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Wang B, Hu S, Fu X, Li L. CD4
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Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 7:e2200169. [PMID: 36193961 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells have the ability to differentiate into relatively specialized effector subsets after exposure to innate immune signals. The remarkable plasticity of CD4+ T cells is required to achieve immune responses in different tissues and against various pathogens. Numerous studies have shown that CD4+ T cells can play direct and indispensable roles in protective immunity by killing infected or transformed cells. Although the lineage decision of commitment to the CD4+ or CD8+ cell lineage is once thought to be inflexible, the identification of antigen-experienced CD4+ T cells with cytotoxic activity suggests the existence of unexpected plasticity for these cells. The recognition of CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and the mechanisms driving the differentiation of this particular cell subset create opportunities to explore the roles of these effector cells in protective immunity and immune-related pathology. CD4+ CTLs are proven to play a protective role in antiviral immunity. Here, the latest investigations on the phenotypic and functional features of CD4+ CTLs and their roles in antitumor immunity and immunotherapy are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Wang
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory Department of Thoracic Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Hubei 430030 P. R. China
| | - Shaojie Hu
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory Department of Thoracic Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Hubei 430030 P. R. China
| | - Xiangning Fu
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory Department of Thoracic Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Hubei 430030 P. R. China
| | - Lequn Li
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory Department of Thoracic Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Hubei 430030 P. R. China
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Murakoshi H, Koyanagi M, Akahoshi T, Chikata T, Kuse N, Gatanaga H, Rowland-Jones SL, Oka S, Takiguchi M. Impact of a single HLA-A*24:02-associated escape mutation on the detrimental effect of HLA-B*35:01 in HIV-1 control. EBioMedicine 2018; 36:103-112. [PMID: 30249546 PMCID: PMC6197679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HLA-B*35 is an HLA allele associated with rapid progression to AIDS. However, a mechanism underlying the detrimental effect of HLA-B*35 on disease outcome remains unknown. Recent studies demonstrated that most prevalent subtype HLA-B*35:01 is a detrimental allele in HIV-1 clade B-infected individuals. We here investigated the effect of mutations within the epitopes on HLA-B*35:01-restricted CD8+ T cells having abilities to suppress HIV-1 replication. Methods We analyzed 16 HLA-B*35:01-restricted epitope-specific T cells in 63 HIV-1 clade B-infected Japanese B*35:01+ individuals and identified HLA-B*35:01-restricted CD8+ T cells having abilities to suppress HIV-1 replication. We further analyzed the effect of HLA-associated mutations on the ability of these T cells. Findings The breadth of T cell responses to 4 epitopes was inversely associated with plasma viral load (pVL). However, the accumulation of an Y135F mutation in NefYF9 out of the 4 epitopes, which is selected by HLA-A*24:02-restricted T cells, affected the ability of YF9-specific T cells to suppress HIV-1 replication. HLA-B*35:01+ individuals harboring this mutation had much higher pVL than those without it. YF9-specific T cells failed to suppress replication of the Y135F mutant in vitro. These results indicate that this mutation impairs suppression of HIV-1 replication by YF9-specific T cells. Interpretation These findings indicate that the Y135F mutation is a key factor underlying the detrimental effect of HLA-B*35:01 on disease outcomes in HIV-1 clade B-infected individuals. Fund Grants-in-aid for AIDS Research from AMED and for scientific research from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture, Japan. T cells specific for 4 HLA-B*35:01-restricted epitopes have abilities to suppress HIV-1 replication in vivo. An Y135F mutation selected by HLA-A*24:02-restricted T cells affected HIV-1 control by NefYF9-specific T cells in vivo. The NefY135F mutation impaired suppression of HIV-1 replication by NefYF9-specific T cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Murakoshi
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Madoka Koyanagi
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Akahoshi
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Chikata
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Nozomi Kuse
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Gatanaga
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan; AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sarah L Rowland-Jones
- IRCMS, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Shinichi Oka
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan; AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takiguchi
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.
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O'Connell RJ, Excler JL, Polonis VR, Ratto-Kim S, Cox J, Jagodzinski LL, Liu M, Wieczorek L, McNeil JG, El-Habib R, Michael NL, Gilliam BL, Paris R, VanCott TC, Tomaras GD, Birx DL, Robb ML, Kim JH. Safety and Immunogenicity of a Randomized Phase 1 Prime-Boost Trial With ALVAC-HIV (vCP205) and Oligomeric Glycoprotein 160 From HIV-1 Strains MN and LAI-2 Adjuvanted in Alum or Polyphosphazene. J Infect Dis 2016; 213:1946-54. [PMID: 26908741 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prime-boost regimens comprising ALVAC-HIV (prime) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) Env (boost) induce HIV-specific neutralizing antibody and cell-mediated immune responses, but the impact of boost schedule and adjuvant requires further definition. METHODS A phase 1 trial was conducted. In part A (open label), 19 volunteers received oligomeric glycoprotein 160 from HIV strains MN and LAI-2 (ogp160 MN/LAI-2) with dose escalation (25, 50, 100 μg) and either polyphosphazene (pP) or alum adjuvant. In part B, 72 volunteers received either placebo (n=12) or recombinant canarypox virus expressing HIV antigens (ALVAC-HIV [vCP205]) with different doses and schedules of ogp160 MN/LAI-2 in pP or alum (n = 60). RESULTS The vaccines were safe and well tolerated, with no vaccine-related serious adverse events. Anti-gp70 V1V2 antibody responses were detected in 17 of 19 part A volunteers (89%) and 10%-100% of part B volunteers. Use of a peripheral blood mononuclear cell-based assay revealed that US-1 primary isolate neutralization was induced in 2 of 19 recipients of ogp160 protein alone (10.5%) and 5 of 49 prime-boost volunteers (10.2%). Among ogp160 recipients, those who received pP were more likely than those who received alum to have serum that neutralized tier 2 viruses (12% vs 0%; P = .015). CONCLUSIONS Administration of ogp160 with pP induces primary isolate tier 2 neutralizing antibody responses in a small percentage of volunteers, demonstrating proof of concept and underscoring the importance of further optimization of prime-boost strategies for HIV infection prevention. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT00004579.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J O'Connell
- Department of Retrovirology, US Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jean-Louis Excler
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda US Military HIV Research Program
| | | | | | - Josephine Cox
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York
| | | | - Michelle Liu
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda US Military HIV Research Program
| | | | | | | | | | - Bruce L Gilliam
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Robert Paris
- US Military Malaria Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
| | | | | | | | - Merlin L Robb
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda US Military HIV Research Program
| | - Jerome H Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Peshwa MV, Page LA, Qian L, Yang D, van Schooten WC. Generation and ex vivo expansion of HTLV-1 specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes for adoptive immunotherapy. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 50:529-40. [PMID: 18627015 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19960605)50:5<529::aid-bit7>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) have been proven, in multiple animal models, to be the most powerful antiviral and antitumor components of the immune system. We have developed a protocol to activate and expand tumor and virus peptide-specific CD8(+) T-lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of healthy, human trophic leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) seronegative human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201 individuals. A combination of density-based separation and culture conditions was employed to isolate dendritic cells (DCs), which are the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and T-lymphocytes. The DCs were pulsed with HLA-A*0201 binding peptides and cultured with autologous T-lymphocytes to generate peptide-specific CTLs. The CTLs were generated against a nine-amino-acid peptide from the Tax protein of HTLV-1. The CTLs were expanded according to a restimulation schedule employing peptide-pulsed autologous monocytes and low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) to numbers in excess of 100 x 10(6) cells following 5 weeks of culture. Expanded cells contained primarily CD3(+) T-cells, of which CD8(+) T-lymphocytes constituted greater than two-thirds of the cell population. Obtained CTLs exhibited potent antigen-specific lysis of peptide-pulsed target cells in a dose-dependent fashion in in vitro (51)Cr release cytotoxicity assay. This antigen-specific killing was shown to be HLA class I restricted and mediated by CD8(+) T-lymphocytes. Since the T-lymphocytes were obtained from HTLV-1 seronegative donors, the generation of peptide-specific CTLs represents reliable and reproducible elicitation of a primary immune response in vitro against naive antigens and subsequent expansion of generated CTLs for adoptive immunotherapy. (c) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Peshwa
- Activated Cell Therapy Inc., 291 N. Bernardo Avenue, Mountain View, California 94043, USA. mvpesh wa@actcell. uucp.netcom.com
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De Groot AS, Levitz L, Ardito MT, Skowron G, Mayer KH, Buus S, Boyle CM, Martin WD. Further progress on defining highly conserved immunogenic epitopes for a global HIV vaccine: HLA-A3-restricted GAIA vaccine epitopes. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:987-1000. [PMID: 22777092 DOI: 10.4161/hv.20528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two major obstacles confronting HIV vaccine design have been the extensive viral diversity of HIV-1 globally and viral evolution driven by escape from CD8(+) cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune pressure. Regions of the viral genome that are not able to escape immune response and that are conserved in sequence and across time may represent the "Achilles' heel" of HIV and would be excellent candidates for vaccine development. In this study, T-cell epitopes were selected using immunoinformatics tools, combining HLA-A3 binding predictions with relative sequence conservation in the context of global HIV evolution. Twenty-seven HLA-A3 epitopes were chosen from an analysis performed in 2003 on 10,803 HIV-1 sequences, and additional sequences were selected in 2009 based on an expanded set of 43,822 sequences. These epitopes were tested in vitro for HLA binding and for immunogenicity with PBMCs of HIV-infected donors from Providence, Rhode Island. Validation of these HLA-A3 epitopes conserved across time, clades, and geography supports the hypothesis that epitopes such as these would be candidates for inclusion in our globally relevant GAIA HIV vaccine constructs.
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Abstract
Efforts to make vaccines against infectious diseases as well as immunotherapies for cancer, autoimmune diseases and allergy have utilized a variety of heterologous expression systems, including viral and bacterial vectors, as well as DNA and RNA constructs. This review explores the immunologic rationale and provides an update of insights obtained from preclinical and clinical studies of such vaccines.
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Abstract
SUMMARYInfections withTheileria parvain the African buffalo are invariably asymptomatic, whereas infections in cattle usually result in clinical disease, the severity of which varies in different populations of cattle. The parasite exhibits antigenic heterogeneity, which in cattle manifests as differences between parasite strains in their cross-protective properties. A series of studies on T cell responses toT. parvain cattle have demonstrated that class I MHC-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), specific for parasitized lymphoblasts, are important mediators of immunity. Cytotoxic T cell responses frequently display parasite strain-restricted specificities which appear to correlate with the capacity of strains to cross-protect. The strain specificity of CTL responses varies in animals immunized with the same parasite strain and is influenced by both host and parasite genotype. Recent studies have provided evidence that there is competition between epitopes for induction of CTL responses, which can result in a bias to strain-specific epitopes. These properties of the CTL response have important implications for vaccination. Thus, in designing a vaccine, it may be possible, by selecting parasite proteins containing appropriate CTL epitopes, to generate CTL responses that protect against a wide range of parasite strains. Although there are no comparable data on CTL responses in the buffalo, it is considered that the features of the immune response described for cattle would be advantageous for survival of parasite populations in the buffalo. Specifically, a bias in the immune responses to strain-specific determinants should favour establishment of infection in buffalo already carrying the parasite and allow fluctuation in the levels of different parasite strains during the course of persistent infection.
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Létourneau S, Im EJ, Mashishi T, Brereton C, Bridgeman A, Yang H, Dorrell L, Dong T, Korber B, McMichael AJ, Hanke T. Design and pre-clinical evaluation of a universal HIV-1 vaccine. PLoS One 2007; 2:e984. [PMID: 17912361 PMCID: PMC1991584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background One of the big roadblocks in development of HIV-1/AIDS vaccines is the enormous diversity of HIV-1, which could limit the value of any HIV-1 vaccine candidate currently under test. Methodology and Findings To address the HIV-1 variation, we designed a novel T cell immunogen, designated HIVCONSV, by assembling the 14 most conserved regions of the HIV-1 proteome into one chimaeric protein. Each segment is a consensus sequence from one of the four major HIV-1 clades A, B, C and D, which alternate to ensure equal clade coverage. The gene coding for the HIVCONSV protein was inserted into the three most studied vaccine vectors, plasmid DNA, human adenovirus serotype 5 and modified vaccine virus Ankara (MVA), and induced HIV-1-specific T cell responses in mice. We also demonstrated that these conserved regions prime CD8+ and CD4+ T cell to highly conserved epitopes in humans and that these epitopes, although usually subdominant, generate memory T cells in patients during natural HIV-1 infection. Significance Therefore, this vaccine approach provides an attractive and testable alternative for overcoming the HIV-1 variability, while focusing T cell responses on regions of the virus that are less likely to mutate and escape. Furthermore, this approach has merit in the simplicity of design and delivery, requiring only a single immunogen to provide extensive coverage of global HIV-1 population diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Létourneau
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eung-Jun Im
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tumelo Mashishi
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Choechoe Brereton
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Bridgeman
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hongbing Yang
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Dorrell
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tao Dong
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamo National Laboratory, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. McMichael
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Koibuchi T, Allen TM, Lichterfeld M, Mui SK, O'Sullivan KM, Trocha A, Kalams SA, Johnson RP, Walker BD. Limited sequence evolution within persistently targeted CD8 epitopes in chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol 2005; 79:8171-81. [PMID: 15956562 PMCID: PMC1143727 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.13.8171-8181.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection indicate viral evolution under CD8 T-cell immune selection pressure, but the effects of ongoing immune pressure on epitope evolution during chronic infection are not well described. In this study, we performed a detailed longitudinal analysis of viral sequence variation within persistently targeted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes in two HIV-1-infected persons during 6 years of persistent viremia. Responses were quantitated using freshly isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes in direct lytic assays as well as by gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) Elispot assays on cryopreserved cells. Seven targeted epitopes were identified in each person. In the majority of cases, the dominant epitope sequence did not change over time, even in the presence of responses of sufficient magnitude that they were detectable using fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells in direct lytic assays. Only 4 of the 14 autologous epitopes tested represented potential CTL escape variants; however, in most cases strong responses to these epitopes persisted for the 6 years of study. Although persistent IFN-gamma responses were detected to all epitopes, direct lytic assays demonstrated declining responses to some epitopes despite the persistence of the targeted sequence in vivo. These data indicate limited viral evolution within persistently targeted CD8 T-cell epitopes during the chronic phase of infection and suggest that these regions of the virus are either refractory to sequence change or that persistently activated CD8 T-cell responses in chronic infection exert little functional selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Koibuchi
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Zhan X, Slobod KS, Surman S, Brown SA, Lockey TD, Coleclough C, Doherty PC, Hurwitz JL. Limited breadth of a T-helper cell response to a human immunodeficiency virus envelope protein. J Virol 2003; 77:4231-6. [PMID: 12634380 PMCID: PMC150625 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.7.4231-4236.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-envelope human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines have been studied for more than a decade, with some successes in homologous challenge experiments in nonhuman primates but with no clear successes in clinical trials. To gain insight into the breadth of the immunity elicited by such vaccines, we have dissected the T-helper cell response of C57BL/6 mice to an individual, molecularly cloned envelope protein. Here, we report that T-helper cells responsive to HIV type 1 1035 envelope are very highly restricted in C57BL/6 animals: seven different hybridomas recovered from five separate mice recognized the same peptide, PKVSFEPIPIHYCAP, located in the C2 region of gp120. Three of these hybridomas were tested on a natural variant of the peptide but failed to respond. A more extensive analysis of whole splenic populations from other C57BL/6 mice immunized with the 1035 envelope reproducibly confirmed that the gp120-specific T-helper response was almost exclusively focused on a single epitope. We conclude that single-envelope vaccines may frequently fail to provoke an immune response sufficiently diverse to recognize variant sequences among circulating HIV. The results encourage the inclusion of more than one envelope in future vaccines to enhance the potential diversity and respective surveillance capacities of responding T-helper cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhan
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA
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Abstract
This article gives an overview about the development of an HIV-1 vaccine. Tremendous numbers of papers have been published on this topic during the last 10 years, and this article can only touch on the different directions taken toward the development of an HIV-1 vaccine, and not give a complete overview of the entire field.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P McGettigan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Dorrance H. Hamilton Laboratories, Center for Human Virology, Philadelphia, PA 19107-6799, USA
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12
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Malhotra U, Holte S, Zhu T, Delpit E, Huntsberry C, Sette A, Shankarappa R, Maenza J, Corey L, McElrath MJ. Early induction and maintenance of Env-specific T-helper cells following human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol 2003; 77:2663-74. [PMID: 12552005 PMCID: PMC141076 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.4.2663-2674.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence points to a role for CD4+ T-helper (Th) cell activities in controlling human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. To determine the induction and evolution of Th responses following acute infection, we prospectively analyzed Env- and Gag-specific Th responses longitudinally for 92 patients with acute (n = 28) or early (n = 64) HIV-1 infection (median, 55 days postinfection [DPI]). The probability of detecting HIV-1-specific lymphoproliferative responses was remarkably low, and when present, the responses were more likely to be Gag specific than Env specific (16 versus 5%). Env-specific responses were significantly more common in patients presenting at <30 DPI than in those presenting at 30 to 365 DPI (21 versus 0.5%, P = 0.001). By contrast, Gag-specific responses occurred with similar frequencies among subjects presenting at <30 DPI and 30 to 365 DPI (13 versus 17%, P = 0.6). After treatment, and regardless of the duration of infection before therapy, Gag-specific Th responses predominated. Furthermore, some acutely infected subjects lost detectable Env-specific Th proliferative responses, which failed to reemerge upon treatment. Detailed analysis for one such subject revealed Env-specific lymphoproliferation at 11 DPI but no detectable Env-specific lymphoproliferation or ex vivo gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) secretion at multiple subsequent time points. Env-specific CD4+ T-cell clones from 11 DPI recognized six epitopes in both conserved and variable regions within gp120 and gp41, exhibited major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytotoxicity, and secreted high levels of antiviral cytokines. T-cell receptor clonal transcript analyses and autologous virus sequencing revealed that Th cells induced during acute infection were maintained and there were no Th escape mutations. Subsequent analysis for this subject and six of seven others revealed detectable IFN-gamma-secreting cells, but only following in vitro gp160 stimulation. In summary, we conclude that Env-specific Th responses are elicited very early in acute infection and may precede Gag-specific responses. The inability to detect Env-specific Th responses over time and despite antiretroviral therapy may reflect low frequencies and impaired proliferative capacity, and viral escape is not necessary for this to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Malhotra
- Program in Infectious Diseases, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Timiryasova TM, Chen B, Fodor I. Replication-deficient vaccinia virus gene therpay vector: evaluation of exogenous gene expression mediated by PUV-inactivated virus in glioma cells. J Gene Med 2001; 3:468-77. [PMID: 11601760 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild psoralen and UV (PUV) treatments inactivate viral DNA replication, but the virus retains its ability to infect cells. Thus, PUV treatment of vaccinia virus (VV) vectors may increase the safety of gene delivery and extend the duration of gene expression. Although the first studies on PUV-inactivated VV (PUV-VV) for the delivery of suicide or cytokine genes to cancer cells were promising, the efficiency and kinetics of exogenous gene expression have not been fully evaluated. Furthermore, these studies should be extended to other gene therapy strategies, e.g. tumor suppressor genes. METHODS We constructed VV recombinants carrying the luciferase (luc) gene, or the tumor suppressor p53 gene, to analyze exogenous gene expression after PUV treatment. Apoptosis induction and antitumor effects were examined in glioma cell culture and in an animal model, respectively. RESULTS PUV-VV induced efficient PE/L-driven expression of luc and p53 exogenous genes in infected cells. A surprising prolonged p53 protein production was measured in glioma cells infected with PUV-VV expressing p53 (VV-TK-53) on Days 5-7 post-infection, reaching a maximal level of 9 microg/ml. VV-TK-53 induced apoptosis in 88% and 77.6% of infected C6 and 9L glioma cells, respectively. In contrast, 80% of cells infected with the PUV-inactivated control virus remained viable. Finally, ex vivo infection of C6 glioma cells with PUV-inactivated VV-TK-53 significantly reduced subsequent tumor growth in nude mice. CONCLUSIONS Replication-deficient PUV-VV is safe and very efficient in prolonged foreign gene expression. Therefore PUV-VVs are recommended as vectors for applications in cancer gene therapy and recombinant vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Timiryasova
- Center for Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA 92350, USA
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Gorse GJ, Patel GB, Belshe RB. HIV type 1 vaccine-induced T cell memory and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in HIV type 1-uninfected volunteers. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001; 17:1175-89. [PMID: 11522187 DOI: 10.1089/088922201316912781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell memory to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antigens and anti-HIV-1 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity were assessed after administration of live canarypox virus (ALVAC) expressing HIV-1 env, gag, and protease (vCP205) vaccine given alone, vCP205 given with SF-2 recombinant gp120 (rgp120) vaccine, and placebos at 0, 1, 3, and 6 months. Healthy, HIV-1-uninfected subjects reporting high-risk and low-risk behavior for HIV-1 were enrolled. Anti-HIV-1 Env CD8(+) CTLs (HIV-1(MN) and/or HIV-1 subtype B and C primary isolate sequences) were detected in 12 (60%) and anti-HIV-1 Gag CD8(+) CTLs in 7 (35%) of the 20 vCP205 vaccine recipients tested by CTL assay 3.5 months after the final immunization. Fourteen days after the fourth immunization, lymphocyte proliferation in response to HIV-1 Gag antigen was detected in 14 (48%) of 29 vCP205 vaccine recipients, but secreted cytokine levels to HIV-1 Gag antigen were not above unstimulated levels. Coadministration of SF-2 rgp120 vaccine with vCP205 vaccine enhanced lymphocyte proliferation in response to HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein and broadened the envelope-stimulated cytokine secretion pattern, so that it consisted of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines compared with only interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) after vCP205 vaccine given alone. There was a possible association between HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein-stimulated interleukin 2 secretion and CD8(+) CTLs against HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein, and an inverse relation between lymphocyte proliferation and CTLs against HIV-1 Gag antigens. Thus, a durable anti-HIV-1 CD8(+) CTL response was detected after immunization with the live canarypox virus vaccine and preexisting helper T cell memory responses did not necessarily predict later CD8(+) CTL activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Gorse
- St. Louis Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63106, USA.
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15
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Day CL, Shea AK, Altfeld MA, Olson DP, Buchbinder SP, Hecht FM, Rosenberg ES, Walker BD, Kalams SA. Relative dominance of epitope-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected persons with shared HLA alleles. J Virol 2001; 75:6279-91. [PMID: 11413294 PMCID: PMC114350 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.14.6279-6291.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) target multiple epitopes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons, and are thought to influence the viral set point. The extent to which HLA class I allele expression predicts the epitopes targeted has not been determined, nor have the relative contributions of responses restricted by different class I alleles within a given individual. In this study, we performed a detailed analysis of the CTL response to optimally defined CTL epitopes restricted by HLA class I A and B alleles in individuals who coexpressed HLA A2, A3, and B7. The eight HIV-1-infected subjects studied included two subjects with acute HIV infection, five subjects with chronic HIV infection, and one long-term nonprogressor. Responses were heterogeneous with respect to breadth and magnitude of CTL responses in individuals of the same HLA type. Of the 27 tested epitopes that are presented by A2, A3, and B7, 25 were targeted by at least one person. However, there was wide variation in the number of epitopes targeted, ranging from 2 to 17. The A2-restricted CTL response, which has been most extensively studied in infected persons, was found to be narrowly directed in most individuals, and in no cases was it the dominant contributor to the total HIV-1-specific CTL response. These results indicate that HLA type alone does not predict CTL responses and that numerous potential epitopes may not be targeted by CTL in a given individual. These data also provide a rationale for boosting both the breadth and the magnitude of HIV-1-specific CTL responses by immunotherapy in persons with chronic HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Day
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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16
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Bond KB, Sriwanthana B, Hodge TW, De Groot AS, Mastro TD, Young NL, Promadej N, Altman JD, Limpakarnjanarat K, McNicholl JM. An HLA-directed molecular and bioinformatics approach identifies new HLA-A11 HIV-1 subtype E cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes in HIV-1-infected Thais. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001; 17:703-17. [PMID: 11429111 DOI: 10.1089/088922201750236988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Only limited cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope mapping has been done in nonsubtype B HIV-infected persons. We used molecular immunogenetic tools to determine HIV-specific CTL responses in HIV-1 Env subtype E-infected female sex workers (FSWs) from northern Thailand, where more than 50% of the population is HLA-A11 positive. EpiMatrix, a computer-based T cell epitope prediction algorithm, and a manual editing approach were used to predict 77 possible HLA-A11 CTL epitopes in HIV-1, some of which were conserved between subtypes B and E. MHC binding of these peptides was determined in an HLA-A11 stabilization assay, and binding peptides were tested for CTL recognition in eight HLA-A11-positive FSWs. Subtype E versions of known HLA-A2 subtype B HIV epitopes were also tested in four HLA-A2 positive FSWs. CTL responses were detected in all HLA-A11-positive and in three of four HLA-A2-positive persons. Among the 12 FSWs responses to peptides were found to Pol in 9 (75%), Env in 7 (58%), Nef in 5 (42%), and Gag in 5 (42%), and to conserved epitopes in 8 (67%). To identify HLA-A11 CTL epitopes in the absence of prediction tools, it would have been necessary to test almost 3000 10-mer peptides. EpiMatrix and manual predictions reduced this number to 77, of which 26 were MHC binding and 12 were CTL epitopes. Six of these HLA-A11 CTL epitopes have not been previously reported and are located in RT, gp120, and gp41. This report of CTL responses in subtype E-infected individuals defines epitopes that may be useful in HIV pathogenesis or vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Bond
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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17
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La Rosa C, Krishnan R, Markel S, Schneck JP, Houghten R, Pinilla C, Diamond DJ. Enhanced immune activity of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope analogs derived from positional scanning synthetic combinatorial libraries. Blood 2001; 97:1776-86. [PMID: 11238120 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.6.1776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pp65(495-503) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitope from cytomegalovirus (CMV) is universally recognized among CMV+ individuals who express an allele of the human leukocyte antigen A (HLA-A*0201). The relative binding affinity of the epitope to HLA-A*0201 is moderate, and its increased activity might prove beneficial in its use as a CTL epitope vaccine. A new approach to enhance the activity of T-cell epitopes is the use of positional scanning synthetic combinatorial libraries (PS-SCLs). Using a nonamer PS-SCL, the pp65(495-503) epitope was modified after screening a CMV-specific T-cell clone (TCC) (3-3F4) from which the native peptide sequence was derived. Two peptides with amino acid substitutions at P1, P3, P7, and P8 are between 10(3) and 10(4) more active than the native epitope. Although the native CTL epitope terminates as a free acid, both tetrasubstituted peptides only function as CTL epitopes when the carboxyl terminus is amidated. Selective substitution of the native sequence based on PS-SCL screening results identified 3 amidated monosubstituted and disubstituted peptides that are better recognized than the native epitope by TCCs from a cohort expressing HLA-A*0201. In vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with each of the peptide epitope analogs stimulated memory CTLs, which recognized CMV-infected targets among a high percentage of CMV+ individuals. Binding studies of peptide analogs with HLA-Ig (immunoglobulin) dimers and 2 different TCCs correlated with in vitro lysis results. These data suggest that increasing the activity of CTL epitopes while maintaining broad recognition is possible, which holds promise for vaccine development in infectious disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C La Rosa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Research, Beckman Research Institute, the City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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18
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Abstract
Immune dysregulation and immunosuppression regimens impact on the ability of transplant recipients to respond to immunizations. The distinct challenges of immunizations to benefit stem cell transplant recipients and solid organ transplant recipients are discussed separately. Recommended vaccines for stem cell transplant recipients and solid organ transplant candidates are suggested. New approaches to consider to enhance immune responses of transplant recipients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Molrine
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Massachusetts Biologic Laboratories, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Gorse GJ, Patel GB, Mandava MD, Arbuckle JA, Doyle TM, Belshe RB. Cytokine responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) induced by immunization with live recombinant canarypox virus vaccine expressing HIV-1 genes boosted by HIV-1(SF-2) recombinant GP120. Vaccine 2001; 19:1806-19. [PMID: 11166906 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine-induced T-cell memory for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was assessed by measuring HIV-1 antigen-stimulated cytokine secretion in 72 HIV-1-uninfected subjects, of whom 52 received live recombinant canarypox virus vaccine expressing HIV-1 env, gag, and protease gene products (vCP205) with or without HIV-1(SF-2) recombinant gp120 (SF-2 rgp120) subunit vaccine, and 20 the control. The vCP205 vaccine induced secretion of the Th1 cytokine, interferon-gamma, by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after in vitro stimulation with HIV-1 p24 and envelope glycoprotein. Immunization schedules with both vCP205 and SF-2 rgp120 subunit vaccines induced secretion of Th1 and Th2 cytokines by PBMC to HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. Hence, vCP205 and SF-2 rgp120 subunit vaccines given together and in a prime-boost sequence appeared to induce a broader cytokine response pattern than vCP205 vaccine given alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Gorse
- St. Louis Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 3635 Vista Avenue (FDT-8N), St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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20
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Bouhdoud L, Villain P, Merzouki A, Arella M, Couture C. T-cell receptor-mediated anergy of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gp120-specific CD4(+) cytotoxic T-cell clone, induced by a natural HIV type 1 variant peptide. J Virol 2000; 74:2121-30. [PMID: 10666241 PMCID: PMC111692 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.5.2121-2130.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection triggers a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response mediated by CD8(+) and perhaps CD4(+) CTLs. The mechanisms by which HIV-1 escapes from this CTL response are only beginning to be understood. However, it is already clear that the extreme genetic variability of the virus is a major contributing factor. Because of the well-known ability of altered peptide ligands (APL) to induce a T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated anergic state in CD4(+) helper T cells, we investigated the effects of HIV-1 sequence variations on the proliferation and cytotoxic activation of a human CD4(+) CTL clone (Een217) specific for an epitope composed of amino acids 410 to 429 of HIV-1 gp120. We report that a natural variant of this epitope induced a functional anergic state rendering the T cells unable to respond to their antigenic ligand and preventing the proliferation and cytotoxic activation normally induced by the original antigenic peptide. Furthermore, the stimulation of Een217 cells with this APL generated altered TCR-proximal signaling events that have been associated with the induction of T-cell anergy in CD4(+) T cells. Importantly, the APL-induced anergic state of the Een217 T cells could be prevented by the addition of interleukin 2, which restored their ability to respond to their nominal antigen. Our data therefore suggest that HIV-1 variants can induce a state of anergy in HIV-specific CD4(+) CTLs. Such a mechanism may allow a viral variant to not only escape the CTL response but also facilitate the persistence of other viral strains that may otherwise be recognized and eliminated by HIV-specific CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bouhdoud
- Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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21
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Gorse GJ, Patel GB, Mandava MD, Belshe RB. Vaccine-induced cytotoxic T lymphocytes against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 using two complementary in vitro stimulation strategies. Vaccine 1999; 18:835-49. [PMID: 10580197 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) induced by candidate HIV-1 vaccines may be a mechanism of immune protection against HIV-1 infection. We measured in vitro inducible CD8+ and CD4+ CTL using two in vitro effector cell stimulation strategies. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) for CTL assay were obtained after the third and/or fourth immunization timepoints from 23 healthy, uninfected adult volunteers, of whom 19 received a canarypox virus vaccine expressing HIV-1 env, gag, pol, nef and protease gene products (vCP300) with or without injections of HIV-1(SF-2) rgp120 subunit vaccine and four subjects received only control injections. CD8+ CTL activity was detected employing the two in vitro stimulation strategies against one or more HIV-1 antigens in 15 (79%) of 19 HIV-1 vaccine recipients on at least one occasion and repeatedly against the same antigen in 8 (42%). Canarypox virus-based HIV-1 vaccines represent a step forward in HIV-1 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Gorse
- St. Louis Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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22
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Ennis FA, Cruz J, Jameson J, Klein M, Burt D, Thipphawong J. Augmentation of human influenza A virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte memory by influenza vaccine and adjuvanted carriers (ISCOMS). Virology 1999; 259:256-61. [PMID: 10388649 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1999.9765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is a need to improve the ability of subunit vaccines to induce CD8(+) CTL responses in humans, especially for vaccines used to prevent illness by organisms that undergo antigenic variation at their major neutralizing antibody sites, e.g., influenza A viruses and human immunodeficiency virus. Murine models have demonstrated the protective role of cross-reactive CTL against influenza A virus antigenic drift. We tested the ability of an adjuvanted carrier (Iscomatrix) to help human antigen-presenting cells present formalin-killed influenza vaccine to human CD8(+) CTL clones in vitro and in vaccinated humans. The results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical study demonstrate that a single dose of a vaccine formulated into Iscom particles increased influenza A virus-specific CTL memory in 50-60% of recipients, compared to 5% of the recipients of the standard influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Ennis
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01655, USA.
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23
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Yin C, Wu MS, Pauza CD, Salvato MS. High major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted lysis of simian immunodeficiency virus envelope-expressing cells predisposes macaques to rapid AIDS progression. J Virol 1999; 73:3692-701. [PMID: 10196261 PMCID: PMC104144 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.5.3692-3701.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/1998] [Accepted: 01/13/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Before the development of virus-specific immune responses, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from uninfected rhesus monkeys and human beings have the capacity to lyse target cells expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) envelope (gp130 and gp120) antigens. Lysis by naive effector cells does not require major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted antigen presentation, is equally effective for allogeneic and xenogeneic targets, and is designated MHC-unrestricted (UR) lysis. UR lysis is not sensitive to EGTA and does not require de novo RNA or protein synthesis. Several kinds of envelope-expressing targets, including cells that poorly express MHC class I antigens, can be lysed. CD4(+) effectors are responsible for most of the lytic activity. High lysis is correlated with high expression of HIV or SIV envelope, specifically, the central one-third of the gp130 molecule, and lysis is completely inhibited by a monoclonal antibody against envelope. Our work extends observations of human lymphocytes expressing HIV gp120 to the SIV/rhesus monkey model for AIDS. Additionally, we address the relevance of UR lysis in vivo. A survey of PBMC from 56 uninfected rhesus monkeys indicates that 59% of the individuals had peak UR lytic activity above 15% specific lysis. Eleven of these monkeys were subsequently infected with SIV. Animals with UR lytic activity above 15% specific lysis were predisposed to more rapid disease progression than animals with low UR lytic activity, suggesting a strong correlation between this form of innate immunity and disease progression to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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24
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Ferris RL, Hall C, Sipsas NV, Safrit JT, Trocha A, Koup RA, Johnson RP, Siliciano RF. Processing of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein for Class I-Restricted Recognition: Dependence on TAP1/2 and Mechanisms for Cytosolic Localization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.3.1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Processing of viral proteins for recognition by CTL involves degradation of the proteins in the cytosol of an infected cell followed by transport of the resulting peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by the TAP1/2 complex. Uncertainty exists over the site of processing of viral envelope (env) proteins since the extracellular domains of env proteins are not present in the cytosol where the class I Ag-processing pathway begins. Rather, the ectodomains of env proteins are cotranslationally translocated into the ER during biosynthesis. To analyze env protein processing, we used the herpes simplex virus protein ICP47 to block peptide transport by TAP1/2 and examined the effects of TAP blockade on the processing of the HIV-1 env protein. For the majority of env-specific CD8+ CTL, the processing pathway required TAP1/2-mediated transport of cytosolic peptides into the ER. To determine how env peptides are generated in the cytosol, we analyzed the processing of two TAP1/2-dependent epitopes containing N-linked glycosylation sites. In each case, processing involved glycosylation-dependent posttranslational modification of asparagine residues to aspartic acid. These results are consistent with cotranslational translocation of env into the ER, where glycosylation occurs. This is followed by export of a fraction of the newly synthesized protein into the cytosol, where it is deglycosylated, with conversion of the asparagines to aspartic acid residues. Following cytoplasmic proteolysis, env peptides are retransported by TAP1/2 into the ER, where association with class I occurs. Thus, the env protein can enter the class I pathway through multiple distinct processing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Ferris
- *Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, 21205
- †Immunology Graduate Program and Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Christopher Hall
- *Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, 21205
| | - Nikolaos V. Sipsas
- ‡AIDS Research Service and Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Jeffrey T. Safrit
- §Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Alicja Trocha
- ‡AIDS Research Service and Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Richard A. Koup
- ¶Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75235; and
| | - R. Paul Johnson
- ‡AIDS Research Service and Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
- ∥New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772
| | - Robert F. Siliciano
- *Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, 21205
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25
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Allen TM, Sidney J, del Guercio MF, Glickman RL, Lensmeyer GL, Wiebe DA, DeMars R, Pauza CD, Johnson RP, Sette A, Watkins DI. Characterization of the Peptide Binding Motif of a Rhesus MHC Class I Molecule (Mamu-A*01) That Binds an Immunodominant CTL Epitope from Simian Immunodeficiency Virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.12.6062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The majority of immunogenic CTL epitopes bind to MHC class I molecules with high affinity. However, peptides longer or shorter than the optimal epitope rarely bind with high affinity. Therefore, identification of optimal CTL epitopes from pathogens may ultimately be critical for inducing strong CTL responses and developing epitope-based vaccines. The SIV-infected rhesus macaque is an excellent animal model for HIV infection of humans. Although a number of CTL epitopes have been mapped in SIV-infected rhesus macaques, the optimal epitopes have not been well defined, and their anchor residues are unknown. We have now defined the optimal SIV gag CTL epitope restricted by the rhesus MHC class I molecule Mamu-A*01 and defined a general peptide binding motif for this molecule that is characterized by a dominant position 3 anchor (proline). We used peptide elution and sequencing, peptide binding assays, and bulk and clonal CTL assays to demonstrate that the optimal Mamu-A*01-restricted SIV gag CTL epitope was CTPYDINQM181–189. Mamu-A*01 is unique in that it is found at a high frequency in rhesus macaques, and all SIV-infected Mamu-A*01-positive rhesus macaques studied to date develop an immunodominant gag-specific CTL response restricted by this molecule. Identification of the optimal SIV gag CTL epitope will be critical for a variety of studies designed to induce CD8+ CTL responses specific for SIV in the rhesus macaque.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Sidney
- ‡Eppimune, San Diego, CA 92121; Division of Immunology, New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772; and
| | - Marie-France del Guercio
- ‡Eppimune, San Diego, CA 92121; Division of Immunology, New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772; and
| | - Rhona L. Glickman
- ¶Infectious Disease Unit and Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Gary L. Lensmeyer
- †Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Donald A. Wiebe
- †Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
| | - R. DeMars
- ∥Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - C. David Pauza
- *Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center and
- †Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
| | - R. Paul Johnson
- ¶Infectious Disease Unit and Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Alessandro Sette
- ‡Eppimune, San Diego, CA 92121; Division of Immunology, New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772; and
| | - David I. Watkins
- *Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center and
- †Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
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26
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Wang F, Seldin DC, Annis B, Trocha A, Johnson RP. Immune modulation of human B lymphocytes by gene transfer with recombinant Epstein-Barr virus amplicons. J Virol Methods 1998; 72:81-93. [PMID: 9672135 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(98)00023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We described previously a novel mode of gene transfer by infection of human B lymphocytes with recombinant Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) amplicons. This system was explored for its potential use in expressing various recombinant genes, including the cytokine IL-4, the HIV envelope glycoprotein (gp120) and a suicide and gag gene. Recombinant genes were present as multiple copy episomes and stable, high level recombinant gene expression could be detected by antigenic and functional assays. Amplicon-infected B cells secreted high levels of recombinant cytokine and efficiently presented recombinant antigens through classes I and II MHC-restricted antigen processing pathways. Thus, recombinant EBV amplicons can be used to express components of the immune system or heterologous genes for immune recognition in human B cells. Combining gene transfer with EBV infection may provide unique advantages for in vitro and in vivo gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wang
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is notable for the high rate of chronic infection, which occurs in nearly all individuals who become infected. Liver biopsies from individuals with chronic HCV infection are notable for the presence of numerous mononuclear cells, at least some of which are CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. The immune response to HCV is polyclonal and multispecific, both in terms of antibody and cellular immune responses. Individuals who recover from acute HCV infection appear to have quantitatively more vigorous CD4+ proliferative responses against one or more HCV proteins compared with those individuals who develop chronic disease. CD8+ responses are less well characterized, in part because of the technical difficulties involved in isolating and characterizing these cells. HCV-specific CTL can be readily isolated from the liver and PBMC of chronically infected individuals, and recognize multiple epitopes. Even individuals with the same HLA type do not consistently recognize the same epitope. Thus, there does not appear to be an immunodominant response on the CD8+ level in this infection. CD8+ cells do appear to play some role in limiting viral replication. These responses are insufficient to eradicate virus completely, however, and may cause liver injury once chronic infection is established. Cytokines produced by both CD4+ and CD8+ cells may play an important role in both inhibiting viral replication and causing liver injury. A better understanding of the role of cellular immunity in the pathogenesis of HCV infection may aid in the development of vaccines and immunotherapeutic intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Koziel
- Infectious Disease Division, Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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28
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Ray SC, Lubaki N, Dhruva BR, Siliciano RF, Bollinger RC. Autologous strain-specific cytolytic T lymphocyte responses directed against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Env. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14:3-13. [PMID: 9453246 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1998.14.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Env glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus is critical for the pathogenesis of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and has been the prime target for candidate HIV-1 vaccines. Cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) may be important for the immunologic control of HIV infection and HIV-1 Env-specific cytolytic T cells have been isolated from infected individuals and seronegative recipients of HIV-1 vaccines. Most prior studies have used assays that detect Env-specific CTLs directed against standard laboratory viral variants. These studies may be limited because the Env proteins of these laboratory strains (for example, LAI and MN) may differ significantly from the Env proteins from primary HIV-1 strains, and a single amino acid change can abrogate the recognition of HIV-1 Env by some CTL clones. Therefore, this study measured CTL activity directed against HIV-1 Env representing the infected individual's (autologous) HIV-1 viral variants. For two HIV-1-infected individuals, recombinant vaccina viruses expressing cloned HIV-1 env genes were constructed. Using an in vitro stimulation method, strain-specific CTL activity directed against autologous HIV-1 Env was detected in both individuals. From one subject, strain-specific CTL clones directed against autologous and HIV-1LAI Env were characterized. Therefore, some infected individuals have Env-specific CTLs directed against autologous strains of HIV-1. Detection and characterization of autologous Env-specific CTL activity may have important implications relative to the current HIV-1 vaccine development strategies focusing on Env derived from laboratory strains of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Ray
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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29
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Berglund P, Quesada-Rolander M, Putkonen P, Biberfeld G, Thorstensson R, Liljeström P. Outcome of immunization of cynomolgus monkeys with recombinant Semliki Forest virus encoding human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein and challenge with a high dose of SHIV-4 virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13:1487-95. [PMID: 9390747 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1997.13.1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of macaques with chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) allows evaluation of HIV-1 envelope vaccines. SHIV-4 is based on SIVmac239 but carries the env, tat, and rev genes of HIV-1IIIB. In this study we used Semliki Forest virus (SFV) RNA vectors to express the envelope protein gp160 of HIV-1IIIB in cynomolgus macaques. Monkeys were immunized four times with recombinant suicide SFV. Whereas two of four monkeys showed T cell-proliferative responses, only one monkey had demonstrable levels of antibodies to HIV-1 gp41 and gp120 as shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot. The vaccinated monkeys and four control animals were challenged with 10,000 MID100 (100% minimum infectious doses) of cell-free monkey cell-grown SHIV-4 virus. As demonstrated by virus isolation, all macaques became infected after challenge. All vaccinated monkeys showed an HIV-1-specific anamnestic T cell-proliferative response. Three of four vaccines had developed HIV-1-Env-specific antibodies 2 weeks after challenge whereas none of the four controls showed any detectable immune response at this time point. Furthermore, three of four vaccinated monkeys had no demonstrable viral antigenemia and low viral load as opposed to one of the four naive control animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Berglund
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Yang OO, Walker BD. CD8+ cells in human immunodeficiency virus type I pathogenesis: cytolytic and noncytolytic inhibition of viral replication. Adv Immunol 1997; 66:273-311. [PMID: 9328644 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O O Yang
- AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA
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31
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Nelson GW, Kaslow R, Mann DL. Frequency of HLA allele-specific peptide motifs in HIV-1 proteins correlates with the allele's association with relative rates of disease progression after HIV-1 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:9802-7. [PMID: 9275206 PMCID: PMC23272 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.18.9802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An HLA allele-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response is thought to influence the rate of disease progression in HIV-1-infected individuals. In a prior study of 139 HIV-1-infected homosexual men, we identified HLA class I alleles and observed an association of specific alleles with different relative hazards for progression to AIDS. Seeking an explanation for this association, we searched HIV-1 protein sequences to determine the number of peptides matching motifs defined by combinations of specific amino acids reported to bind 16 class I alleles. Analyzing complete sequences of 12 clade B HIV isolates, we determined the number of allele motifs that were conserved (occurring in all 12 isolates) and nonconserved (occurring in only one isolate), as well as the average number of allele motifs per isolate. We found significant correlations with an allele's association with disease progression for counts of conserved motifs in gag (R = 0.73; P = 0.002), pol (R = 0.58, P = 0.024), gp120 (R = 0.78, P = 0.00056), and total viral protein sequences (R = 0.67, P = 0.0058) and also for counts of nonconserved motifs in gag (R = 0.62, P = 0.013), pol (R = 0.74, P = 0.0017), gp41 (R = 0.52, P = 0.046), and total viral protein (R = 0.71, P = 0.0033). We also found significant correlations for the average number of motifs per isolate for gag, pol, gp120, and total viral protein. This study provides a plausible functional explanation for the observed association of different HLA alleles with variable rates of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Nelson
- Laboratory of Viral Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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32
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Development of a Candidate HLA A*0201 Restricted Peptide-Based Vaccine Against Human Cytomegalovirus Infection. Blood 1997. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v90.5.1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe development of a protective cellular immune response against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most important determinant of recovery from HCMV infection after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The ultimate aim of our study is to develop an antigen-specific and peptide-based vaccine strategy against HCMV in the setting of BMT. Toward this end we have studied the cellular immune response against the immunodominant matrix protein pp65 of HCMV. Using an HLA A*0201-restricted T-cell clone reactive against pp65 from peripheral blood from a seropositive individual, we have mapped the position of the cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope from HCMV pp65 to an 84-amino acid segment. Of the four peptides which best fit the HLA A*0201 motif in that region, one nonamer sensitized an autologous Epstein-Barr virus immortalized lymphocyte cell line for lysis. In vitro immunization of PBMC from HLA A*0201 and HCMV seropositive volunteers using the defined nonamer peptide stimulated significant recognition of HCMV infected or peptide-sensitized fibroblasts. Similarly, HLA A*0201 transgenic mice immunized with the nonamer peptide developed CTL that recognize both the immunizing peptide and endogenously processed pp65 in an HLA A*0201 restricted manner. Lipid modification of the amino terminus of the nonamer peptide resulted in its ability to stimulate immune respones without the use of adjuvant. This demonstration of a vaccine function of the nonamer peptide without adjuvant suggests its potential for use in an immunization trial of BMT donors to induce protective CTLs in patients undergoing allogeneic BMT.
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33
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Ehret R, Heinkelein M, Siliciano RF, Jassoy C. Human immunodeficiency virus glycoprotein-specific CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes are involved in two types of cytotoxicity: antigen-specific and cell-cell fusion-related cell lysis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13:1017-21. [PMID: 9264288 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1997.13.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) glycoprotein-specific CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) lyse target cells in an MHC-restricted calcium-dependent fashion similar to the mechanism used by CD8+ CTLs. However, contact of unprimed peripheral blood CD4+ T cells with HIV glycoprotein-expressing cells has been shown to cause, in addition to cell-cell fusion, rapid cytolysis that may resemble antigen-specific cytotoxicity in the chromium release assay. In this study, the ability of glycoprotein-specific CD4+ CTLs to undergo similar fusion-related cytolysis was examined. The data obtained demonstrate that in addition to antigen-specific calcium-dependent cytotoxicity, envelope-specific CD4+ CTLs are involved in fusion-related, calcium-independent cytolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ehret
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
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34
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Zhang C, Cornette JL, Berzofsky JA, DeLisi C. The organization of human leucocyte antigen class I epitopes in HIV genome products: implications for HIV evolution and vaccine design. Vaccine 1997; 15:1291-302. [PMID: 9302734 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) peptide binding motifs permits rapid selection of candidate viral protein fragments for induction of T cell-mediated immunity. A search for HLA class I peptide binding motifs in structural proteins of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) of different genetic lineages provides a map of the genetic organization of potential T cell antigenic sites, and at the same time identifies all motifs in highly conserved regions of HIV-1 env, gag and pol. The density of motifs is anomalous at both the high and low end of the spectrum: local organization is characterized by clustering in relatively short regions, while large scale organization is characterized by anomalously long runs between motifs. The former is expected simply due to the fact that motifs often have overlapping anchor residue sets. A detailed statistical analysis of the latter, however, shows that the length of the runs cannot be accounted for by chance alone. Although motif clusters show no preference to be in either conserved or variable regions, low motif density stretches occur preferentially in variable portions of the protein sequence, which suggests that the virus may be mutating to evade the cellular arm of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, MA 02215, USA
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35
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Newman MJ, Wu JY, Gardner BH, Anderson CA, Kensil CR, Recchia J, Coughlin RT, Powell MF. Induction of cross-reactive cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses specific for HIV-1 gp120 using saponin adjuvant (QS-21) supplemented subunit vaccine formulations. Vaccine 1997; 15:1001-7. [PMID: 9261947 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(96)00293-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The antigenic variation associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) envelope proteins could limit their utility in vaccines if the immune responses induced are specific for immunodominant variable epitopes. We evaluated the ability of experimental subunit vaccines, containing recombinant forms of the envelope glycoprotein (rgp120) from two HIV-1 variants, to induce immune responses capable of recognizing unrelated HIV-1 variants. A vaccine formulation based on HIV-1IIIB/LAI rgp120 and supplemented with saponin adjuvant (QS-21) induced neutralizing antibodies specific for the HIV-1IIIB/LAI variant. This antibody response was presumably specific for the variable principle neutralizing determinant (PND) of the third variable region of gp120, the V-3 region. This formulation induced cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) specific for the dominant V-3 epitope but also to an additional unidentified epitope outside of this region. The CTL specific for this second epitope also recognized gp120 from the HIV-1MN and HIV-1RF variants in a "cross-reactive" manner. A second vaccine formulation based on HIV-1MN rgp120 and QS-21 adjuvant induced neutralizing antibodies that were again variant-specific but also CTL that recognized all three HIV-1 variants in a cross-reactive manner. These data demonstrate that CTL capable of recognizing different HIV-1 variants, which are presumed to be specific for a conserved HIV-1 gp120 epitope, can be induced using subunit vaccines with the appropriate adjuvant while variant-specific antibody responses are produced. These findings support further evaluation of this vaccine format.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Newman
- Aquila Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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36
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Hamajima K, Fukushima J, Bukawa H, Kaneko T, Tsuji T, Asakura Y, Sasaki S, Xin KQ, Okuda K. Strong augment effect of IL-12 expression plasmid on the induction of HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity by a peptide vaccine candidate. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1997; 83:179-84. [PMID: 9143379 DOI: 10.1006/clin.1997.4348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that repeated inoculation of VC1, a macromolecular multicomponent peptide vaccine emulsified with Freund's adjuvant (VC1-F), induced high cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) levels and a substantial level of multivalent antibodies which neutralized various human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates. In the present study, we report that inoculation of VC1-F plus interleukin (IL)-12 expression plasmid can induce a higher antigen-specific CTL response compared to that with VC1-F alone. VC1-F plus IL-12 expression plasmid or VC1-F alone were inoculated to BALB/c mice twice at interval of 2 weeks. Two weeks after the second inoculation, spleen effector cells from these mice were examined. Stronger CTL responses against target cells were observed from the inoculation of VC1-F plus IL-12 plasmid than from that with VC-1F alone, but there was no difference in antibody induction. The inoculation of VC1 plus IL-12 plasmid also produced higher CTL activity than the inoculation of VC1 alone. These augmented CTL activities were not observed using target cells pulsed with non-HIV-specific peptides and different class I haplotype cells. These data demonstrate that co-inoculation of cell-mediated immune potent antigen and IL-12 plasmids can enhance the antigen-specific CTL response. This may be a potential approach for the induction of cellular immunization against HIV-1 and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hamajima
- Department of Bacteriology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Japan
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37
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Lieberman J, Fabry JA, Fong DM, Parkerson GR. Recognition of a small number of diverse epitopes dominates the cytotoxic T lymphocytes response to HIV type 1 in an infected individual. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13:383-92. [PMID: 9075479 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1997.13.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated T cell lines may be reproducibly used to identify relatively conserved HIV-1 epitopes that dominate CTL recognition of HIV-infected cells. Using a combination of nested truncations of HIV-vaccinia recombinants encoding HIV-1LAI Env and overlapping peptides that span the coding regions of the HIV-1 SF2 subclone of env, gag, nef, rev, and tat, we have mapped the immunodominant, relatively conserved CTL epitopes recognized by 25 HIV-seropositive individuals with CD4 counts between 100 and 500/mm3 and no history of AIDS opportunistic infection. We could characterize at least 1 peptide CTL epitope recognized by the T cell lines of 18 of 25 of the subjects; the T cell lines from 2 additional subjects recognized HIV-vaccinia presenting targets, but no dominant peptide epitope was identified. CTL epitopes were most frequently encoded by gag (recognized by 16 of 25 patient T cell lines), followed by nef and env (11 of 25 each), and the RT region of pol (9 of 25). Tat and Rev were rarely the sites of CTL epitopes. The identified epitopes occurred predominantly in relatively conserved regions of HIV-1. The mean number of HIV peptides identified at a single time for each cell line was 2.7 +/- 1.7. Although no single peptide dominated CTL recognition in more than four individuals, clusters of epitopes were found in the N-terminal region of gp160 and in two central regions of Nef. The dominant HIV-1 CTL epitopes in infected patients were not predictable on the basis of MHC expression and varied widely in an MHC-diverse population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lieberman
- Center for Blood Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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38
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Sipsas NV, Kalams SA, Trocha A, He S, Blattner WA, Walker BD, Johnson RP. Identification of type-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to homologous viral proteins in laboratory workers accidentally infected with HIV-1. J Clin Invest 1997; 99:752-62. [PMID: 9045880 PMCID: PMC507860 DOI: 10.1172/jci119221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against HIV-1 has been limited by the use of target cells expressing viral proteins from laboratory isolates of HIV-1. This approach has favored identification of group-specific CTL responses and precluded assessment of the extent of type-specific CTL responses directed against HIV-1. Using cells expressing viral proteins from the HIV-1 IIIB strain, we performed a detailed characterization of HIV-1-specific CTL response in three laboratory workers accidentally infected with HIV-1 IIIB. Eight of the epitopes identified were group specific, lying in relatively conserved regions of Gag, reverse transcriptase, and envelope. Three type-specific epitopes were identified, two of them in highly variable regions of envelope. In longitudinal studies in one subject, seven different epitopes and five different restricting HLA class I alleles were identified, with a progressive increase in the number of CTL epitopes recognized by this subject over time. Our data demonstrate that type-specific CTL responses make up a significant proportion of the host cellular immune response against HIV-1 and that a broadening of epitope specificity may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Sipsas
- AIDS Research Center, Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown 02129, USA
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39
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40
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41
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Carmichael A, Jin X, Sissons P. Analysis of the human env-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response in natural human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: low prevalence of broadly cross-reactive env-specific CTL. J Virol 1996; 70:8468-76. [PMID: 8970969 PMCID: PMC190937 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.12.8468-8476.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are part of the cellular immune response to persistent virus infections. Candidate vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) should elicit broad cross-reactive immunity to confer protection against different strains of HIV-1. As it is likely that candidate vaccines will include the envelope gene product Env, we determined the proportion of CTL clones which recognized variable and conserved determinants in three env variants during natural infection. Limiting dilution analysis was used to characterize numerous short-term CTL clones derived from peripheral blood of HIV-1-infected subjects, using split-well analysis to assay cytotoxicity against target cells expressing gp160env of HIV-1 strains IIIB, MN, and RF. In 9 of 12 HIV-1-infected subjects, at the clonal level most env-specific CTL recognized determinant(s) within one env variant but not in the other variants. In some subjects, CTL recognized multiple nonconserved determinants in different variants. The pattern of recognition of different env variants was relatively stable over time. In most of the patients studied, the proportion of CTL which showed cross-recognition of conserved determinants shared among the three strains was low. Two novel CTL epitopes within gp41 were identified by using 15-mer peptides of the HIV-SF2 sequence. When specific peptide was used to stimulate CTL precursors in vitro, the frequency of peptide-specific CTL precursors was very high, but the CTL elicited by this stimulation were highly strain specific. We conclude that the use of a single HIV env variant to detect CTL activity can underestimate the magnitude and complexity of the env-specific CTL response. The low prevalence of CTL clones which show cross-recognition of conserved determinants may have implications for immunization strategies based solely on env; to elicit broadly cross-reactive CTL other, more conserved viral antigens are likely to be needed in addition to env. Because of its capacity to distinguish CTL responses against different virus strains, limiting dilution analysis is particularly appropriate to quantitate the immune responses generated by candidate env-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carmichael
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge Clinical School, United Kingdom.
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42
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Yang OO, Kalams SA, Rosenzweig M, Trocha A, Jones N, Koziel M, Walker BD, Johnson RP. Efficient lysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Virol 1996; 70:5799-806. [PMID: 8709196 PMCID: PMC190594 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.9.5799-5806.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have examined their ability to recognize B-cell lines expressing recombinant HIV-1 proteins, but relatively few data regarding the lysis of HIV-1-infected cells by CTL are available. We studied the ability of HIV-1-specific CTL clones of defined epitope specificity and HLA restriction to lyse infected CD4+ cells at serial time points following infection. CD4+ cell lines were acutely infected with HIV-1 IIIB at a high multiplicity of infection, and the kinetics of cell lysis were examined and compared with the kinetics of viral replication. Intracellular HIV-1 p24 expression was detected by 1 to 2 days after infection, reaching over 98% positive cells by day 4. Recognition of the infected cells by HLA A2- and B14-restricted CTL clones closely paralleled intracellular p24 expression and preceded peak virion production. The maximal levels of lysis with Gag-, reverse transcriptase-, and envelope-specific clones were different, however. The Gag- and envelope-specific clones lysed infected cells at levels equivalent to peptide-sensitized controls, whereas lysis by the reverse transcriptase-specific clones plateaued at a lower level. Peptide titration curves indicated that this effect was not due to differences in sensitivity to the cognate epitopes for the different clones. Although HIV-1 infection induced an approximately 50% decrease in class I HLA expression on the surface of infected cells, lysis by CTL clones was unaffected. These studies indicate that HIV-1-specific CTL can efficiently lyse HIV-1-infected CD4+ cells and suggest that the partial downregulation of class I molecules in infected cells does not significantly affect recognition by CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- O O Yang
- AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown 02129, USA
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43
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Shankar P, Fabry JA, Fong DM, Lieberman J. Three regions of HIV-1 gp160 contain clusters of immunodominant CTL epitopes. Immunol Lett 1996; 52:23-30. [PMID: 8877415 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(96)02574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection stimulates a strong CTL response that coincides with resolution of viremia in acute infection and declines with development of opportunistic infections. Recognition of HIV gp160 by PBMC-derived T cell lines from 20 HIV-infected subjects is dominated by the response to a small number of peptide epitopes. Overlapping CTL epitopes restricted by multiple MHC Class I elements were identified in 3 relatively conserved regions of gp160 (amino acids 49-68, 591-600 and 844-863). CTL from five of 20 subjects recognized three overlapping immunodominant epitopes in the 49-68 a.a. region restricted by A24, B38, and B55. CTL from four subjects recognized at least three distinct epitopes in a.a 591-600 in the context of A24, B8, B14, and B27. CTL from seven subjects recognized epitopes within a.a. 844-863 restricted by A30, B7, B8 and B35.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Shankar
- Center for Blood Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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44
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Nomura M, Nakata Y, Inoue T, Uzawa A, Itamura S, Nerome K, Akashi M, Suzuki G. In vivo induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for a single epitope introduced into an unrelated molecule. J Immunol Methods 1996; 193:41-9. [PMID: 8690929 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(96)00041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) recognise antigenic peptides in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules on virus-infected cells. The formation and transportation of antigenic peptides to class I MHC in the cells are multi-step reactions known as antigen processing. In order to design a good DNA vaccine, it is important to dissect the specificity of antigen processing. Here we describe the construction of an epitope-based plasmid vector as a device to investigate antigen processing in transfected cells. The epitope-based plasmid vector was constructed by insertion of an epitope-encoding minigene into the lacZ gene. We used a CTL epitope on influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP366-374 epitope) as a model. Upon transfection, the epitope-based plasmid vector induced the expression of NP epitope antigenically as well as immunogenically. Immunization of mice with plasmid-transfected cells was able to induce NP epitope-specific CTLs in vivo. Moreover, the plasmid vector functioned as a gene vaccine; NP epitope-specific CTLs were primed in vivo upon transfection of the vector into dermis by electroporation. The results suggest that this epitope-based DNA delivery system may provide a new strategy for in vivo induction of epitope-specific CTLs to investigate antigen processing and presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nomura
- Division of Clinical Research and Radiation Health, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
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45
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Irvine KR, Rao JB, Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP. Cytokine enhancement of DNA immunization leads to effective treatment of established pulmonary metastases. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1996; 156:238-45. [PMID: 8598468 PMCID: PMC2040336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
DNA immunization can result in the induction of Ag-specific cellular and humoral immune responses and in protective immunity in several Ag systems. To evaluate the utility of DNA-based immunization as a potential cancer treatment strategy, we employed an experimental murine tumor, CT26, expressing the model tumor-associated Ag, beta-galactosidase (beta-gal), designated CT26.CL25. A plasmid expressing beta-gal (pCMV/beta-gal) administered by particle-mediated gene delivery to the epidermis using a hand-held, helium-driven "gene gun" induced beta-gal-specific Ab and lytic responses. Immunization with this construct prevented the growth of pulmonary metastatic tumor, and the adoptive transfer of splenocytes generated by pCMV/beta-gal in vivo immunization and cultured in vitro with the beta-gal876-884 immunodominant peptide reduced the number of established pulmonary nodules. DNA immunization alone had little or no impact on the growth of established lung metastases. To enhance the function of DNA immunization for active immunotherapy, a panel of cytokines was added as adjuvants following DNA administration. Significant reduction in the number of established metastases was observed when human rIL-2, mouse rIL-6, human rIL-7, or mouse rIL-12 were given after DNA inoculation; mouse rIL-12 as an adjuvant had the most profound effect. These findings suggest that the cytokines involved in the activation and expansion of lymphocyte populations may improve the therapeutic effects of DNA immunization. Given the ease with which plasmid DNA can be prepared to high purity for safe use in humans with infectious diseases and cancers, DNA immunization administered together with cytokine adjuvant may be an attractive alternative to recombinant viral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Irvine
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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46
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Abstract
There is now compelling evidence that env-CD4 interactions are central to several complex pathogenic mechanisms in HIV-1 infection. In addition to mediating virus attachment to CD4+ cells, the high affinity interaction of env protein with CD4 is also important in initiating both syncytium formation and syncytium-independent cytopathic effects. In addition, shed gp120 can bind to CD4 on noninfected cells and interfere with the function of these cells while at the same time rendering the cells susceptible to destruction by ADCC, by CD4+ CTLs or by programmed cell death induced by cross-linking of CD4 with gp120 and anti-gp120 followed by cellular activation. Although all of these mechanisms have been demonstrated to operate in vitro, it remains unclear how important each mechanism is in vivo. Nevertheless, the central role of env-CD4 interactions in all of these pathogenic mechanisms highlights the importance of developing effective low molecular weight inhibitors of this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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47
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Anjuère F, Horvath C, Cerottini JC, Luescher IF. Induction of CTL in vivo by major histocompatibility complex class I-peptide complexes covalently associated on the cell surface. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:1535-40. [PMID: 7614979 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The identification of endogenously produced antigenic peptides presented by MHC class I molecules has opened the way to peptide-based strategies for CTL induction in vivo. Here we demonstrate that the induction in vivo of CTL directed against naturally processed antigens can be triggered by injection of syngeneic cells expressing covalent major histocompatibility complex class I-peptide complexes. In the model system used, the induction of HLA-Cw3 specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in mice by cell surface-associated, covalent H-2Kd (Kd)-Cw3 peptide complexes was investigated. The Kd-restricted Cw3 peptide 170-179 (RYLKNGKETL), which mimics the major natural epitope recognized by Cw3-specific CTL in H-2d mice, was converted to a photoreactive derivative by replacing Arg-170 with N-beta-(4-azidosalicyloyl)-L-2,3-diaminopropionic acid. This peptide derivative was equivalent to the parental Cw3 peptide in terms of binding to Kd molecules and recognition by Cw3-specific CTL clones and could be cross-linked efficiently and selectively to Kd molecules on the surface of Con A-stimulated spleen cells from H-2d mice. Photocross-linking prevented the rapid dissociation of Kd-peptide derivative complexes that takes place under physiological conditions. Cultures of spleen cells or peritoneal exudate cells from mice inoculated i.p. with peptide-pulsed and photocross-linked cells developed a strong CTL response following antigenic stimulation in vitro. The cultured cells efficiently lysed not only target cells sensitized with the Cw3 170-179 peptide but also target cells transfected with the Cw3 gene. Moreover, their TCR preferentially expressed V beta 10 and J alpha pHDS58 segments as well as conserved junctional sequences, as has been observed previously in Cw3-specific CTL responses. In contrast, no Cw3-specific CTL response could be obtained in cultures derived from mice injected with Con A-stimulated spleen cells pulsed with the peptide derivative without photocross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Anjuère
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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Wang M, Bronte V, Chen PW, Gritz L, Panicali D, Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP. Active immunotherapy of cancer with a nonreplicating recombinant fowlpox virus encoding a model tumor-associated antigen. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1995; 154:4685-92. [PMID: 7722321 PMCID: PMC1976248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Some tumor cells express Ags that are potentially recognizable by T lymphocytes and yet do not elicit significant immune responses. To explore new immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing the recognition of these tumor-associated Ags (TAA), we developed an experimental mouse model consisting of a lethal clone of the BALB/c tumor line CT26 designated CT26.WT, which was transduced with the lacZ gene encoding beta-galactosidase, to create CT26.CL25. The growth rate and lethality of CT26.CL25 and CT26.WT were virtually identical despite the expression by CT26.CL25 of the model tumor Ag in vivo. A recombinant fowlpox virus (rFPV), which is replication incompetent in mammalian cells, was constructed that expressed the model TAA, beta-galactosidase, under the influence of the 40-kDa vaccinia virus early/late promoter. This recombinant, FPV.bg40k, functioned effectively in vivo as an immunogen, eliciting CD8+ T cells that could effectively lyse CT26.CL25 in vitro. FPV.bg40k protected mice from both subcutaneous and intravenous tumor challenge by CT26.CL25, and most surprisingly, mice bearing established 3-day pulmonary metastasis were found to have significant, Ag-specific decreases in tumor burden and prolonged survival after treatment with the rFPV. These observations constitute the first reported use of rFPV in the prevention and treatment of an experimental cancer and suggest that changing the context in which the immune system encounters a TAA can significantly and therapeutically alter the host immune response against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute-National Institutes of Health Research Scholars Program, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Watanabe N, McAdam SN, Boyson JE, Piekarczyk MS, Yasutomi Y, Watkins DI, Letvin NL. A simian immunodeficiency virus envelope V3 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope in rhesus monkeys and its restricting major histocompatibility complex class I molecule Mamu-A*02. J Virol 1994; 68:6690-6. [PMID: 7521921 PMCID: PMC237090 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.10.6690-6696.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) macaque model for assessing human immunodeficiency virus vaccine strategies will be facilitated by the characterization of predominant SIV cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes and their restricting major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules in macaque species. We now define a rhesus monkey SIVmac CTL epitope in the third hypervariable region of the envelope glycoprotein of the virus. This epitope, YNLTMKCR, contains the first two amino acids of a cysteine-cysteine loop which is the SIVmac analog of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 V3 loop. We also employed one-dimensional isoelectric focusing to characterize the MHC class I molecule of the rhesus monkey that binds this SIVmac envelope peptide fragment. Cloning and sequencing the cDNA encoding this rhesus monkey MHC class I molecule demonstrates that it is a newly described HLA-A homolog, Mamu-A*02. This viral CTL epitope and its restricting MHC class I molecule will facilitate the use of the SIVmac rhesus monkey model for studies of envelope-based vaccine strategies and for exploring AIDS immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Watanabe
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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