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Schwake CJ, Krueger RM, Hanada T, Chishti AH. Plasmodium falciparum Glutamic Acid-Rich Protein-Independent Polyclonal Antibodies Inhibit Malaria Parasite Growth in Human Erythrocytes. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1565-1573. [PMID: 38298126 PMCID: PMC11095539 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum glutamic acid-rich protein (PfGARP) is a recently characterized cell surface antigen encoded by Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of severe human malaria pathophysiology. Previously, we reported that the human erythrocyte band 3 (SLC4A1) serves as a host receptor for PfGARP. Antibodies against PfGARP did not affect parasite invasion and growth. We surmised that PfGARP may play a role in the rosetting and adhesion of malaria. Another study reported that antibodies targeting PfGARP exhibit potent inhibition of parasite growth. This inhibition occurred without the presence of any immune or complement components, suggesting the activation of an inherent density-dependent regulatory system. Here, we used polyclonal antibodies against PfGARP and a monoclonal antibody mAb7899 to demonstrate that anti-PfGARP polyclonal antibodies, but not mAb7899, exerted potent inhibition of parasite growth in infected erythrocytes independent of PfGARP. These findings suggest that an unknown malaria protein(s) is the target of growth arrest by polyclonal antibodies raised against PfGARP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Schwake
- Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachel M Krueger
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Toshihiko Hanada
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Athar H Chishti
- Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Forconi CS, Nixon C, Wu HW, Odwar B, Pond-Tor S, Ong'echa JM, Kurtis J, Moormann AM. T follicular helper cell profiles differ by malaria antigen and for children compared to adults. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.13.589352. [PMID: 38659768 PMCID: PMC11042194 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.13.589352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Background Circulating T-follicular helper (cT FH ) cells have the potential to provide an additional correlate of protection against Plasmodium falciparum ( Pf) as they are essential to promote B cell production of long-lasting antibodies. Assessing the specificity of cT FH subsets to individual malaria antigens is vital to understanding the variation observed in antibody responses and identifying promising malaria vaccine candidates. Methods Using spectral flow cytometry and unbiased clustering analysis we assessed antigen-specific cT FH cell recall responses in vitro to malaria vaccine candidates Pf SEA-1A and Pf GARP within a cross-section of children and adults living in a malaria holoendemic region of western Kenya. Findings In children, a broad array of cT FH subsets (defined by cytokine and transcription factor expression) were reactive to both malaria antigens, Pf SEA-1A and Pf GARP, while adults had a narrow profile centering on cT FH 17- and cT FH 1/17-like subsets following stimulation with Pf GARP only. Interpretation Because T FH 17 cells are involved in the maintenance of memory antibody responses within the context of parasitic infections, our results suggest that Pf GARP might generate longer lived antibody responses compared to Pf SEA-1A. These findings have intriguing implications for evaluating malaria vaccine candidates as they highlight the importance of including cT FH profiles when assessing interdependent correlates of protective immunity.
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Takashima E, Otsuki H, Morita M, Ito D, Nagaoka H, Yuguchi T, Hassan I, Tsuboi T. The Need for Novel Asexual Blood-Stage Malaria Vaccine Candidates for Plasmodium falciparum. Biomolecules 2024; 14:100. [PMID: 38254700 PMCID: PMC10813614 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Extensive control efforts have significantly reduced malaria cases and deaths over the past two decades, but in recent years, coupled with the COVID-19 pandemic, success has stalled. The WHO has urged the implementation of a number of interventions, including vaccines. The modestly effective RTS,S/AS01 pre-erythrocytic vaccine has been recommended by the WHO for use in sub-Saharan Africa against Plasmodium falciparum in children residing in moderate to high malaria transmission regions. A second pre-erythrocytic vaccine, R21/Matrix-M, was also recommended by the WHO on 3 October 2023. However, the paucity and limitations of pre-erythrocytic vaccines highlight the need for asexual blood-stage malaria vaccines that prevent disease caused by blood-stage parasites. Few asexual blood-stage vaccine candidates have reached phase 2 clinical development, and the challenges in terms of their efficacy include antigen polymorphisms and low immunogenicity in humans. This review summarizes the history and progress of asexual blood-stage malaria vaccine development, highlighting the need for novel candidate vaccine antigens/molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eizo Takashima
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; (M.M.); (H.N.); (T.Y.); (I.H.)
| | - Hitoshi Otsuki
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan; (H.O.); (D.I.)
| | - Masayuki Morita
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; (M.M.); (H.N.); (T.Y.); (I.H.)
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan; (H.O.); (D.I.)
| | - Hikaru Nagaoka
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; (M.M.); (H.N.); (T.Y.); (I.H.)
| | - Takaaki Yuguchi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; (M.M.); (H.N.); (T.Y.); (I.H.)
| | - Ifra Hassan
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; (M.M.); (H.N.); (T.Y.); (I.H.)
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Cell-Free Sciences, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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Walker IS, Rogerson SJ. Pathogenicity and virulence of malaria: Sticky problems and tricky solutions. Virulence 2023; 14:2150456. [PMID: 36419237 PMCID: PMC9815252 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax cause over 600,000 deaths each year, concentrated in Africa and in young children, but much of the world's population remain at risk of infection. In this article, we review the latest developments in the immunogenicity and pathogenesis of malaria, with a particular focus on P. falciparum, the leading malaria killer. Pathogenic factors include parasite-derived toxins and variant surface antigens on infected erythrocytes that mediate sequestration in the deep vasculature. Host response to parasite toxins and to variant antigens is an important determinant of disease severity. Understanding how parasites sequester, and how antibody to variant antigens could prevent sequestration, may lead to new approaches to treat and prevent disease. Difficulties in malaria diagnosis, drug resistance, and specific challenges of treating P. vivax pose challenges to malaria elimination, but vaccines and other preventive strategies may offer improved disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel S Walker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, The Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen J Rogerson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, The Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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5
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Mandal RK, Schmidt NW. Mechanistic insights into the interaction between the host gut microbiome and malaria. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011665. [PMID: 37824458 PMCID: PMC10569623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a devastating infectious disease and significant global health burden caused by the bite of a Plasmodium-infected female Anopheles mosquito. Gut microbiota was recently discovered as a risk factor of severe malaria. This review entails the recent advances on the impact of gut microbiota composition on malaria severity and consequence of malaria infection on gut microbiota in mammalian hosts. Additionally, this review provides mechanistic insight into interactions that might occur between gut microbiota and host immunity which in turn can modulate malaria severity. Finally, approaches to modulate gut microbiota composition are discussed. We anticipate this review will facilitate novel hypotheses to move the malaria-gut microbiome field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabindra K. Mandal
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Nathan W. Schmidt
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, United States of America
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Macalinao MLM, Fornace KM, Reyes RA, Hall T, Bareng APN, Adams JH, Huon C, Chitnis CE, Luchavez JS, Tetteh KK, Yui K, Hafalla JCR, Espino FEJ, Drakeley CJ. Analytical approaches for antimalarial antibody responses to confirm historical and recent malaria transmission: an example from the Philippines. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2023; 37:100792. [PMID: 37693871 PMCID: PMC10485684 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Assessing the status of malaria transmission in endemic areas becomes increasingly challenging as countries approach elimination. Serology can provide robust estimates of malaria transmission intensities, and multiplex serological assays allow for simultaneous assessment of markers of recent and historical malaria exposure. Methods Here, we evaluated different statistical and machine learning methods for analyzing multiplex malaria-specific antibody response data to classify recent and historical exposure to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. To assess these methods, we utilized samples from a health-facility based survey (n = 9132) in the Philippines, where we quantified antibody responses against 8 P. falciparum and 6 P. vivax-specific antigens from 3 sites with varying transmission intensity. Findings Measurements of antibody responses and seroprevalence were consistent with the 3 sites' known endemicity status. Among the models tested, a machine learning (ML) approach (Random Forest model) using 4 serological markers (PfGLURP R2, Etramp5.Ag1, GEXP18, and PfMSP119) gave better predictions for P. falciparum recent infection in Palawan (AUC: 0.9591, CI 0.9497-0.9684) than individual antigen seropositivity. Although the ML approach did not improve P. vivax infection predictions, ML classifications confirmed the absence of recent exposure to P. falciparum and P. vivax in both Occidental Mindoro and Bataan. For predicting historical P. falciparum and P. vivax transmission, seroprevalence and seroconversion rates based on cumulative exposure markers AMA1 and MSP119 showed reliable trends in the 3 sites. Interpretation Our study emphasizes the utility of serological markers in predicting recent and historical exposure in a sub-national elimination setting, and also highlights the potential use of machine learning models using multiplex antibody responses to improve assessment of the malaria transmission status of countries aiming for elimination. This work also provides baseline antibody data for monitoring risk in malaria-endemic areas in the Philippines. Funding Newton Fund, Philippine Council for Health Research and Development, UK Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lourdes M. Macalinao
- Department of Parasitology and National Reference Laboratory for Malaria and Other Parasites, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kimberly M. Fornace
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph A. Reyes
- Department of Parasitology and National Reference Laboratory for Malaria and Other Parasites, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Tom Hall
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Paolo N. Bareng
- Department of Parasitology and National Reference Laboratory for Malaria and Other Parasites, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | | | - Christèle Huon
- Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Chetan E. Chitnis
- Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer S. Luchavez
- Department of Parasitology and National Reference Laboratory for Malaria and Other Parasites, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Kevin K.A. Tetteh
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katsuyuki Yui
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Shionogi Global Infectious Diseases Division, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Julius Clemence R. Hafalla
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fe Esperanza J. Espino
- Department of Parasitology and National Reference Laboratory for Malaria and Other Parasites, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Chris J. Drakeley
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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El-Moamly AA, El-Sweify MA. Malaria vaccines: the 60-year journey of hope and final success-lessons learned and future prospects. Trop Med Health 2023; 51:29. [PMID: 37198702 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00516-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The world has made great strides towards beating malaria, although about half of the world population is still exposed to the risk of contracting malaria. Developing an effective malaria vaccine was a huge challenge for medical science. In 2021 the World Health Organization (WHO) approved the first malaria vaccine, RTS,S/AS01 vaccine (Mosquirix™), for widespread use. This review highlights the history of development, and the different approaches and types of malaria vaccines, and the literature to date. It covers the developmental stages of RTS,S/AS01 and recommends steps for its deployment. The review explores other potential vaccine candidates and their status, and suggests options for their further development. It also recommends future roles for vaccines in eradicating malaria. Questions remain on how RTS,S vaccine will work in widespread use and how it can best be utilized to benefit vulnerable communities. CONCLUSION Malaria vaccines have been in development for almost 60 years. The RTS,S/AS01 vaccine has now been approved, but cannot be a stand-alone solution. Development should continue on promising candidates such as R21, PfSPZ and P. vivax vaccines. Multi-component vaccines may be a useful addition to other malaria control techniques in achieving eradication of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal A El-Moamly
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A El-Sweify
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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8
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Odera DO, Tuju J, Mwai K, Nkumama IN, Fürle K, Chege T, Kimathi R, Diehl S, Musasia FK, Rosenkranz M, Njuguna P, Hamaluba M, Kapulu MC, Frank R, Osier FHA, Abdi AI, Chi PC, de Laurent Z, Jao I, Kamuya D, Kamuyu G, Makale J, Murungi L, Musyoki J, Muthui M, Mwacharo J, Kariuki S, Mwanga D, Mwongeli J, Ndungu F, Njue M, Nyangweso G, Kimani D, Ngoi JM, Musembi J, Ngoto O, Otieno E, Ooko M, Shangala J, Wambua J, Mohammed KS, Omuoyo D, Mosobo M, Kibinge N, Kinyanjui S, Bejon P, Lowe B, Marsh K, Marsh V, Abebe Y, Billingsley PF, Sim BKL, Hoffman SL, James ER, Richie TL, Audi A, Olewe F, Oloo J, Ongecha J, Ongas MO, Koskei N, Bull PC, Hodgson SH, Kivisi C, Imwong M, Murphy SC, Ogutu B, Tarning J, Winterberg M, Williams TN. Anti-merozoite antibodies induce natural killer cell effector function and are associated with immunity against malaria. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabn5993. [PMID: 36753561 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abn5993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are potent immune effectors that can be activated via antibody-mediated Fc receptor engagement. Using multiparameter flow cytometry, we found that NK cells degranulate and release IFN-γ upon stimulation with antibody-opsonized Plasmodium falciparum merozoites. Antibody-dependent NK (Ab-NK) activity was largely strain transcending and enhanced invasion inhibition into erythrocytes. Ab-NK was associated with the successful control of parasitemia after experimental malaria challenge in African adults. In an independent cohort study in children, Ab-NK increased with age, was boosted by concurrent P. falciparum infections, and was associated with a lower risk of clinical episodes of malaria. Nine of the 14 vaccine candidates tested induced Ab-NK, including some less well-characterized antigens: P41, P113, MSP11, RHOPH3, and Pf_11363200. These data highlight an important role of Ab-NK activity in immunity against malaria and provide a potential mechanism for evaluating vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis O Odera
- Centre of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - James Tuju
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Kennedy Mwai
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Epidemiology and Biostatistics Division, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Irene N Nkumama
- Centre of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristin Fürle
- Centre of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Timothy Chege
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Rinter Kimathi
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Stefan Diehl
- Centre of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fauzia K Musasia
- Centre of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Micha Rosenkranz
- Centre of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patricia Njuguna
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Mainga Hamaluba
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Melissa C Kapulu
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Roland Frank
- Centre of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Faith H A Osier
- Centre of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, UK
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9
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Gonçalves BP, Pérez-Caballero R, Barry A, Gaoussou S, Lewin A, Issiaka D, Keita S, Diarra BS, Mahamar A, Attaher O, Narum DL, Kurtis JD, Dicko A, Duffy PE, Fried M. Natural History of Malaria Infections During Early Childhood in Twins. J Infect Dis 2023; 227:171-178. [PMID: 35849702 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frequency and clinical presentation of malaria infections show marked heterogeneity in epidemiological studies. However, deeper understanding of this variability is hampered by the difficulty in quantifying all relevant factors. Here, we report the history of malaria infections in twins, who are exposed to the same in utero milieu, share genetic factors, and are similarly exposed to vectors. METHODS Data were obtained from a Malian longitudinal birth cohort. Samples from 25 twin pairs were examined for malaria infection and antibody responses. Bayesian models were developed for the number of infections during follow-up. RESULTS In 16 of 25 pairs, both children were infected and often developed symptoms. In 8 of 25 pairs, only 1 twin was infected, but usually only once or twice. Statistical models suggest that this pattern is not inconsistent with twin siblings having the same underlying infection rate. In a pair with discordant hemoglobin genotype, parasite densities were consistently lower in the child with hemoglobin AS, but antibody levels were similar. CONCLUSIONS By using a novel design, we describe residual variation in malaria phenotypes in naturally matched children and confirm the important role of environmental factors, as suggested by the between-twin pair heterogeneity in malaria history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronner P Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Raúl Pérez-Caballero
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amadou Barry
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Santara Gaoussou
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Alexandra Lewin
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Djibrilla Issiaka
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sekouba Keita
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Bacary S Diarra
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Almahamoudou Mahamar
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Oumar Attaher
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - David L Narum
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan D Kurtis
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Alassane Dicko
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michal Fried
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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10
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Chandley P, Ranjan R, Kumar S, Rohatgi S. Host-parasite interactions during Plasmodium infection: Implications for immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1091961. [PMID: 36685595 PMCID: PMC9845897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1091961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a global infectious disease that remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. Multiple environmental and host and parasite factors govern the clinical outcomes of malaria. The host immune response against the Plasmodium parasite is heterogenous and stage-specific both in the human host and mosquito vector. The Plasmodium parasite virulence is predominantly associated with its ability to evade the host's immune response. Despite the availability of drug-based therapies, Plasmodium parasites can acquire drug resistance due to high antigenic variations and allelic polymorphisms. The lack of licensed vaccines against Plasmodium infection necessitates the development of effective, safe and successful therapeutics. To design an effective vaccine, it is important to study the immune evasion strategies and stage-specific Plasmodium proteins, which are targets of the host immune response. This review provides an overview of the host immune defense mechanisms and parasite immune evasion strategies during Plasmodium infection. Furthermore, we also summarize and discuss the current progress in various anti-malarial vaccine approaches, along with antibody-based therapy involving monoclonal antibodies, and research advancements in host-directed therapy, which can together open new avenues for developing novel immunotherapies against malaria infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Chandley
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Ravikant Ranjan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Soma Rohatgi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India,*Correspondence: Soma Rohatgi,
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11
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Malaria Vaccines. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2463-0_536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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12
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Duffy PE. Current approaches to malaria vaccines. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 70:102227. [PMID: 36343566 PMCID: PMC11127243 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The complex Plasmodium life cycle offers different vaccine approaches with distinct parasitological and clinical effects. The approaches and their rationales were established decades ago: vaccines targeting pre-erythrocytic (sporozoite and liver-stage) parasites prevent infection, those to blood-stage parasites reduce disease, and those to sexual-stage parasites or mosquito vector reduce transmission and eliminate malaria through herd immunity. The pre-erythrocytic RTS,S vaccine (Mosquirix, GlaskoSmithKline (GSK)), recommended by WHO in 2021, reduces clinical malaria in children. Knowledge of parasite biology, host-parasite interactions, and immune mechanisms is informing new concepts to improve on RTS,S and to target other parasite stages. This review emphasizes vaccine approaches and candidates currently in the clinic or likely to enter clinical testing soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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13
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Kanoi BN, Maina M, Likhovole C, Kobia FM, Gitaka J. Malaria vaccine approaches leveraging technologies optimized in the COVID-19 era. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.988665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Africa bears the greatest burden of malaria with more than 200 million clinical cases and more than 600,000 deaths in 2020 alone. While malaria-associated deaths dropped steadily until 2015, the decline started to falter after 2016, highlighting the need for novel potent tools in the fight against malaria. Currently available tools, such as antimalarial drugs and insecticides are threatened by development of resistance by the parasite and the mosquito. The WHO has recently approved RTS,S as the first malaria vaccine for public health use. However, because the RTS,S vaccine has an efficacy of only 36% in young children, there is need for more efficacious vaccines. Indeed, based on the global goal of licensing a malaria vaccine with at least 75% efficacy by 2030, RTS,S is unlikely to be sufficient alone. However, recent years have seen tremendous progress in vaccine development. Although the COVID-19 pandemic impacted malaria control, the rapid progress in research towards the development of COVID-19 vaccines indicate that harnessing funds and technological advances can remarkably expedite vaccine development. In this review, we highlight and discuss current and prospective trends in global efforts to discover and develop malaria vaccines through leveraging mRNA vaccine platforms and other systems optimized during COVID-19 vaccine studies.
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14
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de Jong RM, Alkema M, Oulton T, Dumont E, Teelen K, Nakajima R, de Assis RR, Press KWD, Ngotho P, Tetteh KK, Felgner P, Marti M, Collins KA, Drakeley C, Bousema T, Stone WJ. The acquisition of humoral immune responses targeting Plasmodium falciparum sexual stages in controlled human malaria infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:930956. [PMID: 35924245 PMCID: PMC9339717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.930956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals infected with P. falciparum develop antibody responses to intra-erythrocytic gametocyte proteins and exported gametocyte proteins present on the surface of infected erythrocytes. However, there is currently limited knowledge on the immunogenicity of gametocyte antigens and the specificity of gametocyte-induced antibody responses. In this study, we assessed antibody responses in participants of two controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) studies by ELISA, multiplexed bead-based antibody assays and protein microarray. By comparing antibody responses in participants with and without gametocyte exposure, we aimed to disentangle the antibody response induced by asexual and sexual stage parasites. We showed that after a single malaria infection, a significant anti-sexual stage humoral response is induced in malaria-naïve individuals, even after exposure to relatively low gametocyte densities (up to ~1,600 gametocytes/mL). In contrast to antibody responses to well-characterised asexual blood stage antigens that were detectable by day 21 after infection, responses to sexual stage antigens (including transmission blocking vaccine candidates Pfs48/45 and Pfs230) were only apparent at 51 days after infection. We found antigens previously associated with early gametocyte or anti-gamete immunity were highly represented among responses linked with gametocyte exposure. Our data provide detailed insights on the induction and kinetics of antibody responses to gametocytes and identify novel antigens that elicit antibody responses exclusively in individuals with gametocyte exposure. Our findings provide target identification for serological assays for surveillance of the malaria infectious reservoir, and support vaccine development by describing the antibody response to leading vaccine antigens after primary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roos M. de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Centre of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Manon Alkema
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Centre of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tate Oulton
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elin Dumont
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karina Teelen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Centre of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Rafael Ramiro de Assis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | | | - Priscilla Ngotho
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin K.A. Tetteh
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Phil Felgner
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Matthias Marti
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine A. Collins
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Centre of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Centre of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands,Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Will J.R. Stone
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Will J.R. Stone,
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15
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Mistry A, Odwar B, Olewe F, Kurtis J, Moormann AM, Ong’echa JM. Pediatric Participant Retention Rates in a Longitudinal Malaria Immunology Study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 106:tpmd211052. [PMID: 35436763 PMCID: PMC9209909 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The resurgence of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites continues to motivate the development of a safe and efficacious malaria vaccine. Immuno-epidemiologic studies of naturally acquired immunity (NAI) have been a useful strategy to identify new malaria vaccine targets. However, retention of pediatric participants throughout longitudinal studies is essential for gathering comprehensive exposure and outcome data. Within the context of a 3-year cohort (N = 400) study involving monthly finger prick and bi-annual venous blood sample collections, we conducted qualitative surveys to assess factors impacting participant retention. Phase 1 was conducted 3 months after enrollment in July 2018 and phase 2, 12 months later. In phase 1, 236 parents/guardians participated in focus groups and three withdrawn participants and 10 community health volunteers (CHVs) in key informant interviews. Qualitative analysis indicated overall satisfaction with the study, with 61.8% (136/220 respondents) reporting no concerns. Focus group discussants associated attendance with benefits such as improved access to comprehensive healthcare services. Community health volunteers reported concerns over village rumors of inappropriate use of blood samples and dangers associated with venous blood draws. Phase 2 involved 205 parents/guardians and revealed continued satisfaction, with 46.3% (95/205) identifying no concerns, but expressed increasing worries regarding the amount of venous blood sample. This concern was reflected in an uptick of missed visits when venous blood samples were scheduled. Future studies will address parental concerns to determine whether community engagement and education measures increase study retention until completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushay Mistry
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Boaz Odwar
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | | | - Ann M. Moormann
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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16
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Jahnmatz P, Nyabundi D, Sundling C, Widman L, Mwacharo J, Musyoki J, Otieno E, Ahlborg N, Bejon P, Ndungu FM, Färnert A. Plasmodium falciparum-Specific Memory B-Cell and Antibody Responses Are Associated With Immunity in Children Living in an Endemic Area of Kenya. Front Immunol 2022; 13:799306. [PMID: 35355994 PMCID: PMC8959630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.799306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the mechanism of naturally acquired immunity against Plasmodium falciparum malaria could contribute to the design of effective malaria vaccines. Using a recently developed multiplexed FluoroSpot assay, we assessed cross-sectional pre-existing memory B-cells (MBCs) and antibody responses against six well known P. falciparum antigens (MSP-119, MSP-2 (3D7), MSP-2 (FC27), MSP-3, AMA-1 and CSP) and measured their associations with previous infections and time to clinical malaria in the ensuing malaria season in Kenyan children. These children were under active weekly surveillance for malaria as part of a long-term longitudinal malaria immunology cohort study, where they are recruited from birth. After performing Cox regression analysis, we found that children with a breadth of three or more antigen-specific MBC or antibody responses at the baseline had a reduced risk for malaria in the ensuing P. falciparum transmission season. Specifically, MBC responses against AMA-1, MSP-2 (3D7) and MSP-3, as well as antibody responses to MSP-2 (3D7) and MSP-3 were prospectively associated with a reduced risk for malaria. The magnitude or breadth of MBC responses were however not correlated with the cumulative number of malaria episodes since birth. We conclude that increased breadth for merozoite antigen-specific MBC and antibody responses is associated with protection against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jahnmatz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Mabtech AB, Nacka Strand, Sweden
| | - Diana Nyabundi
- KEMRI - Wellcome Research Programme/Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linnea Widman
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jedidah Mwacharo
- KEMRI - Wellcome Research Programme/Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Jennifer Musyoki
- KEMRI - Wellcome Research Programme/Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Edward Otieno
- KEMRI - Wellcome Research Programme/Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Niklas Ahlborg
- Mabtech AB, Nacka Strand, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI - Wellcome Research Programme/Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Francis M. Ndungu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- KEMRI - Wellcome Research Programme/Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Färnert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Hviid L, Lopez-Perez M, Larsen MD, Vidarsson G. No sweet deal: the antibody-mediated immune response to malaria. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:428-434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Distinct kinetics of antibodies to 111 Plasmodium falciparum proteins identifies markers of recent malaria exposure. Nat Commun 2022; 13:331. [PMID: 35039519 PMCID: PMC8764098 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27863-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Strengthening malaria surveillance is a key intervention needed to reduce the global disease burden. Reliable serological markers of recent malaria exposure could improve current surveillance methods by allowing for accurate estimates of infection incidence from limited data. We studied the IgG antibody response to 111 Plasmodium falciparum proteins in 65 adult travellers followed longitudinally after a natural malaria infection in complete absence of re-exposure. We identified a combination of five serological markers that detect exposure within the previous three months with >80% sensitivity and specificity. Using mathematical modelling, we examined the antibody kinetics and determined that responses informative of recent exposure display several distinct characteristics: rapid initial boosting and decay, less inter-individual variation in response kinetics, and minimal persistence over time. Such serological exposure markers could be incorporated into routine malaria surveillance to guide efforts for malaria control and elimination. Serological markers of recent Plasmodium falciparum infection could be useful to estimate incidence. Here, the authors identify a combination of five serological markers to detect exposure to infection within the previous three months with >80% sensitivity and specificity.
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19
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Zuromski J, Kurtis J, Raj DK. Protocol for Differential Biopanning of P. falciparum Phage Display cDNA Library to Identify Parasite Targets of Protective Antibodies. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2470:359-366. [PMID: 35881358 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2189-9_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Malaria remains a significant global health burden, killing hundreds of thousands of children annually (WHO, The world malaria report. WHO, Geneva, 2019). Despite decades of effort, no broadly effective vaccine exists. Differential screening of parasite phage display libraries is a promising approach to identify the targets of human antibodies expressed by resistant but not by susceptible individuals (Raj et al., Nature, 582, 104-108, 2020; Science, 344, 871-877, 2014). Our whole proteome differential screening (WPDS) approach consists of positive selection to capture phage that bind antibodies expressed by malaria-resistant individuals, followed by negative selection to remove phage that bind antibodies expressed by malaria-susceptible individuals, and amplification of differentially recognized clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Zuromski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jonathan Kurtis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Dipak Kumar Raj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, USA.
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20
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Forconi CS, Mulama DH, Saikumar Lakshmi P, Foley J, Otieno JA, Kurtis JD, Berg LJ, Ong’echa JM, Münz C, Moormann AM. Interplay between IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-17A and PD-1 Expressing EBNA1-Specific CD4 + and CD8 + T Cell Responses in the Etiologic Pathway to Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215375. [PMID: 34771539 PMCID: PMC8582526 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL) is a common pediatric cancer in sub-Saharan Africa. The incidence of this aggressive B-cell cancer is linked to Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) co-infections during childhood. Most eBL tumors contain EBV and are characterized by the Epstein–Barr Nuclear Antigen 1 (EBNA1) latency I pattern of viral gene expression. The aim of our study was to compare the phenotypes and functions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to EBNA1 in children diagnosed with eBL and in healthy EBV-seropositive children to highlight differences that contribute to the balance between anti-viral immunity and eBL pathogenesis. Abstract Children diagnosed with endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL) are deficient in interferon-γ (IFN-γ) responses to Epstein–Barr Nuclear Antigen1 (EBNA1), the viral protein that defines the latency I pattern in this B cell tumor. However, the contributions of immune-regulatory cytokines and phenotypes of the EBNA1-specific T cells have not been characterized for eBL. Using a bespoke flow cytometry assay we measured intracellular IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-17A expression and phenotyped CD4+ and CD8+ T cell effector memory subsets specific to EBNA1 for eBL patients compared to two groups of healthy children with divergent malaria exposures. In response to EBNA1 and a malaria antigen (PfSEA-1A), the three study groups exhibited strikingly different cytokine expression and T cell memory profiles. EBNA1-specific IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cell response rates were lowest in eBL (40%) compared to children with high malaria (84%) and low malaria (66%) exposures (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0004, respectively). However, eBL patients did not differ in CD8+ T cell response rates or the magnitude of IFN-γ expression. In contrast, eBL children were more likely to have EBNA1-specific CD4+ T cells expressing IL-10, and less likely to have polyfunctional IFN-γ+IL-10+ CD4+ T cells (p = 0.02). They were also more likely to have IFN-γ+IL-17A+, IFN-γ+ and IL-17A+ CD8+ T cell subsets compared to healthy children. Cytokine-producing T cell subsets were predominantly CD45RA+CCR7+ TNAIVE-LIKE cells, yet PD-1, a marker of persistent activation/exhaustion, was more highly expressed by the central memory (TCM) and effector memory (TEM) T cell subsets. In summary, our study suggests that IL-10 mediated immune regulation and depletion of IFN-γ+ EBNA1-specific CD4+ T cells are complementary mechanisms that contribute to impaired T cell cytotoxicity in eBL pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S. Forconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; (C.S.F.); (P.S.L.); (J.F.)
| | - David H. Mulama
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu 40100, Kenya; (D.H.M.); (J.M.O.)
| | - Priya Saikumar Lakshmi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; (C.S.F.); (P.S.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Joslyn Foley
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; (C.S.F.); (P.S.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Juliana A. Otieno
- Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital, Ministry of Medical Services, Kisumu 40100, Kenya;
| | - Jonathan D. Kurtis
- Center for International Health Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA;
| | - Leslie J. Berg
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - John M. Ong’echa
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu 40100, Kenya; (D.H.M.); (J.M.O.)
| | - Christian Münz
- Department of Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Ann M. Moormann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; (C.S.F.); (P.S.L.); (J.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +508-856-8826
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21
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Protein Sorting in Plasmodium Falciparum. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090937. [PMID: 34575086 PMCID: PMC8467625 DOI: 10.3390/life11090937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is a unicellular eukaryote with a very polarized secretory system composed of micronemes rhoptries and dense granules that are required for host cell invasion. P. falciparum, like its relative T. gondii, uses the endolysosomal system to produce the secretory organelles and to ingest host cell proteins. The parasite also has an apicoplast, a secondary endosymbiotic organelle, which depends on vesicular trafficking for appropriate incorporation of nuclear-encoded proteins into the apicoplast. Recently, the central molecules responsible for sorting and trafficking in P. falciparum and T. gondii have been characterized. From these studies, it is now evident that P. falciparum has repurposed the molecules of the endosomal system to the secretory pathway. Additionally, the sorting and vesicular trafficking mechanism seem to be conserved among apicomplexans. This review described the most recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of protein sorting and vesicular trafficking in P. falciparum and revealed that P. falciparum has an amazing secretory machinery that has been cleverly modified to its intracellular lifestyle.
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22
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Michelow IC, Park S, Tsai SW, Rayta B, Pasaje CFA, Nelson S, Early AM, Frosch AP, Ayodo G, Raj DK, Nixon CE, Nixon CP, Pond-Tor S, Friedman JF, Fried M, Duffy PE, Le Roch KG, Niles JC, Kurtis JD. A newly characterized malaria antigen on erythrocyte and merozoite surfaces induces parasite inhibitory antibodies. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20200170. [PMID: 34342640 PMCID: PMC8340565 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified a Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) protein of unknown function encoded by a single-copy gene, PF3D7_1134300, as a target of antibodies in plasma of Tanzanian children in a whole-proteome differential screen. Here we characterize this protein as a blood-stage antigen that localizes to the surface membranes of both parasitized erythrocytes and merozoites, hence its designation as Pf erythrocyte membrane and merozoite antigen 1 (PfEMMA1). Mouse anti-PfEMMA1 antisera and affinity-purified human anti-PfEMMA1 antibodies inhibited growth of P. falciparum strains by up to 68% in growth inhibition assays. Following challenge with uniformly fatal Plasmodium berghei (Pb) ANKA, up to 40% of mice immunized with recombinant PbEMMA1 self-cured, and median survival of lethally infected mice was up to 2.6-fold longer than controls (21 vs. 8 d, P = 0.005). Furthermore, high levels of naturally acquired human anti-PfEMMA1 antibodies were associated with a 46% decrease in parasitemia over 2.5 yr of follow-up of Tanzanian children. Together, these findings suggest that antibodies to PfEMMA1 mediate protection against malaria.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/metabolism
- Child, Preschool
- Erythrocyte Membrane/parasitology
- Female
- Host-Parasite Interactions/physiology
- Humans
- Infant
- Malaria Vaccines/genetics
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/mortality
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Merozoites/immunology
- Merozoites/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Plasmodium falciparum/pathogenicity
- Plasmodium falciparum/physiology
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Protozoan Proteins/chemistry
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Protozoan Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Tanzania
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C. Michelow
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Sangshin Park
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
- Graduate School of Urban Public Health & Department of Urban Big Data Convergence, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shu-Whei Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Bonnie Rayta
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | | | - Sara Nelson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Angela M. Early
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Anne P. Frosch
- Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - George Ayodo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre of Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
- Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, Bondo, Kenya
| | - Dipak K. Raj
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Christina E. Nixon
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Christian P. Nixon
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Sunthorn Pond-Tor
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Jennifer F. Friedman
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
- Department of Pediatrics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Michal Fried
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Patrick E. Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Karine G. Le Roch
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, Center for Infectious Disease and Vector Research, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA
| | - Jacquin C. Niles
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jonathan D. Kurtis
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
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In silico characterisation of putative Plasmodium falciparum vaccine candidates in African malaria populations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16215. [PMID: 34376744 PMCID: PMC8355234 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity of surface exposed and stage specific Plasmodium falciparum immunogenic proteins pose a major roadblock to developing an effective malaria vaccine with broad and long-lasting immunity. We conducted a prospective genetic analysis of candidate antigens (msp1, ama1, rh5, eba175, glurp, celtos, csp, lsa3, Pfsea, trap, conserved chrom3, hyp9, hyp10, phistb, surfin8.2, and surfin14.1) for malaria vaccine development on 2375 P. falciparum sequences from 16 African countries. We described signatures of balancing selection inferred from positive values of Tajima's D for all antigens across all populations except for glurp. This could be as a result of immune selection on these antigens as positive Tajima's D values mapped to regions with putative immune epitopes. A less diverse phistb antigen was characterised with a transmembrane domain, glycophosphatidyl anchors between the N and C- terminals, and surface epitopes that could be targets of immune recognition. This study demonstrates the value of population genetic and immunoinformatic analysis for identifying and characterising new putative vaccine candidates towards improving strain transcending immunity, and vaccine efficacy across all endemic populations.
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24
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Sekar V, Rivero A, Pigeault R, Gandon S, Drews A, Ahren D, Hellgren O. Gene regulation of the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium relictum, during the different stages within the mosquito vector. Genomics 2021; 113:2327-2337. [PMID: 34023365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium relictum is one of the most widespread species of avian malaria. As in the case of its human counterparts, bird Plasmodium undergoes a complex life cycle infecting two hosts: the arthropod vector and the vertebrate host. In this study, we examined transcriptomes of P. relictum (SGS1) during crucial timepoints within its vector, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. Differential gene-expression analyses identified genes linked to the parasites life-stages at: i) a few minutes after the blood meal is ingested, ii) during peak oocyst production phase, iii) during peak sporozoite phase and iv) during the late-stages of the infection. A large amount of genes coding for functions linked to host-immune invasion and multifunctional genes was active throughout the infection cycle. One gene associated with a conserved Plasmodium membrane protein with unknown function was upregulated throughout the parasite development in the vector, suggesting an important role in the successful completion of the sporogonic cycle. Gene expression analysis further identified genes, with unknown functions to be significantly differentially expressed during the infection in the vector as well as upregulation of reticulocyte-binding proteins, which raises the possibility of the multifunctionality of these RBPs. We establish the existence of highly stage-specific pathways being overexpressed during the infection. This first study of gene-expression of a non-human Plasmodium species in its vector provides a comprehensive insight into the molecular mechanisms of the common avian malaria parasite P. relictum and provides essential information on the evolutionary diversity in gene regulation of the Plasmodium's vector stages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Rivero
- MIVEGEC (CNRS - Université de Montpellier - IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France; CREES (Centre de Recherche en Ecologie et Evolution de la Santé), 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Romain Pigeault
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sweden; Department of Ecology and Evolution, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Gandon
- CEFE (CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry - EPHE - IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Anna Drews
- MEMEG, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Dag Ahren
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), SciLifeLab, Department of Biology, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olof Hellgren
- MEMEG, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sweden.
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25
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Hahn WO, Pepper M, Liles WC. B cell intrinsic expression of IFNλ receptor suppresses the acute humoral immune response to experimental blood-stage malaria. Virulence 2021; 11:594-606. [PMID: 32407154 PMCID: PMC7549950 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1768329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies play a critical protective role in the host response to blood-stage malaria infection. The role of cytokines in shaping the antibody response to blood-stage malaria is unclear. Interferon lambda (IFNλ), a type III interferon, is a cytokine produced early during blood-stage malaria infection that has an unknown physiological role during malaria infection. We demonstrate that B cell-intrinsic IFNλ signals suppress the acute antibody response, acute plasmablast response, and impede acute parasite clearance during a primary blood-stage malaria infection. Our findings demonstrate a previously unappreciated role for B cell intrinsic IFNλ-signaling in the initiation of the humoral immune response in the host response to experimental malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- William O Hahn
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, USA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington , Seattle, USA
| | - W Conrad Liles
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, USA
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26
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Perrin AJ, Bisson C, Faull PA, Renshaw MJ, Lees RA, Fleck RA, Saibil HR, Snijders AP, Baker DA, Blackman MJ. Malaria Parasite Schizont Egress Antigen-1 Plays an Essential Role in Nuclear Segregation during Schizogony. mBio 2021; 12:e03377-20. [PMID: 33688001 PMCID: PMC8092294 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03377-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria parasites cause disease through repeated cycles of intraerythrocytic proliferation. Within each cycle, several rounds of DNA replication produce multinucleated forms, called schizonts, that undergo segmentation to form daughter merozoites. Upon rupture of the infected cell, the merozoites egress to invade new erythrocytes and repeat the cycle. In human malarial infections, an antibody response specific for the Plasmodium falciparum protein PF3D7_1021800 was previously associated with protection against malaria, leading to an interest in PF3D7_1021800 as a candidate vaccine antigen. Antibodies to the protein were reported to inhibit egress, resulting in it being named schizont egress antigen-1 (SEA1). A separate study found that SEA1 undergoes phosphorylation in a manner dependent upon the parasite cGMP-dependent protein kinase PKG, which triggers egress. While these findings imply a role for SEA1 in merozoite egress, this protein has also been implicated in kinetochore function during schizont development. Therefore, the function of SEA1 remains unclear. Here, we show that P. falciparum SEA1 localizes in proximity to centromeres within dividing nuclei and that conditional disruption of SEA1 expression severely impacts the distribution of DNA and formation of merozoites during schizont development, with a proportion of SEA1-null merozoites completely lacking nuclei. SEA1-null schizonts rupture, albeit with low efficiency, suggesting that neither SEA1 function nor normal segmentation is a prerequisite for egress. We conclude that SEA1 does not play a direct mechanistic role in egress but instead acts upstream of egress as an essential regulator required to ensure the correct packaging of nuclei within merozoites.IMPORTANCE Malaria is a deadly infectious disease. Rationally designed novel therapeutics will be essential for its control and eradication. The Plasmodium falciparum protein PF3D7_1021800, annotated as SEA1, is under investigation as a prospective component of a malaria vaccine, based on previous indications that antibodies to SEA1 interfere with parasite egress from infected erythrocytes. However, a consensus on the function of SEA1 is lacking. Here, we demonstrate that SEA1 localizes to dividing parasite nuclei and is necessary for the correct segregation of replicated DNA into individual daughter merozoites. In the absence of SEA1, merozoites develop defectively, often completely lacking a nucleus, and, consequently, egress is impaired and/or aberrant. Our findings provide insights into the divergent mechanisms by which intraerythrocytic malaria parasites develop and divide. Our conclusions regarding the localization and function of SEA1 are not consistent with the hypothesis that antibodies against it confer protective immunity to malaria by blocking merozoite egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail J Perrin
- Malaria Biochemistry Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudine Bisson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural & Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A Faull
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Renshaw
- Advanced Light Microscopy, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca A Lees
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural & Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roland A Fleck
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen R Saibil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural & Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Baker
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Blackman
- Malaria Biochemistry Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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27
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Abstract
All intracellular pathogens must escape (egress) from the confines of their host cell to disseminate and proliferate. The malaria parasite only replicates in an intracellular vacuole or in a cyst, and must undergo egress at four distinct phases during its complex life cycle, each time disrupting, in a highly regulated manner, the membranes or cyst wall that entrap the parasites. This Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster summarises our current knowledge of the morphological features of egress across the Plasmodium life cycle, the molecular mechanisms that govern the process, and how researchers are working to exploit this knowledge to develop much-needed new approaches to malaria control. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele S Y Tan
- Malaria Biochemistry Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Michael J Blackman
- Malaria Biochemistry Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK .,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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28
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Abstract
Introduction: An effective vaccine against malaria forms a global health priority. Both naturally acquired immunity and sterile protection induced by irradiated sporozoite immunization were described decades ago. Still no vaccine exists that sufficiently protects children in endemic areas. Identifying immunological correlates of vaccine efficacy can inform rational vaccine design and potentially accelerate clinical development.Areas covered: We discuss recent research on immunological correlates of malaria vaccine efficacy, including: insights from state-of-the-art omics platforms and systems vaccinology analyses; functional anti-parasitic assays; pre-immunization predictors of vaccine efficacy; and comparison of correlates of vaccine efficacy against controlled human malaria infections (CHMI) and against naturally acquired infections.Expert Opinion: Effective vaccination may be achievable without necessarily understanding immunological correlates, but the relatively disappointing efficacy of malaria vaccine candidates in target populations is concerning. Hypothesis-generating omics and systems vaccinology analyses, alongside assessment of pre-immunization correlates, have the potential to bring about paradigm-shifts in malaria vaccinology. Functional assays may represent in vivo effector mechanisms, but have scarcely been formally assessed as correlates. Crucially, evidence is still meager that correlates of vaccine efficacy against CHMI correspond with those against naturally acquired infections in target populations. Finally, the diversity of immunological assays and efficacy endpoints across malaria vaccine trials remains a major confounder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew B B McCall
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
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29
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Wu HW, Park S, Pond-Tor S, Stuart R, Zhou S, Hong Y, Ruiz AE, Acosta L, Jarilla B, Friedman JF, Jiz M, Kurtis JD. Whole-Proteome Differential Screening Identifies Novel Vaccine Candidates for Schistosomiasis japonica. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:1265-1274. [PMID: 33606021 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains a leading cause of chronic morbidity in endemic regions despite decades of widespread mass chemotherapy with praziquantel. Using our whole proteome differential screening approach, and plasma and epidemiologic data from a longitudinal cohort of individuals living in a Schistosoma japonicum-endemic region of the Philippines, we interrogated the parasite proteome to identify novel vaccine candidates for Schistosoma japonicum. We identified 16 parasite genes which encoded proteins that were recognized by immunoglobulin G or immunoglobulin E antibodies in the plasma of individuals who had developed resistance to reinfection, but were not recognized by antibodies in the plasma of individuals who remained susceptible to reinfection. Antibody levels to Sj6-8 and Sj4-1 measured in the entire cohort (N = 505) 1 month after praziquantel treatment were associated with significantly decreased risk of reinfection and lower intensity of reinfection over 18 months of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah W Wu
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Sangshin Park
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Graduate School of Urban Public Health, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunthorn Pond-Tor
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ron Stuart
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Sha Zhou
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Hong
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Amanda E Ruiz
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Luz Acosta
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | - Blanca Jarilla
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jennifer F Friedman
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Mario Jiz
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jonathan D Kurtis
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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30
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Kurtis JD, Raj DK, Michelow IC, Park S, Nixon CE, McDonald EA, Nixon CP, Pond-Tor S, Jha A, Taliano RJ, Kabyemela ER, Friedman JF, Duffy PE, Fried M. Maternally-derived Antibodies to Schizont Egress Antigen-1 and Protection of Infants From Severe Malaria. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 68:1718-1724. [PMID: 30165569 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In holoendemic areas, children suffer the most from Plasmodium falciparum malaria, yet newborns and young infants express a relative resistance to both infection and severe malarial disease (SM). This relative resistance has been ascribed to maternally-derived anti-parasite immunoglobulin G; however, the targets of these protective antibodies remain elusive. METHODS We enrolled 647 newborns at birth from a malaria-holoendemic region of Tanzania. We collected cord blood, measured antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum Schizont Egress Antigen-1 (PfSEA-1), and related these antibodies to the risk of severe malaria in the first year of life. In addition, we vaccinated female mice with PbSEA-1, mated them, and challenged their pups with P. berghei ANKA parasites to assess the impact of maternal PbSEA-1 vaccination on newborns' resistance to malaria. RESULTS Children with high cord-blood anti-PfSEA-1 antibody levels had 51.4% fewer cases of SM compared to individuals with lower anti-PfSEA-1 levels over 12 months of follow-up (P = .03). In 3 trials, pups born to PbSEA-1-vaccinated dams had significantly lower parasitemia and longer survival following a P. berghei challenge compared to pups born to control dams. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that maternally-derived, cord-blood anti-PfSEA-1 antibodies predict decreased risk of SM in infants and vaccination of mice with PbSEA-1 prior to pregnancy protects their offspring from lethal P. berghei challenge. These results identify, for the first time, a parasite-specific target of maternal antibodies that protect infants from SM and suggest that vaccination of pregnant women with PfSEA-1 may afford a survival advantage to their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Kurtis
- Center for International Health Research, Brown University Medical School, Providence.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Medical School, Providence
| | - Dipak K Raj
- Center for International Health Research, Brown University Medical School, Providence.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Medical School, Providence
| | - Ian C Michelow
- Center for International Health Research, Brown University Medical School, Providence.,Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence
| | - Sangshin Park
- Center for International Health Research, Brown University Medical School, Providence.,Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence
| | - Christina E Nixon
- Center for International Health Research, Brown University Medical School, Providence.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Medical School, Providence
| | - Emily A McDonald
- Center for International Health Research, Brown University Medical School, Providence.,Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence
| | - Christian P Nixon
- Center for International Health Research, Brown University Medical School, Providence.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Medical School, Providence
| | - Sunthorn Pond-Tor
- Center for International Health Research, Brown University Medical School, Providence.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Medical School, Providence
| | - Ambrish Jha
- Center for International Health Research, Brown University Medical School, Providence
| | - Ross J Taliano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Medical School, Providence
| | - Edward R Kabyemela
- Mother Offspring Malaria Studies (MOMS) Project, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Washington.,Muheza Designated District Hospital.,Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jennifer F Friedman
- Center for International Health Research, Brown University Medical School, Providence.,Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Michal Fried
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
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31
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Paul AS, Miliu A, Paulo JA, Goldberg JM, Bonilla AM, Berry L, Seveno M, Braun-Breton C, Kosber AL, Elsworth B, Arriola JSN, Lebrun M, Gygi SP, Lamarque MH, Duraisingh MT. Co-option of Plasmodium falciparum PP1 for egress from host erythrocytes. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3532. [PMID: 32669539 PMCID: PMC7363832 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17306-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Asexual proliferation of the Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria follows a developmental program that alternates non-canonical intraerythrocytic replication with dissemination to new host cells. We carried out a functional analysis of the Plasmodium falciparum homolog of Protein Phosphatase 1 (PfPP1), a universally conserved cell cycle factor in eukaryotes, to investigate regulation of parasite proliferation. PfPP1 is indeed required for efficient replication, but is absolutely essential for egress of parasites from host red blood cells. By phosphoproteomic and chemical-genetic analysis, we isolate two functional targets of PfPP1 for egress: a HECT E3 protein-ubiquitin ligase; and GCα, a fusion protein composed of a guanylyl cyclase and a phospholipid transporter domain. We hypothesize that PfPP1 regulates lipid sensing by GCα and find that phosphatidylcholine stimulates PfPP1-dependent egress. PfPP1 acts as a key regulator that integrates multiple cell-intrinsic pathways with external signals to direct parasite egress from host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya S Paul
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Miliu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interaction (LPHI), UMR5235, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Goldberg
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Arianna M Bonilla
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Laurence Berry
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interaction (LPHI), UMR5235, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie Seveno
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interaction (LPHI), UMR5235, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Braun-Breton
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interaction (LPHI), UMR5235, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Aziz L Kosber
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Brendan Elsworth
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Jose S N Arriola
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Maryse Lebrun
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interaction (LPHI), UMR5235, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Mauld H Lamarque
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interaction (LPHI), UMR5235, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France.
| | - Manoj T Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.
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32
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Duffy PE, Patrick Gorres J. Malaria vaccines since 2000: progress, priorities, products. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:48. [PMID: 32566259 PMCID: PMC7283239 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-0196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria vaccine development entered a new era in 2015 when the pre-erythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum candidate RTS,S was favorably reviewed by the European Medicines Agency and subsequently introduced into national pilot implementation programs, marking the first human anti-parasite vaccine to pass regulatory scrutiny. Since the first trials published in 1997, RTS,S has been evaluated in a series of clinical trials culminating in Phase 3 testing, while testing of other pre-erythrocytic candidates (that target sporozoite- or liver-stage parasites), particularly whole sporozoite vaccines, has also increased. Interest in blood-stage candidates (that limit blood-stage parasite growth) subsided after disappointing human efficacy results, although new blood-stage targets and concepts may revive activity in this area. Over the past decade, testing of transmission-blocking vaccines (that kill mosquito/sexual-stage parasites) advanced to field trials and the first generation of placental malaria vaccines (that clear placenta-sequestering parasites) entered the clinic. Novel antigen discovery, human monoclonal antibodies, structural vaccinology, and improved platforms promise to expand on RTS,S and improve existing vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - J Patrick Gorres
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
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33
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van den Hoogen LL, Stresman G, Présumé J, Romilus I, Mondélus G, Elismé T, Existe A, Hamre KES, Ashton RA, Druetz T, Joseph V, Beeson JG, Singh SK, Boncy J, Eisele TP, Chang MA, Lemoine JF, Tetteh KKA, Rogier E, Drakeley C. Selection of Antibody Responses Associated With Plasmodium falciparum Infections in the Context of Malaria Elimination. Front Immunol 2020; 11:928. [PMID: 32499783 PMCID: PMC7243477 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In our aim to eliminate malaria, more sensitive tools to detect residual transmission are quickly becoming essential. Antimalarial antibody responses persist in the blood after a malaria infection and provide a wider window to detect exposure to infection compared to parasite detection metrics. Here, we aimed to select antibody responses associated with recent and cumulative exposure to malaria using cross-sectional survey data from Haiti, an elimination setting. Using a multiplex bead assay, we generated data for antibody responses (immunoglobulin G) to 23 Plasmodium falciparum targets in 29,481 participants across three surveys. This included one community-based survey in which participants were enrolled during household visits and two sentinel group surveys in which participants were enrolled at schools and health facilities. First, we correlated continuous antibody responses with age (Spearman) to determine which showed strong age-related associations indicating accumulation over time with limited loss. AMA-1 and MSP-119 antibody levels showed the strongest correlation with age (0.47 and 0.43, p < 0.001) in the community-based survey, which was most representative of the underlying age structure of the population, thus seropositivity to either of these antibodies was considered representative of cumulative exposure to malaria. Next, in the absence of a gold standard for recent exposure, we included antibody responses to the remaining targets to predict highly sensitive rapid diagnostic test (hsRDT) status using receiver operating characteristic curves. For this, only data from the survey with the highest hsRDT prevalence was used (7.2%; 348/4,849). The performance of the top two antigens in the training dataset (two-thirds of the dataset; n = 3,204)-Etramp 5 ag 1 and GLURP-R0 (area-under-the-curve, AUC, 0.892 and 0.825, respectively)-was confirmed in the test dataset (remaining one-third of the dataset; n = 1,652, AUC 0.903 and 0.848, respectively). As no further improvement was seen by combining seropositivity to GLURP-R0 and Etramp 5 ag 1 (p = 0.266), seropositivity to Etramp 5 ag 1 alone was selected as representative of current or recent exposure to malaria. The validation of antibody responses associated with these exposure histories simplifies analyses and interpretation of antibody data and facilitates the application of results to evaluate programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotus L. van den Hoogen
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Gillian Stresman
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Gina Mondélus
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Tamara Elismé
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | | | - Karen E. S. Hamre
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
- CDC Foundation, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ruth A. Ashton
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Thomas Druetz
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal School of Public Health, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vena Joseph
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - James G. Beeson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Central Clinical School and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Susheel K. Singh
- Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacques Boncy
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Thomas P. Eisele
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Michelle A. Chang
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jean F. Lemoine
- Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Kevin K. A. Tetteh
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rogier
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Florentin A, Cobb DW, Kudyba HM, Muralidharan V. Directing traffic: Chaperone-mediated protein transport in malaria parasites. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13215. [PMID: 32388921 PMCID: PMC7282954 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability of eukaryotic parasites from the phylum Apicomplexa to cause devastating diseases is predicated upon their ability to maintain faithful and precise protein trafficking mechanisms. Their parasitic life cycle depends on the trafficking of effector proteins to the infected host cell, transport of proteins to several critical organelles required for survival, as well as transport of parasite and host proteins to the digestive organelles to generate the building blocks for parasite growth. Several recent studies have shed light on the molecular mechanisms parasites utilise to transform the infected host cells, transport proteins to essential metabolic organelles and for biogenesis of organelles required for continuation of their life cycle. Here, we review key pathways of protein transport originating and branching from the endoplasmic reticulum, focusing on the essential roles of chaperones in these processes. Further, we highlight key gaps in our knowledge that prevents us from building a holistic view of protein trafficking in these deadly human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Florentin
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - David W Cobb
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Heather M Kudyba
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Vasant Muralidharan
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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35
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Anti-PfGARP activates programmed cell death of parasites and reduces severe malaria. Nature 2020; 582:104-108. [PMID: 32427965 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum remains the leading single-agent cause of mortality in children1, yet the promise of an effective vaccine has not been fulfilled. Here, using our previously described differential screening method to analyse the proteome of blood-stage P. falciparum parasites2, we identify P. falciparum glutamic-acid-rich protein (PfGARP) as a parasite antigen that is recognized by antibodies in the plasma of children who are relatively resistant-but not those who are susceptible-to malaria caused by P. falciparum. PfGARP is a parasite antigen of 80 kDa that is expressed on the exofacial surface of erythrocytes infected by early-to-late-trophozoite-stage parasites. We demonstrate that antibodies against PfGARP kill trophozoite-infected erythrocytes in culture by inducing programmed cell death in the parasites, and that vaccinating non-human primates with PfGARP partially protects against a challenge with P. falciparum. Furthermore, our longitudinal cohort studies showed that, compared to individuals who had naturally occurring anti-PfGARP antibodies, Tanzanian children without anti-PfGARP antibodies had a 2.5-fold-higher risk of severe malaria and Kenyan adolescents and adults without these antibodies had a twofold-higher parasite density. By killing trophozoite-infected erythrocytes, PfGARP could synergize with other vaccines that target parasite invasion of hepatocytes or the invasion of and egress from erythrocytes.
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Amlabu E, Ilani P, Opoku G, Nyarko PB, Quansah E, Thiam LG, Anim M, Ayivor-Djanie R, Akuh OA, Mensah-Brown H, Rayner JC, Awandare GA. Molecular Characterization and Immuno-Reactivity Patterns of a Novel Plasmodium falciparum Armadillo-Type Repeat Protein, PfATRP. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:114. [PMID: 32266165 PMCID: PMC7100384 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly half of the genes in the Plasmodium falciparum genome have not yet been functionally investigated. We used homology-based structural modeling to identify multiple copies of Armadillo repeats within one uncharacterized gene expressed during the intraerythrocytic stages, PF3D7_0410600, subsequently referred to as P. falciparum Armadillo-Type Repeat Protein (PfATRP). Soluble recombinant PfATRP was expressed in a bacterial expression system, purified to apparent homogeneity and the identity of the recombinant PfATRP was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Affinity-purified α-PfATRP rabbit antibodies specifically recognized the recombinant protein. Immunofluorescence assays revealed that α-PfATRP rabbit antibodies reacted with P. falciparum schizonts. Anti-PfATRP antibody exhibited peripheral staining patterns around the merozoites. Given the localization of PfATRP in merozoites, we tested for an egress phenotype during schizont arrest assays and demonstrated that native PfATRP is inaccessible on the surface of merozoites in intact schizonts. Dual immunofluorescence assays with markers for the inner membrane complex (IMC) and microtubules suggest partial colocalization in both asexual and sexual stage parasites. Using the soluble recombinant PfATRP in a screen of plasma samples revealed that malaria-infected children have naturally acquired PfATRP-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Amlabu
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria
| | - Philip Ilani
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Grace Opoku
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Prince B. Nyarko
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Evelyn Quansah
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Laty G. Thiam
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Manfred Anim
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Reuben Ayivor-Djanie
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, SBBS, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Ojo-ajogu Akuh
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Henrietta Mensah-Brown
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Julian C. Rayner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon A. Awandare
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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37
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Adachi R, Tamura T. Plasmodium infection cure cycles induce modulation of conventional dendritic cells. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:377-386. [PMID: 32096562 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most widespread human infectious diseases worldwide and a cause of mortality. It is difficult to induce immunological memory against the malarial parasite Plasmodium. The immunity to clinical malaria disease is acquired with multiple infection and treatment cycles, along with substantial reduction in parasite burden. However, the mechanism of the acquired immunity remains largely unclear. Conventional DCs (cDCs) play a pivotal role in orchestration of immune responses. The purpose of this study is to analyze the characterization of cDCs after the infection and cure treatment cycles. Mice were infected with the lethal rodent malarial parasite Plasmodium berghei ANKA, which was followed by cure treatment with the antimalarial drug pyrimethamine. This was then followed by a challenge with live parasites. The mice that went through infection cure cycles showed significant immune response, demonstrating robust immunological memory against malaria parasites. We investigated the cytokine production capacity of splenic cDCs in both naive and infection cure mice by stimulating purified splenic cDCs with LPS (TLR4 agonist) or CpG (TLR9 agonist). The capacity of cytokine production was found to be significantly decreased in infection cure mice. The suppression of cytokine production was sustained for a long term (6 months). Moreover, the surface expression of MHC Class II molecules was significantly lower in infection cure mice than in naive mice. These results suggest that Plasmodium infection and cure treatment resulted in strong immunological memory and modulation of full functionality of cDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Adachi
- School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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38
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Aitken EH, Mahanty S, Rogerson SJ. Antibody effector functions in malaria and other parasitic diseases: a few needles and many haystacks. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:264-275. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Aitken
- Department of Medicine The Doherty Institute The University of Melbourne 792 Elizabeth Street Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Siddhartha Mahanty
- Department of Medicine The Doherty Institute The University of Melbourne 792 Elizabeth Street Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Stephen J Rogerson
- Department of Medicine The Doherty Institute The University of Melbourne 792 Elizabeth Street Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
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van den Hoogen LL, Présumé J, Romilus I, Mondélus G, Elismé T, Sepúlveda N, Stresman G, Druetz T, Ashton RA, Joseph V, Eisele TP, Hamre KES, Chang MA, Lemoine JF, Tetteh KKA, Boncy J, Existe A, Drakeley C, Rogier E. Quality control of multiplex antibody detection in samples from large-scale surveys: the example of malaria in Haiti. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1135. [PMID: 31980693 PMCID: PMC6981173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring antimalarial antibodies can estimate transmission in a population. To compare outputs, standardized laboratory testing is required. Here we describe the in-country establishment and quality control (QC) of a multiplex bead assay (MBA) for three sero-surveys in Haiti. Total IgG data against 21 antigens were collected for 32,758 participants. Titration curves of hyperimmune sera were included on assay plates, assay signals underwent 5-parameter regression, and inspection of the median and interquartile range (IQR) for the y-inflection point was used to determine assay precision. The medians and IQRs were similar for Surveys 1 and 2 for most antigens, while the IQRs increased for some antigens in Survey 3. Levey-Jennings charts for selected antigens provided a pass/fail criterion for each assay plate and, of 387 assay plates, 13 (3.4%) were repeated. Individual samples failed if IgG binding to the generic glutathione-S-transferase protein was observed, with 659 (2.0%) samples failing. An additional 455 (1.4%) observations failed due to low bead numbers (<20/analyte). The final dataset included 609,438 anti-malaria IgG data points from 32,099 participants; 96.6% of all potential data points if no QC failures had occurred. The MBA can be deployed with high-throughput data collection and low inter-plate variability while ensuring data quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotus L van den Hoogen
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | | | | | - Gina Mondélus
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Tamara Elismé
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Nuno Sepúlveda
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre of Statistics and Applications, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gillian Stresman
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Thomas Druetz
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal School of Public Health, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ruth A Ashton
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Vena Joseph
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Thomas P Eisele
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Karen E S Hamre
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- CDC Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michelle A Chang
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jean F Lemoine
- Ministère de la santé publique et de la population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Kevin K A Tetteh
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jacques Boncy
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | | | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Eric Rogier
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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40
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Nixon CP, Nixon CE, Michelow IC, Silva-Viera RA, Colantuono B, Obeidallah AS, Jha A, Dockery D, Raj D, Park S, Duffy PE, Kurtis JD. Antibodies to PfsEGXP, an Early Gametocyte-Enriched Phosphoprotein, Predict Decreased Plasmodium falciparum Gametocyte Density in Humans. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1792-1801. [PMID: 29982707 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antigametocyte-specific immune responses may regulate Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte density, providing the rationale for pursuing transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs) that target gametocytes in the human host. Methods To identify novel antigametocyte TBV antigens, we interrogated the gametocyte proteome with our whole proteome differential screening method using plasma from a treatment-reinfection study conducted in western Kenya. At the start of the high-transmission season, 144 males (12-35 years) were enrolled and treated with quinine and doxycycline, peripheral venous blood samples were obtained, volunteers were observed, and weekly blood films were obtained for 18 weeks to quantify gametocytemia. Using plasma pooled from individuals with low versus high gametocyte carriage, we differentially screened a P falciparum gametocyte stage complementary deoxyribonucleic acid expression library. Results We identified 8 parasite genes uniquely recognized by gametocyte-resistant but not by gametocyte-susceptible individuals. Antibodies to one of these antigens, PfsEGXP, predicted lower gametocytemia measured over the 18-week transmission season (P = .021). When analyzed dichotomously, anti-PfsEGXP responders had 31% lower gametocyte density over 18 weeks of follow-up, compared with nonresponders (P = .04). Conclusions PfsEGXP is one of the first reported gametocyte-specific target of antibodies that predict decreased gametocyte density in humans and supports our novel TBV antigen discovery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Nixon
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Christina E Nixon
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence
| | - Ian C Michelow
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence
| | - Rayna A Silva-Viera
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence
| | - Bonnie Colantuono
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence
| | - Aisha S Obeidallah
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence
| | - Ambrish Jha
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence
| | - Dominique Dockery
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence
| | - Dipak Raj
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence
| | - Sangshin Park
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Jonathan D Kurtis
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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41
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Park S, Nixon CE, Pond-Tor S, Kabyemela ER, Fried M, Duffy PE, Kurtis JD, Friedman JF. Impact of maternally derived antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum Schizont Egress Antigen-1 on the endogenous production of anti-PfSEA-1 in offspring. Vaccine 2019; 37:5044-5050. [PMID: 31288996 PMCID: PMC6677924 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background We evaluated whether maternally-derived antibodies to a malarial vaccine candidate, Plasmodium falciparum Schizont Egress Antigen-1 (PfSEA-1), in cord blood interfered with the development of infant anti-PfSEA-1 antibodies in response to natural exposure. Methods We followed 630 Tanzanian infants who were measured their antibodies against PfSEA-1 (aa 810-1023; PfSEA-1A) at birth and 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age, and examined the changes in anti-PfSEA-1A antibody levels in response to parasitemia, and evaluated whether maternally-derived anti-PfSEA-1A antibodies in cord blood modified infant anti-PfSEA-1A immune responses. Results Infants who experienced parasitemia during the first 6 months of life had significantly higher anti-PfSEA-1A antibodies at 6 and 12 months of age compared to uninfected infants. Maternally-derived anti-PfSEA-1A antibodies in cord blood significantly modified this effect during the first 6 months. During this period, infant anti-PfSEA-1A antibody levels were significantly associated with their P. falciparum exposure when they were born with low, but not higher, maternally-derived anti-PfSEA-1A antibody levels in cord blood. Nevertheless, during the first 6 months of life, maternally-derived anti-PfSEA-1A antibodies in cord blood did not abrogate the parasitemia driven development of infant anti-PfSEA-1A: parasitemia were significantly correlated with anti-PfSEA-1A antibody levels at 6 months of age in the infants born with low maternally-derived anti-PfSEA-1A antibody levels in cord blood and borderline significantly correlated in those infants born with middle and high levels. Conclusions Maternal vaccination with PfSEA-1A is unlikely to interfere with the development of naturally acquired anti-PfSEA-1A immune responses following exposure during infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangshin Park
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States; Department of Pediatrics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States; Graduate School of Urban Public Health, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea.
| | - Christina E Nixon
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Sunthorn Pond-Tor
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Edward R Kabyemela
- Mother Offspring Malaria Studies (MOMS) Project, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, United States; Muheza Designated District Hospital, Muheza, Tanzania; Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Michal Fried
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, United States
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, United States
| | - Jonathan D Kurtis
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Jennifer F Friedman
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States; Department of Pediatrics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States
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42
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Illingworth JJ, Alanine DG, Brown R, Marshall JM, Bartlett HE, Silk SE, Labbé GM, Quinkert D, Cho JS, Wendler JP, Pattinson DJ, Barfod L, Douglas AD, Shea MW, Wright KE, de Cassan SC, Higgins MK, Draper SJ. Functional Comparison of Blood-Stage Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Vaccine Candidate Antigens. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1254. [PMID: 31214195 PMCID: PMC6558156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The malaria genome encodes over 5,000 proteins and many of these have also been proposed to be potential vaccine candidates, although few of these have been tested clinically. RH5 is one of the leading blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum malaria vaccine antigens and Phase I/II clinical trials of vaccines containing this antigen are currently underway. Its likely mechanism of action is to elicit antibodies that can neutralize merozoites by blocking their invasion of red blood cells (RBC). However, many other antigens could also elicit neutralizing antibodies against the merozoite, and most of these have never been compared directly to RH5. The objective of this study was to compare a range of blood-stage antigens to RH5, to identify any antigens that outperform or synergize with anti-RH5 antibodies. We selected 55 gene products, covering 15 candidate antigens that have been described in the literature and 40 genes selected on the basis of bioinformatics functional prediction. We were able to make 20 protein-in-adjuvant vaccines from the original selection. Of these, S-antigen and CyRPA robustly elicited antibodies with neutralizing properties. Anti-CyRPA IgG generally showed additive GIA with anti-RH5 IgG, although high levels of anti-CyRPA-specific rabbit polyclonal IgG were required to achieve 50% GIA. Our data suggest that further vaccine antigen screening efforts are required to identify a second merozoite target with similar antibody-susceptibility to RH5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rebecca Brown
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Sarah E Silk
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Doris Quinkert
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jee Sun Cho
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jason P Wendler
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lea Barfod
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael W Shea
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine E Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthew K Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Draper
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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43
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Jaenisch T, Heiss K, Fischer N, Geiger C, Bischoff FR, Moldenhauer G, Rychlewski L, Sié A, Coulibaly B, Seeberger PH, Wyrwicz LS, Breitling F, Loeffler FF. High-density Peptide Arrays Help to Identify Linear Immunogenic B-cell Epitopes in Individuals Naturally Exposed to Malaria Infection. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:642-656. [PMID: 30630936 PMCID: PMC6442360 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
High-density peptide arrays are an excellent means to profile anti-plasmodial antibody responses. Different protein intrinsic epitopes can be distinguished, and additional insights are gained, when compared with assays involving the full-length protein. Distinct reactivities to specific epitopes within one protein may explain differences in published results, regarding immunity or susceptibility to malaria. We pursued three approaches to find specific epitopes within important plasmodial proteins, (1) twelve leading vaccine candidates were mapped as overlapping 15-mer peptides, (2) a bioinformatical approach served to predict immunogenic malaria epitopes which were subsequently validated in the assay, and (3) randomly selected peptides from the malaria proteome were screened as a control. Several peptide array replicas were prepared, employing particle-based laser printing, and were used to screen 27 serum samples from a malaria-endemic area in Burkina Faso, West Africa. The immunological status of the individuals was classified as "protected" or "unprotected" based on clinical symptoms, parasite density, and age. The vaccine candidate screening approach resulted in significant hits in all twelve proteins and allowed us (1) to verify many known immunogenic structures, (2) to map B-cell epitopes across the entire sequence of each antigen and (3) to uncover novel immunogenic epitopes. Predicting immunogenic regions in the proteome of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, via the bioinformatics approach and subsequent array screening, confirmed known immunogenic sequences, such as in the leading malaria vaccine candidate CSP and discovered immunogenic epitopes derived from hypothetical or unknown proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jaenisch
- From the ‡Center for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;; §German Center for Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg (DZIF);; ¶HEiKA - Heidelberg Karlsruhe Research Partnership, Heidelberg University, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany;.
| | - Kirsten Heiss
- From the ‡Center for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;; §German Center for Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg (DZIF)
| | - Nico Fischer
- From the ‡Center for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;; §German Center for Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg (DZIF);; ¶HEiKA - Heidelberg Karlsruhe Research Partnership, Heidelberg University, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany
| | - Carolin Geiger
- From the ‡Center for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;; §German Center for Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg (DZIF)
| | - F Ralf Bischoff
- ‖German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Moldenhauer
- ‖German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leszek Rychlewski
- BioInfoBank Institute, Św. Marcin 80/82 lok. 355, 61-809 Poznań, Poland
| | - Ali Sié
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, BP 02 Nouna, Rue Namory Keita, Burkina Faso
| | - Boubacar Coulibaly
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, BP 02 Nouna, Rue Namory Keita, Burkina Faso
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- §§Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, D 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lucjan S Wyrwicz
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, M Sklodowska Curie Memorial Cancer Center, Wawelska 15, 02-034 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Frank Breitling
- ‖‖Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Felix F Loeffler
- ¶HEiKA - Heidelberg Karlsruhe Research Partnership, Heidelberg University, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany;; §§Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, D 14476 Potsdam, Germany;.
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van den Hoogen LL, Walk J, Oulton T, Reuling IJ, Reiling L, Beeson JG, Coppel RL, Singh SK, Draper SJ, Bousema T, Drakeley C, Sauerwein R, Tetteh KKA. Antibody Responses to Antigenic Targets of Recent Exposure Are Associated With Low-Density Parasitemia in Controlled Human Plasmodium falciparum Infections. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3300. [PMID: 30700984 PMCID: PMC6343524 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of malaria infections in low transmission settings remain undetectable by conventional diagnostics. A powerful model to identify antibody responses that allow accurate detection of recent exposure to low-density infections is controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) studies in which healthy volunteers are infected with the Plasmodium parasite. We aimed to evaluate antibody responses in malaria-naïve volunteers exposed to a single CHMI using a custom-made protein microarray. All participants developed a blood-stage infection with peak parasite densities up to 100 parasites/μl in the majority of participants (50/54), while the remaining four participants had peak densities between 100 and 200 parasites/μl. There was a strong correlation between parasite density and antibody responses associated with the most reactive blood-stage targets 1 month after CHMI (Etramp 5, GLURP-R2, MSP4 and MSP1-19; Spearman’s ρ = 0.82, p < 0.001). Most volunteers developed antibodies against a potential marker of recent exposure: Etramp 5 (37/45, 82%). Our findings justify validation in endemic populations to define a minimum set of antigens needed to detect exposure to natural low-density infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotus L van den Hoogen
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jona Walk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tate Oulton
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isaie J Reuling
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - James G Beeson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross L Coppel
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Susheel K Singh
- Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon J Draper
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Sauerwein
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Kevin K A Tetteh
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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45
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Kamuyu G, Tuju J, Kimathi R, Mwai K, Mburu J, Kibinge N, Chong Kwan M, Hawkings S, Yaa R, Chepsat E, Njunge JM, Chege T, Guleid F, Rosenkranz M, Kariuki CK, Frank R, Kinyanjui SM, Murungi LM, Bejon P, Färnert A, Tetteh KKA, Beeson JG, Conway DJ, Marsh K, Rayner JC, Osier FHA. KILchip v1.0: A Novel Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Protein Microarray to Facilitate Malaria Vaccine Candidate Prioritization. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2866. [PMID: 30619257 PMCID: PMC6298441 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive transfer studies in humans clearly demonstrated the protective role of IgG antibodies against malaria. Identifying the precise parasite antigens that mediate immunity is essential for vaccine design, but has proved difficult. Completion of the Plasmodium falciparum genome revealed thousands of potential vaccine candidates, but a significant bottleneck remains in their validation and prioritization for further evaluation in clinical trials. Focusing initially on the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite proteome, we used peer-reviewed publications, multiple proteomic and bioinformatic approaches, to select and prioritize potential immune targets. We expressed 109 P. falciparum recombinant proteins, the majority of which were obtained using a mammalian expression system that has been shown to produce biologically functional extracellular proteins, and used them to create KILchip v1.0: a novel protein microarray to facilitate high-throughput multiplexed antibody detection from individual samples. The microarray assay was highly specific; antibodies against P. falciparum proteins were detected exclusively in sera from malaria-exposed but not malaria-naïve individuals. The intensity of antibody reactivity varied as expected from strong to weak across well-studied antigens such as AMA1 and RH5 (Kruskal–Wallis H test for trend: p < 0.0001). The inter-assay and intra-assay variability was minimal, with reproducible results obtained in re-assays using the same chip over a duration of 3 months. Antibodies quantified using the multiplexed format in KILchip v1.0 were highly correlated with those measured in the gold-standard monoplex ELISA [median (range) Spearman's R of 0.84 (0.65–0.95)]. KILchip v1.0 is a robust, scalable and adaptable protein microarray that has broad applicability to studies of naturally acquired immunity against malaria by providing a standardized tool for the detection of antibody correlates of protection. It will facilitate rapid high-throughput validation and prioritization of potential Plasmodium falciparum merozoite-stage antigens paving the way for urgently needed clinical trials for the next generation of malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gathoni Kamuyu
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.,Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - James Tuju
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Biochemistry, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Rinter Kimathi
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Kennedy Mwai
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - James Mburu
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Nelson Kibinge
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Marisa Chong Kwan
- Arrayjet, Innovative Microarray Solutions, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Hawkings
- Arrayjet, Innovative Microarray Solutions, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Reuben Yaa
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Emily Chepsat
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - James M Njunge
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Timothy Chege
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Fatuma Guleid
- Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Micha Rosenkranz
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher K Kariuki
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya.,Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roland Frank
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Samson M Kinyanjui
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Biochemistry, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Linda M Murungi
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Anna Färnert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kevin K A Tetteh
- Immunology and Infection Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - James G Beeson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David J Conway
- Pathogen Molecular Biology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Marsh
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,African Academy of Sciences, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Julian C Rayner
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Faith H A Osier
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.,Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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46
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Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase: a drug target against malaria. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:1853-1874. [PMID: 30019917 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the most lethal infectious diseases worldwide, and the most severe form is caused by Plasmodium falciparum. In recent decades, the major challenge to treatment of this disease has been the ability of the protozoan parasite to develop resistance to the drugs that are currently in use. Among P. falciparum enzymes, P. falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase has been identified as an important target in drug discovery. Interference with the activity of this enzyme inhibits de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis and consequently prevents malarial infection. Organic synthesis, x-ray crystallography, high-throughput screening and molecular modeling methods such as molecular docking, quantitative structure-activity relationships, structure-based pharmacophore mapping and molecular dynamics simulations have been applied to the discovery of new inhibitors of P. falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase.
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47
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Liu T, Cheng X, Ding Y, Zhu F, Fu Y, Peng X, Xu W. PD-1 deficiency promotes TFH cells expansion in ITV-immunized mice by upregulating cytokines secretion. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:397. [PMID: 29980219 PMCID: PMC6035468 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2984-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T follicular helper (TFH) cells are fundamental for the development of humoral immunity. In our previous study, we found that PD-1 deficiency substantially promoted the expansion of Plasmodium-specific TFH cells and enhanced the humoral immunity of ITV (infection treatment vaccine)-immunized mice. However, the underlying mechanism by which PD-1 signaling modulates TFH cells activation remains unclear. Methods Mice were immunized with the ITV following the standard procedures. The activation phenotype of CD11c+CXCR5+ dendritic cells (DCs), the frequency and number of splenic follicular regulatory T cells (TFR cells), Plasmodium-specific TFH cells and germinal center (GC) B cells were analyzed by FACS. The levels of serum cytokines were quantified using the cytometric bead array (CBA) and in vivo cytokine neutralization was carried out according to a previously described protocol and verified by serum cytokine detection. Results We found that PD-1-/- naïve and immunized mice had more TFR cells in the spleen than WT and WT immunized mice. Additionally, CXCR5+ DC, which prime TFH cells, were activated at similar levels in ITV-immunized WT and PD-1-/- mice. However, the serum levels of IL-10, IFN-γ and MCP-1 were significantly increased in ITV-immunized PD-1-/- mice, and treatment with an anti-IL-10, anti-IFN-γ or anti-MCP-1 neutralizing antibody in vivo markedly impaired the development of TFH cells and GC B cells. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that the modulation of TFH cells by PD-1 signaling is dependent on the cytokines IL-10, IFN-γ and MCP-1 in ITV-immunized mice. These results could facilitate the design of an effective malaria vaccine with the aim of inducing humoral immune responses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2984-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiping Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyun Cheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Fu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Peng
- Department of Parasitology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyue Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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48
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Jagannathan P, Kakuru A, Okiring J, Muhindo MK, Natureeba P, Nakalembe M, Opira B, Olwoch P, Nankya F, Ssewanyana I, Tetteh K, Drakeley C, Beeson J, Reiling L, Clark TD, Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Greenhouse B, Wallender E, Aweeka F, Prahl M, Charlebois ED, Feeney ME, Havlir DV, Kamya MR, Dorsey G. Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy and risk of malaria in early childhood: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med 2018; 15:e1002606. [PMID: 30016328 PMCID: PMC6049882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp) with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (IPTp-DP) has been shown to reduce the burden of malaria during pregnancy compared to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP). However, limited data exist on how IPTp regimens impact malaria risk during infancy. We conducted a double-blinded randomized controlled trial (RCT) to test the hypothesis that children born to mothers given IPTp-DP would have a lower incidence of malaria during infancy compared to children born to mothers who received IPTp-SP. METHODS AND FINDINGS We compared malaria metrics among children in Tororo, Uganda, born to women randomized to IPTp-SP given every 8 weeks (SP8w, n = 100), IPTp-DP every 8 weeks (DP8w, n = 44), or IPTp-DP every 4 weeks (DP4w, n = 47). After birth, children were given chemoprevention with DP every 12 weeks from 8 weeks to 2 years of age. The primary outcome was incidence of malaria during the first 2 years of life. Secondary outcomes included time to malaria from birth and time to parasitemia following each dose of DP given during infancy. Results are reported after adjustment for clustering (twin gestation) and potential confounders (maternal age, gravidity, and maternal parasitemia status at enrolment).The study took place between June 2014 and May 2017. Compared to children whose mothers were randomized to IPTp-SP8w (0.24 episodes per person year [PPY]), the incidence of malaria was higher in children born to mothers who received IPTp-DP4w (0.42 episodes PPY, adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] 1.92; 95% CI 1.00-3.65, p = 0.049) and nonsignificantly higher in children born to mothers who received IPT-DP8w (0.30 episodes PPY, aIRR 1.44; 95% CI 0.68-3.05, p = 0.34). However, these associations were modified by infant sex. Female children whose mothers were randomized to IPTp-DP4w had an apparently 4-fold higher incidence of malaria compared to female children whose mothers were randomized to IPTp-SP8w (0.65 versus 0.20 episodes PPY, aIRR 4.39, 95% CI 1.87-10.3, p = 0.001), but no significant association was observed in male children (0.20 versus 0.28 episodes PPY, aIRR 0.66, 95% CI 0.25-1.75, p = 0.42). Nonsignificant increases in malaria incidence were observed among female, but not male, children born to mothers who received DP8w versus SP8w. In exploratory analyses, levels of malaria-specific antibodies in cord blood were similar between IPTp groups and sex. However, female children whose mothers were randomized to IPTp-DP4w had lower mean piperaquine (PQ) levels during infancy compared to female children whose mothers received IPTp-SP8w (coef 0.81, 95% CI 0.65-1.00, p = 0.048) and male children whose mothers received IPTp-DP4w (coef 0.72, 95% CI 0.57-0.91, p = 0.006). There were no significant sex-specific differences in PQ levels among children whose mothers were randomized to IPTp-SP8w or IPTp-DP8w. The main limitations were small sample size and childhood provision of DP every 12 weeks in infancy. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to our hypothesis, preventing malaria in pregnancy with IPTp-DP in the context of chemoprevention with DP during infancy does not lead to a reduced incidence of malaria in childhood; in this setting, it may be associated with an increased incidence of malaria in females. Future studies are needed to better understand the biological mechanisms of in utero drug exposure on drug metabolism and how this may affect the dosing of antimalarial drugs for treatment and prevention during infancy. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT02163447.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antimalarials/administration & dosage
- Antimalarials/adverse effects
- Artemisinins/administration & dosage
- Artemisinins/adverse effects
- Child, Preschool
- Double-Blind Method
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Drug Combinations
- Female
- Humans
- Incidence
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control
- Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control
- Malaria, Falciparum/transmission
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/epidemiology
- Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/parasitology
- Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/prevention & control
- Pyrimethamine/administration & dosage
- Pyrimethamine/adverse effects
- Quinolines/administration & dosage
- Quinolines/adverse effects
- Sulfadoxine/administration & dosage
- Sulfadoxine/adverse effects
- Time Factors
- Treatment Outcome
- Uganda/epidemiology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Abel Kakuru
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jaffer Okiring
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Paul Natureeba
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Miriam Nakalembe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bishop Opira
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Peter Olwoch
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Kevin Tetteh
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Tamara D. Clark
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Isabel Rodriguez-Barraquer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Erika Wallender
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Francesca Aweeka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mary Prahl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Edwin D. Charlebois
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Margaret E. Feeney
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Diane V. Havlir
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Moses R. Kamya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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49
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Genetic approach towards a vaccine against malaria. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37:1829-1839. [PMID: 29956023 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3313-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a major concern for international health authorities. Millions of people contract it every year in the world due to a parasite of the Plasmodium genus. Due to the complexity of the parasite biology and genetics, there is currently no vaccine against the disease. However, due to the great resistance both to the medicines and to the insecticides used to combat the disease, it has become essential to obtain a vaccine as the necessary tool to prevent transmission and eliminate the disease. The bibliometric data indicate that interest in vaccines has been growing steadily since the 1980s. But nowadays, a powerful tool is used: the Plasmodium genome. This allows us to improve the fight against the disease. Knowing the sequences of the genes that favor the appearance of drug resistance, or those that encode for proteins with greater antigenic response, is a tool that can become fundamental. This article reviews the state of the art on vaccines and genetics, in the fight against malaria, and analyzes the fixed photo that the worldwide research on the disease poses.
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50
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Krishnarjuna B, Sugiki T, Morales RAV, Seow J, Fujiwara T, Wilde KL, Norton RS, MacRaild CA. Transient antibody-antigen interactions mediate the strain-specific recognition of a conserved malaria epitope. Commun Biol 2018; 1:58. [PMID: 30271940 PMCID: PMC6123721 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient interactions in which binding partners retain substantial conformational disorder play an essential role in regulating biological networks, challenging the expectation that specificity demands structurally defined and unambiguous molecular interactions. The monoclonal antibody 6D8 recognises a completely conserved continuous nine-residue epitope within the intrinsically disordered malaria antigen, MSP2, yet it has different affinities for the two allelic forms of this antigen. NMR chemical shift perturbations, relaxation rates and paramagnetic relaxation enhancements reveal the presence of transient interactions involving polymorphic residues immediately C-terminal to the structurally defined epitope. A combination of these experimental data with molecular dynamics simulations shows clearly that the polymorphic C-terminal extension engages in multiple transient interactions distributed across much of the accessible antibody surface. These interactions are determined more by topographical features of the antibody surface than by sequence-specific interactions. Thus, specificity arises as a consequence of subtle differences in what are highly dynamic and essentially non-specific interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bankala Krishnarjuna
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Toshihiko Sugiki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Rodrigo A V Morales
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Seow
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Toshimichi Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Karyn L Wilde
- National Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Sydney, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Raymond S Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | - Christopher A MacRaild
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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