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Ednacot EMQ, Nabhani A, Dinh DM, Morehouse BR. Pharmacological potential of cyclic nucleotide signaling in immunity. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 258:108653. [PMID: 38679204 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotides are important signaling molecules that play many critical physiological roles including controlling cell fate and development, regulation of metabolic processes, and responding to changes in the environment. Cyclic nucleotides are also pivotal regulators in immune signaling, orchestrating intricate processes that maintain homeostasis and defend against pathogenic threats. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the pharmacological potential of cyclic nucleotide signaling pathways within the realm of immunity. Beginning with an overview of the fundamental roles of cAMP and cGMP as ubiquitous second messengers, this review delves into the complexities of their involvement in immune responses. Special attention is given to the challenges associated with modulating these signaling pathways for therapeutic purposes, emphasizing the necessity for achieving cell-type specificity to avert unintended consequences. A major focus of the review is on the recent paradigm-shifting discoveries regarding specialized cyclic nucleotide signals in the innate immune system, notably the cGAS-STING pathway. The significance of cyclic dinucleotides, exemplified by 2'3'-cGAMP, in controlling immune responses against pathogens and cancer, is explored. The evolutionarily conserved nature of cyclic dinucleotides as antiviral agents, spanning across diverse organisms, underscores their potential as targets for innovative immunotherapies. Findings from the last several years have revealed a striking diversity of novel bacterial cyclic nucleotide second messengers which are involved in antiviral responses. Knowledge of the existence and precise identity of these molecules coupled with accurate descriptions of their associated immune defense pathways will be essential to the future development of novel antibacterial therapeutic strategies. The insights presented herein may help researchers navigate the evolving landscape of immunopharmacology as it pertains to cyclic nucleotides and point toward new avenues or lines of thinking about development of therapeutics against the pathways they regulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirene Marie Q Ednacot
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ali Nabhani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - David M Dinh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Benjamin R Morehouse
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Khan F, Jeong GJ, Tabassum N, Kim YM. Functional diversity of c-di-GMP receptors in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:259. [PMID: 37749602 PMCID: PMC10519070 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic bis-(3', 5')-dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is ubiquitous in many bacterial species, where it functions as a nucleotide-based secondary messenger and is a vital regulator of numerous biological processes. Due to its ubiquity, most bacterial species possess a wide range of downstream receptors that has a binding affinity to c-di-GMP and elicit output responses. In eukaryotes, several enzymes and riboswitches operate as receptors that interact with c-di-GMP and transduce cellular or environmental signals. This review examines the functional variety of receptors in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems that exhibit distinct biological responses after interacting with c-di-GMP. Evolutionary relationships and similarities in distance among the c-di-GMP receptors in various bacterial species were evaluated to understand their specificities. Furthermore, residues of receptors involved in c-di-GMP binding are summarized. This review facilitates the understanding of how distinct receptors from different origins bind c-di-GMP equally well, yet fulfill diverse biological roles at the interspecies, intraspecies, and interkingdom levels. Furthermore, it also highlights c-di-GMP receptors as potential therapeutic targets, particularly those found in pathogenic microorganisms. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlurrahman Khan
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geum-Jae Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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Fodah RA, Scott JB, Warawa JM. Direct monitoring of meropenem therapeutic efficacy against Klebsiella pneumoniae respiratory infection by bioluminescence imaging. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 37252851 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a major threat to public health worldwide. It is the causative agent for multiple disease presentations including urinary tract infection, septicemia, liver abscess, wound infection and respiratory tract infection. K. pneumoniae causes community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia, which is a devastating disease associated with high mortality rates.Hypothesis. There is a growing concern about the emergence of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae strains complicating the treatment with the current available therapeutics; therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of new antimicrobial agents.Aim. K. pneumoniae causes an acute respiratory disease in mice and in the current work we investigated the capability to perform non-invasive monitoring of bioluminescent Klebsiella to monitor therapeutic efficacy.Methodology. We engineered a bioluminescence reporter strain of K. pneumoniae to monitor the impact of antibiotics in a murine respiratory disease model.Results. We demonstrate that bioluminescence correlates with bacterial numbers in host tissues allowing for a non-invasive enumeration of bacterial replication in vivo. Light production is directly linked to bacterial viability, and this novel bioluminescent K. pneumoniae strain enabled monitoring of the efficacy of meropenem therapy in arresting bacterial proliferation in the lung.Conclusion. The use of non-invasive bioluminescent imaging improves preclinical animal model testing to detect study outcome earlier and with higher sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy A Fodah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Present address: King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jacob B Scott
- Dental School, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jonathan M Warawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA
- Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA
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Ranjbarian P, Sobhi Amjad Z, Chegene Lorestani R, Shojaeian A, Rostamian M. Klebsiella pneumoniae vaccine studies in animal models. Biologicals 2023; 82:101678. [PMID: 37126906 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2023.101678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae is faced with challenges demanding the development of a vaccination strategy. However, no approved and globally available vaccine exists yet. This study aimed to systematically review all published data on K. pneumoniae vaccines in animal models. Without time restrictions, electronic databases were searched using appropriate keywords. The retrieved studies were screened and the data of those that matched our inclusion criteria were collected and analyzed. In total, 2027 records were retrieved; of which 35 studies were included for systematic review. The most frequently used animal model was BALB/c mice. Proteins, polysaccharides, and their combinations (conjugates) were the most common vaccine candidates used. The amount of antigen, the route used for immunization, and the challenge strategy was varying in the studies and were chosen based on several factors such as the animal model, the type of antigen, and the schedule of immunization. Almost all studies claimed that their vaccine was effective/protective, indicated by increasing survival rate, reducing organ bacterial load, and eliciting protective antibody and/or cytokine responses. Altogether, the information presented here will assist researchers to have a better look at the K. pneumoniae vaccine candidates and to take more effective steps in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parivash Ranjbarian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zahra Sobhi Amjad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Roya Chegene Lorestani
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Shojaeian
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mosayeb Rostamian
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Gao S, Khan A, Chen X, Xiao G, van der Veen S, Chen Y, Lin X. Cyclic-di-GMP stimulates keratinocyte innate immune responses and attenuates methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in a murine skin wound infection model. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:176. [PMID: 35804301 PMCID: PMC9264594 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause for morbidity and mortality associated with skin and burn wound infections. Therapeutic options for methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) have dwindled and therefore alternative treatments are urgently needed. In this study, the immuno-stimulating and anti-MRSA effects of cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), a uniquely bacterial second messenger and immuno-modulator, were investigated in HaCaT human epidermal keratinocytes and a murine skin wound infection model. Results Stimulation of HaCaT cells with 125 μM c-di-GMP for 12 h prior to MRSA challenge resulted in a 20-fold reduction in bacterial colonization compared with untreated control cells, which was not the result of a direct c-di-GMP toxic effect, since bacterial viability was not affected by this dose in the absence of HaCaT cells. C-di-GMP-stimulated or MRSA-challenged HaCaT cells displayed enhanced secretion of the antimicrobial peptides human β-defensin 1 (hBD-1), hBD-2, hBD-3 and LL-37, but for hBD1 and LL-37 the responses were additive in a c-di-GMP-dose-dependent manner. Secretion of the chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL8 was also elevated after stimulation of HaCaT cells with lower c-di-GMP doses and peaked at a dose of 5 μM. Finally, pre-treatment of mice with a 200 nmol dose of c-di-GMP 24 h before a challenge with MRSA in skin wound infection model resulted in a major reduction (up to 1,100-fold by day 2) in bacterial CFU counts recovered from challenged skin tissue sections compared PBS-treated control animals. Tissue sections displayed inflammatory cell infiltration and enhanced neutrophil influx in the c-di-GMP pre-treated animals, which might account for the reduced ability of MRSA to colonize c-di-GMP pre-treated mice. Conclusions These results demonstrate that c-di-GMP is a potent immuno-modulator that can stimulate anti-MRSA immune responses in vivo and might therefore be a suitable alternative prophylactic or therapeutic agent for MRSA skin or burn wound infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, and Department of Infection of the Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866Yuhangtang Road, West Lake District, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Abidullah Khan
- Department of Burns, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuhong Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, and Department of Infection of the Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866Yuhangtang Road, West Lake District, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Guohui Xiao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, and Department of Infection of the Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866Yuhangtang Road, West Lake District, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Stijn van der Veen
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Emergency Detection for Public Health of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China.
| | - Xu'ai Lin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, and Department of Infection of the Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866Yuhangtang Road, West Lake District, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Jiang W, Shi L, Cai L, Wang X, Li J, Li H, Liang J, Gu Q, Ji G, Li J, Liu L, Sun M. A two-adjuvant multiantigen candidate vaccine induces superior protective immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110112. [PMID: 34863353 PMCID: PMC8610932 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An ideal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 is expected to elicit broad immunity to prevent viral infection and disease, with efficient viral clearance in the upper respiratory tract (URT). Here, the N protein and prefusion-full S protein (SFLmut) are combined with flagellin (KF) and cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) to generate a candidate vaccine, and this vaccine elicits stronger systemic and mucosal humoral immunity than vaccines containing other forms of the S protein. Furthermore, the candidate vaccine administered via intranasal route can enhance local immune responses in the respiratory tract. Importantly, human ACE2 transgenic mice given the candidate vaccine are protected against lethal SARS-CoV-2 challenge, with superior protection in the URT compared with that in mice immunized with an inactivated vaccine. In summary, the developed vaccine can elicit a multifaceted immune response and induce robust viral clearance in the URT, which makes it a potential vaccine for preventing disease and infection of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Jiang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Shi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lukui Cai
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jingyan Li
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Heng Li
- Laboratory of Respiratory Infection, Kunming National High-level Biosafety Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiangli Liang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qin Gu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Respiratory Infection, Kunming National High-level Biosafety Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Longding Liu
- Laboratory of Respiratory Infection, Kunming National High-level Biosafety Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Mingbo Sun
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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Cao X, Cordova AF, Li L. Therapeutic Interventions Targeting Innate Immune Receptors: A Balancing Act. Chem Rev 2021; 122:3414-3458. [PMID: 34870969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is an organism's first line of defense against an onslaught of internal and external threats. The downstream adaptive immune system has been a popular target for therapeutic intervention, while there is a relative paucity of therapeutics targeting the innate immune system. However, the innate immune system plays a critical role in many human diseases, such as microbial infection, cancer, and autoimmunity, highlighting the need for ongoing therapeutic research. In this review, we discuss the major innate immune pathways and detail the molecular strategies underpinning successful therapeutics targeting each pathway as well as previous and ongoing efforts. We will also discuss any recent discoveries that could inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies. As our understanding of the innate immune system continues to develop, we envision that therapies harnessing the power of the innate immune system will become the mainstay of treatment for a wide variety of human diseases.
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Abstract
Cyclic di-nucleotides (CDNs) are widespread second messenger signalling molecules that regulate fundamental biological processes across the tree of life. These molecules are also potent modulators of the immune system, inducing a Type I interferon response upon binding to the eukaryotic receptor STING. Such a response in tumours induces potent immune anti-cancer responses and thus CDNs are being developed as a novel cancer immunotherapy. In this review, I will highlight the use, challenges and advantages of using naturally occurring CDNs to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Waters
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, 5180 Biomedical and Physical Sciences, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Xu H, Cai L, Hufnagel S, Cui Z. Intranasal vaccine: Factors to consider in research and development. Int J Pharm 2021; 609:121180. [PMID: 34637935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Most existing vaccines for human use are administered by needle-based injection. Administering vaccines needle-free intranasally has numerous advantages over by needle-based injection, but there are only a few intranasal vaccines that are currently approved for human use, and all of them are live attenuated influenza virus vaccines. Clearly, there are immunological as well as non-immunological challenges that prevent vaccine developers from choosing the intranasal route of administration. We reviewed current approved intranasal vaccines and pipelines and described the target of intranasal vaccines, i.e. nose and lymphoid tissues in the nasal cavity. We then analyzed factors unique to intranasal vaccines that need to be considered when researching and developing new intranasal vaccines. We concluded that while the choice of vaccine formulations, mucoadhesives, mucosal and epithelial permeation enhancers, and ligands that target M-cells are important, safe and effective intranasal mucosal vaccine adjuvants are needed to successfully develop an intranasal vaccine that is not based on live-attenuated viruses or bacteria. Moreover, more effective intranasal vaccine application devices that can efficiently target a vaccine to lymphoid tissues in the nasal cavity as well as preclinical animal models that can better predict intranasal vaccine performance in clinical trials are needed to increase the success rate of intranasal vaccines in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Xu
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Lucy Cai
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Stephanie Hufnagel
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, United States.
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Lamprokostopoulou A, Römling U. Yin and Yang of Biofilm Formation and Cyclic di-GMP Signaling of the Gastrointestinal Pathogen Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. J Innate Immun 2021; 14:275-292. [PMID: 34775379 PMCID: PMC9275015 DOI: 10.1159/000519573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the last 60 years, microbiological research has challenged many dogmas such as bacteria being unicellular microorganisms directed by nutrient sources; these investigations produced new dogmas such as cyclic diguanylate monophosphate (cyclic di-GMP) second messenger signaling as a ubiquitous regulator of the fundamental sessility/motility lifestyle switch on the single-cell level. Successive investigations have not yet challenged this view; however, the complexity of cyclic di-GMP as an intracellular bacterial signal, and, less explored, as an extracellular signaling molecule in combination with the conformational flexibility of the molecule, provides endless opportunities for cross-kingdom interactions. Cyclic di-GMP-directed microbial biofilms commonly stimulate the immune system on a lower level, whereas host-sensed cyclic di-GMP broadly stimulates the innate and adaptive immune responses. Furthermore, while the intracellular second messenger cyclic di-GMP signaling promotes bacterial biofilm formation and chronic infections, oppositely, Salmonella Typhimurium cellulose biofilm inside immune cells is not endorsed. These observations only touch on the complexity of the interaction of biofilm microbial cells with its host. In this review, we describe the Yin and Yang interactive concepts of biofilm formation and cyclic di-GMP signaling using S. Typhimurium as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Yan H, Chen W. The Promise and Challenges of Cyclic Dinucleotides as Molecular Adjuvants for Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:917. [PMID: 34452042 PMCID: PMC8402453 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), originally discovered as bacterial second messengers, play critical roles in bacterial signal transduction, cellular processes, biofilm formation, and virulence. The finding that CDNs can trigger the innate immune response in eukaryotic cells through the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signalling pathway has prompted the extensive research and development of CDNs as potential immunostimulators and novel molecular adjuvants for induction of systemic and mucosal innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we summarize the chemical structure, biosynthesis regulation, and the role of CDNs in enhancing the crosstalk between host innate and adaptive immune responses. We also discuss the strategies to improve the efficient delivery of CDNs and the recent advance and future challenges in the development of CDNs as potential adjuvants in prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases and in therapeutic vaccines against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Wangxue Chen
- Human Health and Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Gogoi H, Mansouri S, Jin L. The Age of Cyclic Dinucleotide Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E453. [PMID: 32823563 PMCID: PMC7563944 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As prophylactic vaccine adjuvants for infectious diseases, cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) induce safe, potent, long-lasting humoral and cellular memory responses in the systemic and mucosal compartments. As therapeutic cancer vaccine adjuvants, CDNs induce potent anti-tumor immunity, including cytotoxic T cells and NK cells activation that achieve durable regression in multiple mouse models of tumors. Clinical trials are ongoing to fulfill the promise of CDNs (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02675439, NCT03010176, NCT03172936, and NCT03937141). However, in October 2018, the first clinical data with Merck's CDN MK-1454 showed zero activity as a monotherapy in patients with solid tumors or lymphomas (NCT03010176). Lately, the clinical trial from Aduro's CDN ADU-S100 monotherapy was also disappointing (NCT03172936). The emerging hurdle in CDN vaccine development calls for a timely re-evaluation of our understanding on CDN vaccine adjuvants. Here, we review the status of CDN vaccine adjuvant research, including their superior adjuvant activities, in vivo mode of action, and confounding factors that affect their efficacy in humans. Lastly, we discuss the strategies to overcome the hurdle and advance promising CDN adjuvants in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lei Jin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (H.G.); (S.M.)
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Gogoi H, Mansouri S, Katikaneni DS, Jin L. New MoDC-Targeting TNF Fusion Proteins Enhance Cyclic Di-GMP Vaccine Adjuvanticity in Middle-Aged and Aged Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1674. [PMID: 32849581 PMCID: PMC7427090 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are promising vaccine adjuvants inducing balanced, potent humoral, and cellular immune responses. How aging influences CDN efficacy is unclear. We examined the vaccine efficacy of 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (cyclic di-GMP, CDG), the founding member of CDNs, in 1-year-old (middle-aged) and 2-year-old (aged) C57BL/6J mice. We found that 1- and 2-year-old C57BL/6J mice are defective in CDG-induced memory T helper (Th)1 and Th17 responses and high-affinity serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G, mucosal IgA production. Next, we generated two novel tumor necrosis factor (TNF) fusion proteins that target soluble TNF (solTNF) and transmembrane TNF (tmTNF) to monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) to enhance CDG vaccine efficacy in 1- and 2-year-old mice. The moDC-targeting TNF fusion proteins restored CDG-induced memory Th1, Th17, and high-affinity IgG, IgA responses in the 1- and 2-year-old mice. Together, the data suggested that aging negatively impacts CDG vaccine adjuvanticity. MoDC-targeting TNF fusion proteins enhanced CDG adjuvanticity in the aging mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Gogoi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Samira Mansouri
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Divya S Katikaneni
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lei Jin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Valentini M, Filloux A. Multiple Roles of c-di-GMP Signaling in Bacterial Pathogenesis. Annu Rev Microbiol 2020; 73:387-406. [PMID: 31500536 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-115555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular signaling molecule cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) regulates the lifestyle of bacteria and controls many key functions and mechanisms. In the case of bacterial pathogens, a wide variety of virulence lifestyle factors have been shown to be regulated by c-di-GMP. Evidence of the importance of this molecule for bacterial pathogenesis has become so great that new antimicrobial agents are tested for their capacity of targeting c-di-GMP signaling. This review summarizes the current knowledge on this topic and reveals its application for the development of new antivirulence intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Valentini
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland;
| | - Alain Filloux
- MRC Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom;
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15
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Wen Y, Li Z. The STING pathway in response to chlamydial infection. Microb Pathog 2019; 140:103950. [PMID: 31899324 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed significant progress in discovery and characterize cytosolic DNA sensing and signaling, especially the understanding of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING). This pathway to foreign nucleic acids enables the initiation of robust anti-pathogenic responses to protect the host, and provides a new understanding for therapeutic intervention in a growing infectious disease, including chlamydial infection. Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular pathogenic bacterium causing widespread human diseases such as sexually transmitted infections and respiratory tract infections. Previous studies have shown that IFN production and autophagy are well recognized as being two critical processes induced by STING, and these two processes were also activated during chlamydial infection. In this review, we summarize the important characteristics of the STING activation pathway and recent snapshots about the role of STING in chlamydial infection. Studying the role of STING in chlamydial infection could provide valuable information to further understand the pathogenesis and treatment of chlamydial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Wen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, PR China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, PR China.
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16
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Suresh MV, Dolgachev VA, Zhang B, Balijepalli S, Swamy S, Mooliyil J, Kralovich G, Thomas B, Machado-Aranda D, Karmakar M, Lalwani S, Subramanian A, Anantharam A, Moore BB, Raghavendran K. TLR3 absence confers increased survival with improved macrophage activity against pneumonia. JCI Insight 2019; 4:131195. [PMID: 31801911 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a pathogen recognition molecule associated with viral infection with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as its ligand. We evaluated the role of TLR3 in bacterial pneumonia using Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP). WT and TLR3-/- mice were subjected to a lethal model of KP. Alveolar macrophage polarization, bactericidal activity, and phagocytic capacity were compared. RNA-sequencing was performed on alveolar macrophages from the WT and TLR3-/- mice. Adoptive transfers of alveolar macrophages from TLR3-/- mice to WT mice with KP were evaluated for survival. Expression of TLR3 in postmortem human lung samples from patients who died from gram-negative pneumonia and pathological grading of pneumonitis was determined. Mortality was significantly lower in TLR3-/-, and survival improved in WT mice following antibody neutralization of TLR3 and with TLR3/dsRNA complex inhibitor. Alveolar macrophages from TLR3-/- mice demonstrated increased bactericidal and phagocytic capacity. RNA-sequencing showed an increased production of chemokines in TLR3-/- mice. Adoptive transfer of alveolar macrophages from the TLR3-/- mice restored the survival in WT mice. Human lung samples demonstrated a good correlation between the grade of pneumonitis and TLR3 expression. These data represent a paradigm shift in understanding the mechanistic role of TLR3 in bacterial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Boya Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Samantha Swamy
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jashitha Mooliyil
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Georgia Kralovich
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bivin Thomas
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Monita Karmakar
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sanjeev Lalwani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Arulselvi Subramanian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Bethany B Moore
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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17
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The triggers of the cGAS-STING pathway and the connection with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 77:104094. [PMID: 31689545 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a cytosolic nucleic acid sensor that can bind to dsDNA. It maintains an autoinhibited state in the absence of cytosolic dsDNA, while when activated, it in turn activates its adaptor protein STING, ultimately triggering a cascade that produces inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons (IFNs). With further research, additional types of nucleic acids have been found to be activators of the cGAS-STING pathway. The cGAS-STING pathway can provide protection or resistance against infections; however, improper or overactivation might cause severe inflammatory pathologies, including autoimmunity. This article systematically reviews the latest research progress on the axis, including categorical pathway triggers, the connection with autoimmune disease and drug therapy progress.
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18
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Su T, Zhang Y, Valerie K, Wang XY, Lin S, Zhu G. STING activation in cancer immunotherapy. Theranostics 2019; 9:7759-7771. [PMID: 31695799 PMCID: PMC6831454 DOI: 10.7150/thno.37574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy modulates and leverages the host immune system to treat cancer. The past decade has witnessed historical advancement of cancer immunotherapy. A myriad of approaches have been explored to elicit or augment anticancer innate immunity and/or adaptive immunity. Recently, activation of stimulator of interferon (IFN) genes (STING), an intracellular receptor residing in the endoplasmic reticulum, has shown great potential to enhance antitumor immunity through the induction of a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including type I IFNs. A number of natural and synthetic STING agonists have been discovered or developed, and tested in preclinical models and in the clinic for the immunotherapy of diseases such as cancer and infectious diseases. Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), such as cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), cyclic dimeric adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP), and cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), are a class of STING agonists that can elicit immune responses. However, natural CDNs are hydrophilic small molecules with negative charges and are susceptible to enzymatic degradation, leading to low bioavailability in target tissues yet unwanted toxicities and narrow therapeutic windows. Drug delivery systems, coupled with nucleic acid chemistry, have been exploited to address these challenges. Here, we will discuss the underlying immunological mechanisms and approaches to STING activation, with a focus on the delivery of STING agonists, for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Su
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Kristoffer Valerie
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Shuibin Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Guizhi Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
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19
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Van Dis E, Sogi KM, Rae CS, Sivick KE, Surh NH, Leong ML, Kanne DB, Metchette K, Leong JJ, Bruml JR, Chen V, Heydari K, Cadieux N, Evans T, McWhirter SM, Dubensky TW, Portnoy DA, Stanley SA. STING-Activating Adjuvants Elicit a Th17 Immune Response and Protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Cell Rep 2019; 23:1435-1447. [PMID: 29719256 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There are a limited number of adjuvants that elicit effective cell-based immunity required for protection against intracellular bacterial pathogens. Here, we report that STING-activating cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) formulated in a protein subunit vaccine elicit long-lasting protective immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the mouse model. Subcutaneous administration of this vaccine provides equivalent protection to that of the live attenuated vaccine strain Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Protection is STING dependent but type I IFN independent and correlates with an increased frequency of a recently described subset of CXCR3-expressing T cells that localize to the lung parenchyma. Intranasal delivery results in superior protection compared with BCG, significantly boosts BCG-based immunity, and elicits both Th1 and Th17 immune responses, the latter of which correlates with enhanced protection. Thus, a CDN-adjuvanted protein subunit vaccine has the capability of eliciting a multi-faceted immune response that results in protection from infection by an intracellular pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Van Dis
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kimberly M Sogi
- School of Public Health, Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chris S Rae
- Aduro Biotech, Inc., 740 Heinz Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Kelsey E Sivick
- Aduro Biotech, Inc., 740 Heinz Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Natalie H Surh
- Aduro Biotech, Inc., 740 Heinz Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | | | - David B Kanne
- Aduro Biotech, Inc., 740 Heinz Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Ken Metchette
- Aduro Biotech, Inc., 740 Heinz Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Justin J Leong
- Aduro Biotech, Inc., 740 Heinz Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Jacob R Bruml
- Aduro Biotech, Inc., 740 Heinz Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Vivian Chen
- School of Public Health, Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kartoosh Heydari
- LKS Flow Cytometry Core, Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Tom Evans
- Vaccitech Limited, King Charles House, Park End Street, Oxford OX1 1JD, UK
| | | | | | - Daniel A Portnoy
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; School of Public Health, Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sarah A Stanley
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; School of Public Health, Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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20
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Muñoz González F, Sycz G, Alonso Paiva IM, Linke D, Zorreguieta A, Baldi PC, Ferrero MC. The BtaF Adhesin Is Necessary for Full Virulence During Respiratory Infection by Brucella suis and Is a Novel Immunogen for Nasal Vaccination Against Brucella Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1775. [PMID: 31402921 PMCID: PMC6676368 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella enters their hosts mostly through mucosae from where it spreads systemically. Adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) components or to host cells is important for the infectious process, and is mediated by several adhesins, including the BtaF trimeric autotransporter. Although Th1 responses and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) are important for protection, antibodies able to block adhesions might also contribute to prevent Brucella infection. We evaluated the importance of BtaF for respiratory Brucella infection, and characterized the immune response and protection from mucosal challenge induced by nasal vaccination with recombinant BtaF. While lung CFU numbers did not differ at day 1 p.i. between mice intratracheally inoculated with B. suis M1330 (wild type) and those receiving a ΔbtaF mutant, they were reduced in the latter group at 7 and 30 days p.i. For vaccination studies the BtaF passenger domain was engineered and expressed as a soluble trimeric protein. Mice were immunized by the nasal route with BtaF or saline (control group) plus the mucosal adjuvant c-di-AMP. Specific anti-BtaF antibodies (IgG and IgA) were increased in serum, including a mixed IgG2a/IgG1 response. In vitro, these antibodies reduced bacterial adhesion to A549 alveolar epithelial cells. Specific IgA antibodies were also increased in several mucosae. Spleen cells from BtaF immunized mice significantly increased their IL-2, IL-5, IL-17, and IFN-γ secretion upon antigen stimulation. In cervical draining lymph nodes, antigen-experienced CD4+ T cells were maintained mainly as central memory cells. A BtaF-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity response was detected in BtaF immunized mice. Lung cells from the latter produced high levels of IFN-γ upon antigen stimulation. Although nasal immunization with BtaF did not protect mice against B. suis respiratory challenge, it conferred significant protection from intragastric challenge; the splenic load of B. suis was reduced by 3.28 log CFU in immunized mice. This study shows that nasal vaccination with BtaF+c-di-AMP protects against intragastric challenge with B. suis by inducing local and systemic antibody responses, central memory CD4+ T cells and strong Th1 responses. Therefore, although BtaF vaccination did not protect from B. suis respiratory infection, this adhesin constitutes a promising immunogen against mucosal B. suis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Muñoz González
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Sycz
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Iván M Alonso Paiva
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dirk Linke
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Pablo C Baldi
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana C Ferrero
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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Kwon Y, Park OJ, Kim J, Cho JH, Yun CH, Han SH. Cyclic Dinucleotides Inhibit Osteoclast Differentiation Through STING-Mediated Interferon-β Signaling. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:1366-1375. [PMID: 30779854 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), such as cyclic diadenylate monophosphate and cyclic diguanylate monophosphate, are commensal bacteria-derived second messengers in the gut that modulate bacterial survival, colonization, and biofilm formation. Recently, CDNs have been discovered to have an immunomodulatory activity by inducing the expression of type I interferon (IFN) through STING signaling pathway in macrophages. Because CDNs are possibly absorbed and delivered into the bone marrow, where bone-resorbing osteoclasts are derived from monocyte/macrophage lineages, CDNs could affect bone metabolism by regulating osteoclast differentiation. In this study, we investigated the effect of CDNs on the differentiation and function of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. When bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) were differentiated into osteoclasts with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) in the presence of CDNs, the differentiation was inhibited by CDNs in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, CDNs did not influence the differentiation of committed osteoclasts or osteoblast precursors. STING signaling pathway appeared to be critical for CDNs-mediated inhibition of osteoclast differentiation since CDNs induced the phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF3, a representative feature of STING activation, and osteoclast differentiation was restored in STING knockdown BMMs with siRNA. Moreover, CDNs increased the mRNA expression of STING-meditated IFN-β, which is a negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis. In addition, CDNs also induced the phosphorylation of STAT1, which mediates IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR) signal transduction. The inhibitory effects of CDNs on osteoclast differentiation were not observed in the presence of antibody blocking IFNAR or in macrophages derived from IFNAR1-/- mice. Experiments using a mouse calvarial implantation model showed that RANKL-induced bone resorption was inhibited by CDNs. Taken together, these results suggest that CDNs inhibit osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption through induction of IFN-β via the STING signaling pathway. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongkag Kwon
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Jin Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseon Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Cho
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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22
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Bengoechea JA, Sa Pessoa J. Klebsiella pneumoniae infection biology: living to counteract host defences. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:123-144. [PMID: 30452654 PMCID: PMC6435446 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella species cause a wide range of diseases including pneumonia, urinary tract infections (UTIs), bloodstream infections and sepsis. These infections are particularly a problem among neonates, elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Klebsiella is also responsible for a significant number of community-acquired infections. A defining feature of these infections is their morbidity and mortality, and the Klebsiella strains associated with them are considered hypervirulent. The increasing isolation of multidrug-resistant strains has significantly narrowed, or in some settings completely removed, the therapeutic options for the treatment of Klebsiella infections. Not surprisingly, this pathogen has then been singled out as an 'urgent threat to human health' by several organisations. This review summarises the tremendous progress that has been made to uncover the sophisticated immune evasion strategies of K. pneumoniae. The co-evolution of Klebsiella in response to the challenge of an activated immune has made Klebsiella a formidable pathogen exploiting stealth strategies and actively suppressing innate immune defences to overcome host responses to survive in the tissues. A better understanding of Klebsiella immune evasion strategies in the context of the host-pathogen interactions is pivotal to develop new therapeutics, which can be based on antagonising the anti-immune strategies of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Bengoechea
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Joana Sa Pessoa
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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23
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Functional Programming of Innate Immune Cells in Response to Bordetella pertussis Infection and Vaccination. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1183:53-80. [PMID: 31432398 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite widespread vaccination, B. pertussis remains one of the least controlled vaccine-preventable diseases. Although it is well known that acellular and whole cell pertussis vaccines induce distinct immune functionalities in memory cells, much less is known about the role of innate immunity in this process. In this review, we provide an overview of the known differences and similarities in innate receptors, innate immune cells and inflammatory signalling pathways induced by the pertussis vaccines either licensed or in development and compare this to primary infection with B. pertussis. Despite the crucial role of innate immunity in driving memory responses to B. pertussis, it is clear that a significant knowledge gap remains in our understanding of the early innate immune response to vaccination and infection. Such knowledge is essential to develop the next generation of pertussis vaccines with improved host defense against B. pertussis.
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24
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Mansouri S, Patel S, Katikaneni DS, Blaauboer SM, Wang W, Schattgen S, Fitzgerald K, Jin L. Immature lung TNFR2 - conventional DC 2 subpopulation activates moDCs to promote cyclic di-GMP mucosal adjuvant responses in vivo. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:277-289. [PMID: 30327534 PMCID: PMC6301145 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), including cyclic di-GMP (CDG), are promising vaccine adjuvants in preclinical/clinical trials. The in vivo mechanisms of CDNs are not clear. Here we investigated the roles of lung DC subsets in promoting CDG mucosal adjuvant responses in vivo. Using genetically modified mice and adoptive cell transfer, we identified lung conventional DC 2 (cDC2) as the central player in CDG mucosal responses. We further identified two functionally distinct lung cDC2 subpopulations: TNFR2+pRelB+ and TNFR2-pRelB- cDC2. The TNFR2+ cDC2 were mature and migratory upon intranasal CDG administration while the TNFR2- cDC2 were activated but not mature. Adoptive cell transfer showed that TNFR2- cDC2 mediate the antibody responses of CDG, while the TNFR2+ cDC2 generate Th1/17 responses. Mechanistically, immature TNFR2- cDC2 activate monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs), which do not take up intranasally administered CDG. moDCs promote CDG-induced generation of T follicular helper- and germinal center B cells in the lungs. Our data revealed a previously undescribed in vivo mode of DCs action, whereby an immature lung TNFR2- cDC2 subpopulation directs the non-migratory moDCs to generate CDG mucosal responses in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Mansouri
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Seema Patel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Divya S Katikaneni
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Steven M Blaauboer
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Stefan Schattgen
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Katherine Fitzgerald
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Lei Jin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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25
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Elmanfi S, Zhou J, Sintim HO, Könönen E, Gürsoy M, Gürsoy UK. Regulation of gingival epithelial cytokine response by bacterial cyclic dinucleotides. J Oral Microbiol 2018; 11:1538927. [PMID: 30598733 PMCID: PMC6263105 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2018.1538927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclic dinucleotides (cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) and cyclic di-adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP)) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Individual impacts of PAMPs on immune system have been evaluated, but simultaneous actions of multiple PAMPs have not been studied. OBJECTIVE Examination the effects of cyclic dinucleotides and Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS on gingival epithelial cytokine response. METHODS Human gingival keratinocytes (HMK) were incubated with 1, 10, and 100 µM concentrations of c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP, either in the presence or absence of P. gingivalis LPS. Intra- and extracellular levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, IL-1Ra, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were measured using the Luminex technique. RESULTS LPS decreased extracellular IL-8 levels, while the presence of c-di-AMP inhibited this effect. Incubating HMK cells with c-di-AMP (alone or with LPS) elevated the extracellular level of MCP-1. Extracellular VEGF level increased when cells were incubated with LPS and c-di-GMP together, or with c-di-AMP alone. LPS and c-di-AMP suppressed intracellular IL-1β levels. The c-di-AMP elevated intracellular levels of IL-1Ra. CONCLUSION c-di-AMP and, to a lesser extent, c-di-GMP regulate keratinocyte cytokine response, either as an aggregator or as a suppressor of LPS, depending on the cytokine type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Elmanfi
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Herman O Sintim
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Eija Könönen
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Oral Health Care, Welfare Division, City of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mervi Gürsoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ulvi Kahraman Gürsoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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26
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Matz KM, Guzman RM, Goodman AG. The Role of Nucleic Acid Sensing in Controlling Microbial and Autoimmune Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 345:35-136. [PMID: 30904196 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity, the first line of defense against invading pathogens, is an ancient form of host defense found in all animals, from sponges to humans. During infection, innate immune receptors recognize conserved molecular patterns, such as microbial surface molecules, metabolites produces during infection, or nucleic acids of the microbe's genome. When initiated, the innate immune response activates a host defense program that leads to the synthesis proteins capable of pathogen killing. In mammals, the induction of cytokines during the innate immune response leads to the recruitment of professional immune cells to the site of infection, leading to an adaptive immune response. While a fully functional innate immune response is crucial for a proper host response and curbing microbial infection, if the innate immune response is dysfunctional and is activated in the absence of infection, autoinflammation and autoimmune disorders can develop. Therefore, it follows that the innate immune response must be tightly controlled to avoid an autoimmune response from host-derived molecules, yet still unencumbered to respond to infection. In this review, we will focus on the innate immune response activated from cytosolic nucleic acids, derived from the microbe or host itself. We will depict how viruses and bacteria activate these nucleic acid sensing pathways and their mechanisms to inhibit the pathways. We will also describe the autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders that develop when these pathways are hyperactive. Finally, we will discuss gaps in knowledge with regard to innate immune response failure and identify where further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keesha M Matz
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - R Marena Guzman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Alan G Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
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27
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Diep JK, Russo TA, Rao GG. Mechanism-Based Disease Progression Model Describing Host-Pathogen Interactions During the Pathogenesis of Acinetobacter baumannii Pneumonia. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 7:507-516. [PMID: 29761668 PMCID: PMC6118322 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of highly resistant bacteria is a serious threat to global public health. The host immune response is vital for clearing bacteria from the infected host; however, the current drug development paradigm does not take host‐pathogen interactions into consideration. Here, we used a systems‐based approach to develop a quantitative, mechanism‐based disease progression model to describe bacterial dynamics, host immune response, and lung injury in an immunocompetent rat pneumonia model. Previously, Long‐Evans rats were infected with Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) strain 307‐0294 at five different inocula and total lung bacteria, interleukin‐1beta (IL‐1β), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), cytokine‐induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1 (CINC‐1), neutrophil counts, and albumin were quantified. Model development was conducted in ADAPT5 version 5.0.54 using a pooled approach with maximum likelihood estimation; all data were co‐modeled. The final model characterized host‐pathogen interactions during the natural time course of bacterial pneumonia. Parameters were estimated with good precision. Our expandable model will integrate drug effects to aid in the design of optimized antibiotic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Diep
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Thomas A Russo
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Gauri G Rao
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
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28
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Venkataramani P, Liang ZX. Enzymatic Production of c-di-GMP Using a Thermophilic Diguanylate Cyclase. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1657:11-22. [PMID: 28889282 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7240-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
C-di-GMP has emerged as a prevalent bacterial messenger that controls a multitude of bacterial behaviors. Having access to milligram or gram quantities of c-di-GMP is essential for the biochemical and structural characterization of enzymes and effectors involved in c-di-GMP signaling. Although c-di-GMP can be synthesized using chemical methods, diguanylate cyclases (DGC)-based enzymatic synthesis is the most efficient method of preparing c-di-GMP today. Many DGCs are not suitable for c-di-GMP production because of poor protein stability and the presence of a c-di-GMP-binding inhibitory site (I-site) in most DGCs. We have identified and engineered a thermophilic DGC for efficient production of c-di-GMP for characterizing c-di-GMP signaling proteins and riboswitches. Importantly, residue replacement in the inhibitory I-site of the thermophilic DGC drastically relieved product inhibition to enable the production of hundreds of milligrams of c-di-GMP using 5-10 mg of this robust biocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhadevi Venkataramani
- Division of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Zhao-Xun Liang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
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29
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Riquelme SA, Ahn D, Prince A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae Adaptation to Innate Immune Clearance Mechanisms in the Lung. J Innate Immun 2018; 10:442-454. [PMID: 29617698 DOI: 10.1159/000487515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many different species of gram-negative bacteria are associated with infection in the lung, causing exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis (CF), and ventilator-associated pneumonias. These airway pathogens must adapt to common host clearance mechanisms that include killing by antimicrobial peptides, antibiotics, oxidative stress, and phagocytosis by leukocytes. Bacterial adaptation to the host is often evident phenotypically, with increased extracellular polysaccharide production characteristic of some biofilm-associated organisms. Given the relatively limited repertoire of bacterial strategies to elude airway defenses, it seems likely that organisms sharing the same ecological niche might also share common strategies to persistently infect the lung. In this review, we will highlight some of the major factors responsible for the adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the lung, addressing how growth in biofilms enables persistent infection, relevant to, but not limited to, the pathogenesis of infection in CF. In contrast, we will discuss how carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae evade immune clearance, an organism often associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia and health-care-acquired pneumonias, but not a typical pathogen in CF.
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30
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High Levels of Cyclic Di-GMP in Klebsiella pneumoniae Attenuate Virulence in the Lung. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00647-17. [PMID: 29158434 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00647-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial second messenger bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) has been shown to influence the expression of virulence factors in certain pathogenic bacteria, but little is known about its activity in the increasingly antibiotic-resistant pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae Here, the expression in K. pneumoniae of a heterologous diguanylate cyclase increased the bacterial c-di-GMP concentration and attenuated pathogenesis in murine pneumonia. This attenuation remained evident in mice lacking the c-di-GMP sensor STING, indicating that the high c-di-GMP concentration exerted its influence not on host responses but on bacterial physiology. While serum resistance and capsule expression were unaffected by the increased c-di-GMP concentration, both type 3 and type 1 pili were strongly upregulated. Importantly, attenuation of K. pneumoniae virulence by high c-di-GMP levels was abrogated when type 1 pilus expression was silenced. We conclude that increased type 1 piliation may hamper K. pneumoniae virulence in the respiratory tract and that c-di-GMP signaling represents a potential therapeutic target for antibiotic-resistant K. pneumoniae in this niche.
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31
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Mankan AK, Müller M, Witte G, Hornung V. Cyclic Dinucleotides in the Scope of the Mammalian Immune System. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 238:269-289. [PMID: 28181006 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_5002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
First discovered in prokaryotes and more recently in eukaryotes, cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) constitute a unique branch of second messenger signaling systems. Within prokaryotes CDNs regulate a wide array of different biological processes, whereas in the vertebrate system CDN signaling is largely dedicated to activation of the innate immune system. In this book chapter we summarize the occurrence and signaling pathways of these small-molecule second messengers, most importantly in the scope of the mammalian immune system. In this regard, our main focus is the role of the cGAS-STING axis in the context of microbial infection and sterile inflammation and its implications for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Mankan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn, 53127, Germany
| | - Martina Müller
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Gregor Witte
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn, 53127, Germany. .,Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, Munich, 81377, Germany. .,Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitðt Mﺰnchen, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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32
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Rueckert C, Rand U, Roy U, Kasmapour B, Strowig T, Guzmán CA. Cyclic dinucleotides modulate induced type I IFN responses in innate immune cells by degradation of STING. FASEB J 2017; 31:3107-3115. [PMID: 28396343 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601093r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic dinucleotides, GMP-AMP (cGAMP) and c-di-AMP [bis-(3',5')-cyclic dimeric AMP], are potent type I IFN inducers via STING-TBK1-IRF3 cascade. They are promising adjuvants that promote antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in different preclinical models; however, an optimal outcome of vaccination depends on a balanced immune activation. Here, we characterize the process of IFN-β induction by c-di-AMP and cGAMP in an in vitro model on the basis of primary mouse dendritic cells. Results obtained show decreased IFN-β production upon prolonged cell stimulation. We demonstrate that this effect depends on c-di-AMP/cGAMP-mediated down-regulation of stimulator of IFN gene (STING) protein levels. These results were confirmed by using human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived dendritic cells. Studies performed to explore the potential mechanism of STING modulation suggested proteolytic degradation to be a contributing factor to the observed decrease in cellular STING levels. Our work contributes to the elucidation of the molecular mode of action of vaccine constituents, which, in turn, is a prerequisite for the rational design of vaccines with predictable efficacy and safety profiles-Rueckert, C., Rand, U., Roy, U., Kasmapour, B., Strowig, T., Guzmán, C. A. Cyclic dinucleotides modulate induced type I IFN responses in innate immune cells by degradation of STING.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rueckert
- Vaccinology Research Group, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulfert Rand
- Immune Aging and Chronic Infections Research Group, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Urmi Roy
- Microbial Immune Regulation Research Group, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bahram Kasmapour
- Immune Aging and Chronic Infections Research Group, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Microbial Immune Regulation Research Group, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carlos A Guzmán
- Vaccinology Research Group, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany;
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33
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Radoshevich L, Dussurget O. Cytosolic Innate Immune Sensing and Signaling upon Infection. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:313. [PMID: 27014235 PMCID: PMC4789553 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic sensing of pathogens is essential to a productive immune response. Recent reports have emphasized the importance of signaling platforms emanating from organelles and cytosolic sensors, particularly during the response to intracellular pathogens. Here, we highlight recent discoveries identifying the key mediators of nucleic acid and cyclic nucleotide sensing and discuss their importance in host defense. This review will also cover strategies evolved by pathogens to manipulate these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilliana Radoshevich
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut PasteurParis, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U604Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, USC2020Paris, France
| | - Olivier Dussurget
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut PasteurParis, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U604Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, USC2020Paris, France; Cellule Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
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34
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Parker D, Ahn D, Cohen T, Prince A. Innate Immune Signaling Activated by MDR Bacteria in the Airway. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:19-53. [PMID: 26582515 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00009.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Health care-associated bacterial pneumonias due to multiple-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens are an important public health problem and are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition to antimicrobial resistance, these organisms have adapted to the milieu of the human airway and have acquired resistance to the innate immune clearance mechanisms that normally prevent pneumonia. Given the limited efficacy of antibiotics, bacterial clearance from the airway requires an effective immune response. Understanding how specific airway pathogens initiate and regulate innate immune signaling, and whether this response is excessive, leading to host-induced pathology may guide future immunomodulatory therapy. We will focus on three of the most important causes of health care-associated pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and review the mechanisms through which an inappropriate or damaging innate immune response is stimulated, as well as describe how airway pathogens cause persistent infection by evading immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane Parker
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Danielle Ahn
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Taylor Cohen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Alice Prince
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
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35
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Alyaqoub FS, Aldhamen YA, Koestler BJ, Bruger EL, Seregin SS, Pereira-Hicks C, Godbehere S, Waters CM, Amalfitano A. In Vivo Synthesis of Cyclic-di-GMP Using a Recombinant Adenovirus Preferentially Improves Adaptive Immune Responses against Extracellular Antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1741-52. [PMID: 26792800 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a compelling need for more effective vaccine adjuvants to augment induction of Ag-specific adaptive immune responses. Recent reports suggested the bacterial second messenger bis-(3'-5')-cyclic-dimeric-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) acts as an innate immune system modulator. We recently incorporated a Vibrio cholerae diguanylate cyclase into an adenovirus vaccine, fostering production of c-di-GMP as well as proinflammatory responses in mice. In this study, we recombined a more potent diguanylate cyclase gene, VCA0848, into a nonreplicating adenovirus serotype 5 (AdVCA0848) that produces elevated amounts of c-di-GMP when expressed in mammalian cells in vivo. This novel platform further improved induction of type I IFN-β and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells early after administration into mice as compared with control vectors. Coadministration of the extracellular protein OVA and the AdVCA0848 adjuvant significantly improved OVA-specific T cell responses as detected by IFN-γ and IL-2 ELISPOT, while also improving OVA-specific humoral B cell adaptive responses. In addition, we found that coadministration of AdVCA0848 with another adenovirus serotype 5 vector expressing the HIV-1-derived Gag Ag or the Clostridium difficile-derived toxin B resulted in significant inhibitory effects on the induction of Gag and toxin B-specific adaptive immune responses. As a proof of principle, these data confirm that in vivo synthesis of c-di-GMP stimulates strong innate immune responses that correlate with enhanced adaptive immune responses to concomitantly administered extracellular Ag, which can be used as an adjuvant to heighten effective immune responses for protein-based vaccine platforms against microbial infections and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadel S Alyaqoub
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Yasser A Aldhamen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Benjamin J Koestler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; and
| | - Eric L Bruger
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; and
| | - Sergey S Seregin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Cristiane Pereira-Hicks
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Sarah Godbehere
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Christopher M Waters
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; and
| | - Andrea Amalfitano
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; Department of Pediatrics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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36
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Tomás A, Lery L, Regueiro V, Pérez-Gutiérrez C, Martínez V, Moranta D, Llobet E, González-Nicolau M, Insua JL, Tomas JM, Sansonetti PJ, Tournebize R, Bengoechea JA. Functional Genomic Screen Identifies Klebsiella pneumoniae Factors Implicated in Blocking Nuclear Factor κB (NF-κB) Signaling. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16678-97. [PMID: 25971969 PMCID: PMC4505419 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.621292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an etiologic agent of community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonia. It has been shown that K. pneumoniae infections are characterized by reduced early inflammatory response. Recently our group has shown that K. pneumoniae dampens the activation of inflammatory responses by antagonizing the activation of the NF-κB canonical pathway. Our results revealed that K. pneumoniae capsule polysaccharide (CPS) was necessary but not sufficient to attenuate inflammation. To identify additional Klebsiella factors required to dampen inflammation, we standardized and applied a high-throughput gain-of-function screen to examine a Klebsiella transposon mutant library. We identified 114 mutants that triggered the activation of NF-κB. Two gene ontology categories accounted for half of the loci identified in the screening: metabolism and transport genes (32% of the mutants) and envelope-related genes (17%). Characterization of the mutants revealed that the lack of the enterobactin siderophore was linked to a reduced CPS expression, which in turn underlined the NF-κB activation induced by the mutant. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-polysaccharide and the pullulanase (PulA) type 2 secretion system (T2SS) are required for full effectiveness of the immune evasion. Importantly, these factors do not play a redundant role. The fact that LPS O-polysaccharide and T2SS mutant-induced responses were dependent on TLR2-TLR4-MyD88 activation suggested that LPS O-polysaccharide and PulA perturbed Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent recognition of K. pneumoniae. Finally, we demonstrate that LPS O-polysaccharide and pulA mutants are attenuated in the pneumonia mouse model. We propose that LPS O-polysaccharide and PulA T2SS could be new targets for the design of new antimicrobials. Increasing TLR-governed defense responses might provide also selective alternatives for the management of K. pneumoniae pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tomás
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares (FISIB), 07110 Mallorca, Spain, the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdisPa), 07120 Mallorca, Spain, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leticia Lery
- the Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France, INSERM U786, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Verónica Regueiro
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares (FISIB), 07110 Mallorca, Spain, the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdisPa), 07120 Mallorca, Spain, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Camino Pérez-Gutiérrez
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares (FISIB), 07110 Mallorca, Spain, the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdisPa), 07120 Mallorca, Spain, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Martínez
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares (FISIB), 07110 Mallorca, Spain, the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdisPa), 07120 Mallorca, Spain, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Moranta
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares (FISIB), 07110 Mallorca, Spain, the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdisPa), 07120 Mallorca, Spain, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Llobet
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares (FISIB), 07110 Mallorca, Spain, the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdisPa), 07120 Mallorca, Spain, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar González-Nicolau
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares (FISIB), 07110 Mallorca, Spain, the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdisPa), 07120 Mallorca, Spain, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L Insua
- the Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, United Kingdom
| | - Juan M Tomas
- the Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philippe J Sansonetti
- the Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France, INSERM U786, 75724 Paris, France, Chaire de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Collège de France, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Régis Tournebize
- the Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France, INSERM U786, 75724 Paris, France, Imagopole, Plateforme d'Imagerie Dynamique, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France, and
| | - José A Bengoechea
- the Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, United Kingdom, the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28008 Madrid, Spain
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Yildiz S, Alpdundar E, Gungor B, Kahraman T, Bayyurt B, Gursel I, Gursel M. Enhanced immunostimulatory activity of cyclic dinucleotides on mouse cells when complexed with a cell-penetrating peptide or combined with CpG. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1170-9. [PMID: 25581346 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-derived nucleic acids by immune cells is critical for the activation of protective innate immune responses. Bacterial cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are small nucleic acids that are directly recognized by the cytosolic DNA sensor STING (stimulator of IFN genes), initiating a response characterized by proinflammatory cytokine and type I IFN production. Strategies to improve the immune stimulatory activities of CDNs can further their potential for clinical development. Here, we demonstrate that a simple complex of cylic-di-GMP with a cell-penetrating peptide enhances both cellular delivery and biological activity of the cyclic-di-GMP in murine splenocytes. Furthermore, our findings establish that activation of the TLR-dependent and TLR-independent DNA recognition pathways through combined use of CpG oligonucleotide (ODN) and CDN results in synergistic activity, augmenting cytokine production (IFN-α/β, IL-6, TNF-α, IP-10), costimulatory molecule upregulation (MHC class II, CD86), and antigen-specific humoral and cellular immunity. Results presented herein indicate that 3'3'-cGAMP, a recently identified bacterial CDN, is a superior stimulator of IFN genes ligand than cyclic-di-GMP in human PBMCs. Collectively, these findings suggest that the immune-stimulatory properties of CDNs can be augmented through peptide complexation or synergistic use with CpG oligonucleotide and may be of interest for the development of CDN-based immunotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soner Yildiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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Koestler BJ, Seregin SS, Rastall DPW, Aldhamen YA, Godbehere S, Amalfitano A, Waters CM. Stimulation of innate immunity by in vivo cyclic di-GMP synthesis using adenovirus. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1550-9. [PMID: 25230938 PMCID: PMC4248757 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00471-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial second messenger cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) stimulates inflammation by initiating innate immune cell recruitment and triggering the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. These properties make c-di-GMP a promising candidate for use as a vaccine adjuvant, and numerous studies have demonstrated that administration of purified c-di-GMP with different antigens increases protection against infection in animal models. Here, we have developed a novel approach to produce c-di-GMP inside host cells as an adjuvant to exploit a host-pathogen interaction and initiate an innate immune response. We have demonstrated that c-di-GMP can be synthesized in vivo by transducing a diguanylate cyclase (DGC) gene into mammalian cells using an adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vector. Expression of DGC led to the production of c-di-GMP in vitro and in vivo, and this was able to alter proinflammatory gene expression in murine tissues and increase the secretion of numerous cytokines and chemokines when administered to animals. Furthermore, coexpression of DGC modestly increased T-cell responses to a Clostridium difficile antigen expressed from an adenovirus vaccine, although no significant differences in antibody titers were observed. This adenovirus c-di-GMP delivery system offers a novel method to administer c-di-GMP as an adjuvant to stimulate innate immunity during vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Koestler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Sergey S Seregin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - David P W Rastall
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Yasser A Aldhamen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Sarah Godbehere
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrea Amalfitano
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Christopher M Waters
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA The BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Deepthi A, Liew CW, Liang ZX, Swaminathan K, Lescar J. Structure of a diguanylate cyclase from Thermotoga maritima: insights into activation, feedback inhibition and thermostability. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110912. [PMID: 25360685 PMCID: PMC4215984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale production of bis-3′-5′-cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) would facilitate biological studies of numerous bacterial signaling pathways and phenotypes controlled by this second messenger molecule, such as virulence and biofilm formation. C-di-GMP constitutes also a potentially interesting molecule as a vaccine adjuvant. Even though chemical synthesis of c-di-GMP can be done, the yields are incompatible with mass-production. tDGC, a stand-alone diguanylate cyclase (DGC or GGDEF domain) from Thermotoga maritima, enables the robust enzymatic production of large quantities of c-di-GMP. To understand the structural correlates of tDGC thermostability, its catalytic mechanism and feedback inhibition, we determined structures of an active-like dimeric conformation with both active (A) sites facing each other and of an inactive dimeric conformation, locked by c-di-GMP bound at the inhibitory (I) site. We also report the structure of a single mutant of tDGC, with the R158A mutation at the I-site, abolishing product inhibition and unproductive dimerization. A comparison with structurally characterized DGC homologues from mesophiles reveals the presence of a higher number of salt bridges in the hyperthermophile enzyme tDGC. Denaturation experiments of mutants disrupting in turn each of the salt bridges unique to tDGC identified three salt-bridges critical to confer thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeline Deepthi
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chong Wai Liew
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhao-Xun Liang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Julien Lescar
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Centre d' Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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Elahi S, Van Kessel J, Kiros TG, Strom S, Hayakawa Y, Hyodo M, Babiuk LA, Gerdts V. c-di-GMP enhances protective innate immunity in a murine model of pertussis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109778. [PMID: 25333720 PMCID: PMC4198122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity represents the first line of defense against invading pathogens in the respiratory tract. Innate immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, and granulocytes contain specific pathogen-recognition molecules which induce the production of cytokines and subsequently activate the adaptive immune response. c-di-GMP is a ubiquitous second messenger that stimulates innate immunity and regulates biofilm formation, motility and virulence in a diverse range of bacterial species with potent immunomodulatory properties. In the present study, c-di-GMP was used to enhance the innate immune response against pertussis, a respiratory infection mainly caused by Bordetella pertussis. Intranasal treatment with c-di-GMP resulted in the induction of robust innate immune responses to infection with B. pertussis characterized by enhanced recruitment of neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer cells and dendritic cells. The immune responses were associated with an earlier and more vigorous expression of Th1-type cytokines, as well as an increase in the induction of nitric oxide in the lungs of treated animals, resulting in significant reduction of bacterial numbers in the lungs of infected mice. These results demonstrate that c-di-GMP is a potent innate immune stimulatory molecule that can be used to enhance protection against bacterial respiratory infections. In addition, our data suggest that priming of the innate immune system by c-di-GMP could further skew the immune response towards a Th1 type phenotype during subsequent infection. Thus, our data suggest that c-di-GMP might be useful as an adjuvant for the next generation of acellular pertussis vaccine to mount a more protective Th1 phenotype immune response, and also in other systems where a Th1 type immune response is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokrollah Elahi
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail: (SE); (VG)
| | - Jill Van Kessel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Tedele G. Kiros
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Stacy Strom
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yoshihiro Hayakawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Japan
| | - Mamoru Hyodo
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Japan
| | - Lorne A. Babiuk
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- * E-mail: (SE); (VG)
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OAS proteins and cGAS: unifying concepts in sensing and responding to cytosolic nucleic acids. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:521-8. [PMID: 25033909 PMCID: PMC7097587 DOI: 10.1038/nri3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of nucleic acids in the cytosol alerts the cell to viral infection or damaged self. The oligoadenylate synthase (OAS) proteins and cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS) are enzymes that detect this danger and promote antiviral immunity. Recent structural studies reveal that these enzymes have a common mechanism of action and probably the same evolutionary origin. Recent discoveries in the field of innate immunity have highlighted the existence of a family of nucleic acid-sensing proteins that have similar structural and functional properties. These include the well-known oligoadenylate synthase (OAS) family proteins and the recently identified OAS homologue cyclic GMP–AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS). The OAS proteins and cGAS are template-independent nucleotidyltransferases that, once activated by double-stranded nucleic acids in the cytosol, produce unique classes of 2′–5′-linked second messenger molecules, which — through distinct mechanisms — have crucial antiviral functions. 2′–5′-linked oligoadenylates limit viral propagation through the activation of the enzyme RNase L, which degrades host and viral RNA, and 2′–5′-linked cGAMP activates downstream signalling pathways to induce de novo antiviral gene expression. In this Progress article, we describe the striking functional and structural similarities between OAS proteins and cGAS, and highlight their roles in antiviral immunity.
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Riese P, Sakthivel P, Trittel S, Guzmán CA. Intranasal formulations: promising strategy to deliver vaccines. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1619-34. [PMID: 24962722 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.931936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The emergence of new diseases and the lack of efficient vaccines against numerous non-treatable pathogens require the development of novel vaccination strategies. To date, only a few mucosal vaccines have been approved for humans. This was in part due to i) the use of live attenuated vaccines, which are not suitable for certain groups of individuals, ii) safety concerns derived from implementation in humans of some mucosal vaccines, iii) the poor stability, absorption and immunogenicity of antigens delivered by the mucosal route and iv) the limited number of available technologies to overcome the bottlenecks associated with mucosal antigen delivery. Recent advances make feasible the development of efficacious mucosal vaccines with adequate safety profile. Thus, currently intranasal vaccines represent an attractive and valid alternative to conventional vaccines. AREAS COVERED The present review is focused on the potentials and limitations of market-approved intranasal vaccines and promising candidates undergoing clinical investigations. Furthermore, emerging strategies to overcome main bottlenecks including efficient breaching of the mucosal barrier and safety concerns by implementation of new adjuvants and delivery systems are discussed. EXPERT OPINION The rational design of intranasal vaccines requires an in-depth understanding of the anatomic, physicochemical and barrier properties of the nasal mucosa, as well as the molecular mechanisms governing the activation of the local innate and adaptive immune system. This would provide the critical knowledge to establish effective approaches to deliver vaccine antigens across the mucosal barrier, supporting the stimulation of a long-lasting protective response at both mucosal and systemic levels. Current developments in the area of adjuvants, nanotechnologies and mucosal immunology, together with the identification of surface receptors that can be exploited for cell targeting and manipulating their physiological properties, will become instrumental for developing a new generation of more effective intranasal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Riese
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology , Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig , Germany
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Dubensky TW, Kanne DB, Leong ML. Rationale, progress and development of vaccines utilizing STING-activating cyclic dinucleotide adjuvants. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2014; 1:131-43. [PMID: 24757520 DOI: 10.1177/2051013613501988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A principal barrier to the development of effective vaccines is the availability of adjuvants and formulations that can elicit both effector and long-lived memory CD4 and CD8 T cells. Cellular immunity is the presumptive immune correlate of protection against intracellular pathogens: a group composed of bacteria, viruses and protozoans that is responsible for a staggering level of morbidity and mortality on a global scale. T-cell immunity is also correlated with clinical benefit in cancer, and the development of therapeutic strategies to harness the immune system to treat diverse malignancies is currently undergoing a renaissance. Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are ubiquitous small molecule second messengers synthesized by bacteria that regulate diverse processes and are a relatively new class of adjuvants that have been shown to increase vaccine potency. CDNs activate innate immunity by directly binding the endoplasmic reticulum-resident receptor STING (stimulator of interferon genes), activating a signaling pathway that induces the expression of interferon-β (IFN-β) and also nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) dependent inflammatory cytokines. The STING signaling pathway has emerged as a central Toll-like receptor (TLR) independent mediator of host innate defense in response to sensing cytosolic nucleic acids, either through direct binding of CDNs secreted by bacteria, or, as shown recently, through binding of a structurally distinct CDN produced by a host cell receptor in response to binding cytosolic double-stranded (ds)DNA. Although this relatively new class of adjuvants has to date only been evaluated in mice, newly available CDN-STING cocrystal structures will likely intensify efforts in this field towards further development and evaluation in human trials both in preventive vaccine and immunotherapy settings.
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Chandra D, Quispe-Tintaya W, Jahangir A, Asafu-Adjei D, Ramos I, Sintim HO, Zhou J, Hayakawa Y, Karaolis DKR, Gravekamp C. STING ligand c-di-GMP improves cancer vaccination against metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:901-10. [PMID: 24913717 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccination may be our best and most benign option for preventing or treating metastatic cancer. However, breakthroughs are hampered by immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we analyzed whether cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP), a ligand for stimulator of interferon genes (STING), could overcome immune suppression and improve vaccination against metastatic breast cancer. Mice with metastatic breast cancer (4T1 model) were therapeutically immunized with an attenuated Listeria monocytogenes (LM)-based vaccine, expressing tumor-associated antigen Mage-b (LM-Mb), followed by multiple low doses of c-di-GMP (0.2 μmol/L). This treatment resulted in a striking and near elimination of all metastases. Experiments revealed that c-di-GMP targets myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and tumor cells. Low doses of c-di-GMP significantly increased the production of IL12 by MDSCs, in correlation with improved T-cell responses to Mage-b, whereas a high dose of c-di-GMP (range, 0.3-3 mmol/L) activated caspase-3 in the 4T1 tumor cells and killed the tumor cells directly. On the basis of these results, we tested one administration of high-dose c-di-GMP (3 mmol/L) followed by repeated administrations of low-dose c-di-GMP (0.2 μmol/L) in the 4T1 model, and found equal efficacy compared with the combination of LM-Mb and c-di-GMP. This finding correlated with a mechanism of improved CD8 T-cell responses to tumor-associated antigens (TAA) Mage-b and Survivin, most likely through cross-presentation of these TAAs from c-di-GMP-killed 4T1 tumor cells, and through c-di-GMP-activated TAA-specific T cells. Our results demonstrate that activation of STING-dependent pathways by c-di-GMP is highly attractive for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Chandra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Wilber Quispe-Tintaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Arthee Jahangir
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Denise Asafu-Adjei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Ilyssa Ramos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Herman O Sintim
- Program in Oncology, University of Maryland, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; and
| | - Jie Zhou
- Program in Oncology, University of Maryland, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; and
| | - Yoshihiro Hayakawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Claudia Gravekamp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York;
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Škrnjug I, Rueckert C, Libanova R, Lienenklaus S, Weiss S, Guzmán CA. The mucosal adjuvant cyclic di-AMP exerts immune stimulatory effects on dendritic cells and macrophages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95728. [PMID: 24755640 PMCID: PMC3996008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic di-nucleotide bis-(3′,5′)-cyclic dimeric adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) is a candidate mucosal adjuvant with proven efficacy in preclinical models. It was shown to promote specific humoral and cellular immune responses following mucosal administration. To date, there is only fragmentary knowledge on the cellular and molecular mode of action of c-di-AMP. Here, we report on the identification of dendritic cells and macrophages as target cells of c-di-AMP. We show that c-di-AMP induces the cell surface up-regulation of T cell co-stimulatory molecules as well as the production of interferon-β. Those responses were characterized by in vitro experiments with murine and human immune cells and in vivo studies in mice. Analyses of dendritic cell subsets revealed conventional dendritic cells as principal responders to stimulation by c-di-AMP. We discuss the impact of the reported antigen presenting cell activation on the previously observed adjuvant effects of c-di-AMP in mouse immunization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Škrnjug
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christine Rueckert
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rimma Libanova
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carlos A Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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A new adjuvant delivery system 'cyclic di-GMP/YSK05 liposome' for cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2014; 184:20-7. [PMID: 24727060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides are of importance in the field of microbiology and immunology. They function as second messengers and are thought to participate in the signal transduction of cytosolic DNA immune responses. One such dinucleotide, cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP), stimulates the immune system. It is thought that c-di-GMP is recognized by ATP dependent RNA helicase (DDX41) in the cytosol, forms a complex with the Stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING), triggers a signal via the tank binding kinase 1-interferon regulatory factor 3 (TBK1-IRF3) pathway and induces the production of type I interferons. Therefore c-di-GMP can be thought of as a new class of adjuvant. However, because c-di-GMP contains two phosphate groups, this prevents its use as an adjuvant because it cannot pass through the cell membrane, even though the target molecule of c-di-GMP is located in the cytoplasm. Our group has been developing a series of liposomal drug delivery systems and recently investigated YSK05 which is a synthetic, pH sensitive lipid that has a high fusogenicity. We utilized this lipid as a carrier to transport c-di-GMP into the cytosol to then use c-di-GMP as an adjuvant. Based on screening experiments, YSK05/POPE/cholesterol=40/25/35 was found to induce IFN-β in Raw264.7 cells. The induction of IFN-β from c-di-GMP liposomes was inhibited by adding BX795, a TBK1 inhibitor, indicating that the production of IFN-β caused the activation of the STING-TBK1 pathway. C-di-GMP liposomes also showed significantly higher levels of expression of CD80, CD86 and MHC class I. The c-di-GMP/YSK05 liposome facilitated antigen specific cytotoxic T cell activity and the inhibition of tumor growth in a mouse model. These findings indicate that c-di-GMP/YSK05 liposomes could be used, not only to transfer c-di-GMP to the cytosol and induce an innate immune system but also as a platform for investigating the mechanism of immune sensing with cyclic dinucleotides in vitro and in vivo.
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Blaauboer SM, Gabrielle VD, Jin L. MPYS/STING-mediated TNF-α, not type I IFN, is essential for the mucosal adjuvant activity of (3'-5')-cyclic-di-guanosine-monophosphate in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:492-502. [PMID: 24307739 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial second messenger (3'-5')-cyclic-di-guanosine-monophosphate (CDG) is a promising mucosal adjuvant candidate that activates balanced Th1/Th2/Th17 responses. We showed previously that CDG activates stimulator of IFN genes (STING)-dependent IFN-I production in vitro. However, it is unknown whether STING or IFN-I is required for the CDG adjuvant activity in vivo. In this study, we show that STING(-/-) mice (Tmem173(<tm1Camb>)) do not produce Ag-specific Abs or Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines during CDG/Ag immunization. Intranasal administration of CDG did not induce TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, or MCP-1 production in STING(-/-) mice. Surprisingly, we found that the cytokine and Ab responses were unaltered in CDG/Ag-immunized IFNAR(-/-) mice. Instead, we found that CDG activates STING-dependent, IFN-I-independent TNF-α production in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, using a TNFR1(-/-) mouse, we demonstrate that TNF-α signaling is critical for CDG-induced Ag-specific Ab and Th1/Th2 cytokine production. This is distinct from STING-mediated DNA adjuvant activity, which requires IFN-I, but not TNF-α, production. Finally, we found that CDG activates STING-dependent, but IRF3 stimulation-independent, NF-κB signaling. Our results established an essential role for STING-mediated TNF-α production in the mucosal adjuvant activity of CDG in vivo and revealed a novel IFN-I stimulation-independent STING-NF-κB-TNF-α pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Blaauboer
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208
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Fatima M, Rempel H, Kuang XT, Allen KJ, Cheng KM, Malouin F, Diarra MS. Effect of 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid in a broiler Clostridium perfringens infection model. Poult Sci 2013; 92:2644-50. [PMID: 24046411 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to explore strategies to control Clostridium perfringens, we investigated the synergistic effect of a ubiquitous bacterial second messenger 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) with penicillin G in a broiler challenge model. All chicks were inoculated in the crop by gavage on d 14, 15, and 16 with a mixture of 4 C. perfringens strains. Birds were treated with saline (control group) or 20 nmol of c-di-GMP by gavage or intramuscularly (IM) on d 24, all in conjunction with penicillin G in water for 5 d. Weekly samplings of ceca and ileum were performed on d 21 to 35 for C. perfringens and Lactobacillus enumeration. On d 35 of age, the IM treatment significantly (P < 0.05) reduced C. perfringens in the ceca, suggesting possible synergistic activity between penicillin G and c-di-GMP against C. perfringens in broiler ceca. Moreover, analysis of ceca DNA for the presence of a series of C. perfringens virulence genes showed a prevalence of 30% for the Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin gene (cpa) from d 21 to 35 in the IM-treated group, whereas the occurrence of the cpa gene increased from 10 to 60% in the other 2 groups (control and gavage) from d 21 to 35. Detection of β-lactamase genes (blaCMY-2, blaSHV, and blaTEM) indicative of gram-negative bacteria in the same samples from d 21 to 35 did not show significant treatment effects. Amplified fragment-length polymorphism showed a predominant 92% similarity between the ceca of 21-d-old control birds and the 35-d-old IM-treated c-di-GMP group. This suggests that c-di-GMP IM treatment might be effective at restoring the normal microflora of the host on d 35 after being challenged by C. perfringens. Our results suggest that c-di-GMP can reduce the colonization of C. perfringens in the gut without increasing the selection pressure for some β-lactamase genes or altering the commensal bacterial population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mussarat Fatima
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, PO Box 1000, 6947 Highway 7, Agassiz, BC, Canada V0M 1A0
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Cyclic di-GMP: the first 25 years of a universal bacterial second messenger. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2013; 77:1-52. [PMID: 23471616 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00043-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1189] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-five years have passed since the discovery of cyclic dimeric (3'→5') GMP (cyclic di-GMP or c-di-GMP). From the relative obscurity of an allosteric activator of a bacterial cellulose synthase, c-di-GMP has emerged as one of the most common and important bacterial second messengers. Cyclic di-GMP has been shown to regulate biofilm formation, motility, virulence, the cell cycle, differentiation, and other processes. Most c-di-GMP-dependent signaling pathways control the ability of bacteria to interact with abiotic surfaces or with other bacterial and eukaryotic cells. Cyclic di-GMP plays key roles in lifestyle changes of many bacteria, including transition from the motile to the sessile state, which aids in the establishment of multicellular biofilm communities, and from the virulent state in acute infections to the less virulent but more resilient state characteristic of chronic infectious diseases. From a practical standpoint, modulating c-di-GMP signaling pathways in bacteria could represent a new way of controlling formation and dispersal of biofilms in medical and industrial settings. Cyclic di-GMP participates in interkingdom signaling. It is recognized by mammalian immune systems as a uniquely bacterial molecule and therefore is considered a promising vaccine adjuvant. The purpose of this review is not to overview the whole body of data in the burgeoning field of c-di-GMP-dependent signaling. Instead, we provide a historic perspective on the development of the field, emphasize common trends, and illustrate them with the best available examples. We also identify unresolved questions and highlight new directions in c-di-GMP research that will give us a deeper understanding of this truly universal bacterial second messenger.
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Helbig ET, Opitz B, Sander LE. Adjuvant immunotherapies as a novel approach to bacterial infections. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:365-81. [PMID: 23557420 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens, especially Gram-negative bacteria and mycobacteria, represents one of the major medical challenges of the 21st century. The gradual loss of effective classical antibiotics for many bacterial pathogens, combined with an increasing population density and mobility, urgently calls for the development of novel treatments. Here, we discuss the potential of adjuvant immunotherapies to selectively stimulate protective immune responses as a treatment option for bacterial infections. In order to elicit appropriate immune responses and to avoid unwanted inflammatory tissue damage, it is essential to identify ligands and receptor pathways that specifically control protective responses at the site of infection. We summarize existing data and discuss suitable candidate targets for future immunotherapies of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa T Helbig
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Pulmonary Medicine, Charité University Hospital, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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