federal Institute of Metrology, Bern-Wabern, Switzerland
| | - Robert J Scholes
- Global Change Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Global Ecology Unit, CSIC, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- CREAF, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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28
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Xu H, Xiao J, Zhang Z, Ollinger SV, Hollinger DY, Pan Y, Wan J. Canopy photosynthetic capacity drives contrasting age dynamics of resource use efficiencies between mature temperate evergreen and deciduous forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:6156-6167. [PMID: 33245613 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Forest resource use efficiencies (RUEs) can vary with tree age, but the nature of these trends and their underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Understanding the age dynamics of forest RUEs and their drivers is vital for assessing the trade-offs between forest functions and resource consumption, making rational management policy, and projecting ecosystem carbon dynamics. Here we used the FLUXNET2015 and AmeriFlux datasets and published literature to explore the age-dependent variability of forest light use efficiency (LUE) and inherent water use efficiency as well as their main regulatory variables in temperate regions. Our results showed that evergreen forest RUEs initially increased before reaching the mature stage (i.e., around 90 years old), and then gradually declined; in contrast, RUEs continuously increased with age for mature deciduous forests. Changing canopy photosynthetic capacity (Amax) was the primary cause of age-related changes in RUEs across temperate forest sites. More importantly, soil nitrogen (N) increased in mature deciduous forests through time but decreased in older evergreen forests. The age-dependent changes in soil N were closely linked with the age dynamics of Amax for mature temperate forests. Additionally, soil nutrient conditions played a greater role in deciduous forest RUEs than evergreen forest RUEs. This study highlights the importance of stand age and forest type on temperate forest RUEs over the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Xu
- Jixian National Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, CNERN, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation & Desertification Combating, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Jingfeng Xiao
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Jixian National Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, CNERN, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation & Desertification Combating, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Scott V Ollinger
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | | | - Yude Pan
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Jiaming Wan
- Jixian National Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, CNERN, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation & Desertification Combating, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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29
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Collalti A, Ibrom A, Stockmarr A, Cescatti A, Alkama R, Fernández-Martínez M, Matteucci G, Sitch S, Friedlingstein P, Ciais P, Goll DS, Nabel JEMS, Pongratz J, Arneth A, Haverd V, Prentice IC. Forest production efficiency increases with growth temperature. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5322. [PMID: 33087724 PMCID: PMC7578801 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19187-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Forest production efficiency (FPE) metric describes how efficiently the assimilated carbon is partitioned into plants organs (biomass production, BP) or-more generally-for the production of organic matter (net primary production, NPP). We present a global analysis of the relationship of FPE to stand-age and climate, based on a large compilation of data on gross primary production and either BP or NPP. FPE is important for both forest production and atmospheric carbon dioxide uptake. We find that FPE increases with absolute latitude, precipitation and (all else equal) with temperature. Earlier findings-FPE declining with age-are also supported by this analysis. However, the temperature effect is opposite to what would be expected based on the short-term physiological response of respiration rates to temperature, implying a top-down regulation of carbon loss, perhaps reflecting the higher carbon costs of nutrient acquisition in colder climates. Current ecosystem models do not reproduce this phenomenon. They consistently predict lower FPE in warmer climates, and are therefore likely to overestimate carbon losses in a warming climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Collalti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (ISAFOM), 06128, Perugia (PG), Italy
- University of Tuscia, Department of Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - A Ibrom
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Environmental Engineering, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - A Stockmarr
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - A Cescatti
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Sustainable Resources, Ispra, Italy
| | - R Alkama
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Sustainable Resources, Ispra, Italy
| | - M Fernández-Martínez
- Research group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - G Matteucci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for BioEconomy (IBE), 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - S Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - P Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - P Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et del'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France
| | - D S Goll
- Department of Geography, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - J E M S Nabel
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Pongratz
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Luisenstr 37, 80333, Munich, Germany
| | - A Arneth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - V Haverd
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - I C Prentice
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, London, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
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30
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Prescott CE, Grayston SJ, Helmisaari HS, Kaštovská E, Körner C, Lambers H, Meier IC, Millard P, Ostonen I. Surplus Carbon Drives Allocation and Plant-Soil Interactions. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 35:1110-1118. [PMID: 32928565 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth is usually constrained by the availability of nutrients, water, or temperature, rather than photosynthetic carbon (C) fixation. Under these conditions leaf growth is curtailed more than C fixation, and the surplus photosynthates are exported from the leaf. In plants limited by nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P), photosynthates are converted into sugars and secondary metabolites. Some surplus C is translocated to roots and released as root exudates or transferred to root-associated microorganisms. Surplus C is also produced under low moisture availability, low temperature, and high atmospheric CO2 concentrations, with similar below-ground effects. Many interactions among above- and below-ground ecosystem components can be parsimoniously explained by the production, distribution, and release of surplus C under conditions that limit plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy E Prescott
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z4.
| | - Sue J Grayston
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z4
| | - Heljä-Sisko Helmisaari
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva Kaštovská
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, Ceske Budejovice 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Körner
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstr. 6, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley (Perth), WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ina C Meier
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Millard
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
| | - Ivika Ostonen
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
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31
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Pierre S, Litton CM, Giardina CP, Sparks JP, Fahey TJ. Mean annual temperature influences local fine root proliferation and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in a tropical wet forest. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:9635-9646. [PMID: 33005336 PMCID: PMC7520179 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mean annual temperature (MAT) is an influential climate factor affecting the bioavailability of growth-limiting nutrients nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). In tropical montane wet forests, warmer MAT drives higher N bioavailability, while patterns of P availability are inconsistent across MAT. Two important nutrient acquisition strategies, fine root proliferation into bulk soil and root association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, are dependent on C availability to the plant via primary production. The case study presented here tests whether variation in bulk soil N bioavailability across a tropical montane wet forest elevation gradient (5.2°C MAT range) influences (a) morphology fine root proliferation into soil patches with elevated N, P, and N+P relative to background soil and (b) arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) colonization of fine roots in patches. We created a fully factorial fertilized root ingrowth core design (N, P, N+P, unfertilized control) representing soil patches with elevated N and P bioavailability relative to background bulk soil. Our results show that percent AMF colonization of roots increased with MAT (r 2 = .19, p = .004), but did not respond to fertilization treatments. Fine root length (FRL), a proxy for root foraging, increased with MAT in N+P-fertilized patches only (p = .02), while other fine root morphological parameters did not respond to the gradient or fertilized patches. We conclude that in N-rich, fine root elongation into areas with elevated N and P declines while AMF abundance increases with MAT. These results indicate a tradeoff between P acquisition strategies occurring with changing N bioavailability, which may be influenced by higher C availability with warmer MAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Pierre
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
- Department of Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley Berkeley California USA
| | - Creighton M Litton
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu Hawai'i USA
| | - Christian P Giardina
- Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry Pacific Southwest Research Station US Forest Service Hilo Hawaii USA
| | - Jed P Sparks
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Timothy J Fahey
- Department of Natural Resources Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
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32
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Ven A, Verlinden MS, Fransen E, Olsson PA, Verbruggen E, Wallander H, Vicca S. Phosphorus addition increased carbon partitioning to autotrophic respiration but not to biomass production in an experiment with Zea mays. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2054-2065. [PMID: 32400909 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant carbon (C) partitioning-the relative use of photosynthates for biomass production, respiration, and other plant functions-is a key but poorly understood ecosystem process. In an experiment with Zea mays, with or without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), we investigated the effect of phosphorus (P) fertilization and AMF on plant C partitioning. Based on earlier studies, we expected C partitioning to biomass production (i.e., biomass production efficiency; BPE) to increase with increasing P addition due to reduced C partitioning to AMF. However, although plant growth was clearly stimulated by P addition, BPE did not increase. Instead, C partitioning to autotrophic respiration increased. These results contrasted with our expectations and with a previous experiment in the same set-up where P addition increased BPE while no effect on autotropic respiration was found. The comparison of both experiments suggests a key role for AMF in explaining these contrasts. Whereas in the previous experiment substantial C partitioning to AMF reduced BPE under low P, in the current experiment, C partitioning to AMF was too low to directly influence BPE. Our results illustrate the complex influence of nutrient availability and mycorrhizal symbiosis on plant C partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Ven
- Research Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, Ecology in a Time of Change, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Melanie S Verlinden
- Research Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, Ecology in a Time of Change, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Erik Fransen
- StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pål Axel Olsson
- Department of Biology, Ecology Building, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik Verbruggen
- Research Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, Ecology in a Time of Change, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Håkan Wallander
- Department of Biology, Ecology Building, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Vicca
- Research Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, Ecology in a Time of Change, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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33
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Global patterns and climatic controls of belowground net carbon fixation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20038-20043. [PMID: 32747527 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006715117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon allocated underground through belowground net primary production represents the main input to soil organic carbon. This is of significant importance, because soil organic carbon is the third-largest carbon stock after oceanic and geological pools. However, drivers and controls of belowground productivity and the fraction of total carbon fixation allocated belowground remain uncertain. Here we estimate global belowground net primary productivity as the difference between satellite-based total net primary productivity and field observations of aboveground net primary production and assess climatic controls among biomes. On average, belowground carbon productivity is estimated as 24.7 Pg y-1, accounting for 46% of total terrestrial carbon fixation. Across biomes, belowground productivity increases with mean annual precipitation, although the rate of increase diminishes with increasing precipitation. The fraction of total net productivity allocated belowground exceeds 50% in a large fraction of terrestrial ecosystems and decreases from arid to humid ecosystems. This work adds to our understanding of the belowground carbon productivity response to climate change and provides a comprehensive global quantification of root/belowground productivity that will aid the budgeting and modeling of the global carbon cycle.
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34
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Landsberg JJ, Waring RH, Williams M. The assessment of NPP/GPP ratio. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:695-699. [PMID: 32083672 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard H Waring
- College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - Mathew Williams
- Centre for Sustainable Forests and Landscapes, School of GeoSciences, NCEO, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
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35
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Wang J, Zhang Q, Song J, Ru J, Zhou Z, Xia J, Dukes JS, Wan S. Nighttime warming enhances ecosystem carbon‐use efficiency in a temperate steppe. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Life Sciences Hebei University Baoding Hebei China
| | - Qian Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Jian Song
- College of Life Sciences Hebei University Baoding Hebei China
| | - Jingyi Ru
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Zhenxing Zhou
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Jianyang Xia
- Research Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting and Tiantong National Field Observation Station for Forest Ecosystem School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Jeffrey S. Dukes
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue Climate Change Research CenterPurdue University West Lafayette IN USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Purdue Climate Change Research CenterPurdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Shiqiang Wan
- College of Life Sciences Hebei University Baoding Hebei China
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36
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Soong JL, Fuchslueger L, Marañon-Jimenez S, Torn MS, Janssens IA, Penuelas J, Richter A. Microbial carbon limitation: The need for integrating microorganisms into our understanding of ecosystem carbon cycling. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1953-1961. [PMID: 31838767 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that fertilization with nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium increases plant productivity in both natural and managed ecosystems, demonstrating that primary productivity is nutrient limited in most terrestrial ecosystems. In contrast, it has been demonstrated that heterotrophic microbial communities in soil are primarily limited by organic carbon or energy. While this concept of contrasting limitations, that is, microbial carbon and plant nutrient limitation, is based on strong evidence that we review in this paper, it is often ignored in discussions of ecosystem response to global environment changes. The plant-centric perspective has equated plant nutrient limitations with those of whole ecosystems, thereby ignoring the important role of the heterotrophs responsible for soil decomposition in driving ecosystem carbon storage. To truly integrate carbon and nutrient cycles in ecosystem science, we must account for the fact that while plant productivity may be nutrient limited, the secondary productivity by heterotrophic communities is inherently carbon limited. Ecosystem carbon cycling integrates the independent physiological responses of its individual components, as well as tightly coupled exchanges between autotrophs and heterotrophs. To the extent that the interacting autotrophic and heterotrophic processes are controlled by organisms that are limited by nutrient versus carbon accessibility, respectively, we propose that ecosystems by definition cannot be 'limited' by nutrients or carbon alone. Here, we outline how models aimed at predicting non-steady state ecosystem responses over time can benefit from dissecting ecosystems into the organismal components and their inherent limitations to better represent plant-microbe interactions in coupled carbon and nutrient models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Soong
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Climate and Ecosystem Science Division, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lucia Fuchslueger
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sara Marañon-Jimenez
- Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Application, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Margaret S Torn
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Climate and Ecosystem Science Division, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Josep Penuelas
- Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Application, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andreas Richter
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ecosystems Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
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He Y, Peng S, Liu Y, Li X, Wang K, Ciais P, Arain MA, Fang Y, Fisher JB, Goll D, Hayes D, Huntzinger DN, Ito A, Jain AK, Janssens IA, Mao J, Matteo C, Michalak AM, Peng C, Peñuelas J, Poulter B, Qin D, Ricciuto DM, Schaefer K, Schwalm CR, Shi X, Tian H, Vicca S, Wei Y, Zeng N, Zhu Q. Global vegetation biomass production efficiency constrained by models and observations. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1474-1484. [PMID: 31560157 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants use only a fraction of their photosynthetically derived carbon for biomass production (BP). The biomass production efficiency (BPE), defined as the ratio of BP to photosynthesis, and its variation across and within vegetation types is poorly understood, which hinders our capacity to accurately estimate carbon turnover times and carbon sinks. Here, we present a new global estimation of BPE obtained by combining field measurements from 113 sites with 14 carbon cycle models. Our best estimate of global BPE is 0.41 ± 0.05, excluding cropland. The largest BPE is found in boreal forests (0.48 ± 0.06) and the lowest in tropical forests (0.40 ± 0.04). Carbon cycle models overestimate BPE, although models with carbon-nitrogen interactions tend to be more realistic. Using observation-based estimates of global photosynthesis, we quantify the global BP of non-cropland ecosystems of 41 ± 6 Pg C/year. This flux is less than net primary production as it does not contain carbon allocated to symbionts, used for exudates or volatile carbon compound emissions to the atmosphere. Our study reveals a positive bias of 24 ± 11% in the model-estimated BP (10 of 14 models). When correcting models for this bias while leaving modeled carbon turnover times unchanged, we found that the global ecosystem carbon storage change during the last century is decreased by 67% (or 58 Pg C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue He
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shushi Peng
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongwen Liu
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyi Li
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Paris, France
| | - M Altaf Arain
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences and McMaster Centre for Climate Change, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joshua B Fisher
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Goll
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Hayes
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Deborah N Huntzinger
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Akihiko Ito
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atul K Jain
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plant and Vegetation Ecology), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jiafu Mao
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Campioli Matteo
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plant and Vegetation Ecology), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Anna M Michalak
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Changhui Peng
- Institute of Environment Sciences, Biology Science Department, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benjamin Poulter
- Institute on Ecosystems and the Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Dahe Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel M Ricciuto
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Kevin Schaefer
- National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christopher R Schwalm
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shi
- Institute of Environment Sciences, Biology Science Department, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hanqin Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Sara Vicca
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plant and Vegetation Ecology), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Yaxing Wei
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Ning Zeng
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Qiuan Zhu
- Institute of Environment Sciences, Biology Science Department, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
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Dirnböck T, Kraus D, Grote R, Klatt S, Kobler J, Schindlbacher A, Seidl R, Thom D, Kiese R. Substantial understory contribution to the C sink of a European temperate mountain forest landscape. LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY 2020; 35:483-499. [PMID: 32165789 PMCID: PMC7045765 DOI: 10.1007/s10980-019-00960-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The contribution of forest understory to the temperate forest carbon sink is not well known, increasing the uncertainty in C cycling feedbacks on global climate as estimated by Earth System Models. OBJECTIVES We aimed at quantifying the effect of woody and non-woody understory vegetation on net ecosystem production (NEP) for a forested area of 158 km2 in the European Alps. METHODS We simulated C dynamics for the period 2000-2014, characterized by above-average temperatures, windstorms and a subsequent bark beetle outbreak for the area, using the regional ecosystem model LandscapeDNDC. RESULTS In the entire study area, woody and non-woody understory vegetation caused between 16 and 37% higher regional NEP as compared to a bare soil scenario over the 15-year period. The mean annual contribution of the understory to NEP was in the same order of magnitude as the average annual European (EU-25) forest C sink. After wind and bark beetle disturbances, the understory effect was more pronounced, leading to an increase in NEP between 35 and 67% compared to simulations not taking into account these components. CONCLUSIONS Our findings strongly support the importance of processes related to the understory in the context of the climate change mitigation potential of temperate forest ecosystems. The expected increases in stand replacing disturbances due to climate change call for a better representation of understory vegetation dynamics and its effect on the ecosystem C balance in regional assessments and Earth System Models.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Dirnböck
- Department for Ecosystem Research and Environmental Information Management, Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - D. Kraus
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - R. Grote
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - S. Klatt
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - J. Kobler
- Department for Ecosystem Research and Environmental Information Management, Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - A. Schindlbacher
- Department of Forest Ecology, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW), Seckendorff-Gudent Weg 8, 1131 Vienna, Austria
| | - R. Seidl
- Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter-Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - D. Thom
- Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter-Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, 81 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - R. Kiese
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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Van Sundert K, Radujković D, Cools N, De Vos B, Etzold S, Fernández-Martínez M, Janssens IA, Merilä P, Peñuelas J, Sardans J, Stendahl J, Terrer C, Vicca S. Towards comparable assessment of the soil nutrient status across scales-Review and development of nutrient metrics. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:392-409. [PMID: 31437331 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient availability influences virtually every aspect of an ecosystem, and is a critical modifier of ecosystem responses to global change. Although this crucial role of nutrient availability in regulating ecosystem structure and functioning has been widely acknowledged, nutrients are still often neglected in observational and experimental synthesis studies due to difficulties in comparing the nutrient status across sites. In the current study, we explain different nutrient-related concepts and discuss the potential of soil-, plant- and remote sensing-based metrics to compare the nutrient status across space. Based on our review and additional analyses on a dataset of European, managed temperate and boreal forests (ICP [International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests] Forests dataset), we conclude that the use of plant- and remote sensing-based metrics that rely on tissue stoichiometry is limited due to their strong dependence on species identity. The potential use of other plant-based metrics such as Ellenberg indicator values and plant-functional traits is also discussed. We conclude from our analyses and review that soil-based metrics have the highest potential for successful intersite comparison of the nutrient status. As an example, we used and adjusted a soil-based metric, previously developed for conifer forests across Sweden, against the same ICP Forests data. We suggest that this adjusted and further adaptable metric, which included the organic carbon concentration in the upper 20 cm of the soil (including the organic fermentation-humus [FH] layer), the C:N ratio and pH CaCl 2 of the FH layer, can be used as a complementary tool along with other indicators of nutrient availability, to compare the background nutrient status across temperate and boreal forests dominated by spruce, pine or beech. Future collection and provision of harmonized soil data from observational and experimental sites is crucial for further testing and adjusting the metric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Van Sundert
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Dajana Radujković
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Bruno De Vos
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Sophia Etzold
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Marcos Fernández-Martínez
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Päivi Merilä
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Oulu, Finland
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Johan Stendahl
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - César Terrer
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sara Vicca
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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40
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Forsmark B, Nordin A, Maaroufi NI, Lundmark T, Gundale MJ. Low and High Nitrogen Deposition Rates in Northern Coniferous Forests Have Different Impacts on Aboveground Litter Production, Soil Respiration, and Soil Carbon Stocks. Ecosystems 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00478-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNitrogen (N) deposition can change the carbon (C) sink of northern coniferous forests by changing the balance between net primary production and soil respiration. We used a field experiment in an N poor Pinus sylvestris forest where five levels of N (0, 3, 6, 12, and 50 kg N ha−1 yr−1, n = 6) had been added annually for 12–13 years to investigate how litter C inputs and soil respiration, divided into its autotrophic and heterotrophic sources, respond to different rates of N input, and its subsequent effect on soil C storage. The highest N addition rate (50 kg N ha−1 yr−1) stimulated soil C accumulation in the organic layer by 22.3 kg C kg−1 N added, increased litter inputs by 46%, and decreased soil respiration per mass unit of soil C by 31.2%, mainly by decreasing autotrophic respiration. Lower N addition rates (≤ 12 kg N ha−1 yr−1) had no effect on litter inputs or soil respiration. These results support previous studies reporting on increased litter inputs coupled to impeded soil C mineralization, contributing to enhancing the soil C sink when N is supplied at high rates, but add observations for lower N addition rates more realistic for N deposition. In doing so, we show that litter production in N poor northern coniferous forests can be relatively unresponsive to low N deposition levels, that stimulation of microbial activity at low N additions is unlikely to reduce the soil C sink, and that high levels of N deposition enhance the soil C sink by increasing litter inputs and decreasing soil respiration.
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41
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Chen Z, Yu G. Spatial variations and controls of carbon use efficiency in China's terrestrial ecosystems. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19516. [PMID: 31862964 PMCID: PMC6925132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon use efficiency (CUE), one of the most important eco-physiological parameters, represents the capacity of plants to transform carbon into new biomass. Understanding the variations and controls of CUE is crucial for regional carbon assessment. Here, we used 15-years of continuous remote sensing data to examine the variations of CUE across broad geographic and climatic gradients in China. The results showed that the vegetation CUE was averaged to 0.54 ± 0.11 with minor interannual variation. However, the CUE greatly varied with geographic gradients and ecosystem types. Forests have a lower CUE than grasslands and croplands. Evergreen needleleaf forests have a higher CUE than other forest types. Climate factors (mean annual temperature (MAT), precipitation (MAP) and the index of water availability (IWA)) dominantly regulated the spatial variations of CUE. The CUE exhibited a linear decrease with enhanced MAT and MAP and a parabolic response to the IWA. Furthermore, the responses of CUE to environmental change varied with individual ecosystem type. In contrast, precipitation exerted strong control on CUE in grassland, while in forest and cropland, the CUE was mainly controlled by the available water. This study identifies the variations and response of CUE to environmental drivers in China, which will be valuable for the regional assessment of carbon cycling dynamics under future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, and Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Guirui Yu
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, and Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Halbritter AH, De Boeck HJ, Eycott AE, Reinsch S, Robinson DA, Vicca S, Berauer B, Christiansen CT, Estiarte M, Grünzweig JM, Gya R, Hansen K, Jentsch A, Lee H, Linder S, Marshall J, Peñuelas J, Kappel Schmidt I, Stuart‐Haëntjens E, Wilfahrt P, Vandvik V, Abrantes N, Almagro M, Althuizen IHJ, Barrio IC, te Beest M, Beier C, Beil I, Berry ZC, Birkemoe T, Bjerke JW, Blonder B, Blume‐Werry G, Bohrer G, Campos I, Cernusak LA, Chojnicki BH, Cosby BJ, Dickman LT, Djukic I, Filella I, Fuchslueger L, Gargallo‐Garriga A, Gillespie MAK, Goldsmith GR, Gough C, Halliday FW, Joar Hegland S, Hoch G, Holub P, Jaroszynska F, Johnson DM, Jones SB, Kardol P, Keizer JJ, Klem K, Konestabo HS, Kreyling J, Kröel‐Dulay G, Landhäusser SM, Larsen KS, Leblans N, Lebron I, Lehmann MM, Lembrechts JJ, Lenz A, Linstädter A, Llusià J, Macias‐Fauria M, Malyshev AV, Mänd P, Marshall M, Matheny AM, McDowell N, Meier IC, Meinzer FC, Michaletz ST, Miller ML, Muffler L, Oravec M, Ostonen I, Porcar‐Castell A, Preece C, Prentice IC, Radujković D, Ravolainen V, Ribbons R, Ruppert JC, Sack L, Sardans J, Schindlbacher A, Scoffoni C, Sigurdsson BD, Smart S, Smith SW, Soper F, Speed JDM, Sverdrup‐Thygeson A, Sydenham MAK, Taghizadeh‐Toosi A, Telford RJ, Tielbörger K, Töpper JP, Urban O, Ploeg M, Van Langenhove L, Večeřová K, Ven A, Verbruggen E, Vik U, Weigel R, Wohlgemuth T, Wood LK, Zinnert J, Zurba K. The handbook for standardized field and laboratory measurements in terrestrial climate change experiments and observational studies (ClimEx). Methods Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aud H. Halbritter
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research University of Bergen Bergen Norway
| | - Hans J. De Boeck
- Department of Biology Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems) Universiteit Antwerpen Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Amy E. Eycott
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Bergen Bergen Norway
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture Nord University Steinkjer Norway
| | - Sabine Reinsch
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Environment Centre Wales Bangor UK
| | | | - Sara Vicca
- Department of Biology Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems) Universiteit Antwerpen Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Bernd Berauer
- Department of Disturbance Ecology University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | | | - Marc Estiarte
- CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra Spain
- CREAF Vallès Spain
| | - José M. Grünzweig
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot Israel
| | - Ragnhild Gya
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research University of Bergen Bergen Norway
| | - Karin Hansen
- Swedish Environmental Protection Agency Stockholm Sweden
- Swedish Environmental Research Institute IVL Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anke Jentsch
- Department of Disturbance Ecology University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Hanna Lee
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research Bergen Norway
| | - Sune Linder
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Alnarp Sweden
| | - John Marshall
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra Spain
- CREAF Vallès Spain
| | - Inger Kappel Schmidt
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark
| | | | - Peter Wilfahrt
- Department of Disturbance Ecology University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Vigdis Vandvik
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research University of Bergen Bergen Norway
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Merganičová K, Merganič J, Lehtonen A, Vacchiano G, Sever MZO, Augustynczik ALD, Grote R, Kyselová I, Mäkelä A, Yousefpour R, Krejza J, Collalti A, Reyer CPO. Forest carbon allocation modelling under climate change. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1937-1960. [PMID: 31748793 PMCID: PMC6995853 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbon allocation plays a key role in ecosystem dynamics and plant adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Hence, proper description of this process in vegetation models is crucial for the simulations of the impact of climate change on carbon cycling in forests. Here we review how carbon allocation modelling is currently implemented in 31 contrasting models to identify the main gaps compared with our theoretical and empirical understanding of carbon allocation. A hybrid approach based on combining several principles and/or types of carbon allocation modelling prevailed in the examined models, while physiologically more sophisticated approaches were used less often than empirical ones. The analysis revealed that, although the number of carbon allocation studies over the past 10 years has substantially increased, some background processes are still insufficiently understood and some issues in models are frequently poorly represented, oversimplified or even omitted. Hence, current challenges for carbon allocation modelling in forest ecosystems are (i) to overcome remaining limits in process understanding, particularly regarding the impact of disturbances on carbon allocation, accumulation and utilization of nonstructural carbohydrates, and carbon use by symbionts, and (ii) to implement existing knowledge of carbon allocation into defence, regeneration and improved resource uptake in order to better account for changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Merganičová
- Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Technical University Zvolen, Forestry Faculty, T. G. Masaryka 24, 96053 Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Ján Merganič
- Technical University Zvolen, Forestry Faculty, T. G. Masaryka 24, 96053 Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Aleksi Lehtonen
- The Finnish Forest Research Institute - Luke, PO Box 18 (Jokiniemenkuja 1), FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland
| | - Giorgio Vacchiano
- Università degli Studi di Milano, DISAA. Via Celoria 2, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Maša Zorana Ostrogović Sever
- Croatian Forest Research Institute, Department for forest management and forestry economics, Cvjetno naselje 41, 10450 Jastrebarsko, Croatia
| | | | - Rüdiger Grote
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Ina Kyselová
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Annikki Mäkelä
- University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Science, Latokartanonkaari 7, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rasoul Yousefpour
- University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4 (2. OG), D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Krejza
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alessio Collalti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), 87036 Rende, Italy
- Department of Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Christopher P O Reyer
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegraphenberg, PO Box 601203, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany
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44
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Frey SD. Mycorrhizal Fungi as Mediators of Soil Organic Matter Dynamics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inhabiting the interface between plant roots and soil, mycorrhizal fungi play a unique but underappreciated role in soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics. Their hyphae provide an efficient mechanism for distributing plant carbon throughout the soil, facilitating its deposition into soil pores and onto mineral surfaces, where it can be protected from microbial attack. Mycorrhizal exudates and dead tissues contribute to the microbial necromass pool now known to play a dominant role in SOM formation and stabilization. While mycorrhizal fungi lack the genetic capacity to act as saprotrophs, they use several strategies to access nutrients locked in SOM and thereby promote its decay, including direct enzymatic breakdown, oxidation via Fenton chemistry, and stimulation of heterotrophic microorganisms through carbon provision to the rhizosphere. An additional mechanism, competition with free-living saprotrophs, potentially suppresses SOM decomposition, leading to its accumulation. How these various nutrient acquisition strategies differentially influence SOM formation, stabilization, and loss is an area of critical research need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serita D. Frey
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
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El Masri B, Schwalm C, Huntzinger DN, Mao J, Shi X, Peng C, Fisher JB, Jain AK, Tian H, Poulter B, Michalak AM. Carbon and Water Use Efficiencies: A Comparative Analysis of Ten Terrestrial Ecosystem Models under Changing Climate. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14680. [PMID: 31604972 PMCID: PMC6789101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50808-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystems carbon and water cycles are tightly coupled through photosynthesis and evapotranspiration processes. The ratios of carbon stored to carbon uptake and water loss to carbon gain are key ecophysiological indicators essential to assess the magnitude and response of the terrestrial plant to the changing climate. Here, we use estimates from 10 terrestrial ecosystem models to quantify the impacts of climate, atmospheric CO2 concentration, and nitrogen (N) deposition on water use efficiency (WUE), and carbon use efficiency (CUE). We find that across models, WUE increases over the 20th Century particularly due to CO2 fertilization and N deposition and compares favorably to experimental studies. Also, the results show a decrease in WUE with climate for the last 3 decades, in contrasts with up-scaled flux observations that demonstrate a constant WUE. Modeled WUE responds minimally to climate with modeled CUE exhibiting no clear trend across space and time. The divergence between simulated and observationally-constrained WUE and CUE is driven by modeled NPP and autotrophic respiration, nitrogen cycle, carbon allocation, and soil moisture dynamics in current ecosystem models. We suggest that carbon-modeling community needs to reexamine stomatal conductance schemes and the soil-vegetation interactions for more robust modeling of carbon and water cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassil El Masri
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, KY, 42071, USA.
| | - Christopher Schwalm
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA, 02540, USA
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Deborah N Huntzinger
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Jiafu Mao
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, 37831, TN, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shi
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, 37831, TN, USA
| | - Changhui Peng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Joshua B Fisher
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Atul K Jain
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Hanqin Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | | | - Anna M Michalak
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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46
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Wieder WR, Lawrence DM, Fisher RA, Bonan GB, Cheng SJ, Goodale CL, Grandy AS, Koven CD, Lombardozzi DL, Oleson KW, Thomas RQ. Beyond Static Benchmarking: Using Experimental Manipulations to Evaluate Land Model Assumptions. GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES 2019; 33:1289-1309. [PMID: 31894175 PMCID: PMC6919943 DOI: 10.1029/2018gb006141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Land models are often used to simulate terrestrial responses to future environmental changes, but these models are not commonly evaluated with data from experimental manipulations. Results from experimental manipulations can identify and evaluate model assumptions that are consistent with appropriate ecosystem responses to future environmental change. We conducted simulations using three coupled carbon-nitrogen versions of the Community Land Model (CLM, versions 4, 4.5, and-the newly developed-5), and compared the simulated response to nitrogen (N) and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment with meta-analyses of observations from similar experimental manipulations. In control simulations, successive versions of CLM showed a poleward increase in gross primary productivity and an overall bias reduction, compared to FLUXNET-MTE observations. Simulations with N and CO2 enrichment demonstrate that CLM transitioned from a model that exhibited strong nitrogen limitation of the terrestrial carbon cycle (CLM4) to a model that showed greater responsiveness to elevated concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere (CLM5). Overall, CLM5 simulations showed better agreement with observed ecosystem responses to experimental N and CO2 enrichment than previous versions of the model. These simulations also exposed shortcomings in structural assumptions and parameterizations. Specifically, no version of CLM captures changes in plant physiology, allocation, and nutrient uptake that are likely important aspects of terrestrial ecosystems' responses to environmental change. These highlight priority areas that should be addressed in future model developments. Moving forward, incorporating results from experimental manipulations into model benchmarking tools that are used to evaluate model performance will help increase confidence in terrestrial carbon cycle projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Wieder
- Climate and Global Dynamics LaboratoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine ResearchUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - David M. Lawrence
- Climate and Global Dynamics LaboratoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - Rosie A. Fisher
- Climate and Global Dynamics LaboratoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - Gordon B. Bonan
- Climate and Global Dynamics LaboratoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - Susan J. Cheng
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | | | - A. Stuart Grandy
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNHUSA
| | - Charles D. Koven
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Danica L. Lombardozzi
- Climate and Global Dynamics LaboratoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - Keith W. Oleson
- Climate and Global Dynamics LaboratoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - R. Quinn Thomas
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental ConservationVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
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47
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Ven A, Verlinden MS, Verbruggen E, Vicca S. Experimental evidence that phosphorus fertilization and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis can reduce the carbon cost of phosphorus uptake. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Ven
- Research Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, Ecology in a time of change University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Melanie S. Verlinden
- Research Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, Ecology in a time of change University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Erik Verbruggen
- Research Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, Ecology in a time of change University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Sara Vicca
- Research Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, Ecology in a time of change University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium
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48
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Temporal Evolution of Carbon Stocks, Fluxes and Carbon Balance in Pedunculate oak Chronosequence under Close-To-Nature Forest Management. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10090814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Under current environmental changes, forest management is challenged to foster contrasting benefits from forests, such as continuous wood supply while preserving biomass production, biodiversity conservation, and contribution to climate change mitigation through atmospheric carbon sequestration. Although being found as globally important, estimates of long-term forest C balance are still highly uncertain. In this context, the chronosequence experiments (space-for-time substitution) might fill this gap in even-aged forests, as they represent an approach that enables the assessment of forest net C balance in the long term. In this research, we explored the dynamics of C stocks and fluxes in different forest pools throughout the rotation period (140 years) of a Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) forest in Croatia. For this purpose, we selected a chronosequence that was made up of seven forest stands with different age (5, 13, 38, 53, 68, 108, and 138 years). To address the issues of uncertainty in C balance estimates, we compared net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) estimated while using two different approaches, which we name pool-change (from C stocks) approach and component-flux (from C fluxes) approach. Overall, the pool-change approach showed higher NECB estimate, with the greatest difference being observed in younger stands (< 50 years). Component-flux approach showed significantly higher uncertainty. Throughout the rotation period, managed pedunculate oak stands become a C sink early in their development phase, between the age of 13 and 35 years according to pool-change and component-flux approach, respectively. During the 140 years, oak forest provided 187.2 Mg C ha−1 (604 m3 ha−1) through thinnings and 147.9 Mg C ha−1 (477 m3 ha−1) in the final cut, while preserving, on average, 88.9 Mg C ha−1 in mineral soil down to 40 cm, 18.2 Mg C ha−1 in dead wood, and 6.0 Mg C ha−1 in the forest floor. Soil C stocks in our chronosequence did not show any age-related trend, indicating that current management practice has no negative effect on soil C stocks. Finally, under current close-to-nature forest management, Pedunculate oak forest showed to be sustainable in providing both economic and ecological ecosystem services.
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49
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Accounting for Carbon Flux to Mycorrhizal Fungi May Resolve Discrepancies in Forest Carbon Budgets. Ecosystems 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-019-00440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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50
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A meta-analysis of 1,119 manipulative experiments on terrestrial carbon-cycling responses to global change. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:1309-1320. [PMID: 31427733 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Direct quantification of terrestrial biosphere responses to global change is crucial for projections of future climate change in Earth system models. Here, we synthesized ecosystem carbon-cycling data from 1,119 experiments performed over the past four decades concerning changes in temperature, precipitation, CO2 and nitrogen across major terrestrial vegetation types of the world. Most experiments manipulated single rather than multiple global change drivers in temperate ecosystems of the USA, Europe and China. The magnitudes of warming and elevated CO2 treatments were consistent with the ranges of future projections, whereas those of precipitation changes and nitrogen inputs often exceeded the projected ranges. Increases in global change drivers consistently accelerated, but decreased precipitation slowed down carbon-cycle processes. Nonlinear (including synergistic and antagonistic) effects among global change drivers were rare. Belowground carbon allocation responded negatively to increased precipitation and nitrogen addition and positively to decreased precipitation and elevated CO2. The sensitivities of carbon variables to multiple global change drivers depended on the background climate and ecosystem condition, suggesting that Earth system models should be evaluated using site-specific conditions for best uses of this large dataset. Together, this synthesis underscores an urgent need to explore the interactions among multiple global change drivers in underrepresented regions such as semi-arid ecosystems, forests in the tropics and subtropics, and Arctic tundra when forecasting future terrestrial carbon-climate feedback.
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