The spectrum of inflammatory responses

Betulonic acid: A review on its sources, biological activities, and molecular mechanisms

Pentacyclic triterpenoids represent a significant class of phytochemicals, categorized into oleanane, ursane, friedelane, and lupane. Among these, betulonic acid stands out as a lupane-type pentacyclic triterpenoid found in numerous plants. Its diverse biological properties, including anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and hepato-protective effects, have been extensively documented. To further explore the therapeutic potential of betulonic acid and its derivatives, we provide a comprehensive review of their sources, biological activities, and molecular mechanisms. We aim for this synthesis of data to stimulate fresh perspectives on betulonic acid and its potential in drug discovery.

Periprosthetic osteolysis: Mechanisms and potential treatment strategies

Periprosthetic osteolysis is a common bone-related disorder that often occurs after total hip arthroplasty. The implants can cause damage to bone and bone-related cells due to mechanical stress and micromotions, resulting in the generation of a large number of wear particles. These wear particles trigger inflammation and oxidative stress in the surrounding tissues, disrupting the delicate balance maintained by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, ultimately leading to bone loss around the implant. Clinical investigations have demonstrated that Epimedium prenylflavonoids, miR-19a-3p, stem cell-derived exosomes, and certain non-PPO category pharmaceuticals have regulatory effects on bone homeostasis through distinct molecular pathways. Notably, this phenomenon reflects inherent biological rationality rather than stochastic occurrence. Extensive research has revealed that multiple natural compounds, non-coding RNAs, exosomes, and non-PPO therapeutics not only exert modulatory influences on critical pathophysiological processes including inflammatory cascades, oxidative stress responses, and tissue regeneration mechanisms, but also effectively regulate bone-related cellular functions to inhibit PPO progression. Therefore, this review comprehensively and systematically summarizes the main pathogenic mechanisms of periprosthetic osteolysis. Furthermore, it delves deeper into the research progress on the applications of currently reported natural products, ncRNAs, exosomes, and non-PPO medications in the treatment of periprosthetic osteolysis. Based on this, we hope that this paper can provide new perspectives and references for the future development of drugs targeting periprosthetic osteolysis.

Inhibition of the cGAS-STING pathway: contributing to the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

The cGAS-STING pathway plays an important role in ischemia-reperfusion injury in the heart, liver, brain, and kidney, but its role and mechanisms in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury have not been systematically reviewed. Here, we outline the components of the cGAS-STING pathway and then analyze its role in autophagy, ferroptosis, cellular pyroptosis, disequilibrium of calcium homeostasis, inflammatory responses, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, microglia transformation, and complement system activation following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. We further analyze the value of cGAS-STING pathway inhibitors in the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and conclude that the pathway can regulate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through multiple mechanisms. Inhibition of the cGAS-STING pathway may be helpful in the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

The multifaceted role of Sestrin 3 (SESN3) in oxidative stress, inflammation and tumorigenesis

The pathogenesis of inflammation and tumors is a focal point of scientific inquiry, with oxidative stress often serving as the primary initiator. Within the human genome, the SESN3 gene encodes the SESN3 protein, a crucial antioxidant stress protein. Acting as a regulatory factor, SESN3 intricately modulates cellular oxidative stress, actively participating in cellular protection and repair mechanisms. Its functions span antioxidative, anti-aging, and anti-tumor properties. The expression of SESN3 is closely linked to cellular and oxidative stress, metabolic status, and specific signaling pathways. This review aims to delve into the origins and functions of SESN3, its role within signaling pathways, and its contributions to inflammation and tumorigenesis.

Defining the transcriptional routes controlling lncRNA NEAT1 expression: implications in cellular stress response, inflammation, and differentiation

NEAT1 (Nuclear Enriched Abundant Transcript 1) is a long non-coding RNA playing a critical role in both physiological and pathological settings by directly modulating a variety of biological events, including transcriptional regulation, RNA processing, and chromatin remodeling. Multiple evidence demonstrated that different transcription factors and signaling pathways modulate biological processes by tightly regulating NEAT1 expression. These regulatory mechanisms act at different levels, allowing cells to rapidly modulate NEAT1 expression and dynamically respond to sudden changes in cellular conditions. In this review, we summarize and discuss the transcriptional routes controlling NEAT1 expression, emphasizing recent evidence showing the pivotal role of NEAT1 in regulating important biological processes, such as cellular stress response, inflammation, and cell differentiation.

Glymphatics and meningeal lymphatics unlock the brain-immune code

The central nervous system (CNS) was once perceived as entirely shielded from the immune system, protected behind the blood-brain barrier and thought to lack lymphatic drainage. However, recent evidence has challenged many dogmas in neuroimmunology. Indeed, by means of glymphatics, brain-derived "waste" from deep within the CNS mobilizes toward immunologically active brain borders, where meningeal lymphatic vessels are appropriately positioned to drain antigens from the brain to the periphery. Accordingly, the presentation of brain-derived self-peptides emerges at the brain's borders and drives T cell responses with suppressive properties, critical in allowing active immunosurveillance while limiting aberrant immune reactivity. Taking into consideration these concepts, we further discuss how inflammation, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases potentially reshape the repertoire of self-antigens and immune cells, disrupting the healthy dialogue between the CNS and immune system. Collectively, this evolving perspective unveils new therapeutic avenues for CNS pathologies.

Trichilia silvatica extracts modulate the oxinflammatory response: an in vitro analysis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Plants belonging to the Meliaceae family, such as Trichilia silvatica C. DC., known as catiguá-branco, have attracted considerable interest in phytochemical research due to their diverse and significant secondary metabolites. Trichilia silvatica has traditionally been employed in Brazilian medicine to treat inflammatory disorders. Moreover, studies have reported its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, highlighting its potential therapeutic applications.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Trichilia silvatica leaf and stem extracts in modulating OxInflammation in RAW264.7 macrophage cells following exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The phytochemical composition of the extracts was characterized using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), HPLC equipped with a reversed-phase Hypersil C-18 column, and spectrophotometric method. Their antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays. Cell viability was assessed via the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, alongside the determination of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities, as well as nitric oxide (NO) production in cells treated with the extracts and subsequently stimulated with H2O2. Gene expression levels of Factor nuclear kappa B (NF-κB), Ciclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin 10 (IL-10), and Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) were quantified using RT-qPCR.

RESULTS

Trichilia silvatica extracts revealed the presence of terpenes/steroids, coumarins, condensed tannins, and phenolic acids, including chlorogenic and caffeic acids. The findings indicate that the leaf extract at 100 μg/ml and the stem extract at 100 μg/ml and 250 μg/ml preserved or enhanced cell viability, conferring protection against H2O2-induced oxidative stress. These concentrations significantly increased CAT activity, whereas SOD activity remained unaffected. Nitric oxide production was significantly reduced when cells were treated with 100 μg/ml and 250 μg/ml of both leaf and stem extracts. Moreover, FRAP value revealed an increase in antioxidant capacity at 250 μg/mL. Both leaf and stem extracts, at 100 μg/mL and 250 μg/mL, exhibited a DPPH radical scavenging capacity exceeding 75 % and downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including NF-κB, TNF-α, and COX-2. Notably, the leaf extract at 250 μg/ml and the stem extract at 100 μg/mL upregulated the expression of IL-10 and H1F1.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings indicate that Trichilia silvatica extracts exhibit notable antioxidant activity, as evidenced by greater than 75% inhibition of DPPH radicals and elevated FRAP values. Additionally, the extracts demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties by downregulating key pro-inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, NF-κB, and COX-2, while upregulating the anti-inflammatory cytoline IL-10 and enhancing enhancing tissue oxygenation and nutrient supply through increased expression of HIF-1. These effects highlight the potential of T. silvatica extracts as therapeutic agents for managing inflammatory diseases associated with oxidative stress, thereby supporting their traditional medicinal use.

Low-background Near-infrared Fluorescent Probe for Real-time Monitoring of β-Glucuronidase Activity in Inflammation and Therapy

β-Glucuronidase (GUS) is an acidic hydrolase enzyme overexpressed in various inflammatory diseases, making it a promising biomarker for inflammation. However, current tools for real-time, in situ imaging of GUS activity are hindered by background interference, which reduces their effectiveness in dynamic biological environments. To address this challenge, we developed Ox-GUS, a GUS-specific fluorescent probe with a unique molecular design featuring a disrupted conjugated structure. This design provided Ox-GUS with near-zero background optical properties, a significantly enhanced signal-to-noise ratio, and a highly sensitive detection ability. The probe demonstrated a fluorescence enhancement of up to 400 folds in response to GUS activity, with a detection limit as low as 0.0035 U/mL. We successfully employed Ox-GUS to visualize GUS activity in real-time in mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune hepatitis, and inflammatory bowel disease, and effectively monitored therapeutic responses. This study highlights the potential of Ox-GUS as a robust tool for advancing research on GUS-related inflammatory mechanisms and for early diagnosis and treatment monitoring of inflammatory diseases.

Anti-inflammatory activity of Pogostemon cablin: Bioactive components and their modulation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway

Pogostemon cablin is a well-known Lamiaceae plant and widely utilized in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for its neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anxiolytic properties. In this study, 16 known compounds (1-15 and 17) and one semi-synthesized new compound, 5-hydroxy-3-isoprenyloxy-7,3',4'-trimethoxyflavone (16), including flavonoids, pyranones, sesquiterpenes, and benzenoids, were obtained and characterized from aerial parts of P. cablin and investigated for their anti-inflammatory properties through the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Among the isolated compounds, rhamnazin (4), pachypodol (5), and (E)-2-methyl-6-(p-tolyl)hept-3-en-2-ol (15) exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activities in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Rhamnazin (4) significantly modulated IκBα levels and reduced the expressions of phosphorylation of JNK and p38, indicating its effects on suppressing NF-κB activation and mitigating inflammation via MAPK signaling. Pachypodol (5) selectively inhibited iNOS and p-JNK expressions, showing specificity in its anti-inflammatory activity. (E)-2-Methyl-6-(p-tolyl)hept-3-en-2-ol (15) downregulated iNOS, p-Erk, and p-JNK expressions, demonstrating a broader inhibitory profile on pro-inflammatory mediators. Further molecular docking results demonstrated bioactive compounds 4, 5, and 15 possessed strong binding affinities with key residues, particularly Hem901, Pro344, and Glu371, consistent with their NO inhibition effects. In addition, in silico prediction of physicochemical properties confirmed favorable oral bioavailability and drug-likeness, supporting their potential as lead compounds for anti-inflammatory drug development. These findings provide comprehensive molecular insight into the anti-inflammatory effects and reveal the therapeutic potential of P. cablin constituents as natural plant-derived NF-κB and MAPK-targeting anti-inflammatory agents, offering promising candidates for managing inflammatory diseases.

Fibroblastic reticular cells form reactive myeloid cell niches in human lymph nodes

Lymph nodes play a key role in maintaining fluid balance in homeostatic and inflamed tissues and provide fibroblastic niche environments for optimal immune cell positioning and interaction. Here, we used single-cell and spatial transcriptomic analyses in combination with high-resolution imaging to molecularly define and functionally characterize niche-forming cells that control inflammation-driven remodeling in human lymph nodes. Fibroblastic reticular cells responded to inflammatory perturbation with activation and expansion of poised niche environments. Inflammation-induced adaptation of lymph node infrastructure and topography included the expansion of peptidase inhibitor 16 (PI16)-expressing reticular cell (PI16+ RC) networks that enwrap the perivenular conduit system. Interactome analyses indicated that macrophage-derived oncostatin M directs PI16+ RC activation in inflamed lymph nodes and thereby promotes immune cell aggregation in the perivenular space. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that the inflammatory remodeling of human lymph nodes results in the formation of reactive myeloid cell niches by PI16+ RCs.

Molecular Hydrogen Therapy: Mechanisms, Delivery Methods, Preventive, and Therapeutic Application

Molecular hydrogen (H2), recognized as the smallest gas molecule, is capable of permeating cellular membranes and diffusing throughout the body. Due to its high bioavailability, H2 is considered a therapeutic gas for the treatment of various diseases. The therapeutic efficacy of hydrogen is contingent upon factors such as the administration method, duration of contact with diseased tissue, and concentration at targeted sites. H2 can be administered exogenously and is also produced endogenously within the intestinal tract. A comprehensive understanding of its delivery mechanisms and modes of action is crucial for advancing hydrogen medicine. This review highlights H₂'s mechanisms of action, summarizes its administration methods, and explores advancements in treating intestinal diseases (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal ischemia-reperfusion, colorectal cancer). Additionally, its applications in managing other diseases are discussed. Finally, the challenges associated with its clinical application and potential solutions are explored. We propose that current delivery challenges faced by H2 can be effectively addressed through the use of nanoplatforms; furthermore, interactions between hydrogen and gut microbiota may provide insights into its mechanisms for treating intestinal diseases. Future research should explore the synergistic effects of H2 in conjunction with conventional therapies and develop personalized treatment plans to achieve precision medicine.

Safety evaluation and modulatory effects on innate immune system of pyrazoline-derived compounds

Pyrazolines are compounds that have been studied for their strong biological potential and structure diversity. Several studies demonstrated their biological effectiveness, highlighting their anti-inflammatory potential. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical profile, the safety, and the anti-inflammatory effects of four pyrazolines (PH0, PH3, PH4, and PH7). Initially, in silico analysis were performed on SwissADME and QSAR Toolbox platforms. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by in vitro and in vivo methodologies. Neutrophils collected from mice peritoneum and macrophages immortalized cell line (Raw 264.7) were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and subsequent measurement of nitric oxide (NO) and IL-1β, TNF, and IL-6 cytokines were performed by ELISA method. The effect on cell migration was evaluated by chemotaxis assay. The effect on efferocytosis was investigated using senescent neutrophils and macrophages from mice's bone marrow. The in silico results suggest suitable properties for a pharmacological prototype for oral administration, with no significant toxic effects. All compounds significantly reduced NO levels, as well as levels of IL-1β, TNF, and IL-6 cytokines. Also, they were able to reduce cell migration and increase efferocytosis. The in vivo air pouch model confirmed the effects of pyrazolines on cell kinetics and on the levels of cytokines (IL-1β and TNF) on the air pouch lavage. All of the pyrazolines evaluated showed to have positive effects on mechanisms that modulate the inflammatory response. Furthermore, the in silico analysis suggests that chemical changes in the structure can lead to improvement of the biological and pharmacokinetics proprieties.

Blood markers for type-1, -2, and -3 inflammation are associated with severity of acutely decompensated cirrhosis

BACKGROUND & AIMS

In patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis (ADC) who present with clinically apparent precipitants (i.e., infections, acute liver injury), alterations in blood markers of inflammation associate with progression toward severe phenotypes (e.g., acute-on-chronic liver failure [ACLF]). However, it is unclear whether alterations in blood inflammatory markers associate with progression of ADC independently of precipitants.

METHODS

We prospectively enrolled 394 patients admitted for ADC who were classified into four phenotypes of increasing severity: no organ dysfunction (n = 168), organ dysfunction alone (n = 72), organ failure without ACLF (n = 91), and ACLF (n = 63). Clinical blood cell counts and serum levels of inflammatory markers (including soluble markers related to type-1, type-2, and type-3 inflammation) were obtained at enrollment. Ordinal regression with adjacent categories logit model adjusted for confounders (including precipitants) was used to analyze associations between changes in each blood inflammatory marker and the worsening of ADC.

RESULTS

Inflammatory markers that were associated with a higher risk of progressing to the next more severe stage were as follows: increasing neutrophil counts (adjusted common odds ratio [cOR] 1.17, 95% CI 1.06-1.28); increasing levels of the type-2 cytokine interleukin (IL)-25 (cOR 1.21, 95% CI 1.06-1.39), type-3 cytokines IL-6 (cOR 1.15, 95% CI 1.02-1.28) and IL-22 (cOR 1.16, 95% CI 1.03-1.30), or anti-inflammatory soluble CD163 (cOR 1.94, 95% CI 1.58-2.38); decreasing lymphocyte counts (cOR 0.77, 95% CI 0.68-0.87); or decreasing levels of the type-1 cytokine IFN-γ (cOR 0.85, 95% CI 0.75-0.95).

CONCLUSIONS

Among patients with ADC, alterations in blood levels of cytokines related to type-1, type-2 and type-3 inflammation, together with neutrophilia, lymphopenia and elevated anti-inflammatory signals were individually associated with an increased risk of progressing toward ACLF, independently of the presence of clinically apparent precipitants.

IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS

This study reveals that among patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis, alterations in blood levels of cytokines related to type-1, type-2 and type-3 inflammation, together with neutrophilia, lymphopenia and elevated anti-inflammatory signals were individually associated with increased risk of progressing toward acute-on-chronic liver failure, independently of the presence of clinically apparent precipitants. These findings raise questions about the role of impaired barrier tissues and dysregulated production of blood immune cells in the pathophysiology of severe phenotypes of acutely decompensated cirrhosis, stimulating research to identify potential new biomarkers and targets for novel therapeutic approaches.

Urolithin B inhibits LPS-induced macrophage M1 polarization via miR155-5p mediated MAPK/NF-кB pathway

This study investigated inhibiting mechanisms of Urolithin B (Uro B) on macrophage M1 polarization. Uro B (50 μM) could inhibit the PGE2, COX-2, NO, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels compared with model group (P < 0.05) as well as the CD86 and F4/80 expression. The miR155-5p overexpression could increase the p38 MAPK, JNK, ERK mRNA activities (P < 0.05), Uro B (50 μM) could reverse changes in these indicators (P < 0.05). Moreover, Uro B (50 μM) could inhibit the TLR4, Src, IκBα, NF-κBp65 and their phosphorylated protein expression (P < 0.05). Therefore, Uro B may inhibit macrophage M1 polarization via miR155-5p mediated MAPK/NF-кB pathway.

Synergistic Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Dibenzoylmethane and Silibinin: Insights From LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Cells and TPA-Induced Mouse Model

Inflammation is an important predisposing factor for many chronic diseases. The dietary flavonoid silibinin (SB) has excellent anti-inflammatory properties in cells, but its low bioavailability in the blood compromises its therapeutic potential. This study aims to investigate the potential of dibenzoylmethane (DBM) to synergistically enhance the anti-inflammatory benefits of SB. The synergistic effects of DBM and SB in combination were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-induced mice. In addition, a network pharmacology approach and molecular docking were used to explore the key targets and signaling pathways of DBM and SB in combination. The results showed that DBM and SB synergistically inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in a 1:1 concentration ratio. These two compounds may exert their synergistic effects by modulating the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and HIF-1 signaling pathways, among others. Molecular docking revealed that both compounds exhibited high binding affinities to inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Compared with single-compound use, the two compounds in combination significantly reduced ear edema and inflammatory cell infiltration and inhibited the protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 in TPA-induced mice. This research provides a rationale for the combination of DBM and SB as an effective anti-inflammatory agent.

Malignant JAK-signaling: at the interface of inflammation and malignant transformation

The JAK pathway is central to mammalian cell communication, characterized by rapid responses, receptor versatility, and fine-tuned regulation. It involves Janus kinases (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, TYK2), which are activated when natural ligands bind to receptors, leading to autophosphorylation and activation of STAT transcription factors [1, 2]. JAK-dependent signaling plays a pivotal role in coordinating cell communication networks across a broad spectrum of biological systems including development, immune responses, cell growth, and differentiation. JAKs are frequently mutated in the aging hematopoietic system [3, 4] and in hematopoietic cancers [5]. Thus, dysregulation of the pathway results in various diseases, including cancers and immune disorders. The binding of extracellular ligands to class I and II cytokine receptors initiates a critical signaling cascade through the activation of Janus kinases (JAKs). Upon ligand engagement, JAKs become activated and phosphorylate specific tyrosine residues on the receptor, creating docking sites for signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins. Subsequent JAK-mediated phosphorylation of STATs enables their dimerization and nuclear translocation, where they function as transcription factors to modulate gene expression. Under physiological conditions, JAK-signaling is a tightly regulated mechanism that governs cellular responses to external cues, such as cytokines and growth factors, ensuring homeostasis and maintaining the functional integrity of tissues and organs. Highly defined regulation of JAK-signaling is essential for balancing cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli and growth signals, thus safeguarding tissue health. In contrast, dysregulated JAK-signaling results in chronic inflammation and unrestrained cellular proliferation associated with various diseases. Understanding the qualitative and quantitative differences at the interface of physiologic JAK-signaling and its aberrant activation in disease is crucial for the development of targeted therapies that precisely tune this pathway to target pathologic activation patterns while leaving homeostatic processes largely unaffected. Consequently, pharmaceutical research has targeted this pathway for drug development leading to the approval of several substances with different selectivity profiles towards individual JAKs. Yet, the precise impact of inhibitor selectivity and the complex interplay of different functional modules within normal and malignant cells remains incompletely understood. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on JAK-signaling in health and disease and highlight recent advances and future directions in the field.

Anti-inflammatory abietane-type diterpenoids from the roots of Salvia przewalskii

Fourteen diterpenes were isolated and purified from the roots of Salvia przewalskii, including eight previously unreported abietane analogues (compounds 1-4, 9, 10a, 11a, and 11b), five known ones (5-8 and 10b), and one icetexane analogue (12). The structures were determined through spectroscopic data interpretation, optical rotations, calculated NMR-DP4+ analysis, and ECD. Compounds 1-8 belong to a class of abietane derivatives containing a [5, 5]-oxospirolactone moiety. The research explored the mechanism behind the prevalence of 16β-type [5, 5]-oxospirolactone as the major component in the inseparable mixtures, shedding light on the proposed biosynthetic pathway of these compounds. Consistent with experimental findings, it was revealed that the 16β-type [5, 5]-oxospirolactone was shown to exhibit significantly lower free energy of formation compared to the 16α-product. Additionally, all compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit NO production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Compounds 1, 2, and 11a demonstrated promising bioactive properties in terms of inhibiting NO release.

Comparative analysis of neuroinflammatory pathways in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis: insights into similarities and distinctions

Neurodegenerative diseases, contributing to the significant socioeconomic burden due to aging society, are gaining increasing interest. Despite each disease having different etiologies, neuroinflammation is believed to play a crucial role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). In addition to the pathogenic function of inflammation in the brain there is growing evidence that immune responses are essential for neuroregeneration. This review compares and contrasts the neuroinflammatory pathways that selected neurodegenerative diseases share and have in common. In AD, tau tangles and beta-amyloid plaques cause microglia and astrocytes to become activated in an inflammatory response. Alpha-synuclein aggregation stimulate neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease, especially in the substantia nigra. In Multiple Sclerosis an autoimmune attack on myelin is connected to inflammation via invading immune cells. Commonalities include the release of pro-inflammatory mediators like cytokines and activation of signaling pathways such as NF-κB and MAPK. Comprehending these common routes is essential for discovering early diagnostic possibilities for the diseases and possible tailored treatments. Our work underscores the potential for insights into disease mechanisms. Identifying common targets offers promise for advancing our understanding and potential future treatment approaches across these debilitating disorders.

RAS-p110α signalling in macrophages is required for effective inflammatory response and resolution of inflammation

Macrophages are crucial in the body's inflammatory response, with tightly regulated functions for optimal immune system performance. Our study reveals that the RAS-p110α signalling pathway, known for its involvement in various biological processes and tumourigenesis, regulates two vital aspects of the inflammatory response in macrophages: the initial monocyte movement and later-stage lysosomal function. Disrupting this pathway, either in a mouse model or through drug intervention, hampers the inflammatory response, leading to delayed resolution and the development of more severe acute inflammatory reactions in live models. This discovery uncovers a previously unknown role of the p110α isoform in immune regulation within macrophages, offering insight into the complex mechanisms governing their function during inflammation and opening new avenues for modulating inflammatory responses.

Cyclodextrin-Derived Macromolecular Therapies for Inflammatory Diseases

Inflammation is an essential physiological defense mechanism against harmful stimuli, yet dysregulated inflammatory responses are closely associated with the pathogenesis of numerous acute and chronic diseases. Recent advances highlight the remarkable anti-inflammatory potential of bioactive macromolecules, particularly cyclodextrins (CDs) and their engineered derivatives, which are emerging as promising therapeutic agents. This review systematically introduces different CDs and CD-derived macromolecules that demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties, with emphasis on their molecular mechanisms of action. Native CDs exhibit direct therapeutic effects through host-guest interactions, enabling selective sequestration of pathogenic components such as cholesterol crystals and proteins that drive inflammatory cascades. Moreover, chemically modified CD derivatives incorporating functional groups demonstrate enhanced capabilities in neutralizing inflammatory mediators and modulating immune cell responses. This work further discusses the expanding therapeutic applications of these macromolecules across diverse inflammatory conditions, ranging from acute tissue injuries to chronic autoimmune disorders. Finally, this work critically analyzes the crucial challenges and emerging opportunities in translating CD-based macromolecular therapies into clinical practice, addressing key considerations in biocompatibility, targeted delivery, and therapeutic efficacy optimization.

The 15-Year Survival Advantage: Immune Resilience as a Salutogenic Force in Healthy Aging

Human aging presents an evolutionary paradox: while aging rates remain constant, healthspan and lifespan vary widely. We address this conundrum via salutogenesis-the active production of health-through immune resilience (IR), the capacity to resist disease despite aging and inflammation. Analyzing ~17,500 individuals across lifespan stages and inflammatory challenges, we identified a core salutogenic mechanism: IR centered on TCF7, a conserved transcription factor maintaining T-cell stemness and regenerative potential. IR integrates innate and adaptive immunity to counter three aging and mortality drivers: chronic inflammation (inflammaging), immune aging, and cellular senescence. By mitigating these aging mechanisms, IR confers survival advantages: At age 40, individuals with poor IR face a 9.7-fold higher mortality rate-a risk equivalent to that of 55.5-year-olds with optimal IR-resulting in a 15.5-year gap in survival. Optimal IR preserves youthful immune profiles at any age, enhances vaccine responses, and reduces burdens of cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's, and serious infections. Two key salutogenic evolutionary themes emerge: first, female-predominant IR, including TCF7, likely reflects evolutionary pressures favoring reproductive success and caregiving; second, midlife (40-70 years) is a critical window where optimal IR reduces mortality by 69%. After age 70, mortality rates converge between resilient and non-resilient groups, reflecting biological limits on longevity extension. TNFα-blockers restore salutogenesis pathways, indicating IR delays aging-related processes rather than altering aging rates. By reframing aging as a salutogenic-pathogenic balance, we establish TCF7-centered IR as central to healthy longevity. Targeted midlife interventions to enhance IR offer actionable strategies to maximize healthspan before biological constraints limit benefits.

Spontaneous Generation of an Endogenous RORγt Agonist

The transcription factor RORγt regulates the development of Th17 cells and their inflammatory cytokine IL-17─a pathway that can both clear bacterial pathogens and drive autoimmune diseases. An endogenous RORγt agonist with a noncanonical structure, a lysophosphatidylethanolamine (1-18:1-LPE or 1), was recently identified, and its identity both increases our understanding of immune regulation and creates options for therapeutic intervention. Compound 1 could be formed directly through enzymatic cleavage of a suitable phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) by a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) or by "triggering" of a suitable plasmalogen with accompanying 1,2-acyl migration from the sn-2 to sn-1 positions of glycerol. This study illustrates the plausibility of a plasmalogen-based pathway through synthesis of the plasmalogen precursor (2) and triggering the plasmalogen's electron-rich vinyl ether with small electrophiles characteristic of inflammatory and tumor environments to create 1-18:1-LPE (1). The plasmalogen-based pathway is consistent with previous studies on the formation of 1, and it also conforms to Lands rules for acyl chain distribution and provides a mechanism for immune signaling with both spatial and temporal control.

Peromyscus leucopus, Mus musculus, and humans have distinct transcriptomic responses to larval Ixodes scapularis bites

Ixodes scapularis ticks are an important vector for at least seven tick-borne human pathogens, including a North American Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. The ability for these ticks to survive in nature is credited, in part, to their ability to feed on a variety of hosts without triggering an immune response capable of preventing tick feeding. While the ability of nymphal ticks to feed on a variety of hosts has been well documented, the host-parasite interactions between larval I. scapularis and different vertebrate hosts are relatively unexplored. Here we report on the changes in the vertebrate host transcriptome present at the larval tick bite site using the natural I. scapularis host Peromyscus leucopus, a non-natural rodent host, Mus musculus (BALB/c), and humans. We note substantially less evidence of activation of canonical proinflammatory pathways in P. leucopus compared to BALB/c mice and pronounced evidence of inflammation in humans. Pathway enrichment analyses revealed a particularly strong signature of interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin 1 signaling at the BALB/c and human tick bite sites. We also note that bite sites on BALB/c mice and humans, but not deer mice, show activation of wound-healing pathways. These data provide molecular evidence of the coevolution between larval I. scapularis and P. leucopus and, in addition, expand our overall understanding of I. scapularis feeding.

Exposomal determinants of non-genetic plasticity in tumor initiation

The classical view of cancer as a genetically driven disease has been challenged by recent findings of oncogenic mutations in phenotypically healthy tissues, refocusing attention on non-genetic mechanisms of tumor initiation. In this context, gene-environment interactions take the stage, with recent studies showing how they unleash and redirect cellular and tissue plasticity towards protumorigenic states in response to the exposome, the ensemble of environmental factors impinging on tissue homeostasis. We conceptualize tumor-initiating plasticity as a phenotype-transforming force acting at three levels: cell-intrinsic, focusing on mutant epithelial cells' responses to environmental variation; reprogramming of non-neoplastic cells of the host, leading to protumor micro- and macroenvironments; and microbiome ecosystem dynamics. This perspective highlights cell, tissue, and organismal plasticity mechanisms underlying tumor initiation that are shaped by the exposome, and how their functional investigation may provide new opportunities to prevent, detect, and intercept cancer-promoting plasticity.

IR820 Sensitized Ceria Nanozyme via PDA Bridging for Multifaceted Antibacterial Wound Healing Therapy

Nanozymes with peroxidase (POD)-like activity hold significant potential for addressing antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. However, their catalytic efficiency and therapeutic efficacy need further improvement to broaden their clinical applications. A key challenge is achieving efficient energy transfer from photosensitizing molecules to nanozymes, which is critical for enhancing catalytic performance. In this study, a universal strategy is developed to bridge nanozymes and photosensitizing molecules, designing photoactivated nanozymes called IR820/PDA@mCeO2 (IR/P@Ce). By integrating IR820, a photosensitizer, with mesoporous ceria (mCeO2), it facilitates efficient electron transfer through polydopamine (PDA) bridge molecules, resulting in enhanced POD-like catalytic performance and reactive oxygen species production. Additionally, PDA stabilized the nanozyme, improved photothermal therapy, and enhanced photodynamic therapy under near-infrared light exposure, further amplifying bacterial destruction. This multifunctional nanozyme demonstrated strong antibacterial efficacy against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. Moreover, its synergistic approach not only facilitated bacterial eradication but also accelerated wound healing in vivo, making it a promising therapeutic alternative for managing bacterial infections and promoting tissue regeneration.

Ozone-induced lung injury and inflammation: Pathways and therapeutic targets for pulmonary diseases caused by air pollutants

Exposure to ambient Ozone (O3) air pollution directly causes by its oxidative properties, respiratory epithelial cell injury, and cell death, which promote inflammation and hyperreactivity, posing a significant public health concern. Recent clinical and experimental studies have made strides in elucidating the mechanisms underlying O3-induced epithelial cell injury, inflammation, and airway hyperreactivity, which are discussed herein. The current data suggest that O3-induced oxidative stress is a central event-inducing oxeiptotic cell death pathway. O3-induced epithelial barrier damage and cell death, triggering the release of alarmins and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), with subsequent endogenous activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), DNA sensing pathways, and inflammasomes, activating interleukin-1-Myd88 inflammatory pathway with the production of a range of chemokines and cytokines. This cascade orchestrates lung tissue-resident cell activation in response to O3 in leukocyte and non-leukocyte populations, driving sterile innate immune response. Chronic inflammatory response to O3, by repeated exposures, supports a mixed phenotype combining asthma and emphysema, in which their exacerbation by other particulate pollutants potentially culminates in respiratory failure. We use data from lung single-cell transcriptomics to map genes of O3-damage sensing and signaling pathways to lung cells and thereby highlight potential hotspots of O3 responses. Deeper insights into these pathological pathways might be helpful for the identification of novel therapeutic targets and strategies.

Bacterial indole-3-propionic acid inhibits macrophage IL-1β production through targeting methionine metabolism

The gut microbiota plays key roles in host health by shaping the host immune responses through their metabolites, like indole derivatives from tryptophan. However, the direct role of these indole derivatives in macrophage fate decision and the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we found that bacterial indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) downregulates interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) production in M1 macrophages through inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. Mechanistically, IPA binds specifically with methionine adenosyl-transferase 2A (MAT2A) to promote S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthesis, which facilitates the DNA methylation of ubiquitin-specific peptidase 16 (USP16, a deubiquitinase), and in turn promotes Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ubiquitination and NF-κB inhibition. Furthermore, IPA administration attenuates sepsis in mouse models induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS), showcasing its potential as a microbial-derived adjunct in alleviating inflammation. Collectively, our findings reveal a newly found microbial metabolite-immune system regulatory pathway mediated by IPA.

Pharmacological and Molecular Docking Investigation of Leaves of Eriobotrya japonica: Antioxidant, Enzyme Inhibition, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects

Leaves of Eriobotrya japonica have long been utilized in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treating pulmonary inflammation and stomach disorders. This study extends their pharmacological applications by evaluating the antioxidant, anti-α-glucosidase, anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and anti-inflammatory activities of solvent extracts and isolated bioactive components through an integrative approach combining extraction, bioassays, and molecular docking. Solvent extracts prepared with varying polarities exhibited distinct bioactivities, with the 100 °C water and methanol extracts displaying the strongest antioxidant potential. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited potent α-glucosidase inhibition, whereas the n-hexane extract demonstrated significant AChE inhibitory activity. Among the isolated compounds, epicatechin (5) (SC50 = 7.83 ± 0.34 μM) and rutin (6) (SC50 = 6.69 ± 0.25 μM) showed superior ABTS and superoxide scavenging activities, respectively, compared to the positive controls (BHT and cynaroside). Ursolic acid (2) exhibited stronger α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 = 10.68 ± 0.76 μM) than acarbose (IC50 = 419.93 ± 29.15 μM), while tormentic acid (4) demonstrated superior AChE inhibition compared to chlorogenic acid. Ursolic acid (2) also displayed NO inhibition (IC50 = 20.18 ± 1.46 μM) comparable to quercetin (IC50 = 17.05 ± 1.63 μM), with Western blot analysis confirming its potent iNOS inhibitory activity. Molecular docking further supported these findings, revealing that ursolic acid (2) exhibited stronger binding affinity to α-glucosidase (-8.7 kcal/mol) than acarbose (-5.1 kcal/mol), tormentic acid (4) displayed higher binding energy to AChE (-8.8 kcal/mol) compared to chlorogenic acid (-7.8 kcal/mol), and ursolic acid (2) (-7.5 kcal/mol) showed a binding affinity to iNOS similar to that of quercetin (-7.7 kcal/mol). These results highlight the strong potential of E. japonica leaf extracts and bioactive compounds as natural antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors, and anti-inflammatory agents, supporting their development as dietary supplements or therapeutic candidates for managing oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, neurodegenerative diseases, and inflammatory disorders.

Endothelial PPARδ Ablation Exacerbates Vascular Hyperpermeability via STAT1/CXCL10 Signaling in Acute Lung Injury

BACKGROUND

Vascular hyperpermeability is one of the hallmarks of acute lung injury, contributing to excessive inflammation and respiratory failure. The PPARδ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta) is an anti-inflammatory transcription factor, although its role in endothelial barrier function remains unclear. Here, we studied the essential role of PPARδ in maintaining vascular endothelial barrier integrity during lung inflammation and investigated the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

Endothelial cell (EC)-selective PPARδ knockout mice (PpardEC-KO) and littermate control mice (PpardEC-WT) received lipopolysaccharide injection to induce acute lung injury. Lung inflammation, pulmonary vascular leakage, and mouse mortality were monitored. Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on sorted mouse lung ECs.

RESULTS

PpardEC-KO mice exhibited aggravated lung inflammation, characterized by increased leukocyte infiltration, elevated production of proinflammatory cytokines, and higher mortality rates. The enhanced inflammatory responses were associated with increased protein leakage, interstitial edema, and impaired endothelial barrier structure, leading to vascular hyperpermeability in PpardEC-KO mice. Mechanistically, with single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified the emergence of an interferon-activated capillary EC population marked by CXCL10 (C-X-C motif chemokine 10) expression following lipopolysaccharide challenge. PPARδ silencing significantly increased CXCL10 expression in ECs through activating STAT1 (Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1). Notably, CXCL10 treatment induced degradation of tight junction proteins ZO-1 (zonula occludens protein 1) and claudin-5 through the ubiquitin-proteasome system, disrupting membrane junction continuity in ECs. Administration of anti-CXCL10 antibody or CXCL10 receptor antagonist AMG487 suppressed both lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation and vascular leakage in PpardEC-KO mice.

CONCLUSIONS

These results highlighted a novel anti-inflammatory role of PPARδ in ECs by suppressing CXCL10-mediating vascular hyperpermeability. Targeting the CXCL10 signaling shows therapeutic potential against vascular injury in acute lung injury.

The Role of IL-23 in the Development of Inflammatory Diseases

Interleukin-23 is crucial in the initiation and progression of certain inflammatory disorders. As a key cytokine, IL-23 is involved in the differentiation and activation of Th17 cells, which play a role in a broad spectrum of inflammatory diseases. This review examines the molecular mechanisms through which IL-23 contributes to the pathogenesis of conditions including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and multiple sclerosis. By elucidating the significant role of IL-23 in inflammation, this review underscores its importance as a therapeutic target for managing inflammatory conditions, with particular emphasis on current and emerging biologic treatments.

STAT Signature Dish: Serving Immunity with a Side of Dietary Control

Immunity is a fundamental aspect of animal biology, defined as the host's ability to detect and defend against harmful pathogens and toxic substances to preserve homeostasis. However, immune defenses are metabolically demanding, requiring the efficient allocation of limited resources to balance immune function with other physiological and developmental needs. To achieve this balance, organisms have evolved sophisticated signaling networks that enable precise, context-specific responses to internal and external cues. These networks are essential for survival and adaptation in multicellular systems. Central to this regulatory architecture is the STAT (signal transducer and activator of Transcription) family, a group of versatile signaling molecules that govern a wide array of biological processes across eukaryotes. STAT signaling demonstrates remarkable plasticity, from orchestrating host defense mechanisms to regulating dietary metabolism. Despite its critical role, the cell-specific and context-dependent nuances of STAT signaling remain incompletely understood, highlighting a significant gap in our understanding. This review delves into emerging perspectives on immunity, presenting dynamic frameworks to explore the complexity and adaptability of STAT signaling and the underlying logic driving cellular decision-making. It emphasizes how STAT pathways integrate diverse physiological processes, from immune responses to dietary regulation, ultimately supporting organismal balance and homeostasis.

ENKD1 modulates innate immune responses through enhanced geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase activity

Inflammation is a crucial element of immune responses, with pivotal roles in host defenses against pathogens. Comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying inflammation is imperative for developing effective strategies to combat infectious diseases. Here, we conducted a screening analysis and identified enkurin domain-containing protein 1 (ENKD1) as a promising regulator of inflammation. We observed that ENKD1 expression was significantly reduced on activation of multiple Toll-like receptor (TLR) molecules. Deletion of ENKD1 resulted in enhanced innate immune system activation and exacerbation of septic inflammation. Mechanistically, ENKD1 interacted with geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase 1 (GGPS1) and modulated its enzymatic activity, thereby influencing geranylgeranyl diphosphate production. This interaction ultimately led to Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1) inactivation and suppression of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. Our findings establish ENKD1 as a critical regulator of innate immune cell activation, underscoring its significant role in septic inflammation.

Immunoengineered mitochondria for efficient therapy of acute organ injuries via modulation of inflammation and cell repair

Acute organ injuries represent a major public health concern, driven by inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to cell damage and organ failure. In this study, we engineered neutrophil membrane-fused mitochondria (nMITO), which combine the injury-targeting and anti-inflammatory properties of neutrophil membrane proteins with the cell repairing function of mitochondria. nMITO effectively blocked inflammatory cascades and restored mitochondrial function, targeting both key mechanisms in acute organ injuries. In addition, nMITO selectively targeted damaged endothelial cells via β-integrins and were delivered to injured tissues through tunneling nanotubes, enhancing their regulatory effects on inflammation and cell damage. In mouse models of acute myocardial injury, liver injury, and pancreatitis, nMITO notably reduced inflammatory responses and repaired tissue damage. These findings suggest that nMITO is a promising therapeutic strategy for managing acute organ injuries.

Hyaluronic acid methacryloyl hydrogel with sustained IL-10 release promotes macrophage M2 polarization and motor function after spinal cord injury

(1)Background: Inflammation plays a key role in spinal cord injury (SCI), where excessive inflammatory responses exacerbate neural damage and hinder regeneration. Modulating macrophage polarization, particularly through the sustained release of IL-10 to promote the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, represents a promising strategy to mitigate inflammation. In this study we developed a Hyaluronic Acid Methacryloyl (HAMA) hydrogel capable of sustained IL-10 release to regulate macrophage polarization and explore its therapeutic potential. (2)Methods: A photo-curable HAMA hydrogel was synthesized via methacrylation and designed for the sustained release of IL-10. The structural and functional properties were characterized using NMR and FT-IR. In vitro assays, including immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and Western blotting, were performed to evaluate IL-10's effect on macrophage polarization. The anti-inflammatory and reparative effects of the hydrogel were further validated in a rat SCI. (3)Results: The HAMA hydrogel with sustained IL-10 release demonstrated excellent biocompatibility. It significantly promoted macrophage polarization to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype by increasing the expression of CD206. In vivo studies demonstrated that the group treated by HAMA with IL-10 exhibited recovery of sensory and motor functions, along with improvement of the inflammatory microenvironment at the site of injury. (4)Conclusion: The HAMA hydrogel with sustained IL-10 release effectively alleviates inflammation, enhances motor function after SCI, and serves as a promising immunomodulatory platform. This novel approach presents considerable potential for improving neural regeneration.

Multifaceted therapeutic potentials of catalpol, an iridoid glycoside: an updated comprehensive review

Catalpol, classified as an iridoid glucoside, is recognized for its significant role in medicine, particularly in the treatment of various conditions such as diabetes mellitus, neuronal disorders, and inflammatory diseases. This review aims to evaluate the biological implications of catalpol and the mechanisms underlying its diverse pharmacological effects. A thorough exploration of existing literature was conducted utilizing the keyword "Catalpol" across prominent public domains like Google Scholar, PubMed, and EKB. Catalpol has demonstrated a diverse array of pharmacological effects in experimental models, showcasing its anti-diabetic, cardiovascular-protective, neuroprotective, anticancer, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. In summary, catalpol manifests a spectrum of biological effects through a myriad of mechanisms, prominently featuring its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities. Its diverse pharmacological profile underscores its potential for therapeutic applications across a range of conditions. Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the clinical implications of catalpol and optimize its use in medical practice.

Machine learning identifies remodeling patterns in human lung extracellular matrix

Organ function depends on the three-dimensional integrity of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The structure resulting from the location and association of ECM components is a central regulator of cell behavior, but a dearth of matrix-specific analysis keeps it unresolved. Here, we deploy a high-resolution, 3D ECM mapping method and design a machine-learning powered pipeline to detect and characterize ECM architecture during health and disease. We deploy these tools in the human lung, an organ heavily dependent on ECM structure that can host diseases with different histopathologies. We analyzed segments from healthy, emphysema, usual interstitial pneumonia, sarcoidosis, and COVID-19 patients, and produced a remodeling signature per disease and a health/disease probability map from which we inferred the architecture of healthy and diseased ECM. Our methods demonstrate that exaggerated matrix deposition, or fibrosis, is not a single phenomenon, but a series of disease-specific alterations. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The extracellular matrix, or ECM, is the foremost biomaterial. It shapes and supports all tissues while regulating all cells. ECM structure is intricate, yet precise: each organ, at every stage, has a specific ECM structure. During disease, tissues suffer from structural changes that accelerate and perpetuate illness by dysregulating cells. Both healthy and diseased ECM structures are of great biomedical importance, but surprisingly, they have not been mapped in detail. Here, we present a method that combines tissue engineering with machine learning to reveal, map and analyze ECM structures, applied it to pulmonary diseases that kill millions every year. This method can bring objectivity and a higher degree of confidence into the diagnosis of pulmonary disease. In addition the amount of tissue needed for a firm diagnosis may be much smaller than required for manual microscopy evaluation.

Discrepancies between human and murine model cerebral aneurysms at single-cell resolution

Background

The murine model of cerebral aneurysm (CA) serves as a prevalent tool for investigating the molecular underpinnings of CA. However, the extent to which the CA murine model aligns with that of human remains elusive.

Methods

The present study employed a comprehensive integration and exploration of the single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) datasets, along with multiple trajectory and gene regulatory network analyses, to investigate the cellular and molecular discrepancies between human and murine model CAs.

Results

The uniform manifold approximation and projection (umap) embedding exhibits that the primary discrepancies between human and murine model CAs reside in the cells of modifiable phenotype, encompassing vascular smooth muscle cell (vSMC), monocyte/macrophage, and neutrophil. The vSMCs from human CA tissue exhibit a fibroblast-like phenotype in comparison to that of murine model. Distinct patterns of neutrophil recruitment are observed in human and murine models, with the former characterized by neutrophil-derived CXCL8 and the latter by monocyte/macrophage-derived CCLs. In addition, macrophages originated from human unruptured CA express higher levels of M2 gene markers. Moreover, the inflammatory status of the CA tissue differs between humans and mouse models, with the former exhibiting a more acute and intense inflammation.

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate subtle but important disparities between human and murine model CAs, and may shed light upon an optimization of murine CA model.

Development of a Mitochondria-Targeted Ruthenium(II)-Based Phosphorescent Probe for Hypochlorite Detection in Acute Inflammatory Model

The uncontrolled acute inflammatory response triggers dysregulation of the immunoinflammatory system, contributing to the development and progression of various acute inflammatory diseases (AIDs). Hypochlorite (ClO-), as a crucial oxidative mediator in AIDs, accumulates in the inflammatory environment, leading to direct cytotoxicity, secondary injury, and tissue dysfunction. However, achieving rapid detection, accurate tracking, in situ monitoring, and real-time imaging of ClO- in vivo remains a significant challenge. To address these issues, we developed a mitochondria-targeted phosphorescent probe (RuDM), which introduces a ligand containing a C═N bond as a ClO- recognition site to precisely identify ClO- in AIDs. It responds rapidly (6 s) and exhibits long-lived luminescence (471 ns), with a 190-fold luminescence enhancement in monitoring ClO-. Meanwhile, density functional theory (DFT) indicates that the luminescence enhancement of RuCOOH is attributed to the removal of an electron-withdrawing group (diaminomaleonitrile) from RuDM, which leads to an increase in the intersystem crossing rate and a greater probability of radiative transition from the T1 state. Finally, RuDM is used to monitor the levels of exogenous and endogenous ClO- in cells using confocal microscopy imaging and to evaluate its capability for ClO- detection over time in an acute inflammatory model. The above results suggest that RuDM, as a novel molecular platform to detect ClO-, has potential as a practical tool for research on the pathogenesis of acute inflammatory diseases.

Cell-type-specific requirement for TYK2 in murine immune cells under steady state and challenged conditions

Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) deficiency and loss or inhibition of kinase activity in men and mice leads to similar immune compromised phenotypes, predominantly through impairment of interferon (IFN) and interleukin 12 family responses. Here we relate the transcriptome changes to phenotypical changes observed in TYK2-deficient (Tyk2-/-) and TYK2 kinase-inactive (Tyk2K923E) mice in naïve splenic immune cells and upon ex vivo IFN treatment or in vivo tumor transplant infiltration. The TYK2 activities under homeostatic and both challenged conditions are highly cell-type-specific with respect to quantity and quality of transcriptionally dependent genes. The major impact of loss of TYK2 protein or kinase activity in splenic homeostatic macrophages, NK and CD8+ T cells and tumor-derived cytolytic cells is on IFN responses. While reportedly TYK2 deficiency leads to partial impairment of IFN-I responses, we identified cell-type-specific IFN-I-repressed gene sets completely dependent on TYK2 kinase activity. Reported kinase-inactive functions of TYK2 relate to signaling crosstalk, metabolic functions and cell differentiation or maturation. None of these phenotypes relates to respective enriched gene sets in the TYK2 kinase-inactive cell types. Nonetheless, the scaffolding functions of TYK2 are capable to change transcriptional activities at single gene levels and chromatin accessibility at promoter-distal regions upon cytokine treatment most prominently in CD8+ T cells. The cell-type-specific transcriptomic and epigenetic effects of TYK2 shed new light on the biology of this JAK family member and are relevant for current and future treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases with TYK2 inhibitors.

Ultrasound-mediated nanomaterials for the treatment of inflammatory diseases

Sterile and infection-associated inflammatory diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. Conventional drug therapies often entail significant drawbacks, such as the risk of drug overdose, the development of drug resistance in pathogens, and systemic adverse reactions, all of which can undermine the effectiveness of treatments for these conditions. Nanomaterials (NMs) have emerged as a promising tool in the treatment of inflammatory diseases due to their precise targeting capabilities, tunable characteristics, and responsiveness to external stimuli. Ultrasound (US), a non-invasive and effective treatment method, has been explored in combination with NMs to achieve enhanced therapeutic outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in the use of US-mediated NMs for treating inflammatory diseases. A comprehensive introduction to the application and classification of US was first presented, emphasizing the advantages of US-mediated NMs and the mechanisms through which US and NMs interact to enhance anti-inflammatory therapy. Subsequently, specific applications of US-mediated NMs in sterile and infection-associated inflammation were summarized. Finally, the challenges and prospects of US-mediated NMs in clinical translation were discussed, along with an outline of future research directions. This review aims to provide insights to guide the development and improvement of US-mediated NMs for more effective therapeutic interventions in inflammatory diseases.

Portimine A toxin causes skin inflammation through ZAKα-dependent NLRP1 inflammasome activation

In 2020-2021, a "mysterious illness" struck Senegalese fishermen, causing severe acute dermatitis in over one thousand individuals following exposure through drift-net fishing activity. Here, by performing deep analysis of the environmental samples we reveal the presence of the marine dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum and its associated cyclic imine toxins. Specifically, we show that the toxin PortimineA, strongly enriched in environmental samples, impedes ribosome function in human keratinocytes, which subsequently activates the stress kinases ZAKα and P38 and promotes the nucleation of the human NLRP1 inflammasome, leading to the release of IL-1β/IL-18 pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell death. Furthermore, cell-based models highlight that naturally occurring mutations in the P38-targeted sites of human NLRP1 are unable to respond to PortimineA exposure. Finally, the development and use of human organotypic skins and zebrafish models of PortimineA exposure demonstrate that the ZAKα-NLRP1 axis drives skin necrosis and inflammation. Our results exemplify the threats to human health caused by emerging environmental toxins and identify ZAKα and NRLP1 as important pharmacological targets to mitigate PortimineA toxicity.

Disruption of survivin protein expression by treatment with YM155 accelerates the resolution of neutrophilic inflammation

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Prolonged survival of neutrophils is essential for determining the progression and severity of inflammatory and immune-mediated disorders, including gouty arthritis. Survivin, an anti-apoptotic molecule, has been described as a regulator of cell survival. This study aims to examine the effects of YM155 treatment, a survivin selective suppressant, in maintaining neutrophil survival in vitro and in vivo experimental settings of neutrophilic inflammation.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

BALB/c mice were injected with monosodium urate (MSU) crystals and treated with YM155 (intra-articularly) at the peak of inflammatory response. Leukocyte recruitment, apoptosis neutrophil and efferocytosis were determined by knee joint wash cell morphology counting and flow cytometry. Resolution interval (Ri) was quantified by neutrophil infiltration, monitoring the amplitude and duration of the inflammation. Cytokine production was measured by ELISA. Mechanical hypernociception was assessed using an electronic von Frey aesthesiometer. Efferocytosis was evaluated in zymosan-induced neutrophilic peritonitis. Survivin and cleaved caspase-3 expression was determined in human neutrophils by flow cytometry.

KEY RESULTS

Survivin was expressed in neutrophils during MSU-induced gout, and the treatment with YM155 reduced survivin expression and shortened Ri from ∼8 h observed in vehicle-treated mice to ∼5.5 h, effect accompanied by increased neutrophil apoptosis and efferocytosis, both crucial for the inflammation resolution. Reduced IL-1β and CXCL1 levels were also observed in periarticular tissue. YM155 reduced histopathological score and hypernociceptive response. In human neutrophils, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased survivin expression, whereas survivin inhibition with YM155 induced neutrophil apoptosis, with activation of caspase-3.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Survivin may be a promising therapeutic target to control neutrophilic inflammation.

Intermittent fasting and neurodegenerative diseases: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential

Neurodegenerative disorders are straining public health worldwide. During neurodegenerative disease progression, aberrant neuronal network activity, bioenergetic impairment, adaptive neural plasticity impairment, dysregulation of neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis, oxidative stress, and immune inflammation manifest as characteristic pathological changes in the cellular milieu of the brain. There is no drug for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, and therefore, strategies/treatments for the prevention or treatment of neurodegenerative disorders are urgently needed. Intermittent fasting (IF) is characterized as an eating pattern that alternates between periods of fasting and eating, requiring fasting durations that vary depending on the specific protocol implemented. During IF, depletion of liver glycogen stores leads to the production of ketone bodies from fatty acids derived from adipocytes, thereby inducing an altered metabolic state accompanied by cellular and molecular adaptive responses within neural networks in the brain. At the cellular level, adaptive responses can promote the generation of synapses and neurons. At the molecular level, IF triggers the activation of associated transcription factors, thereby eliciting the expression of protective proteins. Consequently, this regulatory process governs central and peripheral metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial function, autophagy, and the gut microbiota, all of which contribute to the amelioration of neurodegenerative disorders. Emerging evidence suggests that weight regulation significantly contributes to the neuroprotective effects of IF. By alleviating obesity-related factors such as blood-brain barrier dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and β-amyloid accumulation, IF enhances metabolic flexibility and insulin sensitivity, further supporting its potential in mitigating neurodegenerative disorders. The present review summarizes animal and human studies investigating the role and underlying mechanisms of IF in physiology and pathology, with an emphasis on its therapeutic potential. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in regulating brain energy metabolism through IF, highlighting its potential applications in neurodegenerative disorders. Ultimately, our findings offer novel insights into the preventive and therapeutic applications of IF for neurodegenerative disorders.

Associations between serum metal mixtures and systemic inflammation indices among Chinese early adolescents: A prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Research has demonstrated a link between metal exposure and inflammation. However, little is known about this relationship among adolescents, especially in prospective cohort studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum metal exposure and inflammatory status in Chinese early adolescents.

METHODS

In this study, 12 serum metals were detected at baseline in 1551 participants from the Chinese Early Adolescents Cohort. The participants' inflammatory status was assessed via three systemic inflammation indices (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII)) at both baseline and follow-up. Generalized linear mixed models and restricted cubic splines regression were used to examine the linear and nonlinear relationships between single metal concentrations and systemic inflammation indices. Multiple mixture models were implemented to assess the relationships of mixed metals with systemic inflammation indices. Additionally, sex subgroup analyses were conducted to explore the sex-specific associations between serum metals and inflammatory status.

RESULTS

Single-exposure analysis revealed that exposure to multiple serum metals, such as chromium, cobalt, copper and lead, was positively associated with the NLR and SII, whereas iron was negatively correlated with the three systemic inflammation indices (PFDR<0.05). Additionally, inverted U-shaped associations were observed between vanadium, manganese and systemic inflammation indices. According to the mixture models, high levels of the serum metal mixture were positively correlated with the NLR and the SII. Cobalt had the highest positive weight in the mixed samples, whereas iron had the greatest negative weight in the serum-metal mixtures. Subgroup analyses revealed that serum exposure to the metal mixture had a more significant effect on systemic inflammation markers in females than in males.

CONCLUSIONS

This study reveals the impact of real-world mixed metal exposure on adolescents' inflammatory levels, which is of primary significance for protecting the healthy development of early adolescents.

TANK-Binding Kinase 1 in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Inflammation-Related Diseases

TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a key signaling kinase involved in innate immune and inflammatory responses. TBK1 drives immune cells to participate in the inflammatory response by activating the NF-κB and interferon regulatory factor signaling pathways in immune cells, promoting the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, and regulating immune cell function. Thus, it plays a crucial role in initiating a signaling cascade that establishes an inflammatory environment. In inflammation-related diseases, TBK1 acts as a bridge linking inflammation to immunity, metabolism, or tumorigenesis, playing an important role in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, metabolic, inflammatory syndromes, and inflammation-associated cancers by regulating the activation of inflammatory pathways and the production of inflammatory cytokines in cells. In this review, we focused on the mechanisms of TBK1 in immune cells and inflammatory-related diseases, providing new insights for further studies targeting TBK1 as a potential treatment for inflammation-related diseases. Thus, optimizing and investigating highly selective cell-specific TBK1 inhibitors is important for their application in these diseases.

Integrated control of leukocyte compartments as a feature of adaptive physiology

As a highly diverse and mobile organ, the immune system is uniquely equipped to participate in tissue responses in a tunable manner, depending on the number, type, and nature of cells deployed to the respective organ. Most acute organismal stressors that threaten survival-predation, infection, poisoning, and others-induce pronounced redistribution of immune cells across tissue compartments. Here, we review the current understanding of leukocyte compartmentalization under homeostatic and noxious conditions. We argue that leukocyte shuttling between compartments is a function of local tissue demands, which are linked to the organ's contribution to adaptive physiology at steady state and upon challenge. We highlight the neuroendocrine signals that relay and organize this trafficking behavior and outline mechanisms underlying the functional diversification of leukocyte responses. In this context, we discuss important areas of future inquiry and the implications of this scientific space for clinical medicine in the era of targeted immunomodulation.

Assessment of platelet-to-white blood cell ratio on short-term mortality events in patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure: evidence from a cohort study from Jiangxi, China

Objective

Platelet-to-white blood cell ratio (PWR) as a comprehensive indicator of inflammatory response has been widely used to assess the prognosis of various diseases. However, the relationship between PWR and adverse outcomes in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the association between PWR and all-cause mortality within 30 days of hospitalization in ADHF patients from Jiangxi, China.

Methods

A total of 1,453 ADHF patients from the Jiangxi-ADHF study1 cohort were included. The primary outcome measure was all-cause mortality within 30 days of hospitalization. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression, restricted cubic spline regression, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were employed to explore the association between the inflammatory marker PWR and all-cause mortality in ADHF patients within 30 days of hospitalization.

Results

During the 30-day observation period, a total of 53 subjects experienced mortality events. Multivariable Cox regression showed a negative correlation between PWR and all-cause mortality within 30 days of hospitalization in ADHF patients. Restricted cubic spline regression demonstrated an L-shaped association between PWR and 30-day mortality risk (p for nonlinear = 0.038). Further threshold analysis revealed a threshold point for PWR at 15.88, where a decrease in PWR below this threshold was significantly associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (p for log-likelihood ratio test = 0.046). Additionally, the results of receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that PWR had high predictive accuracy for mortality events within 30 days of hospitalization in ADHF patients and is significantly better than the traditional HF marker N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (AUC: NT-proBNP 0.69, PWR 0.76; Delong test P < 0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that compared to subjects with reduced or moderately reduced ejection fraction, ADHF patients with preserved ejection fraction had a lower risk of short-term mortality associated with PWR (HR:0.99 vs. 0.98 vs. 0.87, P for interaction = 0.0067).

Conclusion

This study reveals, for the first time, a negative correlation between the inflammatory marker PWR and all-cause mortality within 30 days of hospitalization in ADHF patients. Based on the threshold analysis findings, patients with ADHF and a PWR below 15.88 had a significantly higher risk of death within 30 days.

Mechanisms and effects of activation of innate immunity by mitochondrial nucleic acids

In recent years, a growing number of roles have been identified for mitochondria in innate immunity. One principal mechanism is that the translocation of mitochondrial nucleic acid species from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol and endolysosomal lumen in response to an array of microbial and non-microbial environmental stressors has been found to serve as a second messenger event in the cell signaling of the innate immune response. Thus, mitochondrial DNA and RNA have been shown to access the cytosol through several regulated mechanisms involving remodeling of the mitochondrial inner and outer membranes and to access lysosomes via vesicular transport, thereby activating cytosolic [e.g. cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors], and endolysosomal (Toll-like receptor 7, 9) nucleic acid receptors that induce type I interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this mini-review, we discuss these molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial nucleic acid mislocalization and their roles in host defense, autoimmunity, and auto-inflammatory disorders. The emergent paradigm is one in which host-derived DNA interestingly serves as a signal amplifier in the innate immune response and also as an alarm signal for disturbances in organellar homeostasis. The apparent vast excess of mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA nucleoids per cell may thus serve to sensitize the cell response to stressors while ensuring an underlying reserve of intact mitochondria to sustain cellular metabolism. An improved understanding of these molecular mechanisms will hopefully afford future opportunities for therapeutic intervention in human disease.

Decidual stromal cells: fibroblasts specialized in immunoregulation during pregnancy

Decidual stromal cells (DSCs) are involved in immunoregulatory mechanisms that prevent fetal rejection by the mammalian maternal immune system. Recent studies using single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrated the existence of different types of human and mouse DSCs, highlighting corresponding differentiation (decidualization) pathways, and suggesting their involvement in the immune response during normal and pathological pregnancy. DSCs may be considered tissue-specialized fibroblasts because both DSCs and fibroblasts share phenotypic and functional similarities in immunologically challenged tissues, especially in terms of their immune functions. Indeed, fibroblasts can setup, support, and suppress immune responses and these functions are also performed by DSCs. Moreover, fibroblasts and DSCs can induce ectopic foci as tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), and endometriosis, respectively. Thus, understanding DSC immunoregulatory functions is of timely relevance.

Causal relationship between circulating inflammatory cytokines and the risk of hernia: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

OBJECTIVE

Observational studies suggest a link between hernia and inflammatory cytokines, but randomized trials are limited by ethical and cost constraints. In this study, we used bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the causal relationship between inflammatory cytokines and five types of hernia, aiming to inform preventive and therapeutic strategies.

METHODS

We selected 41 inflammatory factors and five types of hernia as instrumental variables, using data from the IEU Open GWAS database including individuals of European descent. The primary analysis used the inverse variance weighted method with false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment. Additional MR methods and sensitivity analyses ensured robustness. Reverse MR was used to assess potential reverse causality.

RESULTS

After FDR adjustment, stem cell growth factor beta (SCGFb) was causally associated with diaphragmatic hernia (odds ratio = 0.884, 95% confidence interval: 0.819-0.955). Reverse MR indicated that diaphragmatic hernia may increase interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP10) and monokine induced by interferon-gamma (MIG), and ventral hernia may elevate macrophage inflammatory protein-1b (MIP1b). Sensitivity analyses confirmed robustness.

CONCLUSION

SCGFb may protect against diaphragmatic hernia, and IP10, MIG, and MIP1b are involved in hernia development, suggesting the therapeutic potential of targeting these cytokines. Further studies are needed.