1
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Guigues A, Gimenez S, Mettling C, Maurel D, Doumazane E, Prézeau L, François V, Corbeau P. The EBI2 receptor is coexpressed with CCR5 in CD4 + T cells and boosts HIV-1 R5 replication. AIDS 2024; 38:1449-1459. [PMID: 38770825 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CCR5, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is used by most HIV strains as a coreceptor. In this study, we looked for other GPCR able to modify HIV-1 infection. DESIGN We analyzed the effects of one GPCR coexpressed with CCR5, EBI2, on HIV-1 replicative cycle. METHODS We identified GPCR expressed in primary CD4 + CCR5 + T cells by multi-RT-qPCR. We studied GPCR dimerization by FRET technology. Cell lines expressing EBI2 were established by transduction with HIV vectors. HIV-1 entry was quantified with virions harboring β-lactamase fused to the viral protein vpr, early and late HIV-1 transcriptions by qPCR, NFkB nuclear activation by immunofluorescence and transfection, and viral production by measuring p24 concentration in culture supernatant by ELISA. RESULTS We showed that EBI2 is naturally expressed in primary CD4 + CCR5 + T cells, and that CCR5 and EBI2 heterodimerize. We observed that this coexpression reduced viral entry by 50%. The amount of HIV reverse transcripts was similar in cells expressing or not EBI2. Finally, the presence of EBI2 induced the translocation of NFkB and activated HIV-1 genome expression. Globally, the result was a drastic HIV-1 R5, but not X4, overproduction in EBI2 -transduced cells. CONCLUSION EBI2 expression in CD4 + CCR5 + cells boosts HIV-1 R5 productive infection. As the natural ligand for EBI2 is present in blood and lymphoid tissues, the constant EBI2 activation might increase HIV replication in CD4 + T cells. It might be of interest to test the effect of EBI2 antagonists on the residual viral production persisting in patients aviremic under treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Guigues
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS-Université de Montpellier UMR9002
| | - Sandrine Gimenez
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS-Université de Montpellier UMR9002
| | - Clément Mettling
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS-Université de Montpellier UMR9002
| | - Damien Maurel
- ARPEGE Pharmacology Screening Interactome Platform Facility
| | - Etienne Doumazane
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS-UMR5203, INSERM-U661, Universités Montpellier 1 & 2
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Prézeau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS-UMR5203, INSERM-U661, Universités Montpellier 1 & 2
| | - Vincent François
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS-Université de Montpellier UMR9002
| | - Pierre Corbeau
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS-Université de Montpellier UMR9002
- Université de Montpellier
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Carémeau, UF d'Immunologie, Nîmes Cedex 9
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2
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Marie P, Bazire M, Ladet J, Ameur LB, Chahar S, Fontrodona N, Sexton T, Auboeuf D, Bourgeois CF, Mortreux F. Gene-to-gene coordinated regulation of transcription and alternative splicing by 3D chromatin remodeling upon NF-κB activation. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:1527-1543. [PMID: 38272542 PMCID: PMC10899780 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB protein p65/RelA plays a pivotal role in coordinating gene expression in response to diverse stimuli, including viral infections. At the chromatin level, p65/RelA regulates gene transcription and alternative splicing through promoter enrichment and genomic exon occupancy, respectively. The intricate ways in which p65/RelA simultaneously governs these functions across various genes remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we employed the HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein, a potent activator of NF-κB, to investigate its influence on the three-dimensional organization of the genome, a key factor in gene regulation. We discovered that Tax restructures the 3D genomic landscape, bringing together genes based on their regulation and splicing patterns. Notably, we found that the Tax-induced gene-gene contact between the two master genes NFKBIA and RELA is associated with their respective changes in gene expression and alternative splicing. Through dCas9-mediated approaches, we demonstrated that NFKBIA-RELA interaction is required for alternative splicing regulation and is caused by an intragenic enrichment of p65/RelA on RELA. Our findings shed light on new regulatory mechanisms upon HTLV-1 Tax and underscore the integral role of p65/RelA in coordinated regulation of NF-κB-responsive genes at both transcriptional and splicing levels in the context of the 3D genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Marie
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, 46 Allée d’Italie Site Jacques Monod, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Matéo Bazire
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, 46 Allée d’Italie Site Jacques Monod, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Julien Ladet
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, 46 Allée d’Italie Site Jacques Monod, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Lamya Ben Ameur
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, 46 Allée d’Italie Site Jacques Monod, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Sanjay Chahar
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), UMR7104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U1258, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 6704 Illkirch, France
| | - Nicolas Fontrodona
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, 46 Allée d’Italie Site Jacques Monod, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Tom Sexton
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), UMR7104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U1258, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 6704 Illkirch, France
| | - Didier Auboeuf
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, 46 Allée d’Italie Site Jacques Monod, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Cyril F Bourgeois
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, 46 Allée d’Italie Site Jacques Monod, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Franck Mortreux
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, 46 Allée d’Italie Site Jacques Monod, F-69007 Lyon, France
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3
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Masle-Farquhar E, Jeelall Y, White J, Bier J, Deenick EK, Brink R, Horikawa K, Goodnow CC. CARD11 gain-of-function mutation drives cell-autonomous accumulation of PD-1 + ICOS high activated T cells, T-follicular, T-regulatory and T-follicular regulatory cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1095257. [PMID: 36960072 PMCID: PMC10028194 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1095257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Germline CARD11 gain-of-function (GOF) mutations cause B cell Expansion with NF-κB and T cell Anergy (BENTA) disease, whilst somatic GOF CARD11 mutations recur in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and in up to 30% of the peripheral T cell lymphomas (PTCL) adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) and Sezary Syndrome. Despite their frequent acquisition by PTCL, the T cell-intrinsic effects of CARD11 GOF mutations are poorly understood. Methods Here, we studied B and T lymphocytes in mice with a germline Nethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced Card11M365K mutation identical to a mutation identified in DLBCL and modifying a conserved region of the CARD11 coiled-coil domain recurrently mutated in DLBCL and PTCL. Results and discussion Our results demonstrate that CARD11.M365K is a GOF protein that increases B and T lymphocyte activation and proliferation following antigen receptor stimulation. Germline Card11M365K mutation was insufficient alone to cause B or T-lymphoma, but increased accumulation of germinal center (GC) B cells in unimmunized and immunized mice. Card11M365K mutation caused cell-intrinsic over-accumulation of activated T cells, T regulatory (TREG), T follicular (TFH) and T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells expressing increased levels of ICOS, CTLA-4 and PD-1 checkpoint molecules. Our results reveal CARD11 as an important, cell-autonomous positive regulator of TFH, TREG and TFR cells. They highlight T cell-intrinsic effects of a GOF mutation in the CARD11 gene, which is recurrently mutated in T cell malignancies that are often aggressive and associated with variable clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Masle-Farquhar
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent’s Healthcare Clinical, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Etienne Masle-Farquhar, ; Yogesh Jeelall,
| | - Yogesh Jeelall
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Immunology Department, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Etienne Masle-Farquhar, ; Yogesh Jeelall,
| | - Jacqueline White
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent’s Healthcare Clinical, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julia Bier
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent’s Healthcare Clinical, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elissa K. Deenick
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent’s Healthcare Clinical, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert Brink
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent’s Healthcare Clinical, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Keisuke Horikawa
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Immunology Department, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Christopher Carl Goodnow
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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4
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Ferreira CB, Sumner RP, Rodriguez-Plata MT, Rasaiyaah J, Milne RS, Thrasher AJ, Qasim W, Towers GJ. Lentiviral Vector Production Titer Is Not Limited in HEK293T by Induced Intracellular Innate Immunity. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 17:209-219. [PMID: 31970199 PMCID: PMC6965512 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Most gene therapy lentiviral vector (LV) production platforms employ HEK293T cells expressing the oncogenic SV40 large T-antigen (TAg) that is thought to promote plasmid-mediated gene expression. Studies on other viral oncogenes suggest that TAg may also inhibit the intracellular autonomous innate immune system that triggers defensive antiviral responses upon detection of viral components by cytosolic sensors. Here we show that an innate response can be generated after HIV-1-derived LV transfection in HEK293T cells, particularly by the transgene, yet, remarkably, this had no effect on LV titer. Further, overexpression of DNA sensing pathway components led to expression of inflammatory cytokine and interferon (IFN) stimulated genes but did not result in detectable IFN or CXCL10 and had no impact on LV titer. Exogenous IFN-β also did not affect LV production or transduction efficiency in primary T cells. Additionally, manipulation of TAg did not affect innate antiviral responses, but stable expression of TAg boosted vector production in HEK293 cells. Our findings demonstrate a measure of innate immune competence in HEK293T cells but, crucially, show that activation of inflammatory signaling is uncoupled from cytokine secretion in these cells. This provides new mechanistic insight into the unique suitability of HEK293T cells for LV manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina B. Ferreira
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Rebecca P. Sumner
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Jane Rasaiyaah
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Richard S. Milne
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Adrian J. Thrasher
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Waseem Qasim
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Greg J. Towers
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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5
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Li XH, Gaynor RB. Regulation of NF-kappaB by the HTLV-1 Tax protein. Gene Expr 2018; 7:233-45. [PMID: 10440224 PMCID: PMC6174672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
The Tax protein encoded by the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) activates viral gene expression via the ATF/CREB pathway. Tax also induces a variety of cellular genes through activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. The ability of Tax to activate the NF-kappaB pathway plays an essential role in HTLV-1-induced cellular transformation. This review briefly summarizes the remarkable discoveries of the past several years that have greatly advanced our knowledge on signal-mediated activation of the NF-kappaB pathway. It highlights our current understanding of how viral agents like Tax modulate cellular signaling machinery to activate the NF-kappaB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hua Li
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Harold Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235-8594
| | - Richard B. Gaynor
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Harold Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235-8594
- Address correspondence to Richard B. Gaynor, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, U.T. Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235-8594. Tel: (214) 648-7570; Fax: (214) 648-8862; E-mail:
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6
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Al-Sha'er MA, Almazari IS, Taha MO. Discovery of novel potent nuclear factor kappa-B inhibitors (IKK-β) via extensive ligand-based modeling and virtual screening. J Mol Recognit 2016; 30. [PMID: 28008665 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitor kappa-B kinase-beta (IKK-β) controls the activation of nuclear transcription factor kappa-B and has been linked to inflammation and cancer. Therefore, inhibitors of this kinase should have potent anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. Accordingly, we explored the pharmacophoric space of 218 IKK-β inhibitors to identify high-quality binding models. Subsequently, genetic algorithm-based quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) analysis was employed to select the best possible combination of pharmacophoric models and physicochemical descriptors that explain bioactivity variation among training compounds. Three successful pharmacophores emerged in 2 optimal QSAR equations (r12175 = 0.733, r12LOO = 0.52, F1 = 65.62, r12PRESS against 43 test inhibitors = 0.63 and r22175 = 0.683, r22LOO = 0.52, F2 = 72.66, r22PRESS against 43 test inhibitors = 0.65). Two pharmacophores were merged in a single binding model. Receiver operating characteristic curve validation proved the excellent qualities of this model. The merged pharmacophore and the associated QSAR equations were applied to screen the National Cancer Institute list of compounds. Ten hits were found to exhibit potent anti-IKK-β bioactivity, out of which, one illustrates IC50 of 11.0nM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mutasem O Taha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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7
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Kuri P, Ellwanger K, Kufer TA, Leptin M, Bajoghli B. A high-sensitivity bi-directional reporter to monitor NF-κB activity in cell culture and zebrafish in real time. J Cell Sci 2016; 130:648-657. [PMID: 27980067 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.196485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor (NF)-κB transcription factors play major roles in numerous biological processes including development and immunity. Here, we engineered a novel bi-directional NF-κB-responsive reporter, pSGNluc, in which a high-affinity NF-κB promoter fragment simultaneously drives expression of luciferase and GFP. Treatment with TNFα (also known as TNF) induced a strong, dose-dependent luciferase signal in cell culture. The degree of induction over background was comparable to that of other NF-κB-driven luciferase reporters, but the absolute level of expression was at least 20-fold higher. This extends the sensitivity range of otherwise difficult assays mediated exclusively by endogenously expressed receptors, as we show for Nod1 signaling in HEK293 cells. To measure NF-κB activity in the living organism, we established a transgenic zebrafish line carrying the pSGNluc construct. Live in toto imaging of transgenic embryos revealed the activation patterns of NF-κB signaling during embryonic development and as responses to inflammatory stimuli. Taken together, by integrating qualitative and quantitative NF-κB reporter activity, pSGNluc is a valuable tool for studying NF-κB signaling at high spatiotemporal resolution in cultured cells and living animals that goes beyond the possibilities provided by currently available reporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Kuri
- Directors' Research Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kornelia Ellwanger
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas A Kufer
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maria Leptin
- Directors' Research Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany .,Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, Zülpicherstrasse 47a, 50674 Cologne, Germany.,EMBO, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Baubak Bajoghli
- Directors' Research Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Wu Chaoqun, Wanleng Deng, Ohmori Y, Hamilton TA. Differential mechanisms of LPS-induced NFκB activation in macrophages and fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/096805199600300102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide is a prototypic stimulus of inflammatory gene expression which can act on a variety of cell types to produce different patterns of response. In the present report, the ability of LPS to stimulate NFKB activity was investigated in a fibroblast cell line (NIH3T3) and compared to LPS-induced response in a macrophage like cell line (RAW264.7). LPS was a potent stimulus of KB binding activity in both cell types though the protein composition of such binding activity varied. LPS caused nuclear translocation of KB binding activity in RAW 264.7 cells which contained NFKB1 (p50), RelA (p65), and high levels of c-Rel. Nuclei from LPS-stimulated NIH3T3 cells contained only NFKB1 and RelA but little c-Rel. Both cell types contain comparable levels of total c-Rel protein. Using two structurally distinct KB sequence motifs, LPS was shown to produce a different pattern of transacting activity in fibroblasts as compared to macrophages; both KB motifs were sensitive to LPS in RAW264.7 cells while only one of the two was functional in LPS-stimulated NIH3T3 cells. Thus LPS appears to utilize the NFKB family of transcription factors differentially depending upon the cell type being stimulated. Such differential activation of transcription factor family members may be an important determinant of the diverse nature of inflammatory response seen in different tissue settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Chaoqun
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Wanleng Deng
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Ohmori
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas A. Hamilton
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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9
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Banerjee S, Leptin M. Systemic response to ultraviolet radiation involves induction of leukocytic IL-1β and inflammation in zebrafish. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1408-15. [PMID: 24965777 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation is a pervasive stimulus with wide-ranging effects on all living forms. The effects of UV vary from physiological to pathological, depending on levels of exposure, but the immune response at the organismal level is not well understood. We use the zebrafish embryo and larva to study immune responses to UV stress in vivo. UV exposure causes inflammation characterized by systemic induction of proinflammatory cytokines. Leukocytes are an important component of this systemic response and upregulate IL-1β expression proportional to the dose of UV exposure. Increased levels of this proinflammatory cytokine counteract the lethal effect of high doses of UV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjita Banerjee
- Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Leptin
- Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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UBE2O negatively regulates TRAF6-mediated NF-κB activation by inhibiting TRAF6 polyubiquitination. Cell Res 2013; 23:366-77. [PMID: 23381138 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2013.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is a key regulator of the activation of transcription factor NF-κB by the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)/Toll-like receptor (TLR) superfamily. Recruitment of TRAF6 to the receptor-associated IRAK1-IRAK4-MyD88 adaptor protein complex induces lysine 63 (K63) autopolyubiquitination of TRAF6, which leads to further recruitment of downstream regulators, such as TAB2/3 and TAK1, and subsequently triggers NF-κB activation. Here, we identified the putative E2 ubiquitin-conjugating (UBC) enzyme UBE2O as a novel negative regulator of TRAF6-dependent NF-κB signaling. We found that UBE2O binds to TRAF6 to inhibit its K63-polyubiquitination, and to prevent the activation of NF-κB by IL-1β and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). We further show that the inhibitory effect of UBE2O is independent of its carboxy-terminal UBC domain. In contrast, we found that UBE2O acts to disrupt the IL-1β-induced association of TRAF6 with MyD88. These results provide novel insight into the regulation of signaling by IL-1R/TLR and TRAF6.
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11
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Pires KMP, Lanzetti M, Rueff-Barroso CR, Castro P, Abrahão A, Koatz VLG, Valença SS, Porto LC. Oxidative damage in alveolar macrophages exposed to cigarette smoke extract and participation of nitric oxide in redox balance. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:791-8. [PMID: 22664789 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) acts in both pathological and biological processes. We investigated the role of NO in the regulation of cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress in rat alveolar macrophages (RAM). RAM collected from Wistar rats were cultured in 5% concentration cigarette smoke extract (CSE) for 1h. RAM exposed to CSE were then co-incubated with L-NAME (LN), L-arginine (LA), N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and both LN and NAC. RAM cultured only with medium was considered as control group. Biochemical analysis were performed to measure cellular metabolism (MTT), nitrite levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase activities, reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG), malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase activity. During exposure to CSE, increased NO levels were not only associated with an increase of cell activation, but also affected MTT levels in RAM. CSE exposure resulted in significant redox imbalance in RAM. NAC administration affected SOD antioxidant profile regardless NO levels; however nitrite values were associated with GSH/GSSG ratio. In addition, lipid peroxidation appeared to be nitric-oxide dependent. Furthermore, the use of NAC significantly reduced the expression of NFkB normally observed in RAM exposed to CSE. The present results show that NO appeared to be involved in RAM activation, oxidative status maintenance and lipid peroxidation process during exposure to CSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Maria Pereira Pires
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Humana e Experimental - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida 28 de setembro 87, CEP: 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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12
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Gurevich I, Zhang C, Encarnacao PC, Struzynski CP, Livings SE, Aneskievich BJ. PPARγ and NF-κB regulate the gene promoter activity of their shared repressor, TNIP1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1819:1-15. [PMID: 22001530 PMCID: PMC3249470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human TNFAIP3 interacting protein 1 (TNIP1) has diverse functions including support of HIV replication through its interaction with viral Nef and matrix proteins, reduction of TNFα-induced signaling through its interaction with NF-κB pathway proteins, and corepression of agonist-bound retinoic acid receptors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR). The wide tissue distribution of TNIP1 provides the opportunity to influence numerous cellular responses in these roles and defining control of TNIP1 expression would be central to improved understanding of its impact on cell function. We cloned 6kb of the human TNIP1 promoter and performed predictive and functional analyses to identify regulatory elements. The promoter region proximal to the transcription start site is GC-rich without a recognizable TATA box. In contrast to this proximal ~500bp region, 6kb of the promoter increased reporter construct constitutive activity over five-fold. Throughout the 6kb length, in silico analysis identified several potential binding sites for both constitutive and inducible transcription factors; among the latter were candidate NF-κB binding sequences and peroxisome proliferator response elements (PPREs). We tested NF-κB and PPAR regulation of the endogenous TNIP1 gene and cloned promoter by expression studies, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitations. We validated NF-κB sites in the TNIP1 promoter proximal and distal regions as well as one PPRE in the distal region. The ultimate control of the TNIP1 promoter is likely to be a combination of constitutive transcription factors and those subject to activation such as NF-κB and PPAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Gurevich
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092; USA
| | - Carmen Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092; USA
| | - Priscilla C. Encarnacao
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092; USA
| | - Charles P. Struzynski
- Doctor of Pharmacy Program, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092; USA
| | - Sarah E. Livings
- Doctor of Pharmacy Program, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092; USA
| | - Brian J. Aneskievich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092; USA
- Center for Regenerative Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092; USA
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13
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Zurek B, Bielig H, Kufer TA. Cell-based reporter assay to analyze activation of Nod1 and Nod2. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 748:107-119. [PMID: 21701969 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-139-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nod1 and Nod2 are pattern recognition receptors of the mammalian innate immune system. They respond to bacterial peptidoglycan fragments and are implicated in host defense against a variety of -different bacterial pathogens. Recent studies furthermore support additional functions of these proteins in the control of adaptive immune responses and intestinal homeostasis. Activation of Nod1 and Nod2 by their cognate elicitors triggers inflammatory responses driven by the activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways. In this chapter, we describe a quick and reliable cell-based assay using a luciferase reporter to measure Nod1- and Nod2-mediated NF-κB activation. The described protocol was successfully applied to analyze the influences of overexpressed proteins and siRNA-mediated knock-down to provide new insights into the regulation of Nod1/2-specific signaling pathways. Furthermore, this method is well suited for downscaling to high-throughput screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Zurek
- Molecular Innate Immunobiology Group, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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14
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Saitoh Y, Martínez Bruyn VJ, Uota S, Hasegawa A, Yamamoto N, Imoto I, Inazawa J, Yamaoka S. Overexpression of NF-κB inducing kinase underlies constitutive NF-κB activation in lung cancer cells. Lung Cancer 2010; 70:263-70. [PMID: 20338663 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates roles for NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK) in constitutive NF-κB activation in lung cancer cells. A wealth of evidence showed that NF-κB is often constitutively activated in human cancer cells, including non-small cell lung cancer tissue specimens and cell lines, which may lead to deregulated apoptosis and enhanced resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapy. However, the mechanisms of NF-κB activation in lung cancer cells remain largely unknown. We report here that NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK) is aberrantly expressed at the pre-translational level in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. Depletion of NIK by RNA interference remarkably diminished nuclear NF-κB DNA binding activity and reporter gene expression. NIK depletion induced apoptosis in A549 cells, reduced the matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and survivin mRNA expression and affected efficiency of anchorage-independent H1299 cell growth, suggesting a role for NIK in the manifestation of oncogenic phenotype. These results indicate that NIK plays a key role in constitutive NF-κB activation in NSCLC cells and implicate NIK as a molecular target for lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Saitoh
- Department of Molecular Virology, Bio Response, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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15
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Magalhães CB, Riva DR, DePaula LJ, Brando-Lima A, Koatz VLG, Leal-Cardoso JH, Zin WA, Faffe DS. In vivo anti-inflammatory action of eugenol on lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 108:845-51. [PMID: 20075264 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00560.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eugenol, a methoxyphenol component of clove oil, suppresses cyclooxygenase-2 expression, while eugenol dimers prevent nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation and inflammatory cytokine expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Our aim was to examine the in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of eugenol. BALB/c mice were divided into four groups. Mice received saline [0.05 ml intratracheally (it), control (Ctrl) and eugenol (Eug) groups] or Escherichia coli LPS (10 microg it, LPS and LPSEug groups). After 6 h, mice received saline (0.2 ml ip, Ctrl and LPS groups) or eugenol (160 mg/kg ip, Eug and LPSEug groups). Twenty-four hours after LPS injection, pulmonary resistive (DeltaP1) and viscoelastic (DeltaP2) pressures, static elastance (E(st)), and viscoelastic component of elastance (DeltaE) were measured. Lungs were prepared for histology. In parallel mice, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected 24 h after LPS injection. TNF-alpha was determined by ELISA. Lung tissue expression of NF-kappaB was determined by EMSA. DeltaP1, DeltaP2, E(st), and DeltaE were significantly higher in the LPS group than in the other groups. LPS mice also showed significantly more alveolar collapse, collagen fibers, and neutrophil influx and higher TNF-alpha levels and NF-kappaB expression than the other groups. Eugenol treatment reduced LPS-induced lung inflammation, improving lung function. Our results suggest that eugenol exhibits in vivo anti-inflammatory action in LPS-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa B Magalhães
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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16
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Coexpression of major histocompatibility complex class II with chemokines and nuclear NFkappaB p50 in melanoma: a rational for their association with poor prognosis. Melanoma Res 2009; 19:226-37. [PMID: 19574933 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e32832e0bc3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The constitutive expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules in melanoma is highly unusual and has been associated with unfavorable clinical outcome and higher metastatic dissemination. This association remains poorly understood and therefore, in this study we looked to whether it is caused by intracellular events that promote tumor progression. We previously reported that MHC II expression in melanoma cells requires active mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-related kinase. However, our comparative and molecular analyses of a panel of melanoma cell lines herein provide clear evidence that mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-related kinase is not sufficient for HLA-DR expression. We found that the expression of HLA-DR in these tumors rather coincides with the expression of CXCL-1 and CXCL-8 chemokines, both known to be expressed in tumors that invade early and are related to invasive stages of melanoma. The expression of HLA-DR also nicely paralleled that of the nuclear NFkappaB p50 subunit, regulating the expression of these chemokines in melanoma and previously correlated with poor prognosis of melanoma patients, although we provide evidence that NFkappaB is not directly regulating MHC II expression level. The molecular basis for class II transactivator and HLA-DR expression in melanoma therefore remains unsolved, but our findings linking together the expression of HLA-DR, of chemokines involved in invasiveness, and of nuclear NFkappaB p50 strongly support the content that MHC II may be a marker of invasive primary melanoma, and could explain the long-standing association of MHC II expression with overall poor prognosis and unfavorable clinical outcome.
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17
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Nonaka M, Uota S, Saitoh Y, Takahashi M, Sugimoto H, Amet T, Arai A, Miura O, Yamamoto N, Yamaoka S. Role for protein geranylgeranylation in adult T-cell leukemia cell survival. Exp Cell Res 2008; 315:141-50. [PMID: 18992741 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 09/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a fatal lymphoproliferative disease that develops in human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-infected individuals. Despite the accumulating knowledge of the molecular biology of HTLV-I-infected cells, effective therapeutic strategies remain to be established. Recent reports showed that the hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase inhibitor statins have anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects on certain tumor cells through inhibition of protein prenylation. Here, we report that statins hinder the survival of ATL cells and induce apoptotic cell death. Inhibition of protein geranylgeranylation is responsible for these effects, since simultaneous treatment with isoprenoid precursors, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate or farnesyl pyrophosphate, but not a cholesterol precursor squalene, restored the viability of ATL cells. Simvastatin inhibited geranylgeranylation of small GTPases Rab5B and Rac1 in ATL cells, and a geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor GGTI-298 reduced ATL cell viability more efficiently than a farnesyl transferase inhibitor FTI-277. These results not only unveil an important role for protein geranylgeranylation in ATL cell survival, but also implicate therapeutic potentials of statins in the treatment of ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Nonaka
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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18
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Saitoh Y, Yamamoto N, Dewan MZ, Sugimoto H, Martinez Bruyn VJ, Iwasaki Y, Matsubara K, Qi X, Saitoh T, Imoto I, Inazawa J, Utsunomiya A, Watanabe T, Masuda T, Yamamoto N, Yamaoka S. Overexpressed NF-kappaB-inducing kinase contributes to the tumorigenesis of adult T-cell leukemia and Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells. Blood 2008; 111:5118-29. [PMID: 18305221 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-09-110635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) transcription factors play important roles in cancer development by preventing apoptosis and facilitating the tumor cell growth. However, the precise mechanisms by which NF-kappaB is constitutively activated in specific cancer cells remain largely unknown. In our current study, we now report that NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK) is overexpressed at the pretranslational level in adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells (H-RS) that do not express viral regulatory proteins. The overexpression of NIK causes cell transformation in rat fibroblasts, which is abolished by a super-repressor form of IkappaBalpha. Notably, depletion of NIK in ATL cells by RNA interference reduces the DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB and NF-kappaB-dependent transcriptional activity, and efficiently suppresses tumor growth in NOD/SCID/gammac(null) mice. These results indicate that the deregulated expression of NIK plays a critical role in constitutive NF-kappaB activation in ATL and H-RS cells, and suggest also that NIK is an attractive molecular target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Saitoh
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Santos Valenca S, Castro P, Alves Pimenta W, Lanzetti M, Vargas Silva S, Barja-Fidalgo C, Gonçalves Koatz VL, Porto LC. Light cigarette smoke-induced emphysema and NFkappaB activation in mouse lung. Int J Exp Pathol 2006; 87:373-81. [PMID: 16965565 PMCID: PMC2517381 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2006.00492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Light cigarette (LC) exposure is supposed to be less hazardous with a decreased incidence of cancer and tobacco-associated diseases. C57BL/6 mouse groups were subjected to smoke from 3, 6 or 12 LC for 60 days and compared with mice exposed to ambient air (EAA) in order to study lung injury by morphometrical and biochemical methods. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) analysis and histology and stereology were performed. Tissue from the right lung was used for measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and Western blot analysis. One way anova was performed followed by the Student-Newman Keuls post-test (P < 0.05). The cellular content of BAL was 95% alveolar macrophages in all groups except in mice exposed to 3 LC, where 23% neutrophils were observed. Emphysema was not observed in three and 6 LC, but it was found in 12 LC parallel to increased volume density (Vv) of airspaces from 61.0 +/- 0.6 (EAA) to 80.9 +/- 1.0 (12 LC) and decreased Vv of elastic fibres from 17.8 +/- 0.9 (EAA) to 11.8 +/- 0.6 (12 LC). All exposed groups to LC showed low TBARS levels compared with mice EAA. Lung tissue from animals exposed to 12 LC showed decreased tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-2 and increased matrix metalloprotease-12 detection, which suggests an imbalance in extracellular matrix (ECM). Increased tumour necrosis factor-alpha and nuclear factor-kappaB detection were observed in exposed groups to LC when compared with mice EAA. The data suggest that LC is so dangerous to lungs as full-flavour cigarettes inducing ECM imbalance and emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Santos Valenca
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State UniversityRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Castro
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry – CCS – Rio de Janeiro Federal UniversityRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wagner Alves Pimenta
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State UniversityRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Manuella Lanzetti
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State UniversityRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Simone Vargas Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State UniversityRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristina Barja-Fidalgo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State UniversityRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Luís Cristóvão Porto
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State UniversityRio de Janeiro, Brazil
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20
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Silva Bezerra F, Valença SS, Lanzetti M, Pimenta WA, Castro P, Gonçalves Koatz VL, Porto LC. α-Tocopherol and ascorbic acid supplementation reduced acute lung inflammatory response by cigarette smoke in mouse. Nutrition 2006; 22:1192-201. [PMID: 17095405 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2006.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2006] [Revised: 07/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Short-term cigarette smoke (CS) exposure leads to acute lung inflammation through its influence over oxidants/antioxidants imbalance. Antioxidant vitamins such as ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol interact with oxidizing radicals. It is not clear if antioxidant supplementation can reduce inflammatory lung responses. Thus our aim was to analyze the effects of vitamin supplementation on the lungs of mice exposed to six cigarettes per day with histologic, cytological, and biochemical methods. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were exposed to ambient air (control) or CS from 3, 6, 9, 12, or 15 cigarettes daily for up to 5 d. Mice alveolar macrophages and polymorphonuclear cells were counted in the bronchoalveolar lavage. Groups of CS animals received 50 mg/kg of ascorbic acid daily and/or 50 mg/kg of alpha-tocopherol daily as an oral supplementation (CS+C, CS+E, CS+C+E, respectively) 12 h before CS exposure. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were detected and western blot to nuclear factor-kappaB were performed in lung extracts; metalloprotease-12 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha positive alveolar macrophages were quantified in the lungs processed for immunohistochemistry of the animals exposed to the smoke from six cigarettes daily for 5 d. RESULTS The number of alveolar macrophages and polymorphonuclear cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (cells x 10(3)/mL) in mice exposed to CS were increased and CS with vitamin supplementation groups presented bronchoalveolar lavage cells similar to those of control. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances values were reduced in vitamin supplementation groups when compared with CS and the lower value was found in the CS+C+E group. Metalloprotease-12 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were more evident in CS as much as nuclear factor-kappaB activation when compared with control and vitamin supplementation groups. CONCLUSION Our results showed that CS induced acute lung inflammation. The inflammatory process after cigarette exposures was reduced by ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, or more efficiently by both vitamin supplementations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Silva Bezerra
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair, Histology and Embryology Department, IBRAG, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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21
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Welter-Stahl L, Ojcius DM, Viala J, Girardin S, Liu W, Delarbre C, Philpott D, Kelly KA, Darville T. Stimulation of the cytosolic receptor for peptidoglycan, Nod1, by infection with Chlamydia trachomatis or Chlamydia muridarum. Cell Microbiol 2006; 8:1047-57. [PMID: 16681844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Infection of epithelial cells by the intracellular pathogen, Chlamydia trachomatis, leads to activation of NF-kappaB and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We find that overexpression of a dominant-negative Nod1 or depletion of Nod1 by RNA interference inhibits partially the activation of NF-kappaB during chlamydial infection in vitro, suggesting that Nod1 can detect the presence of Chlamydia. In parallel, there is a larger increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory genes following Chlamydia infection when primary fibroblasts are isolated from wild-type mice than from Nod1-deficient mice. The Chlamydia genome encodes all the putative enzymes required for proteoglycan synthesis, but proteoglycan from Chlamydia has never been detected biochemically. Since Nod1 is a ubiquitous cytosolic receptor for peptidoglycan from Gram-negative bacteria, our results suggest that C. trachomatis and C. muridarum do in fact produce at least the rudimentary proteoglycan motif recognized by Nod1. Nonetheless, Nod1 deficiency has no effect on the efficiency of infection, the intensity of cytokine secretion, or pathology in vaginally infected mice, compared with wild-type controls. Similarly, Rip2, a downstream mediator of Nod1, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, and TLR4, increases only slightly the intensity of chlamydial infection in vivo and has a very mild effect on the immune response and pathology. Thus, Chlamydia may not produce sufficient peptidoglycan to stimulate Nod1-dependent pathways efficiently in infected animals, or other receptors of the innate immune system may compensate for the absence of Nod1 during Chlamydia infection in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/physiology
- Animals
- Chlamydia Infections/pathology
- Chlamydia Infections/physiopathology
- Chlamydia muridarum/chemistry
- Chlamydia muridarum/pathogenicity
- Chlamydia muridarum/physiology
- Chlamydia trachomatis/chemistry
- Chlamydia trachomatis/pathogenicity
- Chlamydia trachomatis/physiology
- DNA, Bacterial/analysis
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- Epithelium/chemistry
- Epithelium/microbiology
- Epithelium/pathology
- Epithelium/physiology
- Female
- Fibroblasts/microbiology
- Fibroblasts/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/physiology
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- NF-kappa B/analysis
- NF-kappa B/physiology
- Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinase 2
- Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Receptors, Cell Surface/analysis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/physiology
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/physiology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Peptides and Proteins/physiology
- Vagina/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Welter-Stahl
- Université Paris - Denis Diderot, Institut Jacques Monod, 75251 Paris, France
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22
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Zhou M, Liu H, Xu X, Zhou H, Li X, Peng C, Shen S, Xiong W, Ma J, Zeng Z, Fang S, Nie X, Yang Y, Zhou J, Xiang J, Cao L, Peng S, Li S, Li G. Identification of nuclear localization signal that governs nuclear import of BRD7 and its essential roles in inhibiting cell cycle progression. J Cell Biochem 2006; 98:920-30. [PMID: 16475162 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BRD7, a novel bromodomain gene, is identified to be associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Decreased or loss of expression of BRD7 was detected in NPC biopsies and cell lines. Overexpression of BRD7 could inhibit NPC cell growth and arrest cells in cell cycle by transcriptionally regulating some important molecules involved in ras/MEK/ERK and Rb/E2F pathway, and downregulate the promoter activity of E2F3. In the present study, the subcellular localization of BRD7 was investigated. It was found that BRD7 was mainly localized in nucleus without distinct cell-specific difference between COS7 and HNE1. Furthermore, a functional nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequence ranging from amino acid 65 to 96 was identified and characterized. The NLS is composed of a cluster of four bipartite nuclear targeting sequences, which are tightly linked and extremely overlapped. We found that whether the entire NLS or the four bipartite nuclear targeting sequences could respectively determine the nuclear import of green fluorescent protein (GFP). The most important is that NLS-deleted BRD7 shifted the nuclear localization to be mostly in cytoplasm, and failed or reduced to negatively regulate the expression of cell cycle related molecules, cyclin D1 and E2F3, and cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase. In conclusion, NLS is an essential motif affecting BRD7 nuclear distribution, and the nuclear localization of BRD7 is critical for the expression of cell cycle related molecules and cell biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhou
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University Xiang-Ya School of Medicine, 110 Xiang-Ya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
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23
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Kufer TA, Kremmer E, Banks DJ, Philpott DJ. Role for erbin in bacterial activation of Nod2. Infect Immun 2006; 74:3115-24. [PMID: 16714539 PMCID: PMC1479233 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00035-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular peptidoglycan (PG) recognition in human cells is mediated by the NACHT-LRR proteins Nod1 and Nod2. Elicitation of these proteins by PG motifs released from invasive bacteria triggers signaling events, resulting in the activation of the NF-kappaB pathway. In order to decipher the molecular components involved in Nod2 signal transduction, we set out to identify new interaction partners of Nod2 by using a yeast two-hybrid screen. Besides the known interaction partner RIP2, the screen identified the leucine-rich repeat (LRR)- and PDZ domain-containing family member Erbin as a binding partner of Nod2. Erbin showed a specific interaction with Nod2 in coimmunoprecipitation experiments with human HEK 293T cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy with a newly generated anti-Nod2 monoclonal antibody showed that Erbin and Nod2 partially colocalize in human cells. Subsequent analysis of the Erbin/Nod2 interaction revealed that the LRR of Erbin and the caspase activating and recruiting domains of Nod2 were necessary for this interaction. No significant interaction was observed with a Walker B box mutant of Nod2 or a Crohn's disease-associated frameshift mutant of Nod2, indicating that complex formation is dependent on the activity of the molecule. In addition, a change in the dynamics of the Erbin/Nod2 complex was observed during Shigella flexneri infection. Furthermore, ectopic expression of increasing amounts of Erbin or short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of Erbin showed a negative influence of Erbin on Nod2/muramyl-dipeptide-mediated NF-kappaB activation. These results implicate Erbin as a potential negative regulator of Nod2 and show that bacterial infection has an impact on Nod2/Erbin complex formation within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Kufer
- Immunité Innée et Signalisation, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
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24
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Bonnet MC, Daurat C, Ottone C, Meurs EF. The N-terminus of PKR is responsible for the activation of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway by interacting with the IKK complex. Cell Signal 2006; 18:1865-75. [PMID: 16600570 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The interferon-induced double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (PKR) has been shown to activate NF-kappaB independently of its kinase function after interaction with the IKK complex. In order to investigate the mechanism of NF-kappaB activation by PKR, we identified the domain of PKR responsible for stimulating the NF-kappaB pathway in PKR-deficient fibroblasts using an NF-kappaB dependent reporter assay. The N-terminal 1-265 AA of PKR activates NF-kappaB, whereas the 1-180 AA N-terminus restricted to the two dsRNA Binding Domains (DRBD), the third basic domain alone (AA 181-265), or the C-terminus of PKR (AA 266-550) were unable to stimulate the expression of the NF-kappaB dependent reporter gene. Using confocal microscopy, we confirmed that PKR full length as well as PKR N-terminus colocalized with IKKbeta. By GST-pulldown analysis, using different PKR domains, we then revealed the specific ability of the PKR N-terminus 1-265 to bind to and activate IKK and showed that this activation requires the integrity of the IKK complex. This activation is not only due to DRBDs since the DRBD fragment 1-180 failed to inhibit PKR 1-265 induced NF-kappaB activation. Our results therefore demonstrate that the ability of PKR to mediate NF-kappaB activation resides in its full N-terminus, and requires both DRBDs and the third basic domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion C Bonnet
- Unité des Hépacivirus, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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25
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Kim DW, Lenzen G, Page AL, Legrain P, Sansonetti PJ, Parsot C. The Shigella flexneri effector OspG interferes with innate immune responses by targeting ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:14046-51. [PMID: 16162672 PMCID: PMC1236552 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504466102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of Shigella spp. are responsible for shigellosis in humans. They use a type III secretion system to inject effector proteins into host cells and induce their entry into epithelial cells or trigger apoptosis in macrophages. We present evidence that the effector OspG is a protein kinase that binds various ubiquitinylated ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, including UbcH5, which belongs to the stem cell factor SCF(beta-TrCP) complex promoting ubiquitination of phosphorylated inhibitor of NF-kappaB type alpha (phospho-IkappaBalpha). Transfection experiments indicated that OspG can prevent phospho-IkappaBalpha degradation and NF-kappaB activation induced by TNF-alpha stimulation. Infection of epithelial cells by the S. flexneri wild-type strain, but not an ospG mutant, led to accumulation of phospho-IkappaBalpha, consistent with OspG inhibiting SCF(beta-TrCP) activity. Upon infection of ileal loops in rabbits, the ospG mutant induced a stronger inflammatory response than the wild-type strain. This finding indicates that OspG negatively controls the host innate response induced by S. flexneri upon invasion of the epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Kim
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 389, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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26
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Garrido G, Blanco-Molina M, Sancho R, Macho A, Delgado R, Muñoz E. An aqueous stem bark extract of Mangifera indica (Vimang) inhibits T cell proliferation and TNF-induced activation of nuclear transcription factor NF-kappaB. Phytother Res 2005; 19:211-5. [PMID: 15934029 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A commercial aqueous stem bark extract of Mangifera indica L. (Vimang) has been reported to have antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities. The molecular basis for these diverse properties is still unknown. This study shows that a stem bark extract of M. indica inhibits early and late events in T cell activation, including CD25 cell surface expression, progression to the S-phase of the cell cycle and proliferation in response to T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. Moreover, the extract prevented TNFalpha-induced IkappaBalpha degradation and the binding of NF-kappaB to the DNA. This study may help to explain at the molecular level some of the biological activities attributed to the aqueous stem bark extract of M. indica (Vimang).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabino Garrido
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Química Farmacéutica, Apartado Postal 16042, Atabey, Playa, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba.
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27
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Nonaka M, Horie R, Itoh K, Watanabe T, Yamamoto N, Yamaoka S. Aberrant NF-kappaB2/p52 expression in Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells and CD30-transformed rat fibroblasts. Oncogene 2005; 24:3976-86. [PMID: 15782119 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of CD30 and constitutive nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation are hallmarks of the malignant Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg (H-RS) cells. Previous investigations have demonstrated that both proliferation and survival of H-RS cells require constitutive NF-kappaB activity, which is comprised of the p50 and RelA subunits. We report here enhanced expression of NF-kappaB2/p52 and RelB-containing NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity in Epstein-Barr virus-negative H-RS cells. Kinetic studies revealed that a proteasome inhibitor MG132 induced p100 accumulation with reduced p52 expression in H-RS cells, suggesting proteasome-dependent processing of p100. In addition, treatment with a protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide rapidly downregulated inhibitor of NF-kappaB (IkappaB) kinase activity in H-RS cells. We also demonstrate that overexpression of CD30 in rat fibroblasts at levels comparable to those in H-RS cells results in constitutive IkappaB kinase activation, proteasome-dependent p100 processing, and NF-kappaB-dependent cell transformation. Our results thus indicate that CD30 triggers the noncanonical NF-kappaB activation pathway, and suggest that deregulated CD30 signaling contributes to the neoplastic features of H-RS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Nonaka
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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28
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Haouzi D, Baghdiguian S, Granier G, Travo P, Mangeat P, Hibner U. Three-dimensional polarization sensitizes hepatocytes to Fas/CD95 apoptotic signalling. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:2763-73. [PMID: 15944402 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of epithelial cell shape and polarity determines many vital cell functions, including the appropriate response to external stimuli. Murine hepatocytes cultured in a three-dimensional Matrigel matrix formed highly polarized organoids characterized by specific localization of an ERM (ezrin/radixin/moesin) protein, radixin, at microvillus-lined membrane domains. These apical domains surrounded a lumen and were bordered by tight junctions. The hepatocyte organoids were functional as judged by the high level of albumin secretion and accumulation of bilirubin. Stimulation of the Fas/CD95 death receptor, which is highly hepatotoxic in vivo, was a strong inducer of apoptosis in the polarized organoids. This was in sharp contrast to the monolayer hepatocyte cultures, which were protected from death by exacerbated NF-κB signalling following engagement of the death receptors. Thus, hepatocytes in polarized, functional organoids modulate an intracellular signal transduction pathway, allowing the recapitulation of their physiological response to an apoptotic stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Haouzi
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, CNRS UMR5535, Montpellier, France
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29
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Bachrach E, Dreja H, Lin YL, Mettling C, Pinet V, Corbeau P, Piechaczyk M. Effects of virion surface gp120 density on infection by HIV-1 and viral production by infected cells. Virology 2005; 332:418-29. [PMID: 15661172 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Revised: 10/29/2004] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The quantity of envelope glycoprotein molecules (Env) on HIV-1 particles is still an issue of debate and, depending on the strain of virus and the nature of the producer cells, it can vary greatly. Here, we have attempted to address how Env density influences HIV-1 fitness. To this aim, we have produced HIV-1-derived viral particles with various amounts of R5 Env (low Env: Envlo; high Env: Envhi), using a regulatable expression system. The infectivity was assayed on human cells, engineered to express the HIV receptor CD4 and the co-receptor CCR5, as well as on peripheral blood lymphocytes and macrophages. In these experiments, low levels of Env were sufficient for cell infection, albeit at low efficiency. Increasing the amount of Env resulted in cooperatively improved infectivity, but a threshold was rapidly attained, indicating that only a fraction of Env was required for efficient infection. Unexpectedly, Env incorporation beyond what gives maximal infection transiently stimulated the expression of proviral genes, as well as retrovirus production, in newly infected cells. This was likely a consequence of induced NF-kappaB activity, as this transcription factor is triggered by Envhi, but not by Envlo, virions. Thus, our data suggest that one major effect of high Env density on the surface of HIV may not be better infection yields but rather improved viral production by newly infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estanislao Bachrach
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of Montpellier (IGMM)/UMR 5535/IFR24, CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cédex 05, France
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30
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Havard L, Rahmouni S, Boniver J, Delvenne P. High levels of p105 (NFKB1) and p100 (NFKB2) proteins in HPV16-transformed keratinocytes: role of E6 and E7 oncoproteins. Virology 2005; 331:357-66. [PMID: 15629778 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Revised: 06/22/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that functional components of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway are up-regulated and sequestered in the cytoplasm of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16)-transformed cell lines leading to a reduced activity of NF-kappaB. In this study, we examined the expression of the NF-kappaB precursors p100 and p105 in keratinocytes transformed or not by HPV16. Western immunoblotting experiments demonstrated high levels of p100 and p105 proteins not only in HPV16+ cervical carcinoma-derived keratinocytes but also in keratinocytes stably transfected by HPV16 E6 or E7 oncogenes. Moreover, p100 and p105 proteins were predominantly cytoplasmic and nuclear in keratinocytes expressing E7 and E6, respectively. A predominantly cytoplasmic localization of E7 protein was also detected in all keratinocytes expressing E7. Our results suggest that HPV16 E6 and E7 proteins modulate the expression and the subcellular localization of p100 and p105 NF-kappaB precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Havard
- University Hospital of Liège, Department of Pathology, Tour de Pathologie, B23, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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31
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Hironaka N, Mochida K, Mori N, Maeda M, Yamamoto N, Yamaoka S. Tax-independent constitutive IkappaB kinase activation in adult T-cell leukemia cells. Neoplasia 2004; 6:266-78. [PMID: 15153339 PMCID: PMC1502096 DOI: 10.1593/neo.3388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a fatal T-cell malignancy that arises long after infection with human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). We reported previously that nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) was constitutively activated in ATL cells, although expression of the viral proteins was barely detectable, including Tax, which was known to persistently activate NF-kappaB. Here we demonstrate that ATL cells that do not express detectable Tax protein exhibit constitutive IkappaB kinase (IKK) activity. Transfection studies revealed that a dominant-negative form of IKK1, and not of IKK2 or NF-kappaB essential modulator (NEMO), suppressed constitutive NF-kappaB activity in ATL cells. This IKK activity was accompanied by elevated expression of p52, suggesting that the recently described noncanonical pathway of NF-kappaB activation operates in ATL cells. We finally show that specific inhibition of NF-kappaB by a super-repressor form of IkappaBalpha (SR-IkappaBalpha) in HTLV-I-infected T cells results in cell death regardless of Tax expression, providing definitive evidence of an essential role for NF-kappaB in the survival of ATL cells. In conclusion, the IKK complex is constitutively activated in ATL cells through a cellular mechanism distinct from that of Tax-mediated IKK activation. Further elucidation of this cellular mechanism should contribute to establishing a rationale for treatment of ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Hironaka
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Laboratory of Minophagen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kanako Mochida
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Mori
- Division of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Maeda
- Laboratory of Animal Experiments for Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Yamaoka
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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32
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Travassos LH, Girardin SE, Philpott DJ, Blanot D, Nahori MA, Werts C, Boneca IG. Toll-like receptor 2-dependent bacterial sensing does not occur via peptidoglycan recognition. EMBO Rep 2004; 5:1000-6. [PMID: 15359270 PMCID: PMC1299148 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2004] [Revised: 08/03/2004] [Accepted: 08/16/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) has been shown to recognize several classes of pathogen-associated molecular patterns including peptidoglycan (PG). However, studies linking PG with TLR2 recognition have relied mainly on the use of commercial Staphylococcus aureus PG and have not addressed TLR2 recognition of other PG types. Using highly purified PGs from eight bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Helicobacter pylori, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae and S. aureus), we show that these PGs are not sensed through TLR2, TLR2/1 or TLR2/6. PG sensing is lost after removal of lipoproteins or lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) from Gram-negative and Gram-positive cell walls, respectively. Accordingly, purified LTAs are sensed synergistically through TLR2/1. Finally, we show that elicited peritoneal murine macrophages do not produce tumour necrosis factor-alpha or interleukin-6 in response to purified PGs, suggesting that PG detection is more likely to occur intracellularly (through Nod1/Nod2) rather than from the extracellular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo H Travassos
- Groupe d'Immunité Innée et Signalisation, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco I-Cidade Universitária-Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brasil
| | - Stephen E Girardin
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Groupe d'Immunité Innée et Signalisation, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Didier Blanot
- Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, Institut de Biochimie et Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8619 CNRS, Université Parissud, Bât. 430, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Marie-Anne Nahori
- Unité Postulante Cytokines et Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Catherine Werts
- Unité Postulante Cytokines et Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Ivo G Boneca
- Unité de Pathogénie Bactérienne des Muqueuses, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
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33
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Wu W, Mosteller RD, Broek D. Sphingosine kinase protects lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages from apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:7359-69. [PMID: 15314148 PMCID: PMC507005 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.17.7359-7369.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signaling is critical for the innate immune response to gram-negative bacteria. Here, evidence is presented for LPS stimulation of sphingosine kinase (SPK) in the RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line and rat primary hepatic macrophages (HMs). LPS treatment of RAW 264.7 cells resulted in a time- and dose-dependent activation of SPK and membrane translocation of SPK1. Further, LPS-induced SPK activation was blocked by SPK1-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). Overexpression of Toll-like receptor 4 and MD2, the receptor and coreceptor of LPS, in HEK 293 cells activated SPK activity in the absence of LPS treatment. Inhibition of SPK by the pharmacological inhibitor N,N-dimethylsphingosine (DMS) or SPK1-specific siRNA blocked LPS stimulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38 but enhanced LPS-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation. The SPK inhibitor DMS and dominant-negative SPK1 also blocked LPS activation of Elk-1 and NF-kappaB reporters in RAW 264.7 cells. Inhibition of SPK sensitized RAW 264.7 cells and HMs to LPS-induced apoptosis. These data demonstrate the critical role of SPK1 in LPS signaling in macrophages and suggest that SPK1 is a potential therapeutic target to block hyperimmune responses induced by gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicheng Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, USA
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34
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Castro P, Legora-Machado A, Cardilo-Reis L, Valença S, Porto LC, Walker C, Zuany-Amorim C, Koatz VLG. Inhibition of interleukin-1beta reduces mouse lung inflammation induced by exposure to cigarette smoke. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 498:279-86. [PMID: 15364006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined nuclear factor kappaB activation, release of inflammatory mediators and cellular infiltration in acute cigarette smoke inflammation models. One hour after exposure to one puff of cigarette smoke, alveolar macrophages from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of C57BL/6J mice showed an increased activity of nuclear factor kappaB-DNA binding but similar numbers as compared to that of BAL fluid from mice exposed to ambient air. Exposure to 1 cigarette/day for 1, 4 or 7 days led to an increase in interleukin-1beta and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels and to a progressive influx of nuclear factor kappaB-activated alveolar macrophages into the BAL fluid and lung tissue. Exposure to 2 cigarettes/day for 7 days led to a significant increase in interleukin-1beta levels accompanied by a massive alveolar macrophage influx into the BAL fluid. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels and subsequent neutrophil influx were only detected after exposure to 4 or 8 cigarettes/day for 7 days. Treatment of mice with an antibody anti-interleukin-1beta during cigarette smoke exposure for 7 days significantly reduced both interleukin-1beta levels and alveolar macrophage influx. These data show that a single exposure to cigarette smoke rapidly activates alveolar macrophages, inducing the production of interleukin-1beta, which may play an important role in triggering chronic cigarette smoke-mediated lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Castro
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica, ICB, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
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35
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Beinke S, Ley S. Functions of NF-kappaB1 and NF-kappaB2 in immune cell biology. Biochem J 2004; 382:393-409. [PMID: 15214841 PMCID: PMC1133795 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2004] [Revised: 06/22/2004] [Accepted: 06/24/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Two members of the NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB)/Rel transcription factor family, NF-kappaB1 and NF-kappaB2, are produced as precursor proteins, NF-kappaB1 p105 and NF-kappaB2 p100 respectively. These are proteolytically processed by the proteasome to produce the mature transcription factors NF-kappaB1 p50 and NF-kappaB2 p52. p105 and p100 are known to function additionally as IkappaBs (inhibitors of NF-kappaB), which retain associated NF-kappaB subunits in the cytoplasm of unstimulated cells. The present review focuses on the latest advances in research on the function of NF-kappaB1 and NF-kappaB2 in immune cells. NF-kappaB2 p100 processing has recently been shown to be stimulated by a subset of NF-kappaB inducers, including lymphotoxin-beta, B-cell activating factor and CD40 ligand, via a novel signalling pathway. This promotes the nuclear translocation of p52-containing NF-kappaB dimers, which regulate peripheral lymphoid organogenesis and B-lymphocyte differentiation. Increased p100 processing also contributes to the malignant phenotype of certain T- and B-cell lymphomas. NF-kappaB1 has a distinct function from NF-kappaB2, and is important in controlling lymphocyte and macrophage function in immune and inflammatory responses. In contrast with p100, p105 is constitutively processed to p50. However, after stimulation with agonists, such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha and lipopolysaccharide, p105 is completely degraded by the proteasome. This releases associated p50, which translocates into the nucleus to modulate target gene expression. p105 degradation also liberates the p105-associated MAP kinase (mitogen-activated protein kinase) kinase kinase TPL-2 (tumour progression locus-2), which can then activate the ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase)/MAP kinase cascade. Thus, in addition to its role in NF-kappaB activation, p105 functions as a regulator of MAP kinase signalling.
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Key Words
- iκb kinase (ikk)
- nuclear factor κb (nf-κb)
- p100
- p105
- toll-like receptor (tlr)
- tumour progression locus-2 (tpl-2)
- abin, a20-binding inhibitor of nuclear factor κb
- baff, b-cell activating factor
- bmdm, bone-marrow-derived macrophage
- βtrcp, β-transducin repeat-containing protein
- cox-2, cyclo-oxygenase-2
- dc, dendritic cell
- dd, death domain
- dif, dorsal-related immunity factor
- ebna1, ebv nuclear antigen 1
- ebv, epstein–barr virus
- erk, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase
- fn14, fibroblast-growth-factor-inducible 14
- gc, germinal centre
- gm-csf, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- grr, glycine-rich region
- gsk, glycogen synthase kinase
- htlv-1, human t-cell leukaemia virus type 1
- ifnβ, interferon-β
- iκb, inhibitor of nuclear factor κb
- ikk, iκb kinase
- il, interleukin
- imd, immune deficiency
- jnk, c-jun n-terminal kinase
- lmp1, latent membrane protein 1
- lps, lipopolysaccharide
- ltβr, lymphotoxin-β receptor
- map kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- map 3-kinase, map kinase kinase kinase
- mef, mouse embryo fibroblast
- mek, map kinase/erk kinase
- mip, macrophage inflammatory protein
- nemo, nuclear factor κb essential modulator
- nf-κb, nuclear factor κb
- nik, nf-κb-inducing kinase
- pest region, polypeptide sequence enriched in proline (p), glutamic acid (e), serine (s) and threonine (t)
- pgrp-lc, peptidoglycan recognition protein lc
- rankl, receptor activator of nf-κb ligand
- rhd, rel homology domain
- scf, skp1/cul1/f-box
- th1, t-helper 1
- th2, t-helper 2
- tlr, toll-like receptor
- tnf, tumour necrosis factor
- tpl-2, tumour progression locus-2
- traf, tnf-receptor-associated factor
- tweak, tnf-like weak inducer of apoptosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Beinke
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, U.K
| | - Steven C. Ley
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, U.K
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36
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Bambou JC, Giraud A, Menard S, Begue B, Rakotobe S, Heyman M, Taddei F, Cerf-Bensussan N, Gaboriau-Routhiau V. In vitro and ex vivo activation of the TLR5 signaling pathway in intestinal epithelial cells by a commensal Escherichia coli strain. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:42984-92. [PMID: 15302888 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405410200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity of non-pathogenic enteric bacteria to induce a pro-inflammatory response is under debate in terms of its effect on the symbiosis between the mammalian host and its commensal gut microflora. Activation of NF-kappaB and induction of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and CCL-20 by the commensal Escherichia coli strain MG1655 were first studied in vitro in the human intestinal epithelial cell (IECs) lines HT29-19A and Caco-2, transfected or not with plasmids encoding dominant negative Toll-like receptor (TLR) 5 and myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88) adaptor protein. The response of enterocytes in situ was then assessed using murine ileal biopsies mounted in Ussing chambers. Commensal E. coli induced NF-kappaB DNA binding, NF-kappaB transcriptional activity, CCL-20 expression, and IL-8 secretion in the human IEC lines. E. coli MG1655 flagellin was necessary and sufficient to trigger this pro-inflammatory pathway via its interaction with TLR5 and the subsequent recruitment of the adaptor protein MyD88. Following epithelial cell polarization, signaling could be induced by live E. coli and flagellin on the apical side of HT29-19A. The in vivo relevance of our findings was confirmed, because immunohistochemical staining of murine ileum demonstrated expression of TLR5 in the apical part of enterocytes in situ. Furthermore, flagellin added on the mucosal side of murine ileal biopsies mounted in Ussing chambers induced a basolateral production of KC, a functional murine homolog of human IL-8. These findings provide strong evidence that flagellin released by flagellated commensal bacteria in the intestinal lumen can induce a pro-inflammatory response in enterocytes in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Biopsy
- Caco-2 Cells
- Cell Line
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL20
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Enterocytes/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Flagellin/chemistry
- Flagellin/metabolism
- Humans
- Ileum/pathology
- Inflammation
- Interleukin-8/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mutation
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Plasmids/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Toll-Like Receptor 5
- Toll-Like Receptors
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
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37
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Abadie A, Besançon F, Wietzerbin J. Type I interferon and TNFalpha cooperate with type II interferon for TRAIL induction and triggering of apoptosis in SK-N-MC EWING tumor cells. Oncogene 2004; 23:4911-20. [PMID: 15077162 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma is the second most common human bone tumor in childhood. Here, we investigated the sensitivity of the Ewing tumor cell line, SK-N-MC, to the apoptotic effect of type I (IFNalpha) and type II (IFNgamma) interferons and TNFalpha. We demonstrate that although IFNalpha and TNFalpha alone are unable to induce cell death, they act in synergy with IFNgamma to induce SK-N-MC cell apoptosis. The synergistic induction of apoptosis correlated with the synergistic induction of TNFalpha-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) mRNA and TRAIL protein synthesis as well as of TRAIL secretion. Preparations of inducer-free supernatants from SK-N-MC cells stimulated with combinations of cytokines were shown to be cytotoxic for untreated SK-N-MC cells. This cytotoxicity was partially inhibited by addition of TRAILR2/Fc fusion protein, indicating that the secreted TRAIL mediates, at least in part, the apoptotic effect displayed by the supernatants of stimulated SK-N-MC cells. We have shown that the presence of IFNgamma is required to allow the sustained expression of IRF1 in SK-N-MC cells stimulated by addition of IFNalpha or TNFalpha suggesting that IRF1 plays a role in the synergistic induction of apoptosis by combinations of cytokines. Furthermore, we have shown that inhibition of NF-kappaB activation contributes to the IFNgamma-mediated sensitization to the apoptotic effect of TNFalpha. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that interferon/cytokine combinations are able to induce TRAIL gene expression and TRAIL protein synthesis and secretion in Ewing sarcoma-derived cells. We believe that the observations reported here might contribute to the development of alternative new approaches to the treatment of Ewing tumors resistant to conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Abadie
- INSERM U365 Institut Curie, Section Recherche, 26, rue D'Ulm, 75 248, Paris Cedex 05, France
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38
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39
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Javelaud D, Poupon MF, Wietzerbin J, Besançon F. Inhibition of constitutive NF-kappa B activity suppresses tumorigenicity of Ewing sarcoma EW7 cells. Int J Cancer 2002; 98:193-8. [PMID: 11857407 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is 1 of the most aggressive tumors that can affect children and young adults. Despite advances in therapy, the prognosis remains poor emphasizing the need for defining new targets for treatment. We investigated a possible role of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) activity of Ewing sarcoma-derived EW7 cells in their tumorigenicity. In these cells, expression of a degradation-resistant form of the inhibitory factor I kappa B alpha inhibited NF-kappa B activity without affecting their in vitro proliferation rate. It causes, however, a remarkable loss of their ability to generate tumors in nude mice that correlates with both a decrease in extracellular matrix (ECM) protein secretion and an acquisition of sensitivity to murine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha)-induced apoptosis. These data support the concept that NF-kappa B activity plays a role in the tumorigenicity of Ewing sarcoma cells, identifying NF-kappa B as a potential target for reducing Ewing tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Javelaud
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 365, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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40
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Shah N, Thomas TJ, Lewis JS, Klinge CM, Shirahata A, Gelinas C, Thomas T. Regulation of estrogenic and nuclear factor kappa B functions by polyamines and their role in polyamine analog-induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2001; 20:1715-29. [PMID: 11313919 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2000] [Revised: 01/05/2001] [Accepted: 01/09/2001] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The natural polyamines -putrescine, spermidine, and spermine- are essential for cell growth and differentiation. Polyamines are involved in several gene regulatory functions, although their mechanism(s) of action has not been elucidated. We investigated the role of polyamines in the function of NF-kappa B and estrogen receptor-alpha (ER alpha), two transcription factors implicated in breast cancer cell proliferation and cell survival, using MCF-7 breast cancer cells. We found that spermine facilitated the binding of ER alpha and NF-kappa B to estrogen response element (ERE)- and NF-kappa B response element (NRE), respectively, and enhanced ER alpha-mediated transcriptional activation in transient transfection experiments. We also found that the association of the co-regulatory protein CBP/p300 with ER alpha and NF-kappa B was increased by spermine treatment of MCF-7 cells. Spermine also increased the nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B compared to the control. In contrast, treatment of MCF-7 cells with polyamine analogs, BE-3-4-3 and BE-3-3-3, resulted in transcriptional inhibition of both ERE- and NRE-driven reporter plasmids. In addition, polyamine analogs inhibited the association of ER alpha and NF-kappa B with CBP/p300 and were unable to facilitate nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B. APO-BRDU assay demonstrated that polyamine analogs induced apoptosis, with a loss of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. These data show a gene regulatory function of polyamines involving transcriptional activation of ER alpha and NF-kappa B, potentially leading to the up-regulation of genes involved in breast cancer cell proliferation. Our results with BE-3-4-3 and BE-3-3-3 suggest that down-regulation of ER alpha- and NF-kappa B-regulated genes is a possible mechanism for the action of polyamine analogs in inducing apoptosis of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shah
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, NJ 08903, USA
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41
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Su F, Theodosis CN, Schneider RJ. Role of NF-kappaB and myc proteins in apoptosis induced by hepatitis B virus HBx protein. J Virol 2001; 75:215-25. [PMID: 11119591 PMCID: PMC113915 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.1.215-225.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) promotes a high level of liver disease and cancer in humans. The HBV HBx gene encodes a small regulatory protein that is essential for viral replication and is suspected to play a role in viral pathogenesis. HBx stimulates cytoplasmic signal transduction pathways, moderately stimulates a number of transcription factors, including several nuclear factors, and in certain settings sensitizes cells to apoptosis by proapoptotic stimuli, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and etopocide. Paradoxically, HBx activates members of the NF-kappaB transcription factor family, some of which are antiapoptotic in function. HBx induces expression of Myc protein family members in certain settings, and Myc can sensitize cells to killing by TNF-alpha. We therefore examined the roles of NF-kappaB, c-Myc, and TNF-alpha in apoptotic killing of cells by HBx. RelA/NF-kappaB is shown to be induced by HBx and to suppress HBx-mediated apoptosis. HBx also induces c-Rel/NF-kappaB, which can promote apoptotic cell death in some contexts or block it in others. Induction of c-Rel by HBx was found to inhibit its ability to directly mediate apoptotic killing of cells. Thus, HBx induction of NF-kappaB family members masks its ability to directly mediate apoptosis, whereas ablation of NF-kappaB reveals it. Investigation of the role of Myc protein demonstrates that overexpression of Myc is essential for acute sensitization of cells to killing by HBx plus TNF-alpha. This study therefore defines a specific set of parameters which must be met for HBx to possibly contribute to HBV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Su
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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42
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Hsu SM, Chen YC, Jiang MC. 17 beta-estradiol inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced nuclear factor-kappa B activation by increasing nuclear factor-kappa B p105 level in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 279:47-52. [PMID: 11112416 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) exerts many cytological effects on a wide range of cells. TNF-alpha can activate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B). Activation of NF-kappa B by TNF-alpha mediates many functions of TNF-alpha. The NF-kappa B inhibitor, I kappa B alpha, negatively regulates the activity of NF-kappa B. In MCF-7 cells (an estrogen and TNF-alpha receptor positive cell line), treatment with 17 beta-estradiol (E(2)) inhibited TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappa B DNA binding activity in the gel retardation assays. But, the level of the I kappa B alpha and the TNF-alpha receptor, TNF-R1, were not obviously affected. The NF-kappa B precursor, NF-kappa B p105, has been shown to be associated with NF-kappa B in the cytoplasm and efficiently blocks its nuclear translocation and activation. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with E(2) increased the level of NF-kappa B p105 protein. The anti-estrogen, 4OH-tamoxifen, treatment inhibited E(2)-induced NF-kappa B p105 expression. Our findings indicate that NF-kappa B p105 plays a role in modulating the functions of TNF-alpha in the estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Hsu
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Republic of China
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43
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Philpott DJ, Yamaoka S, Israël A, Sansonetti PJ. Invasive Shigella flexneri activates NF-kappa B through a lipopolysaccharide-dependent innate intracellular response and leads to IL-8 expression in epithelial cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:903-14. [PMID: 10878365 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.2.903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Shigella flexneri infection centers on the ability of this organism to invade epithelial cells and initiate an intense inflammatory reaction. Because NF-kappa B is an important transcriptional regulator of genes involved in inflammation, we investigated the role of this transcription factor during S. flexneri infection of epithelial cells. Infection of HeLa cells with invasive S. flexneri induced NF-kappa B DNA-binding activity; noninvasive S. flexneri strains did not lead to this activation. The pathway leading to NF-kappa B activation by invasive S. flexneri involved the kinases, NF-kappa B-inducing kinase, I kappa B kinase-1, and I kappa B kinase-2. NF-kappa B activation was linked to inflammation, because invasive S. flexneri activated an IL-8 promoter-driven reporter gene, and the kappa B site within this promoter was indispensable for its induction. Microinjection of bacterial culture supernatants into HeLa cells suggested that LPS is responsible for NF-kappa B activation by S. flexneri infection. In conclusion, the eukaryotic transcription factor NF-kappa B was activated during S. flexneri infection of epithelial cells, which suggests a role for this transcriptional regulator in modulating the immune response during infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Philpott
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 389, Pasteur, France
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44
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Bonnet MC, Weil R, Dam E, Hovanessian AG, Meurs EF. PKR stimulates NF-kappaB irrespective of its kinase function by interacting with the IkappaB kinase complex. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:4532-42. [PMID: 10848580 PMCID: PMC85837 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.13.4532-4542.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2000] [Accepted: 03/27/2000] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon (IFN)-induced double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase PKR mediates inhibition of protein synthesis through phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2alpha) and is also involved in the induction of the IFN gene through the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB is retained in the cytoplasm through binding to its inhibitor IkappaBalpha. The critical step in NF-kappaB activation is the phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha by the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex. This activity releases NF-kappaB from IkappaBalpha and allows its translocation to the nucleus. Here, we have studied the ability of PKR to activate NF-kappaB in a reporter assay and have shown for the first time that two catalytically inactive PKR mutants, PKR/KR296 and a deletion mutant (PKR/Del42) which lacks the potential eIF2alpha-binding domain, can also activate NF-kappaB. This result indicated that NF-kappaB activation by PKR does not require its kinase activity and that it is independent of the PKR-eIF2alpha relationship. Transfection of either wild-type PKR or catalytically inactive PKR in PKR(0/0) mouse embryo fibroblasts resulted in the activation of the IKK complex. By using a glutathione S-transferase pull-down assay, we showed that PKR interacts with the IKKbeta subunit of the IKK complex. This interaction apparently does not require the integrity of the IKK complex, as it was found to occur with extracts from cells deficient in the NF-kappaB essential modulator, one of the components of the IKK complex. Therefore, our results reveal a novel pathway by which PKR can modulate the NF-kappaB signaling pathway without using its kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Bonnet
- Unité de Virologie et d'Immunologie Cellulaire, URA CNRS 1930, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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45
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Javelaud D, Wietzerbin J, Delattre O, Besançon F. Induction of p21Waf1/Cip1 by TNFalpha requires NF-kappaB activity and antagonizes apoptosis in Ewing tumor cells. Oncogene 2000; 19:61-8. [PMID: 10644980 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Ewing family of tumors is characterized by recurrent reciprocal translocations that generate chimeric proteins, either EWS - FLI-1 or EWS - ERG. These proteins are potent transcriptional activators and are responsible for maintaining the oncogenic properties of tumor cells. Since apoptosis appears to be the main mechanism whereby chemotherapy and radiation kill tumor cells, identification of events that can antagonize apoptosis in Ewing tumors is essential for improving their response to conventional therapies. Here, we report that the transcriptional factor NF-kappaB is a survival factor for Ewing tumor-derived cells. In fact, inhibition of NF-kappaB activation as a consequence of the overexpression of a degradation-resistant form of IkappaBalpha, IkappaBalpha (A32/36), sensitized these cells to TNFalpha-induced killing. Although treatment with TNFalpha did not modify the cellular expression of Bcl-2, c-IAP1, c-IAP2, p53 and EWS - FLI-1 proteins, it increased p21Waf1/Cip1 levels. This induction required NF-kappaB activation since it was not observed in the IkappaBalpha (A32/36) expressing cells. Moreover, overexpression of p21Waf1/Cip1 in these IkappaBalpha (A32/36)-expressing cells, in which NF-kappaB and consequently p21Waf1/Cip1 are no longer inducible by TNFalpha, decreased their susceptibility to TNFalpha-induced killing. Our results therefore identify p21Waf1/Cip1 as a mediator of the antiapoptotic effect of TNFalpha-induced NF-kappaB in Ewing tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Javelaud
- INSERM U365, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
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46
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Blázquez MV, Macho A, Ortiz C, Lucena C, López-Cabrera M, Sánchez-Madrid F, Muñoz E. Extracellular HIV type 1 Tat protein induces CD69 expression through NF-kappaB activation: possible correlation with cell surface Tat-binding proteins. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999; 15:1209-18. [PMID: 10480634 DOI: 10.1089/088922299310304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 Tat protein, essential for HIV-1 gene expression and viral replication, is known to be secreted by infected cells and has pleiotropic effects on various cell functions. It seems that extracellular Tat may exert its functions on cellular targets by at least two different mechanisms, namely, by adsorptive endocytosis, and by a possible interaction with cell surface receptor(s). Here we report that extracellular Tat activates AIM/CD69 gene transcription through an NF-kappaB-dependent pathway in the erythroleukemia cell line K562. Tat induces NF-kappaB binding to DNA as a result of IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and degradation, which depend on the intracellular redox state. We found that the second Tat-coding exon is required for CD69 gene trans-activation, but not for HIV LTR gene transcription. Fluorescein-labeled Tat proteins were used to study cell surface binding sites and cellular uptake of the proteins. Full-length Tat protein has specific binding sites on the surface of K562 cells, whereas truncated Tat1-48, which is efficiently internalized by the cells, does not bind to the cell surface. Our results suggest that extracellular Tat may activate a cell surface-mediated pathway that induces intracellular signal transduction in K562 cells, leading to the activation of NF-kappaB and the transcription of NF-kappaB-dependent genes, such as CD69.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Blázquez
- Departamento de Fisiología e Immunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
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47
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Arima N, Matsushita K, Obata H, Ohtsubo H, Fujiwara H, Arimura K, Kukita T, Suruga Y, Wakamatsu S, Hidaka S, Tei C. NF-kappaB involvement in the activation of primary adult T-cell leukemia cells and its clinical implications. Exp Hematol 1999; 27:1168-75. [PMID: 10390192 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(99)00053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The HTLV-I provirus-encoded Tax protein induces NF-kappaB in Tax-transfected Jurkat T cells or HTLVL-I- infected T cells in vitro. Tax induction of NF-kappaB is presumed to be involved in proliferation and activation of primary leukemia cells in vivo. Recent studies have demonstrated that NF-kappaB activities in human T cells are mediated by at least four c-Rel-related DNA binding proteins - p50, p55, p75 and p85. We examined the significance of NF-kappaB induction in primary adult T cell leukemia cells and the induction kinetics of each of the four NF-kappaB species. Marked NF-kappaB activity was detected using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) in the primary cells of patients with acute disease, but little activity was noted in the cells of chronic patients. NF-kappaB activity was enhanced in a time-dependent manner in acute type cells cultured with mitogen-free medium; there was no induction of activity in chronic type cells. UV crosslinking demonstrated all four species of NFkappaB complex - high levels of p50 and lower levels of p55 and p75, in acute type cells; chronic type cells showed only the p50. As a control, normal resting T cells similarly showed only p50; control cells showed little change in activity when cultured without mitogenic stimulation, analogous to chronic type ATL. Northern blotting revealed enhancement of c-rel (encoding p85) and KBFI (encoding p50 and p55) expression in acute type cells during culture, while there was no significant enhancement of mRNAs in chronic type ATL cells or unstimulated normal T cells. Northern blotting also revealed that Tax is upregulated at the mRNA level in acute- but not chronic-type cells during culture. Expression of c-rel and KBF1 mRNAs in acute type cells appeared to be related to Tax mRNA expression. These results suggest that Tax is capable of inducing nuclear expression of all four NF-kappaB species in primary ATL cells of acute type patients, with marked effects on p55, p75, and p85. Tax induction of NF-kappaB species is regulated, at least in part, at a pretranslational level involving increases in c-rel and KBF1 mRNA.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Chronic Disease
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Gene Products, tax/physiology
- Genes, pX
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Kinetics
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- NF-kappa B/biosynthesis
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/physiology
- NF-kappa B p50 Subunit
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Protein Isoforms/biosynthesis
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-rel
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- N Arima
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka, Japan.
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48
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Doucas V, Evans RM. Human T-cell leukemia retrovirus-Tax protein is a repressor of nuclear receptor signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:2633-8. [PMID: 10077562 PMCID: PMC15820 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.6.2633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tax oncoprotein promotes cellular transformation and is associated with the pathogenesis of adult T-cell leukemia. Tax expression activates transcription via the cAMP enhancer binding protein/activating transcription factor (CREB/ATF) and NF-kappaB pathways. In contrast to its positive action, here we demonstrate that Tax is a potent repressor of steroid and retinoid receptor transcription. The Tax protein becomes localized in the promyelocytic (PML) oncogenic domain, and unexpectedly, expression of the PML protein reverses Tax-induced repression. These results suggest that PML and Tax may act in opposing manners to influence nuclear receptor transcription and human T-cell leukemia retrovirus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Doucas
- University of Geneva Medical School, Department of Genetics and Microbiology 9, Avenue de Champel, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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49
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Ferrier R, Nougarede R, Doucet S, Kahn-Perles B, Imbert J, Mathieu-Mahul D. Physical interaction of the bHLH LYL1 protein and NF-kappaB1 p105. Oncogene 1999; 18:995-1005. [PMID: 10023675 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The LYL1 gene was first identified upon the molecular characterization of the t(7;9)(q35;p13) translocation associated with some human T-cell acute leukemias (T-ALLs). In adult tissues, LYL1 expression is restricted to hematopoietic cells with the notable exclusion of the T cell lineage. LYL1 encodes a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein highly related to TAL-1, whose activation is also associated with a high proportion of human T-ALLs. A yeast two-hybrid system was used to identify proteins that specifically interact with LYL1 and might mediate its activities. We found that p105, the precursor of NF-kappaB1 p50, was the major LYL1-interacting protein in this system. The association between LYL1 and p105 was confirmed both in vitro and in vivo in mammalian cells. Biochemical studies indicated that the interaction was mediated by the bHLH motif of LYL1 and the ankyrin-like motifs of p105. Ectopic expression of LYL1 in a human T cell line caused a significant decrease in NF-kappaB-dependent transcription, associated with a reduced level of NF-kappaB1 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ferrier
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, UMR 5535, Montpellier, France
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50
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Petropoulos L, Hiscott J. Association between HTLV-1 Tax and I kappa B alpha is dependent on the I kappa B alpha phosphorylation state. Virology 1998; 252:189-99. [PMID: 9875328 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1998.9430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Biological, molecular, and epidemiological data have demonstrated that human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) encoded Tax protein plays a central role in the initiation of T cell malignancy. The 40-kDa Tax oncoprotein serves as a potent transcriptional activator that induces viral gene expression driven by the HTLV-1 long terminal repeats and also stimulates multiple cellular genes involved in T cell activation, cell cycle regulation, and gene activation. Since Tax has been shown to interact directly and indirectly with the NF-kappa B/I kappa B regulatory proteins, we examined the significance of an in vivo association between Tax and the I kappa B alpha inhibitor. Using GST affinity chromatography, Tax was shown to interact with the I kappa B alpha ankyrin repeats which are essential for interaction with the NF-kappa B/Rel proteins. In vivo, using I kappa B alpha mutants and co-immunoprecipitation, a preferential interaction between HTLV-1 Tax and N-terminally hypophosphorylated I kappa B alpha was detected. Tax also enhanced binding of I kappa B alpha to the proteasome subunit HsN3, resulting in a Tax-enhanced, constitutive degradation of wild-type and mutated forms of I kappa B alpha in the absence of phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Binding of I kappa B alpha to proteasome subunit HC9 was also observed, but this interaction occurred independently of Tax. Taken together, these results suggest a role for Tax as a viral chaperone resulting in the enhanced constitutive turnover of I kappa B alpha. The association of Tax with hypophosphorylated I kappa B alpha may prevent I kappa B alpha from binding to NF-kappa B and also target I kappa B alpha to the proteasome for degradation via a phosphorylation-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Petropoulos
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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