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Bacteriocin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from the Gastrointestinal Tract of Farm Animals: Prevalence, Molecular Characterization and Potential for Application. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081558. [PMID: 36013976 PMCID: PMC9413453 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, new alternatives to antibiotics and ways to prevent infections are being sought. Bacteriocin-producing bacteria are therefore attracting attention due to their probiotic potential as a safe alternative to antimicrobial drugs. The aim of this work was to determine the prevalence of bacteriocin-encoded genes among Escherichia coli strains from healthy farm animals and to characterize the presence of virulence-associated genes, the possibility of prophage induction, and hemolytic and bacterial antagonistic activity of the bacteriocin-producing E. coli in order to reveal their potential for application. It was found that 17 of 72 E. coli strains (23.6%) produced bacteriocins. Among them, 18 out of 30 bacteriocin genes were detected: the most prevalent genes were those for microcin M (58.8%), colicin E1 (52.9%), and colicin M (35.3%). Colicin Ia (29.4%), colicin E9, colicin Ib, colicin B (23.5%), and colicin E9 (17.7%) genes were also frequent, while the prevalence of genes encoding microcins V, B17, and H47 and colicins E3, K, N, U, Y, 5, and 10 did not exceed 11.8%. At least two different bacteriocin genes were detected in all 17 bacteriocinogenic strains; the highest number of different bacteriocin genes detected in one strain was seven genes. E. coli strains with combinations of colicin E1 and E or microcin M and colicin E1 genes were more prevalent than others (17.7%). Among the 17 bacteriocin-producing E. coli strains, 5.9% were hemolytic, 47.1% contained prophages, and 58.8% carried genes encoding toxins. Cell-free supernatants of bacteriocin-producing strains were shown to inhibit the growth of pathogenic E. coli strains belonging to the APEC, STEC, and ETEC pathotypes. Thus, among the studied bacteriocin-producing E. coli isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of farm animals, three strains with high antagonistic bacterial activity and the absence of pathogenicity genes, prophages, and hemolytic activity were identified and therefore have potential for application.
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Acacia Fiber Protects the Gut from Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Escherichia coli Colonization Enabled by Antibiotics. mSphere 2022; 7:e0007122. [PMID: 35582906 PMCID: PMC9241499 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00071-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel approaches to combating antibiotic resistance are needed given the ever-continuing rise of antibiotic resistance and the scarce discovery of new antibiotics. Little is known about the colonization dynamics and the role of intrinsic plant-food characteristics in this process. We sought to determine whether plant fiber could alter colonization dynamics by antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the gut. We determined that ingestion of antibiotics in mice markedly enhanced gut colonization by a pathogenic extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli strain of human origin, E. coli JJ1886 (ST131-H30Rx). Furthermore, ingestion of soluble acacia fiber before and after antibiotic exposure significantly reduced pathogenic E. coli colonization. 16S rRNA analysis and ex vivo cocultures demonstrated that fiber protected the microbiome by serving as a prebiotic, which induced native gut E. coli to inhibit pathogenic E. coli via colicin M. Fiber may be a useful prebiotic with which to administer antibiotics to protect human and livestock gut microbiomes against colonization from antibiotic-resistant, pathogenic bacteria. IMPORTANCE A One Health-based strategy-the concept that human health and animal health are interconnected with the environment-is necessary to determine the drivers of antibiotic resistance from food to the clinic. Moreover, humans can ingest antibiotic-resistant bacteria on food and asymptomatically, or "silently," carry such bacteria in the gut long before they develop an opportunistic extraintestinal infection. Here, we determined that fiber-rich foods, in particular acacia fiber, may be a new, promising, and inexpensive prebiotic to administer with antibiotics to protect the mammalian (i.e., human and livestock) gut against such colonization by antibiotic-resistant, pathogenic bacteria.
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Mcc1229, an Stx2a-amplifying microcin, is produced in vivo and requires CirA for activity. Infect Immun 2021; 90:e0058721. [PMID: 34871041 PMCID: PMC8853679 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00587-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains, including the foodborne pathogen E. coli O157:H7, are responsible for thousands of hospitalizations each year. Various environmental triggers can modulate pathogenicity in EHEC by inducing the expression of Shiga toxin (Stx), which is encoded on a lambdoid prophage and transcribed together with phage late genes. Cell-free supernatants of the sequence type 73 (ST73) E. coli strain 0.1229 are potent inducers of Stx2a production in EHEC, suggesting that 0.1229 secretes a factor that activates the SOS response and leads to phage lysis. We previously demonstrated that this factor, designated microcin 1229 (Mcc1229), was proteinaceous and plasmid-encoded. To further characterize Mcc1229 and support its classification as a microcin, we investigated its regulation, determined its receptor, and identified loci providing immunity. The production of Mcc1229 was increased upon iron limitation, as determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), lacZ fusions, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Spontaneous Mcc1229-resistant mutants and targeted gene deletion revealed that CirA was the Mcc1229 receptor. TonB, which interacts with CirA in the periplasm, was also essential for Mcc1229 import. Subcloning of the Mcc1229 plasmid indicated that Mcc activity was neutralized by two open reading frames (ORFs), each predicted to encode a domain of unknown function (DUF)-containing protein. In a germfree mouse model of infection, colonization with 0.1229 suppressed subsequent colonization by EHEC. Although Mcc1229 was produced in vivo, it was dispensable for colonization suppression. The regulation, import, and immunity determinants identified here are consistent with features of other Mccs, suggesting that Mcc1229 should be included in this class of small molecules.
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Silveira RF, Roque-Borda CA, Vicente EF. Antimicrobial peptides as a feed additive alternative to animal production, food safety and public health implications: An overview. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:896-904. [PMID: 34632120 PMCID: PMC8484980 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years, feed additives have been used in animal nutrition to improve nutrient utilization, health parameters and animal performance. However, the use of antibiotics as feed additives has allowed the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which can bring as a consequence, an increase in the morbidity and mortality of diseases that were previously treatable with antibiotics. In this context, antimicrobial peptides (AMP) have appeared as a promising strategy because they have multiple biological activities and represent a powerful strategy to prevent the development of resistant microorganisms. Despite the small number of studies applied in vivo, AMP appear as a potent alternative to the use of antibiotics in animal nutrition, due to an increase in feed efficiency and the prevention/treatment of some animal diseases. This review discusses the problems associated with antimicrobial resistance and the use of AMP as a strong candidate to replace conventional antibiotics, mainly in the animal industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiza F Silveira
- São Paulo State University, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cesar A Roque-Borda
- São Paulo State University, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Vicente
- São Paulo State University, School of Sciences and Engineering, Tupã, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bosák J, Hrala M, Micenková L, Šmajs D. Non-antibiotic antibacterial peptides and proteins of Escherichia coli: efficacy and potency of bacteriocins. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 19:309-322. [PMID: 32856960 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1816824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria drives the search for alternative antimicrobial therapies. Bacteriocins represent a potential alternative to antibiotic treatment. In contrast to antibiotics, bacteriocins are peptides or proteins that have relatively narrow spectra of antibacterial activities and are produced by a wide range of bacterial species. Bacteriocins of Escherichia coli are historically classified as microcins and colicins, and, until now, more than 30 different bacteriocin types have been identified and characterized. AREAS COVERED We performed bibliographical searches of online databases to review the literature regarding bacteriocins produced by E. coli with respect to their occurrence, bacteriocin role in bacterial colonization and pathogenicity, and application of their antimicrobial effect. EXPERT OPINION The potential use of bacteriocins for applications in human and animal medicine and the food industry includes (i) the use of bacteriocin-producing probiotic strains, (ii) recombinant production in plants and application in food, and (iii) application of purified bacteriocins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Bosák
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Matěj Hrala
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Micenková
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Šmajs
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Müller J, Spriewald S, Stecher B, Stadler E, Fuchs TM. Evolutionary Stability of Salmonella Competition with the Gut Microbiota: How the Environment Fosters Heterogeneity in Exploitative and Interference Competition. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4732-4748. [PMID: 31260689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Following ingestion, gastrointestinal pathogens compete against the gastrointestinal microbiota and overcome host immune defenses in order to cause infections. Besides employing direct killing mechanisms, the commensal microbiota occupies metabolic niches to outcompete invading pathogens. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) uses several strategies to successfully colonize the gut and establish infection, of which an increasing number is based on phenotypic heterogeneity within the S. Typhimurium population. The utilization of myo-inositol (MI) and the production of colicin confer a selective advantage over the microbiota in terms of exploitative and interference competition, respectively. In this review, we summarize the genetic basis underlying bistability of MI catabolism and colicin production. As demonstrated by single-cell analyses, a stochastic switch in the expression of the genes responsible for colicin production and MI degradation constitutes the heterogeneity of the two phenotypes. Both genetic systems are tightly regulated to avoid their expression under non-appropriate conditions and possible detrimental effects on bacterial fitness. Moreover, evolutionary mechanisms underlying formation and stability of these phenotypes in S. Typhimurium are discussed. We propose that both MI catabolism and colicin production create a bet-hedging strategy, which provides an adaptive benefit for S. Typhimurium in the fluctuating environment of the mammalian gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Müller
- Technische Universität München, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany; Institute for Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Spriewald
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Bärbel Stecher
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Stadler
- Technische Universität München, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thilo M Fuchs
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für Molekulare Pathogenese, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Cohen LJ, Han S, Huang YH, Brady SF. Identification of the Colicin V Bacteriocin Gene Cluster by Functional Screening of a Human Microbiome Metagenomic Library. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:27-32. [PMID: 28810737 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The forces that shape human microbial ecology are complex. It is likely that human microbiota, similarly to other microbiomes, use antibiotics as one way to establish an ecological niche. In this study, we use functional metagenomics to identify human microbial gene clusters that encode for antibiotic functions. Screening of a metagenomic library prepared from a healthy patient stool sample led to the identification of a family of clones with inserts that are 99% identical to a region of a virulence plasmid found in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. Characterization of the metagenomic DNA sequence identified a colicin V biosynthetic cluster as being responsible for the observed antibiotic effect of the metagenomic clone against E. coli. This study presents a scalable method to recover antibiotic gene clusters from humans using functional metagenomics and highlights a strategy to study bacteriocins in the human microbiome which can provide a resource for therapeutic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J. Cohen
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Levy Place, Box 1069, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Sun Han
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Levy Place, Box 1069, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Yun-Han Huang
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Sean F. Brady
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
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Litt PK, Jaroni D. Isolation and Physiomorphological Characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7-Infecting Bacteriophages Recovered from Beef Cattle Operations. Int J Microbiol 2017; 2017:7013236. [PMID: 29123549 PMCID: PMC5662819 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7013236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages, recovered from beef cattle environment and specifically targeting Escherichia coli O157:H7, were examined for their physiological and morphological characteristics. Degree of bacterial lysis and host range of isolated bacteriophages was determined against 55 isolates of E. coli O157:H7. Morphology of phages was examined under transmission electron microscope. Phage growth parameters, particularly rate of adsorption, rise period, latent period, and burst size were also determined. The stability of isolated phages was tested at acidic and alkaline pH, at high temperatures, and in cold storage. A total of 7 phages were isolated which showed lytic activity against 50 out of 55 isolates of E. coli O157:H7. Based on the morphology, phages were classified into Myoviridae or Siphoviridae family. Phages had a rise period between 19 and 40 min, a short latent period between 12 and 30 min, and a large burst size (89-631 virions per infected cell), indicating high lytic activity. Phages remained stable for 24 h at a wide pH (1-11) and temperature range (40-60°C) and for 90 d in cold storage. Characterization of bacteriophages, with a diverse host range of E. coli O157:H7, could aid in the development of effective biocontrol strategies for this pathogen in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpinder Kaur Litt
- Department of Animal Science and Food and Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, 148 FAPC, Monroe St., Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Divya Jaroni
- Department of Animal Science and Food and Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, 148 FAPC, Monroe St., Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Feldgarden M, Riley MA. HIGH LEVELS OF COLICIN RESISTANCE INESCHERICHIA COLI. Evolution 2017; 52:1270-1276. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb02008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/1997] [Accepted: 06/08/1998] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Feldgarden
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Yale University; New Haven Connecticut 06511
| | - Margaret A. Riley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Yale University; New Haven Connecticut 06511
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Langa S, Arqués JL, Medina M, Landete JM. Coproduction of colicin V and lactic acid bacteria bacteriocins in lactococci and enterococci strains of biotechnological interest. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1159-1167. [PMID: 28261897 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was the coproduction in a single strain of the Gram-negative bacteriocin colicin V with other bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria (LAB). METHODS AND RESULTS Colicin V was expressed in Lactococcus and Enterococcus strains by replacing the colicin V leader peptide by the leader peptide and promoter of d-alanyl-d-alanine carboxypeptidase from Lactobacillus reuteri CECT925 in pNZ8048 (pNZ:LR-colV). The antimicrobial activity of colicin V against the indicator organism Escherichia coli DH5α in transformed strains was checked by agar diffusion assay and SDS-PAGE analysis. CONCLUSIONS Lactococcus and Enterococcus transformed with pNZ:LR-colV were able to coproduce colicin V at high levels together with other LAB bacteriocins such as nisin A, nisin Z, lacticin 481 or enterocins A and B, obtaining broad-spectrum activity strains with large potential applications. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The construction showed in this work could be used for the heterologous expression of other bacteriocins active against Gram-negative bacteria or wide-spectrum bacteriocins from LAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Langa
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - J L Arqués
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Medina
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Landete
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
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Schulz S, Stephan A, Hahn S, Bortesi L, Jarczowski F, Bettmann U, Paschke AK, Tusé D, Stahl CH, Giritch A, Gleba Y. Broad and efficient control of major foodborne pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli by mixtures of plant-produced colicins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E5454-60. [PMID: 26351689 PMCID: PMC4603501 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1513311112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is one of the leading causes of bacterial enteric infections worldwide, causing ∼100,000 illnesses, 3,000 hospitalizations, and 90 deaths annually in the United States alone. These illnesses have been linked to consumption of contaminated animal products and vegetables. Currently, other than thermal inactivation, there are no effective methods to eliminate pathogenic bacteria in food. Colicins are nonantibiotic antimicrobial proteins, produced by E. coli strains that kill or inhibit the growth of other E. coli strains. Several colicins are highly effective against key EHEC strains. Here we demonstrate very high levels of colicin expression (up to 3 g/kg of fresh biomass) in tobacco and edible plants (spinach and leafy beets) at costs that will allow commercialization. Among the colicins examined, plant-expressed colicin M had the broadest antimicrobial activity against EHEC and complemented the potency of other colicins. A mixture of colicin M and colicin E7 showed very high activity against all major EHEC strains, as defined by the US Department of Agriculture/Food and Drug Administration. Treatments with low (less than 10 mg colicins per L) concentrations reduced the pathogenic bacterial load in broth culture by 2 to over 6 logs depending on the strain. In experiments using meats spiked with E. coli O157:H7, colicins efficiently reduced the population of the pathogen by at least 2 logs. Plant-produced colicins could be effectively used for the broad control of pathogenic E. coli in both plant- and animal-based food products and, in the United States, colicins could be approved using the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) regulatory approval pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Schulz
- Nomad Bioscience GmbH, Biozentrum Halle, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anett Stephan
- Nomad Bioscience GmbH, Biozentrum Halle, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Simone Hahn
- Nomad Bioscience GmbH, Biozentrum Halle, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Luisa Bortesi
- Nomad Bioscience GmbH, Biozentrum Halle, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Bettmann
- Icon Genetics GmbH, Biozentrum Halle, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | | | - Chad H Stahl
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Anatoli Giritch
- Nomad Bioscience GmbH, Biozentrum Halle, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Yuri Gleba
- Nomad Bioscience GmbH, Biozentrum Halle, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Kudva IT, Krastins B, Torres AG, Griffin RW, Sheng H, Sarracino DA, Hovde CJ, Calderwood SB, John M. The Escherichia coli O157:H7 cattle immunoproteome includes outer membrane protein A (OmpA), a modulator of adherence to bovine rectoanal junction squamous epithelial (RSE) cells. Proteomics 2015; 15:1829-42. [PMID: 25643951 PMCID: PMC4456246 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Building on previous studies, we defined the repertoire of proteins comprising the immunoproteome (IP) of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) cultured in DMEM supplemented with norepinephrine (O157 IP), a β-adrenergic hormone that regulates E. coli O157 gene expression in the gastrointestinal tract, using a variation of a novel proteomics-based platform proteome mining tool for antigen discovery, called "proteomics-based expression library screening" (PELS; Kudva et al., 2006). The E. coli O157 IP (O157-IP) comprised 91 proteins, and included those identified previously using proteomics-based expression library screening, and also proteins comprising DMEM and bovine rumen fluid proteomes. Outer membrane protein A (OmpA), a common component of the above proteomes, and reportedly a contributor to E. coli O157 adherence to cultured HEp-2 epithelial cells, was interestingly found to be a modulator rather than a contributor to E. coli O157 adherence to bovine rectoanal junction squamous epithelial cells. Our results point to a role for yet to be identified members of the O157-IP in E. coli O157 adherence to rectoanal junction squamous epithelial cells, and additionally implicate a possible role for the outer membrane protein A regulator, TdcA, in the expression of such adhesins. Our observations have implications for the development of efficacious vaccines for preventing E. coli O157 colonization of the bovine gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira T. Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit National Animal Disease Center Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Ames, Iowa. 50010
| | - Bryan Krastins
- Harvard Partners Center For Genetics and Genomics 65 Landsdowne Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Alfredo G. Torres
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Pathology University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Texas 77555-1070
| | - Robert W. Griffin
- Division of Infectious Diseases Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Haiqing Sheng
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-3052
| | - David A. Sarracino
- Harvard Partners Center For Genetics and Genomics 65 Landsdowne Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Carolyn J. Hovde
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-3052
| | - Stephen B. Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts 02114
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts 02114
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Manohar John
- Division of Infectious Diseases Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts 02114
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts 02114
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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Mushtaq H, Bakht J, Bacha N. Screening of the novel colicinogenic gram-negative rods against pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Indian J Med Microbiol 2015; 33 Suppl:67-72. [PMID: 25657160 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.150895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 is gram-negative enteric pathogen producing different types of Shiga toxin. This bacterium is the most corporate cause of haemorrhagic colitis in human. Administration of antibiotics (particularly sulfa drugs) against this pathogen is a debatable topic as this may increase the risk of uremic syndrome; especially in children and aged people. Around the world, microbiologists are in search of alternative therapeutic methods specially probiotics against this pathogen. In the present study, we have focused on the investigation of alternate bio-therapeutics (probiotics) for the treatment of patients infected with E. coli O157:H7. This study is based on the identification of colicin-producing gram-negative bacteria (particularly enterobacteriaceae) which can competently exclude E. coli O157:H7 from the gut of the infected individual. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hundred samples from human, animal faeces and septic tank water were analysed for nonpathogenic gram-negative rods (GNRs). RESULTS Out of these samples, 175 isolates of GNRs were checked for their activity against E. coli O157:H7. Only 47 isolates inhibited the growth of E. coli O157:H7, among which majority were identified as E. coli. These E. coli strains were found to be the efficient producers of colicin. Some of the closely related species i. e., Citrobacter sp, Pantoea sp. and Kluyvera sp. also showed considerable colicinogenic activity. Moreover, colicinogenic species were found to be nonhaemolytic, tolerant to acidic environment (pH 3) and sensitive to commonly used antibiotics. CONCLUSION Nonhaemolytic, acid tolerant and sensitive to antibiotics suggests the possible use of these circulating endothelial cells (CEC) as inexpensive and inoffensive therapeutic agent (probiotics) in E. coli O157:H7 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Bakht
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Morales M, Attai H, Troy K, Bermudes D. Accumulation of single-stranded DNA in Escherichia coli carrying the colicin plasmid pColE3-CA38. Plasmid 2014; 77:7-16. [PMID: 25450765 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We sequenced the complete 7118 bp circular plasmid pColE3-CA38 (pColE3) from Escherichia coli, located the previously identified colicin components together with two new ORFs that have homology to mobilization and transfer proteins, and found that pColE3 is highly similar to a plasmid present in enterohemorrhagic E. coli O111. We also found that unusual aspects of the plasmid include the inability to be completely digested with restriction endonucleases and asymmetric Phred DNA sequencing quality scores, with significantly lower scores in the forward direction relative to the colicin and immunity proteins consistent with plus (+) strand DNA. Comparing the A260 with picogreen double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) fluorescence and oligreen single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) fluorescence as well as metachromatic staining by acridine orange, we found that the undigested pColE3 DNA stains preferentially as ssDNA and that it coexists with dsDNA. We also identified ssDNA in pColE5 and pColE9 but not in pColE1. Colicin plasmids producing ssDNA may represent a new subclass of rolling-circle replication plasmids and add to the known similarities between colicins and filamentous phage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Morales
- Biology Department, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, United States
| | - Hedieh Attai
- Biology Department, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, United States
| | - Kimberly Troy
- Ellington High School, Ellington, CT 06029, United States
| | - David Bermudes
- Biology Department, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, United States; Interdisciplinary Research Institute for the Sciences (IRIS), California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, United States.
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16
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Sousa MÂB, Farias LDM, Oliveira PLD, Moreira JS, Apolônio ACM, Oliveira JS, Santoro MM, Mendes EN, Magalhães PP. Antagonistic activity expressed by Shigella sonnei: identification of a putative new bacteriocin. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108:724-9. [PMID: 24037194 PMCID: PMC3970690 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276108062013008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriocins are antibacterial, proteinaceous substances that mediate microbial
dynamics. Bacteriocin production is a highly disseminated property among all
major lineages of bacteria, including Shigella. In this paper,
we addressed the purification and characterisation of a bacteriocin produced by
a Shigella sonnei strain (SS9) isolated from a child with acute
diarrhoea. The substance was purified through ammonium-sulphate precipitation
and sequential steps of chromatography. The intracellular fraction obtained at
75% ammonium sulphate maintained activity following exposure to pH values from
1-11 and storage at -80ºC for more than two years and was inactivated by high
temperatures and proteases. The molecular mass of the purified bacteriocin was
determined by mass spectrometry to be 18.56 kDa. The N-terminal sequence of the
bacteriocin did not match any other antibacterial proteins described. A putative
new bacteriocin produced by S. sonnei has been detected. This
bacteriocin may represent a newly described protein or a previously described
protein with a newly detected function. Considering that SS9 expresses
antagonism against other diarrhoeagenic bacteria, the bacteriocin may contribute
to S. sonnei virulence and is potentially applicable to either
preventing or controlling diarrhoeal disease.
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17
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Trivedi D, Jena PK, Seshadri S. Colicin E2 Expression in Lactobacillus brevis DT24, A Vaginal Probiotic Isolate, against Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. ISRN UROLOGY 2014; 2014:869610. [PMID: 24649377 PMCID: PMC3932652 DOI: 10.1155/2014/869610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Novel therapeutic approaches are needed to combat the urinary tract infection in women. During menstruation elevated protein concentration and increase in oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations with decrease in vaginal Lactobacilli all together contribute to urinary tract infections. Lactobacillus species are a predominant member of the vaginal microflora and are critical in the prevention of a number of urogenital diseases. In order to increase antimicrobial potential of vaginal Lactobacilli, bacteriocin colicin E2 which has specific activity against uropathogenic Escherichia coli has been overexpressed in vaginal probiotic Lactobacillus brevis DT24. Recombinant Lactobacillus brevis DT24 expressing colicin E2 showed much higher inhibitory activity against uropathogenic Escherichia coli than wild type L. brevis DT24 in vitro. Efficacy of probiotic Lactobacillus brevis DT24 expressing colicin E2 protein is required for further in vivo evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disha Trivedi
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Prasant Kumar Jena
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Sriram Seshadri
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
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18
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Lücke FK. Utilization of microbes to process and preserve meat. Meat Sci 2012; 56:105-15. [PMID: 22061897 DOI: 10.1016/s0309-1740(00)00029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/1999] [Revised: 02/10/2000] [Accepted: 02/22/2000] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper discusses how, and to what extent, the addition of microorganisms to meats helps to meet the needs of consumers and industry. Lactic acid bacteria adapted to meats improve the safety of fermented sausages by means of acid formation. Using selected strains, the safety of certain non-fermented, perishable meat products may be improved without affecting their shelf life. Certain bacteriocin-forming cultures may reduce the levels of Listeria monocytogenes in some meat products significantly, but their effect on the overall safety of meats is limited by the resistance of Gram-negative bacteria. Data on the effect of microorganisms on the sensory properties of fermented meats are summarized. For bacteria to have a probiotic effect, they need to attain high numbers during fermentation and/or storage of meats. Genetic engineering of cultures may improve certain properties of the strains but benefits to consumers and industry are too small to make them acceptable by consumers and regulatory bodies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- F K Lücke
- Microbiology Laboratory, Fachhochschule, University of Applied Sciences, PO Box 1269, D-36012 Fulda, Germany
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19
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Kudva IT, Griffin RW, Krastins B, Sarracino DA, Calderwood SB, John M. Proteins other than the locus of enterocyte effacement-encoded proteins contribute to Escherichia coli O157:H7 adherence to bovine rectoanal junction stratified squamous epithelial cells. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:103. [PMID: 22691138 PMCID: PMC3420319 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we present evidence that proteins encoded by the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement (LEE), considered critical for Escherichia coli O157 (O157) adherence to follicle-associated epithelial (FAE) cells at the bovine recto-anal junction (RAJ), do not appear to contribute to O157 adherence to squamous epithelial (RSE) cells also constituting this primary site of O157 colonization in cattle. RESULTS Antisera targeting intimin-γ, the primary O157 adhesin, and other essential LEE proteins failed to block O157 adherence to RSE cells, when this pathogen was grown in DMEM, a culture medium that enhances expression of LEE proteins. In addition, RSE adherence of a DMEM-grown-O157 mutant lacking the intimin protein was comparable to that seen with its wild-type parent O157 strain grown in the same media. These adherence patterns were in complete contrast to that observed with HEp-2 cells (the adherence to which is mediated by intimin-γ), assayed under same conditions. This suggested that proteins other than intimin-γ that contribute to adherence to RSE cells are expressed by this pathogen during growth in DMEM. To identify such proteins, we defined the proteome of DMEM-grown-O157 (DMEM-proteome). GeLC-MS/MS revealed that the O157 DMEM-proteome comprised 684 proteins including several components of the cattle and human O157 immunome, orthologs of adhesins, hypothetical secreted and outer membrane proteins, in addition to the known virulence and LEE proteins. Bioinformatics-based analysis of the components of the O157 DMEM proteome revealed several new O157-specific proteins with adhesin potential. CONCLUSION Proteins other than LEE and intimin-γ proteins are involved in O157 adherence to RSE cells at the bovine RAJ. Such proteins, with adhesin potential, are expressed by this human pathogen during growth in DMEM. Ongoing experiments to evaluate their role in RSE adherence should provide both valuable insights into the O157-RSE interactions and new targets for more efficacious anti-adhesion O157 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira T Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, 50010, USA
| | - Robert W Griffin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Bryan Krastins
- Harvard Partners Center for Genetics and Genomics, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
- Present Address: Thermo-Fisher Scientific, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - David A Sarracino
- Harvard Partners Center for Genetics and Genomics, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
- Present Address: Thermo-Fisher Scientific, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Stephen B Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Manohar John
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
- Present Address: Pathovacs Inc., Ames, Iowa, 50010, USA
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20
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Budič M, Rijavec M, Petkovšek Ž, Žgur-Bertok D. Escherichia coli bacteriocins: antimicrobial efficacy and prevalence among isolates from patients with bacteraemia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28769. [PMID: 22205967 PMCID: PMC3242755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides generally active against bacteria closely related to the producer. Escherichia coli produces two types of bacteriocins, colicins and microcins. The in vitro efficacy of isolated colicins E1, E6, E7, K and M, was assessed against Escherichia coli strains from patients with bacteraemia of urinary tract origin. Colicin E7 was most effective, as only 13% of the tested strains were resistant. On the other hand, 32%, 33%, 43% and 53% of the tested strains exhibited resistance to colicins E6, K, M and E1. Moreover, the inhibitory activity of individual colicins E1, E6, E7, K and M and combinations of colicins K, M, E7 and E1, E6, E7, K, M were followed in liquid broth for 24 hours. Resistance against individual colicins developed after 9 hours of treatment. On the contrary, resistance development against the combined action of 5 colicins was not observed. One hundred and five E. coli strains from patients with bacteraemia were screened by PCR for the presence of 5 colicins and 7 microcins. Sixty-six percent of the strains encoded at least one bacteriocin, 43% one or more colicins, and 54% one or more microcins. Microcins were found to co-occur with toxins, siderophores, adhesins and with the Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing protein involved in suppression of innate immunity, and were significantly more prevalent among strains from non-immunocompromised patients. In addition, microcins were highly prevalent among non-multidrug-resistant strains compared to multidrug-resistant strains. Our results indicate that microcins contribute to virulence of E. coli instigating bacteraemia of urinary tract origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruška Budič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matija Rijavec
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Živa Petkovšek
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darja Žgur-Bertok
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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21
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Liu SM, Miller DM, Roberts RF. Cloning of genes encoding colicin E2 in Lactococcus lactis subspecies lactis and evaluation of the colicin-producing transformants as inhibitors of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during milk fermentation. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:1146-54. [PMID: 21338780 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Colicin E2 (ColE2) is a proteinaceous bacterial toxin produced by some strains of Escherichia coli and other members of the Enterobacteriaceae that exhibits inhibitory activity against some strains of E. coli O157:H7. A 2.0-kb DNA fragment, containing the ColE2 structural gene ceaB and immunity gene ceiB from E. coli NCTC 50133 (pColE2-P9), was cloned into the lactococcal plasmid vector pNZ2103. The lysis gene, celB, was not cloned. The plasmid, pLR-E2, encoding the cloned genes was transformed into E. coli DH5α and Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis LM0230 and PN-1 using electroporation. The bacteriocin ColE2 was expressed in transformants of both E. coli and L. lactis ssp. lactis. Secretion of ColE2 into media was verified by spot-on-lawn assays and measurement of ColE2 activity in the growth medium of transformants. The level of ColE2 produced by transformants containing pLR-E2 was similar to that produced by the parental strain, E. coli NCTC 50133 (pColE2-P9). Evaluation of a ColE2-producing transformant of L. lactis ssp. lactis as a starter culture revealed that, although ColE2 was produced by transformants and could be detected in milk during fermentation, the inhibitory activity of ColE2 against E. coli O157:H7 was significantly decreased in milk compared with buffered growth medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Liu
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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22
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Sousa MAB, Mendes EN, Apolônio ACM, Farias LDM, Magalhães PP. Bacteriocin production by Shigella sonnei isolated from faeces of children with acute diarrhoea. APMIS 2010; 118:125-35. [PMID: 20132176 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2009.02570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Shigella is a common agent of diarrhoea, a worldwide major health problem. The bacterium produces bacteriocins; however, the role of these substances as a virulence factor is completely unknown. With the aim to search for colicin production by Shigella sonnei, to evaluate the influence of culture conditions on bacteriocin expression, and to characterize the substance partially, 16 S. sonnei strains isolated from children with diarrhoea were tested for antagonism against members of the intestinal microbiota or agents of diarrhoea. Nine strains exhibited isoantagonism and heteroantagonism against S. flexneri and diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli. Autoantagonism and antagonism against the intestinal microbiota were not detected. Culture medium and incubation conditions influenced antagonism expression. Antagonism resulting from bacteriophages, low pH, fatty acids, hydrogen peroxide, and chloroform was excluded. The activity of the intracellular fraction obtained with 75% ammonium sulphate was preserved at pH 1.0-11.0, and was found to be reduced by organic solvents and affected by high temperatures and proteases. The antagonistic spectrum and the in vitro conditions for better antagonism expression suggest that the role of colicin in S. sonnei virulence, if any, would be expressed prior to infection, and may regulate population density of enteropathogens by helping in organism transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Angela Bernardes Sousa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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23
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Zihler A, Le Blay G, de Wouters T, Lacroix C, Braegger C, Lehner A, Tischler P, Rattei T, Hächler H, Stephan R. In vitroinhibition activity of different bacteriocin-producingEscherichia coliagainstSalmonellastrains isolated from clinical cases. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 49:31-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Fox JT, Drouillard JS, Nagaraja T. Competitive ExclusionEscherichia coliCultures onE. coliO157 Growth in Batch Culture Ruminal or Fecal Microbial Fermentation. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:193-9. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James Trent Fox
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - James S. Drouillard
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - T.G. Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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25
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Gillor O, Etzion A, Riley MA. The dual role of bacteriocins as anti- and probiotics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 81:591-606. [PMID: 18853155 PMCID: PMC2670069 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1726-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria employed in probiotic applications help to maintain or restore a host's natural microbial floral. The ability of probiotic bacteria to successfully outcompete undesired species is often due to, or enhanced by, the production of potent antimicrobial toxins. The most commonly encountered of these are bacteriocins, a large and functionally diverse family of antimicrobials found in all major lineages of Bacteria. Recent studies reveal that these proteinaceous toxins play a critical role in mediating competitive dynamics between bacterial strains and closely related species. The potential use of bacteriocin-producing strains as probiotic and bioprotective agents has recently received increased attention. This review will report on recent efforts involving the use of such strains, with a particular focus on emerging probiotic therapies for humans, livestock, and aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Gillor
- Department of Environmental Hydrology & Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker Campus, Beersheba 84990, Israel
| | - A. Etzion
- Department of Dryland Biotechnologies, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker Campus, Beersheba 84990, Israel
| | - M. A. Riley
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA, e-mail:
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26
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Henderson H. Direct and indirect zoonotic transmission of Shiga toxin–producingEscherichia coli. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 232:848-59. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.232.6.848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Momose Y, Hirayama K, Itoh K. Competition for proline between indigenous Escherichia coli and E. coli O157:H7 in gnotobiotic mice associated with infant intestinal microbiota and its contribution to the colonization resistance against E. coli O157:H7. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2008; 94:165-71. [PMID: 18247153 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-008-9222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we produced two groups of gnotobiotic mice, GB-3 and GB-4, which showed different responses to Escherichia coli O157:H7 challenge. E. coli O157:H7 was eliminated from GB-3, whereas GB-4 mice became carriers. It has been reported that the lag time of E. coli O157:H7 growth in 50% GB-3 caecal suspension was extended when compared to GB-4 caecal suspension. In this study, competition for nutrients between intestinal microbiota of GB-3 and GB-4 mice and E. coli O157:H7 was examined. Amino acid concentrations in the caecal contents of GB-3 and GB-4 differed, especially the concentration of proline. The supplementation of proline into GB-3 caecal suspension decreased the lag time of E. coli O157:H7 growth in vitro. When E. coli O157:H7 was cultured with each of the strains used to produce GB-3 mice in vitro, 2 strains of E. coli (proline consumers) out of 5 enterobacteriaceae strains strongly suppressed E. coli O157:H7 growth and the suppression was attenuated by the addition of proline into the medium. These results indicate that competition for proline with indigenous E. coli affected the growth of E. coli O157:H7 in vivo and may contribute to E. coli O157:H7 elimination from the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshika Momose
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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28
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Enhancement of Shiga toxin production in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 by DNase colicins. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:7582-8. [PMID: 17933918 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01326-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colicins are proteins produced by and active against several strains of Escherichia coli. Previously we reported that colicinogenic bacteria seemed beneficial in preventing the clinical manifestations of infectious disease caused by enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157 in humans. The inhibitory effects could be due to a decrease in O157 levels and/or pathogenicity. This study investigated the effects of colicinogenic E. coli on the production of Shiga toxin (Stx) by O157. Standard strains of colicinogenic bacteria carrying plasmids for each type of colicin (E3/5/8/9) were used for the study. The O157 strains were cultured in the presence of colicinogenic bacteria or extracted colicins. Compared with results for controls, DNase colicins (E8/9) facilitated an 8- to 64-fold increase in production of Stx2, while RNase colicins (E3/5) suppressed Stx production in only two strains. Stx prophages were induced in synchrony with Stx production. Semiquantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) was then performed to examine SOS gene expression. The RT-PCR results clearly indicated a marked increase in mRNA levels of SOS reaction-associated genes after the addition of DNase colicins. We believe that Stx prophages are induced by the SOS response to DNA damage caused by DNase colicins, thus leading to higher Stx production. These findings suggest that while colicinogenic bacteria can be antagonistic to O157 infection, DNase colicins may enhance Stx production. Thus, colicinogenic flora is likely to be involved in the complex pathogenic pathways of O157 infection, and further investigation should be performed before the use of colicinogenic bacteria as an intervention method.
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29
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Cutler SA, Lonergan SM, Cornick N, Johnson AK, Stahl CH. Dietary inclusion of colicin e1 is effective in preventing postweaning diarrhea caused by F18-positive Escherichia coli in pigs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:3830-5. [PMID: 17724148 PMCID: PMC2151407 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00360-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With worldwide concern over the use of antibiotics in animal agriculture and their contribution to the spread of antibiotic resistance, alternatives to conventional antibiotics are needed. Previous research in our laboratories has shown that colicin E1 is effective against some Escherichia coli strains responsible for postweaning diarrhea (PWD) in vitro. In this study we examined the efficacy of the dietary inclusion of colicin E1 in preventing experimentally induced PWD caused by F18-positive enterotoxigenic E. coli in young pigs. Twenty-four weaned pigs (23 days of age), identified by genotyping to be susceptible to F18-positive E. coli infections, were individually housed and fed diets containing 0, 11, or 16.5 mg colicin E1/kg diet. Two days after the start of the trial, all animals were orally inoculated with 1 x 10(9) CFU of each of two F18-positive E. coli strains isolated from pigs with PWD. The dietary inclusion of colicin E1 decreased the incidence and severity of PWD caused by F18-positive enterotoxigenic E. coli and improved the growth performance of the piglets. Additionally, the reduced incidence of PWD due to dietary colicin E1, lowered the levels of expression of the genes for interleukin 1beta and tumor necrosis factor beta in ileal tissues from these animals. The dietary inclusion of colicin E1 may be an effective alternative to conventional antibiotics in the diets of weaning pigs for the prevention of PWD caused by F18-positive enterotoxigenic E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Cutler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
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30
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Rijavec M, Budic M, Mrak P, Müller-Premru M, Podlesek Z, Zgur-Bertok D. Prevalence of ColE1-like plasmids and colicin K production among uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains and quantification of inhibitory activity of colicin K. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 73:1029-32. [PMID: 17122402 PMCID: PMC1800769 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01780-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colicin K exhibited pronounced inhibitory activity against uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains. Low prevalence of colicin K production and a relatively high prevalence of ColE1-like plasmids were determined among 215 UPEC strains from Slovenia. Sequencing of the colicin K-encoding pColK-K235 revealed a mosaic structure and the presence of the insertion sequence IS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matija Rijavec
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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31
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Etcheverría AI, Arroyo GH, Perdigón G, Parma AE. Escherichia coli with anti-O157:H7 activity isolated from bovine colon. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 100:384-9. [PMID: 16430515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02779.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To isolate bacteria from bovine gastrointestinal tract and investigate their inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli O157:H7 in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 2400 bacterial colonies were isolated from cattle colonic mucous membrane. Thirteen strains demonstrated the ability to inhibit the growth of E. coli O157:H7. From these, seven were screened for the presence of virulence factors as: stx(1), stx(2), ehxA, eae, st1a and lt1 by polymerase chain reaction. The selected bacteriocin-producing bacteria showed susceptibility to most of the antibiotics used. CONCLUSIONS The strains of E. coli isolated, which exhibit inhibitory activity on E. coli O157:H7 growth by the production of inhibitory substances, may be useful in the control of this pathogen in reservoirs. An important characteristic of these strains was the absence of any of the virulence factors assayed and the susceptibility to most of the antibiotics used for Gram-negative bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These microorganisms might be used as probiotic bacteria to reduce the carriage of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle, thus limiting the contamination of carcasses at slaughter and subsequently the contamination of foods and the transfer of this pathogen to man.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Etcheverría
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología. Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Fac. Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA Tandil, Argentina
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Carraturo A, Raieta K, Ottaviani D, Russo GL. Inhibition of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) produced by Vibrio mediterranei 1. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 101:234-41. [PMID: 16834611 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this research was to identify and partially purify new bacteriocin-like substances from strains of halophilic 'non-cholera' vibrios isolated from food sources. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty-five halophilic Vibrio spp. strains were screened for antimicrobial production. Vibrio mediterranei 1, a nonpathogenic strain, showed antimicrobial activity towards Vibrio parahaemolyticus spp. and related species. The bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS), released by the bacteria into growth media, was concentrated by ultrafiltration and characterized. BLIS was sensitive to proteinase K, was stable in the pH range 5-9, was resistant to organic solvents and was heat stable up to 75 degrees C. Initial purification of BLIS by size exclusion chromatography showed an apparent molecular mass of 63-65 kDa. CONCLUSIONS This study reports the ability of V. mediterranei 1 to produce a bacteriocin-like substance inhibiting growth of V. parahaemolyticus spp. and other closely related bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The strong activity of BLIS towards the human and fish pathogen V. parahaemolyticus and the persistence of antimicrobial properties under a variety of different conditions suggest its potential application in food microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carraturo
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Avellino, Italy
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33
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Murinda SE, Oliver SP. Physiologic and molecular markers for detection of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serotype O26 strains. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2006; 3:163-77. [PMID: 16761942 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2006.3.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of physiologic/phenotypic and genetic variation of Escherichia coli O157 and its tight clonality was the basis for development of successful detection protocols for Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) O157:H7/H. Phenotypic and genetic characteristics of diarrheagenic E. coli O26 isolates from different geographical regions may differ as indicated by representative reports from all continents. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on STEC O26, a pathogen whose emergence predates that of other STEC, including O157:H7/H-. The overall objectives are to integrate information available from peer-reviewed literature on the clinical and public health significance of STEC O26 worldwide, and to highlight phenotypic and genetic markers that could be used for routine detection of this pathogen. Our ultimate goal is to render information that will allow quick, accurate, and specific detection of STEC O26 genotypic variants worldwide, so as to aid with control of this pathogen. The information herein will be invaluable to a variety of scientists that include epidemiologists and microbiologists (medical, veterinary, food, and environmental) with interest in STEC O26--a zoonotic and emerging foodborne pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelton E Murinda
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, 3801West Temple Ave., Pomona, California 91768, USA.
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TOSHIMA H, HACHIO M, IKEMOTO Y, OGASAWARA J, HASE A, TAKAHASHI K, MASAKI H, NISHIKAWA Y. Prevalence of enteric bacteria that inhibit growth of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 in humans. Epidemiol Infect 2006; 135:110-7. [PMID: 16740195 PMCID: PMC2870543 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268806006510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 (O157) is infectious to humans, particularly children, at very low doses and causes not only haemorrhagic colitis but also other serious symptoms. To investigate an association between intestinal bacterial flora and resistance to such infections, we screened faecal samples for the presence of enteric bacteria that are able to suppress the growth of O157. Samples from 303 individuals, 35 children (aged < or =6 years) and 268 adults (aged 20-59 years), were examined. Colonies with different appearances on sorbitol MacConkey agar medium were screened for the production of bacteriocins inhibitory for O157 in an overlay agar plate assay. O157-inhibiting strains were isolated from 52 individuals. The prevalence of these bacteria tended to rise with age, and was significantly higher among 40- to 59-year-old adults (23/101, 22.8%) than among children (3/35, 8.6%; P<0.05). To test the hypothesis that these bacteriocin-producing strains contribute to resistance against O157 in human adults, we examined faecal samples of 25 healthy O157 carriers. Inhibitory bacteria were more prevalent among the latter (9/25, 36.0%) than among age-matched subjects who did not carry O157 (49/268, 18.3%). It appears, therefore, that inhibitory bacteria in the human gut may play a role in inhibiting propagation of O157 and/or suppressing expression of virulence factors by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. TOSHIMA
- Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Japan
| | - M. HACHIO
- Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Japan
| | - Y. IKEMOTO
- Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Japan
| | - J. OGASAWARA
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Japan
| | - A. HASE
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Japan
| | | | - H. MASAKI
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y. NISHIKAWA
- Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Japan
- Author for correspondence: Professor Y. Nishikawa, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, 558-8585, Japan. ()
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35
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Lema M, Nahashon S. Effect of antibiotic-supplemented feed on fecal enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 population in lambs. Small Rumin Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Schamberger GP, Diez-Gonzalez F. Assessment of resistance to colicinogenic Escherichia coli by E. coli O157:H7 strains. J Appl Microbiol 2005; 98:245-52. [PMID: 15610438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess a collection of 96 Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains for their resistance potential against a set of colicinogenic E. coli developed as a probiotic for use in cattle. METHODS AND RESULTS Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains were screened for colicin production, types of colicins produced, presence of colicin resistance and potential for resistance development. Thirteen of 14 previously characterized colicinogenic E. coli strains were able to inhibit 74 serotype O157:H7 strains. Thirteen E. coli O157:H7 strains were found to be colicinogenic and 11 had colicin D genes. PCR products for colicins B, E-type, Ia/Ib and M were also detected. During in vitro experiments, the ability to develop colicin resistance against single-colicin producing E. coli strains was observed, but rarely against multiple-colicinogenic strains. The ability of serotype O157:H7 strains to acquire colicin plasmids or resistance was not observed during a cattle experiment. CONCLUSIONS Escherichia coli O157:H7 has the potential to develop single-colicin resistance, but simultaneous resistance against multiple colicins appears to be unlikely. Colicin D is the predominant colicin produced by colicinogenic E. coli O157:H7 strains. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The potential for resistance development against colicin-based strategies for E. coli O157:H7 control may be very limited if more than one colicin type is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Schamberger
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
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Durso LM, Smith D, Hutkins RW. Measurements of fitness and competition in commensal Escherichia coli and E. coli O157:H7 strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 70:6466-72. [PMID: 15528507 PMCID: PMC525243 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.11.6466-6472.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the main reservoirs for pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 are cattle and the cattle environment, factors that affect its tenure in the bovine host and its survival outside humans and cattle have not been well studied. It is also not understood what physiological properties, if any, distinguish these pathogens from commensal counterparts that live as normal members of the human and bovine gastrointestinal tracts. To address these questions, individual and competitive fitness experiments, indirect antagonism assays, and antibiotic resistance and carbon utilization analyses were conducted using a strain set consisting of 122 commensal and pathogenic strains. The individual fitness experiments, under four different environments (rich medium, aerobic and anaerobic; rumen medium, anaerobic; and a minimal medium, aerobic) revealed no differences in growth rates between commensal E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 strains. Indirect antagonism assays revealed that E. coli O157:H7 strains more frequently produced inhibitory substances than commensal strains did, under the conditions tested, although both groups displayed moderate sensitivity. Only minor differences were noted in the antibiotic resistance patterns of the two groups. In contrast, several differences between commensal and O157:H7 groups were observed based on their carbon utilization profiles. Of 95 carbon sources tested, 27 were oxidized by commensal E. coli strains but not by the E. coli O157:H7 strains. Despite the observed physiological and biochemical differences between these two groups of E. coli strains, however, the O157:H7 strains did not appear to possess traits that would confer advantages in the bovine or extraintestinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Durso
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0919, USA
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Vanselow BA, Krause DO, McSweeney CS. The Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, their ruminant hosts, and potential on-farm interventions: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1071/ar04129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 as a major human pathogen over the last 2 decades has focused attention on this organism’s ruminant hosts. Despite implementation of conventional control methods, people continue to become seriously ill from contaminated meat or other food products, manure-contaminated drinking and recreational water, and direct contact with ruminants. E. coli O157:H7 can cause life-threatening disease, and is a particular threat to children, through acute and chronic kidney damage. Compared with other food-borne bacteria, E. coli O157:H7 has a remarkably low infectious dose and is environmentally robust. Cattle are largely unaffected by this organism and have been identified as the major source of E. coli O157:H7 entering the human food chain. Other Shiga toxin-producing E. coli can be pathogenic to humans and there is increasing evidence that their significance has been underestimated. Governments around the world have acted to tighten food safety regulations, and to investigate animal sources and on-farm control of this and related organisms. Potential intervention strategies on-farm include: feed and water hygiene, altered feeding regimes, specific E. coli vaccines, antibacterials, antibiotics, probiotics, and biological agents or products such as bacteriophages, bacteriocins, or colicins.
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Callaway TR, Stahl CH, Edrington TS, Genovese KJ, Lincoln LM, Anderson RC, Lonergan SM, Poole TL, Harvey RB, Nisbet DJ. Colicin concentrations inhibit growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in vitro. J Food Prot 2004; 67:2603-7. [PMID: 15553648 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-67.11.2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a virulent foodborne pathogen that causes severe human illness and inhabits the intestinal tract of food animals. Colicins are antimicrobial proteins produced by E. coli strains that inhibit or kill other E. coli. In the present Study, the efficacy of three pore-forming colicins (El, N, and A) were quantified in vitro against E. coli O157:H7 strains 86-24 and 933. Colicins E1 and N reduced the growth of E. coli O157:H7 strains, but the efficacy of each colicin varied among strains. Colicin E1 was more effective against both strains of E. coli O157:H7 than colicins A and N and reduced (P < 0.05) populations of E. coli O157:H7 at concentrations <0.1 microg/ml. These potent antimicrobial proteins may potentially provide an effective and environmentally sound preharvest strategy to reduce E. coli O157:H7 in food animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Callaway
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.
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40
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Gillor O, Kirkup BC, Riley MA. Colicins and microcins: the next generation antimicrobials. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2004; 54:129-46. [PMID: 15251279 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(04)54005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Gillor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8106, USA
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41
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Stahl CH, Callaway TR, Lincoln LM, Lonergan SM, Genovese KJ. Inhibitory activities of colicins against Escherichia coli strains responsible for postweaning diarrhea and edema disease in swine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:3119-21. [PMID: 15273129 PMCID: PMC478498 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.8.3119-3121.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacies of colicins E1 and N against Escherichia coli strains responsible for postweaning diarrhea and edema disease, two of the most prevalent disease problems for pigs in the United States, were determined in vitro. These proteins may provide an environmentally sound means for the prevention of these infections in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad H Stahl
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
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42
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Pons AM, Delalande F, Duarte M, Benoit S, Lanneluc I, Sablé S, Van Dorsselaer A, Cottenceau G. Genetic analysis and complete primary structure of microcin L. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:505-13. [PMID: 14742202 PMCID: PMC321509 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.2.505-513.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli LR05, in addition to producing MccB17, J25, and D93, secretes microcin L, a newly discovered microcin that exhibits strong antibacterial activity against related Enterobacteriaceae, including Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis. Microcin L was purified using a two-step procedure including solid-phase extraction and reverse-phase C(18) high-performance liquid chromatography. A 4,901-bp region of the DNA plasmid of E. coli LR05 was sequenced revealing that the microcin L cluster consists of four genes, mclC, mclI, mclA, and mclB. The structural gene mclC encoded a 105-amino-acid precursor with a 15-amino-acid N-terminal extension ending with a Gly-Ala motif upstream of the cleavage site. This motif is typical of the class II microcins and other gram-positive bacteriocins exported by ABC transporters. The mclI immunity gene was identified upstream of the mclC gene and encodes a 51-amino-acid protein with two potential transmembrane domains. Located on the reverse strand, two genes, mclA and mclB, encoded the proteins MclA and MclB, respectively. They bear strong relatedness with the ABC transporter proteins and accessory factors involved in the secretion of microcins H47, V, E492, and 24. The microcin L genetic system resembles the genetic organization of MccV. Furthermore the MccL primary structure has been determined. It is a 90-amino-acid peptide of 8,884 Da with two disulfide bridges. The N-terminal region has significant homologies with several gram-positive bacteriocins. The C-terminal 32-amino-acid sequence is 87.5% identical to that of MccV. Together, these results strongly indicate that microcin L is a gram-negative class II microcin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Pons
- Laboratoire de Génie Protéique et Cellulaire, Pôle Sciences, Université de La Rochelle, 17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France.
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43
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Schamberger GP, Diez-Gonzalez F. Characterization of colicinogenic Escherichia coli strains inhibitory to enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. J Food Prot 2004; 67:486-92. [PMID: 15035362 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-67.3.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A previously identified set of anti-Escherichia coli O157:H7 colicinogenic E. coli were characterized to assess the suitability of these isolates as a preharvest food safety intervention in cattle. This collection of 23 E. coli strains were screened for virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, type of colicin(s) present, and their ability to inhibit other pathogenic E. coli. With the use of PCR, pathogen genes were detected in six of the 23 colicinogenic E. coli. When the nonpathogenic strains were assessed for antibiotic resistance, four strains showed resistance to at least one antibiotic. The remaining set of 14 strains were evaluated for the presence of previously identified colicins. Seven colicins (B, El, E2/E7, E7, Ia/Ib, K, and M) were detected. One half of the strains possessed multiple types of colicins. The most commonly detected colicins were B, E2/E7, and M, which were found in six strains each. DNA sequencing was also performed in order to classify the E2/E7 colicins separately from E7 colicins. The 14 colicinogenic E. coli also were evaluated for their ability to inhibit 10 different non-O157 pathogenic E. coli. Six of the colicinogenic E. coli were capable of inhibiting all 10 pathogens, and the remaining eight strains could each inhibit between six to eight of the pathogenic E. coli. This strain collection has great potential for inhibiting E. coli O157:H7 in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry P Schamberger
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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Murinda SE, Rashid KA, Roberts RF. In vitro assessment of the cytotoxicity of nisin, pediocin, and selected colicins on simian virus 40-transfected human colon and Vero monkey kidney cells with trypan blue staining viability assays. J Food Prot 2003; 66:847-53. [PMID: 12747695 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-66.5.847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gram-positive bacterial bacteriocins (nisin and pediocin) and gram-negative bacterial bacteriocins (colicins [Col] E1, E3, E6, E7, and K) were evaluated for cytotoxicity against cultured simian virus 40-transfected human colon (SV40-HC) and Vero monkey kidney (Vero) cells. Bacteriocin-treated cells were assessed for viability by trypan blue staining. Monolayers of SV40-HC and Vero cells were cultured in tissue culture plates (35 degrees C, 10% CO2 in humidified air) with the use of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% (vol/vol) calf serum. Actively growing cells in the log phase (ca. 10(4) cells per ml) were treated with individual partially purified bacteriocin preparations at 170, 350, and 700 activity units per ml. Duplicate culture plates for each bacteriocin treatment and untreated controls were withdrawn after 16, 32, and 48 h of incubation. Cells were dissociated with trypsin and treated with trypan blue and were then counted in a hemocytometer with the use of a phase-contrast microscope. Viability assays indicated dose-dependent toxicity for some bacteriocins. Nisin, pediocin, and Col E6 were the most cytotoxic bacteriocins; SV40-HC cells demonstrated greater sensitivity than Vero cells did. Some bacteriocins can be toxic to mammalian cells; therefore, bacteriocins intended for use as biopreservatives must be evaluated for toxicity to mammalian cells and for other toxicities. Col E1, Col E3, Col E7, and Col K demonstrated little toxicity at the activities tested, indicating that they are safe and thus have potential for use as food biopreservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Murinda
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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45
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Stevens MP, van Diemen PM, Dziva F, Jones PW, Wallis TS. Options for the control of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli in ruminants. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2002; 148:3767-3778. [PMID: 12480881 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-148-12-3767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Stevens
- Division of Environmental Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury RG20 7NN, UK1
| | - Pauline M van Diemen
- Division of Environmental Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury RG20 7NN, UK1
| | - Francis Dziva
- Division of Environmental Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury RG20 7NN, UK1
| | - Philip W Jones
- Division of Environmental Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury RG20 7NN, UK1
| | - Timothy S Wallis
- Division of Environmental Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury RG20 7NN, UK1
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46
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Current and future technologies for the decontamination of carcasses and fresh meat. Meat Sci 2002; 62:285-94. [DOI: 10.1016/s0309-1740(02)00120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2002] [Revised: 04/30/2002] [Accepted: 05/05/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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47
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Schamberger GP, Diez-Gonzalez F. Selection of recently isolated colicinogenic Escherichia coli strains inhibitory to Escherichia coli O157:H7. J Food Prot 2002; 65:1381-7. [PMID: 12233846 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-65.9.1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli strains were screened for their ability to inhibit E. coli O157:H7. An initial evaluation of 18 strains carrying previously characterized colicins determined that only colicin E7 inhibited all of the E. coli O157:H7 strains tested. A total of 540 strains that had recently been isolated from humans and nine different animal species (cats, cattle, chickens, deer, dogs, ducks, horses, pigs, and sheep) were tested by a flip-plating technique. Approximately 38% of these strains were found to inhibit noncolicinogenic E. coli K12 strains. The percentage of potentially colicinogenic E. coli per animal species ranged from 14% for horse isolates to 64% for sheep strains. Those isolates that inhibited E. coli K12 were screened against E. coli O157:H7, and 42 strains were found to be capable of inhibiting all 22 pathogenic strains tested. None of these 42 strains produced bacteriophages, and only 24 isolates inhibited serotype O157:H7 in liquid culture. The inhibitory activity of these strains was completely eliminated by treatment with proteinase K. When mixtures of these 24 colicinogenic strains were grown in anaerobic continuous culture, the four-strain E. coli O157:H7 population was reduced at a rate of 0.25 log10 cells per ml per h, which was fivefold faster than the washout rate. Two strains originally isolated from cat feces (F16) and human feces (H30) were identified by repetitive sequences polymerase chain reaction as the predominant isolates in continuous cultures. The results of this work indicate that animal species other than cattle can be sources of anti-O157 colicinogenic strains, and these results also lead to the identification of at least two isolates that could potentially be used in preharvest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry P Schamberger
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
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48
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Lema M, Williams L, Walker L, Rao D. Effect of dietary fiber on E. coli O157:H7 shedding in lambs. Small Rumin Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4488(02)00010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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49
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Jordi BJ, Boutaga K, van Heeswijk CM, van Knapen F, Lipman LJ. Sensitivity of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains for colicins under different experimental conditions. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001; 204:329-34. [PMID: 11731144 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty Escherichia coli strains producing well-characterised colicins were tested for their inhibitory activity against five Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) strains using different media under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The five STEC strains used were of serotype O26, O111, O128, O145 and O157:H7 which are frequently isolated serotypes associated with disease in humans. The main route of infection for humans is through the eating of badly cooked or handled beef. The major reservoir for STEC strains in cattle is the rumen. To mimic the situation in the rumen of cattle, overlay assays were also performed under anaerobic conditions in the presence of 30% rumen fluid. Colicins E1, E4, E8-J, K and S4 are most active against STEC strains under anaerobic conditions in the absence or presence of rumen fluid. These colicins will be used in future experiments with the aim to eradicate the presence of STEC in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Jordi
- Bacteriology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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McWilliam Leitch EC, Duncan SH, Stanley KN, Stewart CS. Dietary effects on the microbiological safety of food. Proc Nutr Soc 2001; 60:247-55. [PMID: 11681640 DOI: 10.1079/pns200078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The high mortality rate associated with human infections caused by Escherichia coli strains of the serotype O157:H7 has brought to public attention the importance of ruminants as reservoirs of food-borne pathogens. In addition to established examples such as salmonella, campylobacter and listeria, recent evidence is emerging of the role of food in the transmission of Helicobacter pylori and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Food-borne pathogens harboured by ruminants are spread through shedding in the faeces and subsequent faecal contamination of raw food. Ruminant shedding appears to be affected by diet and, of particular concern, may be increased during fasting regimens imposed during transport to the slaughterhouse. The survival of food-borne pathogens in the ruminant gut is affected by many factors including microbe-microbe interactions, interactions involving plant metabolites and the presence of inhibitory end-product metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids. The potential importance of digesta flow and bacterial detachment in shedding of food-borne pathogens is discussed. Experimental procedures with dangerous pathogens have constraints, particularly in animal experimentation. This situation may be overcome by the use of rumen-simulating fermentors. One such system which, like the natural rumen, has a different turnover rate for solid and liquid digesta, was found to maintain rumen-like variables over an 11 d period. This system may prove useful for the study of dietary effects on food-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C McWilliam Leitch
- Gut Microbiology and Immunology Division, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK.
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