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Visser M, Papillon JPN, Luzzio M, LaMarche MJ, Fan J, Michael W, Wang D, Zhang A, Straub C, Mathieu S, Kato M, Palermo M, Chen C, Ramsey T, Joud C, Barrett R, Vattay A, Guo R, Bric A, Chung F, Liang G, Romanowski MJ, Lam J, Thohan S, Atassi F, Wylie A, Cooke VG. Discovery of Darovasertib (NVP-LXS196), a Pan-PKC Inhibitor for the Treatment of Metastatic Uveal Melanoma. J Med Chem 2024; 67:1447-1459. [PMID: 38198520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in the adult eye. Despite the aggressive local management of primary UM, the development of metastases is common with no effective treatment options for metastatic disease. Genetic analysis of UM samples reveals the presence of mutually exclusive activating mutations in the Gq alpha subunits GNAQ and GNA11. One of the key downstream targets of the constitutively active Gq alpha subunits is the protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway. Herein, we describe the discovery of darovasertib (NVP-LXS196), a potent pan-PKC inhibitor with high whole kinome selectivity. The lead series was optimized for kinase and off target selectivity to afford a compound that is rapidly absorbed and well tolerated in preclinical species. LXS196 is being investigated in the clinic as a monotherapy and in combination with other agents for the treatment of uveal melanoma (UM), including primary UM and metastatic uveal melanoma (MUM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Visser
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julien P N Papillon
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Luzzio
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthew J LaMarche
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jianmei Fan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Walter Michael
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David Wang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alan Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher Straub
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Simon Mathieu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mitsunori Kato
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mark Palermo
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christine Chen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy Ramsey
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Carol Joud
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rosemary Barrett
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Anthony Vattay
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ribo Guo
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Anka Bric
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Franklin Chung
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Guiqing Liang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael J Romanowski
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joni Lam
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sanjeev Thohan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Faraj Atassi
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andrew Wylie
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Vesselina G Cooke
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Wolf L, Vogt J, Alber J, Franjic D, Feger M, Föller M. PKC regulates αKlotho gene expression in MDCK and NRK-52E cells. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:75-86. [PMID: 37773536 PMCID: PMC10758369 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02863-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Particularly expressed in the kidney, αKlotho is a transmembrane protein that acts together with bone hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) to regulate renal phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis. Soluble Klotho (sKL) is released from the transmembrane form and controls various cellular functions as a paracrine and endocrine factor. αKlotho deficiency accelerates aging, whereas its overexpression favors longevity. Higher αKlotho abundance confers a better prognosis in cardiovascular and renal disease owing to anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, or antioxidant effects and tumor suppression. Serine/threonine protein kinase C (PKC) is ubiquitously expressed, affects several cellular responses, and is also implicated in heart or kidney disease as well as cancer. We explored whether PKC is a regulator of αKlotho. Experiments were performed in renal MDCK or NRK-52E cells and PKC isoform and αKlotho expression determined by qRT-PCR and Western Blotting. In both cell lines, PKC activation with phorbol ester phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) downregulated, while PKC inhibitor staurosporine enhanced αKlotho mRNA abundance. Further experiments with PKC inhibitor Gö6976 and RNA interference suggested that PKCγ is the major isoform for the regulation of αKlotho gene expression in the two cell lines. In conclusion, PKC is a negative regulator of αKlotho gene expression, an effect which may be relevant for the unfavorable effect of PKC on heart or kidney disease and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wolf
- Department of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julia Vogt
- Department of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jana Alber
- Department of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Domenic Franjic
- Core Facility Hohenheim, Data and Statistical Consulting, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martina Feger
- Department of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Föller
- Department of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Silnitsky S, Rubin SJS, Zerihun M, Qvit N. An Update on Protein Kinases as Therapeutic Targets-Part I: Protein Kinase C Activation and Its Role in Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17600. [PMID: 38139428 PMCID: PMC10743896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases are one of the most significant drug targets in the human proteome, historically harnessed for the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and a growing number of other conditions, including autoimmune and inflammatory processes. Since the approval of the first kinase inhibitors in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the field has grown exponentially, comprising 98 approved therapeutics to date, 37 of which were approved between 2016 and 2021. While many of these small-molecule protein kinase inhibitors that interact orthosterically with the protein kinase ATP binding pocket have been massively successful for oncological indications, their poor selectively for protein kinase isozymes have limited them due to toxicities in their application to other disease spaces. Thus, recent attention has turned to the use of alternative allosteric binding mechanisms and improved drug platforms such as modified peptides to design protein kinase modulators with enhanced selectivity and other pharmacological properties. Herein we review the role of different protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in cancer and cardiovascular disease, with particular attention to PKC-family inhibitors. We discuss translational examples and carefully consider the advantages and limitations of each compound (Part I). We also discuss the recent advances in the field of protein kinase modulators, leverage molecular docking to model inhibitor-kinase interactions, and propose mechanisms of action that will aid in the design of next-generation protein kinase modulators (Part II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shmuel Silnitsky
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, Safed 1311502, Israel; (S.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Samuel J. S. Rubin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Mulate Zerihun
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, Safed 1311502, Israel; (S.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Nir Qvit
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, Safed 1311502, Israel; (S.S.); (M.Z.)
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Lluch A, Latorre J, Serena-Maione A, Espadas I, Caballano-Infantes E, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Oliveras-Cañellas N, Ricart W, Malagón MM, Martin-Montalvo A, Birchmeier W, Szymanski W, Graumann J, Gómez-Serrano M, Sommariva E, Fernández-Real JM, Ortega FJ. Impaired Plakophilin-2 in obesity breaks cell cycle dynamics to breed adipocyte senescence. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5106. [PMID: 37607954 PMCID: PMC10444784 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40596-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Plakophilin-2 (PKP2) is a key component of desmosomes, which, when defective, is known to promote the fibro-fatty infiltration of heart muscle. Less attention has been given to its role in adipose tissue. We report here that levels of PKP2 steadily increase during fat cell differentiation, and are compromised if adipocytes are exposed to a pro-inflammatory milieu. Accordingly, expression of PKP2 in subcutaneous adipose tissue diminishes in patients with obesity, and normalizes upon mild-to-intense weight loss. We further show defective PKP2 in adipocytes to break cell cycle dynamics and yield premature senescence, a key rheostat for stress-induced adipose tissue dysfunction. Conversely, restoring PKP2 in inflamed adipocytes rewires E2F signaling towards the re-activation of cell cycle and decreased senescence. Our findings connect the expression of PKP2 in fat cells to the physiopathology of obesity, as well as uncover a previously unknown defect in cell cycle and adipocyte senescence due to impaired PKP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Lluch
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jessica Latorre
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Angela Serena-Maione
- Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabel Espadas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Estefanía Caballano-Infantes
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Moreno-Navarrete
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Oliveras-Cañellas
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Wifredo Ricart
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - María M Malagón
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martin-Montalvo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Witold Szymanski
- Institute of Translational Proteomics, Biochemical/Pharmacological Centre, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Graumann
- Institute of Translational Proteomics, Biochemical/Pharmacological Centre, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - María Gómez-Serrano
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elena Sommariva
- Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - José M Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Ortega
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain.
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
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Xia X, Pi W, Chen M, Wang W, Cai D, Wang X, Lan Y, Yang H. Emerging roles of PHLPP phosphatases in lung cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1216131. [PMID: 37576883 PMCID: PMC10414793 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1216131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleckstrin homologous domain leucine-rich repeating protein phosphatases (PHLPPs) were originally identified as protein kinase B (Akt) kinase hydrophobic motif specific phosphatases to maintain the cellular homeostasis. With the continuous expansion of PHLPPs research, imbalanced-PHLPPs were mainly found as a tumor suppressor gene of a variety of solid tumors. In this review, we simply described the history and structures of PHLPPs and summarized the recent achievements in emerging roles of PHLPPs in lung cancer by 1) the signaling pathways affected by PHLPPs including Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, RAS/RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Protein kinase C (PKC) signaling cascades. 2) function of PHLPPs regulatory factor USP46 and miR-190/miR-215, 3) the potential roles of PHLPPs in disease prognosis, Epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR)- tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance and DNA damage, 4) and the possible function of PHLPPs in radiotherapy, ferroptosis and inflammation response. Therefore, PHLPPs can be considered as either biomarker or prognostic marker for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Haihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology of Taizhou, Radiation Oncology Institute of Enze Medical Health Academy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
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Zhang Y, Wang H, Sun Y, Huang Z, Tao Y, Wang Y, Jiang X, Tao J. Trace amine-associated receptor 1 regulation of Kv1.4 channels in trigeminal ganglion neurons contributes to nociceptive behaviors. J Headache Pain 2023; 24:49. [PMID: 37158881 PMCID: PMC10165857 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trace amines, such as tyramine, are endogenous amino acid metabolites that have been hypothesized to promote headache. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unknown. METHODS Using patch-clamp recording, immunostaining, molecular biological approaches and behaviour tests, we elucidated a critically functional role of tyramine in regulating membrane excitability and pain sensitivity by manipulating Kv1.4 channels in trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons. RESULTS Application of tyramine to TG neurons decreased the A-type K+ current (IA) in a manner dependent on trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). Either siRNA knockdown of Gαo or chemical inhibition of βγ subunit (Gβγ) signaling abrogated the response to tyramine. Antagonism of protein kinase C (PKC) prevented the tyramine-induced IA response, while inhibition of conventional PKC isoforms or protein kinase A elicited no such effect. Tyramine increased the membrane abundance of PKCθ in TG neurons, and either pharmacological or genetic inhibition of PKCθ blocked the TAAR1-mediated IA decrease. Furthermore, PKCθ-dependent IA suppression was mediated by Kv1.4 channels. Knockdown of Kv1.4 abrogated the TAAR1-induced IA decrease, neuronal hyperexcitability, and pain hypersensitivity. In a mouse model of migraine induced by electrical stimulation of the dura mater surrounding the superior sagittal sinus, blockade of TAAR1 signaling attenuated mechanical allodynia; this effect was occluded by lentiviral overexpression of Kv1.4 in TG neurons. CONCLUSION These results suggest that tyramine induces Kv1.4-mediated IA suppression through stimulation of TAAR1 coupled to the Gβγ-dependent PKCθ signaling cascade, thereby enhancing TG neuronal excitability and mechanical pain sensitivity. Insight into TAAR1 signaling in sensory neurons provides attractive targets for the treatment of headache disorders such as migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics & Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 San-Xiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, P.R. China.
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology & Centre for Ion Channelopathy, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China.
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, P.R. China
| | - Yufang Sun
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology & Centre for Ion Channelopathy, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Zitong Huang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology & Centre for Ion Channelopathy, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yu Tao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology & Centre for Ion Channelopathy, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yiru Wang
- Department of Geriatrics & Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 San-Xiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, P.R. China
| | - Xinghong Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology & Centre for Ion Channelopathy, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Jin Tao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology & Centre for Ion Channelopathy, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China.
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Up-regulation of PKCα and δ during beating cardiomyocyte differentiation of P19CL6 cells with suppressed apoptotic cell populations. Mol Cell Toxicol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-023-00338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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Baicalin Inhibits Airway Smooth Muscle Cells Proliferation through the RAS Signaling Pathway in Murine Asthmatic Airway Remodeling Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:4144138. [PMID: 36814956 PMCID: PMC9940961 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4144138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Studies that looked at asthma airway remodeling pathogenesis and prevention have led to the discovery of the rat sarcoma viral oncogene (RAS) signaling pathway as a key mechanism that controls airway smooth muscle cell (ASMC) proliferation. Baicalin has great anti-inflammatory, proliferation-inhibited, and respiratory disease-relieving properties. However, the inhibitory effects and mechanisms of baicalin on ASMC-mediated airway remodeling in mice are still poorly understood. Methods After establishing the asthmatic mice model by ovalbumin (OVA) and interfering with baicalin, airway remodeling characteristics such as airway resistance, mRNA, and protein expression levels of remodeling-related cytokines were measured by histopathological assessment, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and western blot. Further efforts on detailed mechanisms were used antibody arrays to compare the expression and activation of proteins involved in the RAS signaling pathway. In addition, validation experiments were performed in ASMC proliferation model and low-expression cells of the target gene by using shRNA. Results In OVA-induced asthmatic mice model, baicalin significantly reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells in lung tissue, attenuated airway resistance, and decreased mRNA and protein expression levels of remodeling-related cytokines such as interleukin-13 (IL-13), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1). The results of antibody arrays involved in RAS signaling pathway revealed that OVA and baicalin administration altered the activation of protein kinase C alpha type (PKC-α), A-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (A-RAF), mitogen-activated protein kinase 2 (MEK2), extracellular regulated MAP kinase (ERK), MAPK interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 (MNK1), and ETS transcription factor 1 (ELK1). The above results were further verified in the ASMC proliferation model. A-RAF silencing (shA-RAF) could promote ASMC proliferation and downregulate p-MEK2, p-ERK, p-MNK1, and p-ELK1 expression. Conclusion The effects of baicalin against airway remodeling and ASMC proliferation might partially be achieved by suppressing the RAS signaling pathway. Baicalin may be a new therapeutic option for managing airway remodeling in asthma patients.
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Wang T, Wang HQ, Yuan B, Zhao GK, Ma YR, Zhao PS, Xie WY, Gao F, Gao W, Ren WZ. Integrative Proteomics and Phosphoproteomics Analysis of the Rat Adenohypophysis after GnRH Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043339. [PMID: 36834752 PMCID: PMC9961725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of mammalian reproductive activity is tightly dependent on the HPG axis crosstalk, in which several reproductive hormones play important roles. Among them, the physiological functions of gonadotropins are gradually being uncovered. However, the mechanisms by which GnRH regulates FSH synthesis and secretion still need to be more extensively and deeply explored. With the gradual completion of the human genome project, proteomes have become extremely important in the fields of human disease and biological process research. To explore the changes of protein and protein phosphorylation modifications in the adenohypophysis after GnRH stimulation, proteomics and phosphoproteomics analyses of rat adenohypophysis after GnRH treatment were performed by using TMT markers, HPLC classification, LC/MS, and bioinformatics analysis in this study. A total of 6762 proteins and 15,379 phosphorylation sites contained quantitative information. Twenty-eight upregulated proteins and fifty-three downregulated proteins were obtained in the rat adenohypophysis after GnRH treatment. The 323 upregulated phosphorylation sites and 677 downregulated phosphorylation sites found in the phosphoproteomics implied that a large number of phosphorylation modifications were regulated by GnRH and were involved in FSH synthesis and secretion. These data constitute a protein-protein phosphorylation map in the regulatory mechanism of "GnRH-FSH," which provides a basis for future studies on the complex molecular mechanisms of FSH synthesis and secretion. The results will be helpful for understanding the role of GnRH in the development and reproduction regulated by the pituitary proteome in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Gao
- Correspondence: (W.G.); (W.-Z.R.)
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Abstract
The pentapeptide L-R5 has previously been shown to transiently increase the permeability of nasal epithelial cell layers in vitro, allowing paracellular transport of molecules of up to 4 kDa. Protein kinase C zeta (PKC ζ), a member of a family of serine/threonine kinases was shown to be involved in tight junction modulation induced by L-R5. We show here that the ability of L-R5 to modulate tight junctions is comparable to other permeability enhancers such as bilobalide, latrunculin A or C10. Interaction of the peptide with the target protein occurs via electrostatic interaction, with the presence of positive charges being essential for its functionality. L-R5 is myristoylated to allow quick cell entry and onset of activity. While no epithelial cytotoxicity was detected, the hydrophobic myristoyl rest was shown to cause haemolysis. Taken together, these data show that a structural optimization of L-R5 may be possible, both from a toxicological and an efficacy point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Brunner
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Switzerland,CONTACT Gerrit Borchard Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Switzerland
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Kaur N, Sharma RK, Singh Kushwah A, Singh N, Thakur S. A Comprehensive Review of Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Pre-clinical Animal Models in Addition to Herbal Treatment Options and Multi-modality Imaging Strategies. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2023; 22:207-225. [PMID: 36734898 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x23666230123122808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is distinguished by ventricular chamber expansion, systolic dysfunction, and normal left ventricular (LV) wall thickness, and is mainly caused due to genetic or environmental factors; however, its aetiology is undetermined in the majority of patients. The focus of this work is on pathogenesis, small animal models, as well as the herbal medicinal approach, and the most recent advances in imaging modalities for patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Several small animal models have been proposed over the last few years to mimic various pathomechanisms that contribute to dilated cardiomyopathy. Surgical procedures, gene mutations, and drug therapies are all characteristic features of these models. The pros and cons, including heart failure stimulation of extensively established small animal models for dilated cardiomyopathy, are illustrated, as these models tend to procure key insights and contribute to the development of innovative treatment techniques for patients. Traditional medicinal plants used as treatment in these models are also discussed, along with contemporary developments in herbal therapies. In the last few decades, accurate diagnosis, proper recognition of the underlying disease, specific risk stratification, and forecasting of clinical outcome, have indeed improved the health of DCM patients. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is the bullion criterion for assessing ventricular volume and ejection fraction in a reliable and consistent direction. Other technologies, like strain analysis and 3D echocardiography, have enhanced this technique's predictive and therapeutic potential. Nuclear imaging potentially helps doctors pinpoint the causative factors of left ventricular dysfunction, as with cardiac sarcoidosis and amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela, Ropar, Punjab, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela, Ropar, Punjab, India
| | - Ajay Singh Kushwah
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela, Ropar, Punjab, India
| | - Nisha Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela, Ropar, Punjab, India
| | - Shilpa Thakur
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela, Ropar, Punjab, India
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12
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Loots DT, Adeniji AA, Van Reenen M, Ozturk M, Brombacher F, Parihar SP. The metabolomics of a protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) knock-out mouse model. Metabolomics 2022; 18:92. [PMID: 36371785 PMCID: PMC9660189 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01949-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION PKCδ is ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells and its dysregulation plays a key role in the onset of several incurable diseases and metabolic disorders. However, much remains unknown about the metabolic pathways and disturbances induced by PKC deficiency, as well as the metabolic mechanisms involved. OBJECTIVES This study aims to use metabolomics to further characterize the function of PKC from a metabolomics standpoint, by comparing the full serum metabolic profiles of PKC deficient mice to those of wild-type mice. METHODS The serum metabolomes of PKCδ knock-out mice were compared to that of a wild-type strain using a GCxGC-TOFMS metabolomics research approach and various univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. RESULTS Thirty-seven serum metabolite markers best describing the difference between PKCδ knock-out and wild-type mice were identified based on a PCA power value > 0.9, a t-test p-value < 0.05, or an effect size > 1. XERp prediction was also done to accurately select the metabolite markers within the 2 sample groups. Of the metabolite markers identified, 78.4% (29/37) were elevated and 48.65% of these markers were fatty acids (18/37). It is clear that a total loss of PKCδ functionality results in an inhibition of glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and steroid synthesis, accompanied by upregulation of the pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acids oxidation, cholesterol transport/storage, single carbon and sulphur-containing amino acid synthesis, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), ketogenesis, and an increased cell signalling via N-acetylglucosamine. CONCLUSION The charaterization of the dysregulated serum metabolites in this study, may represent an additional tool for the early detection and screening of PKCδ-deficiencies or abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Toit Loots
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Hoffman Street, 2531, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | | | - Mari Van Reenen
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Hoffman Street, 2531, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Mumin Ozturk
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Hoffman Street, 2531, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Hoffman Street, 2531, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Center for Infectious Disease Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Suraj P Parihar
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Hoffman Street, 2531, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Wellcome Center for Infectious Disease Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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13
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Brunner J, Schvartz D, Gouiller A, Hainard A, Borchard G. Impact of peptide permeation enhancer on tight junctions opening cellular mechanisms. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 32:101375. [PMID: 36324528 PMCID: PMC9618981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The myristoylated pentapeptide, L-R5, contains an amino acid sequence of the zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP) portion (pseudosubstrate) of protein kinase C zeta (PKC ζ). As PKC ζ is involved in the modulation of epithelial tight junctions (TJs) through the phosphorylation of TJ proteins, L-R5 was suggested to interact with the enzyme resulting in the enhancement of paracellular permeability. This study shows that L-R5 does not bind to the enzyme but interacts directly with TJ proteins. We show here that the binding of PKC ζ to occludin and its successive phosphorylation is prevented by L-R5, which leads to TJ disruption and enhanced epithelial permeability. Although L-R5 did not show any in vitro cytotoxicity, a proteomics study revealed that L-R5 interferes with other regulatory pathways, e.g., apoptosis and immune response. We suggest that structural modification of the peptide may increase the specificity TJ protein-peptide interaction. Microscale thermophoresis (MST) showed robust results for protein bindings. The competitivity of L-R5 peptide for the binding of occludin-PKC zeta was shown. Tight junctions proteins expression was decreased due to L-R5 peptide. Multiple other mechanisms can be explored to use L-R5 for other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Brunner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Domitille Schvartz
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Gouiller
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Hainard
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Corresponding author.
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14
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Villar-Delfino PH, Gomes NAO, Christo PP, Nogueira-Machado JA, Volpe CMO. Edaravone Inhibits the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in Phagocytosis- and PKC-Stimulated Granulocytes from Multiple Sclerosis Patients Edaravone Modulate Oxidative Stress in Multiple Sclerosis. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2022; 14:11795735221092524. [PMID: 35599854 PMCID: PMC9121512 DOI: 10.1177/11795735221092524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress is associated with the pathogenesis of MS. Edaravone (EDV)
has been proposed as a therapeutic resource for central nervous system
diseases, and it was effective in reducing oxidative stress. However, the
antioxidant mechanisms of EDV are poorly studied. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effects of EDV on resting, phagocytosis, and
PKC-activated granulocytes derived from MS patients and a healthy control
group. Methods The effects of EDV on ROS production in phagocytosis (ROS production in the
presence of opsonized particles) and PKC-stimulated granulocytes were
evaluated in a luminol-dependent chemiluminescence method. Calphostin C was
used in some experiments to compare with those of EDV. Results EDV inhibited ROS production in phagocytosis of opsonized particles and
PKC-stimulated granulocytes from MS patients and healthy control group. In
the presence of calphostin C, the inhibition of ROS production was similar
to that observed with EDV. Conclusion These findings suggest the involvement of EDV on the ROS-PKC-NOX signaling
pathways modulating oxidative stress in MS. EDV represents a promising
treatment option to control oxidative innate immune response for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Villar-Delfino
- Faculdade Santa Casa BH, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Medicina-Biomedicina, Santa Casa BH, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nathália Augusta Oliveira Gomes
- Faculdade Santa Casa BH, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Medicina-Biomedicina, Santa Casa BH, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo Pereira Christo
- Faculdade Santa Casa BH, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Medicina-Biomedicina, Santa Casa BH, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Augusto Nogueira-Machado
- Faculdade Santa Casa BH, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Medicina-Biomedicina, Santa Casa BH, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Caroline Maria Oliveira Volpe
- Faculdade Santa Casa BH, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Medicina-Biomedicina, Santa Casa BH, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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15
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Chang ZW, Chang CC. In vivo study of a novel protein kinase C that mediates immunocompetence and catecholamine biosynthesis in hemocytes of Litopenaeus vannamei by using its potential competitive inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide I. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 122:87-97. [PMID: 35122947 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study applied bisindolylmaleimide I (BSM), a pharmacological competitive inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC) enzymatic activity, at 1.25 pmol shrimp-1 for 60 min to investigate the potential involvement of PKC in signal transduction pathways in the hemocytes of Litopenaeus vannamei. A novel PKC in L. vannamei (LvnPKC) was identified and characterized and was determined to be involved in mediating the neuroendocrine-immune regulatory network. The hemocytes of L. vannamei that receive BSM exhibit significantly decreased PKC activity and LvnPKC gene and protein expression levels. Furthermore, the total hemocyte count, hyaline cells, and semigranular cells increased significantly along with significant decreases in granular cells, and meanwhile, the significantly increased phenoloxidase activity, respiratory bursts, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, phagocytic activity, and neutrophil extracellular trap were observed; however, phagocytic activity decreased significantly. In a molecular model, the gene expressions of lipopolysaccharide- and β-1,3-glucan-binding protein, peroxinectin, cytosolic manganese SOD, mitochondrial manganese SOD, and copper/zinc SOD in the hemocytes of L. vannamei that had received BSM decreased significantly, but prophenoloxidase I increased significantly. In catecholamine biosynthesis, tyrosine, dopamine, and norepinephrine decreased significantly in the hemocytes of L. vannamei that had received BSM, and l-dihydroxyphenylalanine increased. Moreover, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity increased significantly, whereas TH and dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase gene expression decreased significantly. These findings suggest that BSM inhibits PKC activity in hemocytes in which LvnPKC gene and protein expression are also inhibited. Additionally, the hemocytes' immunocompetence, including their prophenoloxidase and antioxidant systems, phagocytic activity, and catecholamine biosynthesis, was disrupted, confirming the roles of LvnPKC in mediating the neuroendocrine-immune regulatory network in hemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wen Chang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chyuan Chang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan.
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16
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Wang H, Lin Y, Zhang R, Chen Y, Ji W, Li S, Wang L, Tan R, Yuan J. Programmed Exercise Attenuates Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Transgenic E22K Mice via Inhibition of PKC-α/NFAT Pathway. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:808163. [PMID: 35265680 PMCID: PMC8899095 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.808163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHCM), an autosomal dominant disease, is caused by mutations in genes encoding cardiac sarcomeric proteins. E22K, a mutation in the myosin regulatory light chain sarcomere gene, is associated with the development of FHCM. However, the molecular mechanisms by which E22K mutation promotes septal hypertrophy are still elusive. The hypertrophic markers, including beta-myosin heavy chain, atrial natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide, were upregulated, as detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR. The gene expression profiles were greatly altered in the left ventricle of E22K mutant mice. Among these genes, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and protein kinase C-alpha (PKC-α) were upregulated, and their protein expression levels were also verified to be elevated. The fibrosis markers, such as phosphorylated Smad and transforming growth factor beta receptor, were also elevated in transgenic E22K mice. After receiving 6 weeks of procedural exercise training, the expression levels of PKC-α and NFAT were reversed in E22K mouse hearts. In addition, the expression levels of several fibrosis-related genes such as transforming growth factor beta receptor 1, Smad4, and alpha smooth muscle actin in E22K mouse hearts were also reversed. Genes that associated with cardiac remodeling such as myocyte enhancer factor 2C, extracellular matrix protein 2 and fibroblast growth factor 12 were reduced after exercising. Taken together, our results indicate that exercise can improve hypertrophy and fibrosis-related indices in transgenic E22K mice via PKC-α/NFAT pathway, which provide new insight into the prevention and treatment of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Wang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical College, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yuedong Lin
- Cardiac Emergency Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical College, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yafen Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical College, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Institute of Basic Medical College, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Shenwei Li
- Institute of Basic Medical College, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Nursing, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li Wang
| | - Rubin Tan
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Rubin Tan
| | - Jinxiang Yuan
- The Collaborative Innovation Center, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- Jinxiang Yuan
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17
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Gu SH, Chen CH, Lin PL. Protein kinase C signalling involved in prothoracicotropic hormone-stimulated prothoracic glands in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 31:115-126. [PMID: 34709697 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the participation of protein kinase C (PKC) signalling in prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in Bombyx prothoracic glands (PGs) is demonstrated and characterized. PTTH stimulated phosphorylation of a 37-kDa protein in Bombyx PGs both in vitro and in vivo, as recognized by a PKC substrate antibody. Treatment with either A23187 or thapsigargin also stimulated this 37-kDa protein phosphorylation. PTTH-stimulated phosphorylation of the 37-kDa protein was markedly attenuated in the absence of Ca2+ . The phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, U73122, greatly inhibited PTTH-stimulated phosphorylation of this protein, indicating the involvement of Ca2+ and PLC. A mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK) inhibitor (U0126), a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (LY294002) and a chemical activator of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside) did not affect PTTH-stimulated phosphorylation of the 37-kDa protein, implying that ERK and PI3K/AMPK are not the upstream signalling pathways for PKC-dependent protein phosphorylation. The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors (the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone and diphenylene iodonium) inhibited PTTH-stimulated phosphorylation of the 37-kDa protein, indicating its redox regulation. Treatment with PKC inhibitors (either calphostin C, chelerythrine C or rottlerin) reduced PTTH-stimulated phosphorylation of the 37-kDa protein. PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis was also inhibited by treatment with rottlerin, thus further confirming participation of PKC-dependent phosphorylation in PTTH signalling. From these results, we demonstrated that redox-regulated PTTH-stimulated PKC signalling is involved in ecdysteroid secretion in Bombyx PGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Gu
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - C-H Chen
- Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - P-L Lin
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan
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18
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Sun X, Xiao H, Li S, Chen R, Lin Z, Yang Y, Chen Z, Deng L, Huang H. Connexin32 ameliorates epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition in diabetic renal tubular via inhibiting NOX4. Pharmacol Res 2022; 176:106084. [PMID: 35051590 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis (RIF), characterized by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs), is the main cause of diabetic renal fibrosis. Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the development of diabetic RIF. Connexin32 (Cx32), prominently expressed in renal TECs, has emerged as an important player in the regulation of oxidative stress. However, the role of Cx32 in diabetic RIF has not been explored yet. Here, we showed that adenovirus-mediated Cx32 overexpression suppressed EMT to ameliorate RIF and renal function in STZ-induced diabetic mice, while knockout (KO) of Cx32 exacerbated RIF in diabetic mice. Moreover, overexpression of Cx32 inhibited EMT and the production of extra cellular matrix (ECM) in high glucose (HG) induced NRK-52E cells, whereas knockdown of Cx32 showed the opposite effects. Furthermore, we showed that NOX4, the main source of ROS in renal tubular, was down-regulated by Cx32. Mechanistically, Cx32 down-regulated the expression of PKC alpha in a carboxyl-terminal-dependent manner, thereby inhibiting the phosphorylation at Thr147 of p22phox triggered by PKC alpha, which ultimately repressed the formation of the p22phox-NOX4 complex to reduce the protein level of NOX4. Thus, we establish Cx32 as a novel target and confirm the protection mechanism in RIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Sun
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haiming Xiao
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zeyuan Lin
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiquan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
| | - Li Deng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Heqing Huang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Yadav SK, Sharma P, Shah SD, Panettieri RA, Kambayashi T, Penn RB, Deshpande DA. Autocrine regulation of airway smooth muscle contraction by diacylglycerol kinase. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:603-616. [PMID: 34278583 PMCID: PMC8763953 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK), a lipid kinase, catalyzes the conversion of diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidic acid, thereby terminating DAG-mediated signaling by Gq-coupled receptors that regulate contraction of airway smooth muscle (ASM). A previous study from our laboratory demonstrated that DGK inhibition or genetic ablation leads to reduced ASM contraction and provides protection for allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. However, the mechanism by which DGK regulates contractile signaling in ASM is not well established. Herein, we investigated the role of prorelaxant cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling in DGK-mediated regulation of ASM contraction. Pretreatment of human ASM cells with DGK inhibitor I activated PKA as demonstrated by the phosphorylation of PKA substrates, VASP, Hsp20, and CREB, which was abrogated when PKA was inhibited pharmacologically or molecularly using overexpression of the PKA inhibitor peptide, PKI. Furthermore, inhibition of DGK resulted in induction of cyclooxygenase (COX) and generation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) with concomitant activation of Gs-cAMP-PKA signaling in ASM cells in an autocrine/paracrine fashion. Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) or extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) attenuated DGK-mediated production of PGE2 and activation of cAMP-PKA signaling in human ASM cells, suggesting that inhibition of DGK activates the COX-PGE2 pathway in a PKC-ERK-dependent manner. Finally, DGK inhibition-mediated attenuation of contractile agonist-induced phosphorylation of myosin light chain 20 (MLC-20), a marker of ASM contraction, involves COX-mediated cAMP production and PKA activation in ASM cells. Collectively these findings establish a novel mechanism by which DGK regulates ASM contraction and further advances DGK as a potential therapeutic target to provide effective bronchoprotection in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K. Yadav
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107
| | - Sushrut D. Shah
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107
| | - Reynold A. Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine & Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raymond B. Penn
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107
| | - Deepak A. Deshpande
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107.,Corresponding author Deepak Deshpande, PhD, Professor, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107,
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20
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Linciano P, Nasti R, Listro R, Amadio M, Pascale A, Potenza D, Vasile F, Minneci M, Ann J, Lee J, Zhou X, Mitchell GA, Blumberg PM, Rossi D, Collina S. Chiral 2-phenyl-3-hydroxypropyl esters as PKC-alpha modulators: HPLC enantioseparation, NMR absolute configuration assignment, and molecular docking studies. Chirality 2021; 34:498-513. [PMID: 34962318 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms play a pivotal role in the regulation of numerous cellular functions, making them extensively studied and highly attractive drug targets. In our previous work, we identified in racemate 1-2, based on the 2-benzyl-3-hydroxypropyl ester scaffold, two new potent and promising PKCα and PKCδ ligands, targeting the C1 domain of these two kinases. Herein, we report the resolution of the racemates by enantioselective semi-preparative HPLC. The attribution of the absolute configuration (AC) of homochirals 1 was performed by NMR, via methoxy-α-trifluoromethyl-α-phenylacetic acid derivatization (MTPA or Mosher's acid). Moreover, the match between the experimental and predicted electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra confirmed the assigned AC. These results proved that Mosher's esters can be properly exploited for the determination of the AC also for chiral primary alcohols. Lastly, homochiral 1 and 2 were assessed for binding affinity and functional activity against PKCα. No significative differences in the Ki of the enantiopure compounds was observed, thus suggesting that chirality does not seem to play a significant role in targeting PKC C1 domain. These results are in accordance with the molecular docking studies performed using a new homology model for the human PKCαC1B domain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita Nasti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Listro
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Pascale
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Minneci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jihyae Ann
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeewoo Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xiaoling Zhou
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gary A Mitchell
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter M Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniela Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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21
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Zhang Y, Qian Z, Jiang D, Sun Y, Gao S, Jiang X, Wang H, Tao J. Neuromedin B receptor stimulation of Cav3.2 T-type Ca 2+ channels in primary sensory neurons mediates peripheral pain hypersensitivity. Theranostics 2021; 11:9342-9357. [PMID: 34646374 PMCID: PMC8490515 DOI: 10.7150/thno.62255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Neuromedin B (Nmb) is implicated in the regulation of nociception of sensory neurons. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Methods: Using patch clamp recording, western blot analysis, immunofluorescent labelling, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, adenovirus-mediated shRNA knockdown and animal behaviour tests, we studied the effects of Nmb on the sensory neuronal excitability and peripheral pain sensitivity mediated by Cav3.2 T-type channels. Results: Nmb reversibly and concentration-dependently increased T-type channel currents (IT) in small-sized trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons through the activation of neuromedin B receptor (NmbR). This NmbR-mediated IT response was Gq protein-coupled, but independent of protein kinase C activity. Either intracellular application of the QEHA peptide or shRNA-mediated knockdown of Gβ abolished the NmbR-induced IT response. Inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) or AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) completely abolished the Nmb-induced IT response. Analysis of phospho-AMPK (p-AMPK) revealed that Nmb significantly activated AMPK, while AMPK inhibition prevented the Nmb-induced increase in PKA activity. In a heterologous expression system, activation of NmbR significantly enhanced the Cav3.2 channel currents, while the Cav3.1 and Cav3.3 channel currents remained unaffected. Nmb induced TG neuronal hyperexcitability and concomitantly induced mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, both of which were attenuated by T-type channel blockade. Moreover, blockade of NmbR signalling prevented mechanical hypersensitivity in a mouse model of complete Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammatory pain, and this effect was attenuated by siRNA knockdown of Cav3.2. Conclusions: Our study reveals a novel mechanism by which NmbR stimulates Cav3.2 channels through a Gβγ-dependent AMPK/PKA pathway. In mouse models, this mechanism appears to drive the hyperexcitability of TG neurons and induce pain hypersensitivity.
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22
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Mizuguchi H, Kitamura Y, Takeda N, Fukui H. Molecular Signaling and Transcriptional Regulation of Histamine H 1 Receptor Gene. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 59:91-110. [PMID: 34595742 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Histamine-activated histamine H1 receptor (H1R) signaling regulates many gene expressions, mainly through the protein kinase C (PKC)/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) signaling. Involvement of other signaling, including NF-κB, Wnt, RUNX-2, and Rho A signaling was also demonstrated. In addition, cAMP production through the activation of H1R signaling was reported. H1R gene itself is also up-regulated by the activation of H1R signaling with histamine. Here, we review our recent findings in the molecular signaling and transcriptional regulation of the H1R gene. Stimulation with histamine up-regulates H1R gene expression through the activation of H1R in HeLa cells. The PKCδ/ERK/poly(ADP)ribosyl transferase-1 (PARP-1) signaling was involved in this up-regulation. Heat shock protein 90 also plays an important role in regulating PKCδ translocation. Promoter analyses revealed the existence of two promoters in the human H1R gene in HeLa cells. H1R-activated H1R gene up-regulation in response to histamine was also observed in U373 astroglioma cells. However, this up-regulation was mediated not through the PKCδ signaling but possibly through the PKCα signaling. In addition, the promoter region responsible for histamine-induced H1R gene transcription in U373 cells was different from that of HeLa cells. These findings suggest that the molecular signaling and transcriptional regulation of the H1R gene are different between neuronal cells and non-neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Kitamura
- Department of Otolaryngology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Noriaki Takeda
- Department of Otolaryngology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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23
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Chen AW, Biggar K, Nygard K, Singal S, Zhao T, Li C, Nathanielsz PW, Jansson T, Gupta MB. IGFBP-1 hyperphosphorylation in response to nutrient deprivation is mediated by activation of protein kinase Cα (PKCα). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 536:111400. [PMID: 34314739 PMCID: PMC8634829 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with decreased nutrient availability and reduced insulin-line growth factor (IGF)-I bioavailability via increased IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-1 phosphorylation. While protein kinase C (PKC) is implicated in IGFBP-1 hyperphosphorylation in nutrient deprivation, the mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesised that the interaction of PKCα with protein kinase CK2β and activation of PKCα under leucine deprivation (L0) mediate fetal hepatic IGFBP-1 hyperphosphorylation. Parallel Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry (PRM-MS) followed by PKCα knockdown demonstrated the PKCα isoform interacts with IGFBP-1 and CK2β under L0. Pharmacological PKCα activation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) increased whereas inhibition with bisindolylmaleimide II (Bis II) decreased IGFBP-1 phosphorylation (Ser101/119/169, Ser98 + 101 and Ser169 + 174), respectively. Furthermore, PMA mimicked L0-induced PKCα translocation and IGFBP-1 expression. PKCα expression was increased in baboon fetal liver in FGR, providing biological relevance in vivo. In summary, we report a novel nutrient-sensitive mechanism for PKCα in mediating IGFBP-1 hyperphosphorylation in FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan W Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kyle Biggar
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Karen Nygard
- Biotron Integrated Microscopy Facility, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sahil Singal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Tiffany Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Cun Li
- University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA; Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Peter W Nathanielsz
- University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA; Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Thomas Jansson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Madhulika B Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
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24
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Signaling Pathway of Histamine H 1 Receptor-Mediated Histamine H 1 Receptor Gene Upregulation Induced by Histamine in U-373 MG Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:1243-1254. [PMID: 34698097 PMCID: PMC8929123 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43030088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine H1 receptor (H1R) is one of the targets of histamine in the nervous system and the peripheral tissues. Protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) signaling is involved in histamine-induced upregulation of H1R gene expression in HeLa cells. Histamine also upregulates H1R gene expression in U-373 MG cells. However, the molecular signaling of this upregulation is still unclear. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanism of histamine-induced H1R gene upregulation in U-373 MG cells. Histamine-induced H1R gene upregulation was inhibited by H1R antagonist d-chlorpheniramine, but not by ranitidine, ciproxifan, or JNJ77777120, and H2R, H3R, or H4R antagonists, respectively. Ro-31-8220 and Go6976 also suppressed this upregulation, however, the PKCδ selective inhibitor rottlerin and the PKCβ selective inhibitor Ly333531 did not. Time-course studies showed distinct kinetics of H1R gene upregulation in U-373 MG cells from that in HeLa cells. A promoter assay revealed that the promoter region responsible for H1R gene upregulation in U-373 MG cells was different from that of HeLa cells. These data suggest that the H1R-activated H1R gene expression signaling pathway in U-373 MG cells is different from that in HeLa cells, possibly by using different promoters. The involvement of PKCα also suggests that compounds that target PKCδ could work as peripheral type H1R-selective inhibitors without a sedative effect.
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25
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Nguyen KTL, Chiou JY, Liu YC, Cheng FJ, Shen YC, Chen CJ, Tang CH, Huang WC, Chen CH, Tu CY. l-lactic acidosis confers insensitivity to PKC inhibitors by competing for uptake via monocarboxylate transporters. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:934-948. [PMID: 34472101 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Targeting protein kinase C (PKC) family was found to repress the migration and resistance of non-small cell lung cancer cells to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, none of the PKC inhibitors has been approved for anticancer therapy yet due to the limited efficacy in clinical trials, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. l-lactic acidosis, a common condition comprising high l-lactate concentration and acidic pH in the tumor microenvironment, has been known to induce tumor metastasis and drug resistance. In this study, l-lactic acid was found to reverse the inhibitory effects of pan-PKC inhibitors GO6983 on PKC activity, cell migration, and EGFR-TKI resistance, but these effects were not affected by the modulators of lactate receptor GPR81. Interestingly, blockade of lactate transporters, monocarboxylate transporter-1 and -4 (MCT1 and MCT4), attenuated the intracellular level of GO6983, and its inhibitory effect on PKC activity, suggesting that lactic acid promotes the resistance to PKC inhibitors by competing for the uptake through these transporters rather than by activating its receptor, GPR81. Our findings explain the underlying mechanisms of the limited response of PKC inhibitors in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuong T L Nguyen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Yi Chiou
- Stella Matutina Girls' High School, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - You-Chi Liu
- Program in Quantitative Social Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Fang-Ju Cheng
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Shen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Jung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Proteomics Core Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chien Huang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,The PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Chen
- Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yen Tu
- Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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26
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Cole TR, Igumenova TI. Reactivity of Thiol-Rich Zn Sites in Diacylglycerol-Sensing PKC C1 Domain Probed by NMR Spectroscopy. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:728711. [PMID: 34447788 PMCID: PMC8382798 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.728711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conserved homology 1 (C1) domains are peripheral zinc finger domains that are responsible for recruiting their host signaling proteins, including Protein Kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes, to diacylglycerol-containing lipid membranes. In this work, we investigated the reactivity of the C1 structural zinc sites, using the cysteine-rich C1B regulatory region of the PKCα isoform as a paradigm. The choice of Cd2+ as a probe was prompted by previous findings that xenobiotic metal ions modulate PKC activity. Using solution NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy, we found that Cd2+ spontaneously replaced Zn2+ in both structural sites of the C1B domain, with the formation of all-Cd and mixed Zn/Cd protein species. The Cd2+ substitution for Zn2+ preserved the C1B fold and function, as probed by its ability to interact with a potent tumor-promoting agent. Both Cys3His metal-ion sites of C1B have higher affinity to Cd2+ than Zn2+, but are thermodynamically and kinetically inequivalent with respect to the metal ion replacement, despite the identical coordination spheres. We find that even in the presence of the oxygen-rich sites presented by the neighboring peripheral membrane-binding C2 domain, the thiol-rich sites can successfully compete for the available Cd2+. Our results indicate that Cd2+ can target the entire membrane-binding regulatory region of PKCs, and that the competition between the thiol- and oxygen-rich sites will likely determine the activation pattern of PKCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R Cole
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Tatyana I Igumenova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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27
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Limaye AJ, Bendzunas GN, Kennedy EJ. Targeted disruption of PKC from AKAP signaling complexes. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1227-1231. [PMID: 34458835 PMCID: PMC8341804 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00106j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein Kinase C (PKC) is a member of the AGC subfamily of kinases and regulates a wide array of signaling pathways and physiological processes. Protein-protein interactions involving PKC and its scaffolding partners dictate the spatiotemporal dynamics of PKC activity, including its access to activating second messenger molecules and potential substrates. While the A Kinase Anchoring Protein (AKAP) family of scaffold proteins universally bind PKA, several were also found to scaffold PKC, thereby serving to tune its catalytic output. Targeting these scaffolding interactions can further shed light on the effect of subcellular compartmentalization on PKC signaling. Here we report the development of two hydrocarbon stapled peptides, CSTAD5 and CSTAD6, that are cell permeable and bind PKC to disrupt PKC-gravin complex formation in cells. Both constrained peptides downregulate PMA-induced cytoskeletal remodeling that is mediated by the PKC-gravin complex as measured by cell rounding. Further, these peptides downregulate PKC substrate phosphorylation and cell motility. To the best of our knowledge, no PKC-selective AKAP disruptors have previously been reported and thus CSTAD5 and CSTAD6 are novel disruptors of PKC scaffolding by AKAPs and may serve as powerful tools for dissecting AKAP-localized PKC signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya J Limaye
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - George N Bendzunas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
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28
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Sabbir MG, Taylor CG, Zahradka P. Antisense overlapping long non-coding RNA regulates coding arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase gene by translational interference. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158987. [PMID: 34174394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase (ALOX12) enzyme catalyzes polyunsaturated fatty acids and facilitates generation of bioactive lipid mediators associated with various biological processes and disease pathologies. The human genome assembly revealed that the ALOX12 gene overlaps an antisense non-coding gene designated as ALOX12-antisense 1 (ALOX12-AS1). This arrangement indicates that the uncharacterized ALOX12-AS1 long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) may bind to the sense coding ALOX12 mRNA to form an antisense-sense duplex providing the basis of a novel ALOX12 regulatory mechanism. Therefore, this study was designed to determine whether the interaction of ALOX12-AS1 with ALOX12 mRNA functions as an anti-sense/sense duplex-mediated regulatory mechanism controlling the cellular content of ALOX12. Our findings indicate that two major isoforms of ALOX12-AS1 lncRNA are ubiquitously expressed in a variety of primary adult human tissues and different transformed cell types. RNA-FISH revealed cell-type-specific cytosolic as well as nuclear and nucleolar localization of the lncRNA. Interestingly, phorbol ester-induced nucleo-cytoplasmic translocation of the lncRNA in monocytic THP-1 cells resulted in a reduction of ALOX12 protein without a concomitant change in its mRNA level. This indicated ALOX12-AS1 operates via an antisense-sense duplex-mediated translational downregulation mechanism. This deduction was validated by demonstrating sense/antisense duplex formation and an association of the duplex with ribosomal proteins in HEK293 cells. Overall, this study revealed a hitherto unknown mechanism of antisense lncRNA-mediated translational downregulation of ALOX12 that adds to the existing regulatory mechanisms for the modulation of potent bioactive lipid mediators that contribute to both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Golam Sabbir
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.
| | - Carla G Taylor
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Peter Zahradka
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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29
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Persaud AT, Bennett SA, Thaya L, Burnie J, Guzzo C. Human monocytes store and secrete preformed CCL5, independent of de novo protein synthesis. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:573-583. [PMID: 34114669 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0820-522rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are a subset of circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells with diverse roles in immunity, including sentinel roles in cytokine secretion. Conventionally, cytokines require an inductive stimulus for their expression and secretion, resulting in a time lag from the time of stimulation to when the proteins are packaged and secreted. Because cytokines are the main communicators in the immune system, their temporal expression is a key factor in coordinating responses to efficiently resolve infection. Herein, we identify that circulating human monocytes contain preformed cytokines that are stored intracellularly, in both resting and activated states. Having preformed cytokines bypasses the time lag associated with de novo synthesis, allowing monocytes to secrete immune mediators immediately upon activation or sensing of microbe-associated molecular patterns. We demonstrate here that, out of several cytokines evaluated, human monocytes contain a previously undescribed reservoir of the preformed chemokine CCL5. Furthermore, we showed that CCL5 could be secreted from monocytes treated with the protein synthesis inhibitor (cycloheximide) and Golgi blocker (brefeldin A). We examined the possibility for uptake of extracellular CCL5 from platelet aggregates and observed no significant levels of platelet binding to our enriched monocyte preparations, indicating that the source of preformed CCL5 was not from platelets. Preformed CCL5 was observed to be distributed throughout the cytoplasm and partially colocalized with CD63+ and Rab11A+ membranes, implicating endosomal compartments in the intracellular storage and trafficking of CCL5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin Tejnarine Persaud
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Andrew Bennett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laxshaginee Thaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Burnie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina Guzzo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Plumbagin Inhibits Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Induced by FGF-2. Tissue Cell 2021; 72:101547. [PMID: 33964605 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a serious ophthalmic disease and characterized by the formation of proliferative membranes by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. In PVR, the contraction and traction of the fibrocellular membranes cause retinal detachment, which can cause reduction surgery for retinal detachment to fail. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) causes RPE cells to form extracellular matrix (ECM), promotes chemotaxis, mitosis, and positively promotes the disease process of PVR. Plumbagin (PLB) is a plant small molecule naphthoquinone compound. It has the functions in anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, inhibit proliferation. We tried to investigate the possible effects of PLB on the biological behavior of ARPE-19 cells induced by FGF-2 and its underlying mechanisms. Our study confirmed that proliferation, migration, and invasion of ARPE-19 cells induced by FGF-2 (10 ng/ml) were significantly inhibited by PLB. PLB also significantly inhibits the expression of MMP-2/-9, collagen I Alpha 1 (Col1A1), collagen IV Alpha 1 (Col4A1), collagen VI Alpha 1 (Col6A1), and the phosphorylation of FGF receptor (FGFR)-1, FGFR-2, ERK, p38, JNK of FGF-2-induced ARPE-19 cells. In summary, PLB inhibits FGF-2-stimulated proliferation, migration, and invasion of ARPE-19 cells, which may take place through inhibiting the expression of MMP-2/-9, Col1A1, Col4A1, Col6A1, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. PLB may have a preventive effect on proliferation, migration, and invasion of FGF-2-induced ARPE-19 cells.
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31
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β-Ionone Attenuates Dexamethasone-Induced Suppression of Collagen and Hyaluronic Acid Synthesis in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050619. [PMID: 33919331 PMCID: PMC8143342 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is a major contributing factor of skin aging, which is clinically characterized by wrinkles, loss of elasticity, and dryness. In particular, glucocorticoids are generally considered key hormones for promoting stress-induced skin aging through binding to glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). In this work, we aimed to investigate whether β-ionone (a compound occurring in various foods such as carrots and almonds) attenuates dexamethasone-induced suppression of collagen and hyaluronic acid synthesis in human dermal fibroblasts, and to explore the mechanisms involved. We found that β-ionone promoted collagen production dose-dependently and increased mRNA expression levels, including collagen type I α 1 chain (COL1A1) and COL1A2 in dexamethasone-treated human dermal fibroblasts. It also raised hyaluronic acid synthase mRNA expression and hyaluronic acid levels. Notably, β-ionone inhibited cortisol binding to GR, subsequent dexamethasone-induced GR signaling, and the expression of several GR target genes. Our results reveal the strong potential of β-ionone for preventing stress-induced skin aging and suggest that its effects are related to the inhibition of GR signaling in human dermal fibroblasts.
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32
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Targeting Protein Kinase C in Glioblastoma Treatment. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040381. [PMID: 33916593 PMCID: PMC8067000 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive primary brain tumor and is associated with a poor prognosis. Despite the use of combined treatment approaches, recurrence is almost inevitable and survival longer than 14 or 15 months after diagnosis is low. It is therefore necessary to identify new therapeutic targets to fight GBM progression and recurrence. Some publications have pointed out the role of glioma stem cells (GSCs) as the origin of GBM. These cells, with characteristics of neural stem cells (NSC) present in physiological neurogenic niches, have been proposed as being responsible for the high resistance of GBM to current treatments such as temozolomide (TMZ). The protein Kinase C (PKC) family members play an essential role in transducing signals related with cell cycle entrance, differentiation and apoptosis in NSC and participate in distinct signaling cascades that determine NSC and GSC dynamics. Thus, PKC could be a suitable druggable target to treat recurrent GBM. Clinical trials have tested the efficacy of PKCβ inhibitors, and preclinical studies have focused on other PKC isozymes. Here, we discuss the idea that other PKC isozymes may also be involved in GBM progression and that the development of a new generation of effective drugs should consider the balance between the activation of different PKC subtypes.
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33
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Brunner J, Ragupathy S, Borchard G. Target specific tight junction modulators. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:266-288. [PMID: 33617902 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular tight junctions represent a formidable barrier against paracellular drug absorption at epithelia (e.g., nasal, intestinal) and the endothelium (e.g., blood-brain barrier). In order to enhance paracellular transport of drugs and increase their bioavailability and organ deposition, active excipients modulating tight junctions have been applied. First-generation of permeation enhancers (PEs) acted by unspecific interactions, while recently developed PEs address specific physiological mechanisms. Such target specific tight junction modulators (TJMs) have the advantage of a defined specific mechanism of action. To date, merely a few of these novel active excipients has entered into clinical trials, as their lack in safety and efficiency in vivo often impedes their commercialisation. A stronger focus on the development of such active excipients would result in an economic and therapeutic improvement of current and future drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Brunner
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sakthikumar Ragupathy
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Van AAN, Kunkel MT, Baffi TR, Lordén G, Antal CE, Banerjee S, Newton AC. Protein kinase C fusion proteins are paradoxically loss of function in cancer. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100445. [PMID: 33617877 PMCID: PMC8008189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the AGC kinase superfamily, gene fusions resulting from chromosomal rearrangements have been most frequently described for protein kinase C (PKC), with gene fragments encoding either the C-terminal catalytic domain or the N-terminal regulatory moiety fused to other genes. Kinase fusions that eliminate regulatory domains are typically gain of function and often oncogenic. However, several quality control pathways prevent accumulation of aberrant PKC, suggesting that PKC fusions may paradoxically be loss of function. To explore this topic, we used biochemical, cellular, and genome editing approaches to investigate the function of fusions that retain the portion of the gene encoding either the catalytic domain or regulatory domain of PKC. Overexpression studies revealed that PKC catalytic domain fusions were constitutively active but vulnerable to degradation. Genome editing of endogenous genes to generate a cancer-associated PKC fusion resulted in cells with detectable levels of fusion transcript but no detectable protein. Hence, PKC catalytic domain fusions are paradoxically loss of function as a result of their instability, preventing appreciable accumulation of protein in cells. Overexpression of a PKC regulatory domain fusion suppressed both basal and agonist-induced endogenous PKC activity, acting in a dominant-negative manner by competing for diacylglycerol. For both catalytic and regulatory domain fusions, the PKC component of the fusion proteins mediated the effects of the full-length fusions on the parameters examined, suggesting that the partner protein is dispensable in these contexts. Taken together, our findings reveal that PKC gene fusions are distinct from oncogenic fusions and present a mechanism by which loss of PKC function occurs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Angela N Van
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Maya T Kunkel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Timothy R Baffi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gema Lordén
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Corina E Antal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sourav Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alexandra C Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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12-Deoxyphorbol Esters Induce Growth Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Lung Cancer A549 Cells Via Activation of PKC-δ/PKD/ERK Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207579. [PMID: 33066446 PMCID: PMC7589005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostratin, a non-tumor promoting 12-deoxyphorbol ester, has been reported as a protein kinase C (PKC) activator and is shown to have anti-proliferative activity in certain cancer cell types. Here we show that GRC-2, a prostratin analogue isolated from Euphorbia grandicornis, is ten-fold more potent than prostratin for inhibiting the growth of human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cells. Flow cytometry assay revealed that GRC-2 and prostratin inhibited cell cycle progression at the G2/M phase and induced apoptosis. The cytotoxic effect of GRC-2 and prostratin was accompanied by activation and nuclear translocation of PKC-δ and PKD as well as hyperactivation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK). Knockdown of either PKC-δ, PKD or ERK significantly protected A549 cancer cells from GRC-2- and prostratin-induced growth arrest as well as apoptosis. Taken together, our results have shown that prostratin and a more potent analogue GRC-2 reduce cell viability in NSCLC A549 cells, at least in part, through activation of the PKC-δ/PKD/ERK pathway, suggesting the potential of prostratin and GRC-2 as anticancer agents.
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Yadav S. Insight into Neurodegenerative Disorder Using Melanocytes as a Model System. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2020; 23:598-601. [PMID: 33623257 PMCID: PMC7887476 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_466_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural crest cells (NCCs) by responding to several signals and paracrine factors get differentiated into different lineages like peripheral nervous system (PNS), chondrocytes, myofibroblast, endocrine, melanocytes, etc., Melanocytes are pigment-producing cells that share a common origin, paracrine factors (Wnt, FGF, and BMP), and transcription factors (TFs) with the neurons of the nervous system. OBJECTIVE Neuronal model for neurodegenerative disorders are limited because of their nonhuman origin and transformation. In this review we propose the use melanocyte as a model system to study neurodegenerative studies. METHOD Systematic Literature Review. RESULTS The similarity between neural crest-derived melanocytes and neurons, makes melanocyte an important model to study several neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disorder. CONCLUSION Melanocytes and neurons share common origin i.e. both arise from NCC and share identical signalling molecules and pathways. Neural crest-derived melanocytes can thus serve as a promising model system to study normal and pathological behaviour of less accessible neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Yadav
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Harris M, El Hindy M, Usmari-Moraes M, Hudd F, Shafei M, Dong M, Hezwani M, Clark P, House M, Forshaw T, Kehoe P, Conway ME. BCAT-induced autophagy regulates Aβ load through an interdependence of redox state and PKC phosphorylation-implications in Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:755-766. [PMID: 31982508 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Leucine, nutrient signal and substrate for the branched chain aminotransferase (BCAT) activates the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTORC1) and regulates autophagic flux, mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). BCAT is upregulated in AD, where a moonlighting role, imparted through its redox-active CXXC motif, has been suggested. Here we demonstrate that the redox state of BCAT signals differential phosphorylation by protein kinase C (PKC) regulating the trafficking of cellular pools of BCAT. We show inter-dependence of BCAT expression and proteins associated with the P13K/Akt/mTORC1 and autophagy signalling pathways. In response to insulin or an increase in ROS, BCATc is trafficked to the membrane and docks via palmitoylation, which is associated with BCATc-induced autophagy through PKC phosphorylation. In response to increased levels of BCATc, as observed in AD, amyloid β (Aβ) levels accumulate due to a shift in autophagic flux. This effect was diminished when incubated with leucine, indicating that dietary levels of amino acids show promise in regulating Aβ load. Together these findings show that increased BCATc expression, reported in human AD brain, will affect autophagy and Aβ load through the interdependence of its redox-regulated phosphorylation offering a novel target to address AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harris
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - M El Hindy
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - M Usmari-Moraes
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - F Hudd
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - M Shafei
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - M Dong
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Market Street, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA
| | - M Hezwani
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - P Clark
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - M House
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - T Forshaw
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - P Kehoe
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - M E Conway
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbor Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.
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Phan DH, Shin EJ, Sharma N, Hoang Yen TP, Dang DK, Lee YS, Lee YJ, Nah SY, Cheong JH, Jeong JH, Kim HC. 5-HT 2A receptor-mediated PKCδ phosphorylation is critical for serotonergic impairments induced by p-chloroamphetamine in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 141:111395. [PMID: 32437895 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
p-Chloroamphetamine (PCA), an amphetamine derivative, has been shown to induce serotonergic toxicity. However, the precise mechanism of serotonergic toxicity induced by PCA remains unclear. In this study, PCA treatment (20 mg/kg, i.p.) did not significantly change 5-HT1A receptor gene expression, but significantly increased 5-HT2A receptor gene expression. Furthermore, 5-HT2A receptor antagonist MDL11939, but not 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY100635, significantly attenuated PCA-induced serotonergic impairments. We investigated whether PCA activated a specific isoform of protein kinase C (PKC), since previous evidence indicated the involvement of PKC in neurotoxicity induced by amphetamines. We observed that PCA treatment significantly increased the expression levels of PKCδ among all PKC isoforms. MDL11939 treatment significantly attenuated PCA-induced phosphorylation of PKCδ. However, PCA-induced increase in 5-HT2A receptor gene expression was not altered by rottlerin (a pharmacological inhibitor of PKCδ) in mice, suggesting that 5-HT2A receptor is an upstream molecule for the activation of PKCδ. Rottlerin or PKCδ knockout significantly attenuated serotonergic behaviors. However, MDL11939 did not show any additional effects against the attenuation caused by PKCδ knockout in mice, suggesting that PKCδ gene is a molecular target for 5-HT2A receptor-mediated serotonergic effects. Our results suggest that 5-HT2A receptor mediates PCA-induced serotonergic impairments via activation of PKC.δ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieu Hien Phan
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, BK21 PLUS Project, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea; School of Medicine and Pharmacy - Hoa Quy Ward, The University of Da Nang, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, BK21 PLUS Project, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, BK21 PLUS Project, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tran Phi Hoang Yen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Ho Chi Minh City, 710000, Viet Nam
| | - Duy-Khanh Dang
- Pharmacy Faculty, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho City, 900000, Viet Nam
| | - Yong Sup Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jeung Lee
- Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, BK21 PLUS Project, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Liu HY, Pedros C, Kong KF, Canonigo-Balancio AJ, Altman A. Protein Kinase C-η Deficiency Does Not Impair Antiviral Immunity and CD8 + T Cell Activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:2439-2446. [PMID: 32198145 PMCID: PMC7373375 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We reported that protein kinase C-η (PKCη) forms a novel (to our knowledge) signaling complex with the checkpoint inhibitory protein CTLA-4 in regulatory T cells (Tregs). This complex is required for the contact-dependent suppressive activity of Tregs, including suppression of antitumor immunity. However, the importance of PKCη in protective immunity mediated by T effector cells remains unclear. We used mice with germline or conditional Treg-specific deletion of Prkch, the PKCη-encoding gene, to explore CD8+ T cell-dependent antiviral immunity using the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Armstrong strain acute infection model as well as the in vitro activation of murine or human CD8+ T cells. Five days following infection, germline Prkch -/- mice displayed enhanced viral clearance compared with control mice. Similarly, Prkch Treg-specific conditional knockout mice also showed improved viral clearance and displayed enhanced expression of granzyme B and IFN-γ by both virus-specific and total CD8+ T cells, demonstrating that enhanced viral clearance in germline Prkch -/- mice is caused by PKCη deficiency in Tregs and the resulting functional defect of Prkch -/- Tregs. In addition, purified Prkch -/- mouse CD8+ T cells as well as PRKCH knockdown human CD8+ T cells displayed intact, or even enhanced, T cell activation in vitro as measured by proliferation and expression of granzyme B and IFN-γ. Thus, global PKCη deletion does not impair overall CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity, including antiviral immunity, implying that selective pharmacological PKCη inhibition could be safely used in vivo to inhibit undesired contact-dependent suppression by Tregs and, thus, enhance tumor-specific and, likely, virus-specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Liu
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Christophe Pedros
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Kok-Fai Kong
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - Amnon Altman
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Xu Y, Wu W, Han Q, Wang Y, Li C, Zhang P, Xu H. Post-translational modification control of RNA-binding protein hnRNPK function. Open Biol 2020; 9:180239. [PMID: 30836866 PMCID: PMC6451366 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNPK), a ubiquitously occurring RNA-binding protein (RBP), can interact with numerous nucleic acids and various proteins and is involved in a number of cellular functions including transcription, translation, splicing, chromatin remodelling, etc. Through its abundant biological functions, hnRNPK has been implicated in cellular events including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, DNA damage repair and the stress and immune responses. Thus, it is critical to understand the mechanism of hnRNPK regulation and its downstream effects on cancer and other diseases. A number of recent studies have highlighted that several post-translational modifications (PTMs) possibly play an important role in modulating hnRNPK function. Phosphorylation is the most widely occurring PTM in hnRNPK. For example, in vivo analyses of sites such as S116 and S284 illustrate the purpose of PTM of hnRNPK in altering its subcellular localization and its ability to bind target nucleic acids or proteins. Other PTMs such as methylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, glycosylation and proteolytic cleavage are increasingly implicated in the regulation of DNA repair, cellular stresses and tumour growth. In this review, we describe the PTMs that impact upon hnRNPK function on gene expression programmes and different disease states. This knowledge is key in allowing us to better understand the mechanism of hnRNPK regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Xu
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University , Xinyang 464000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University , Xinyang 464000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu Han
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University , Xinyang 464000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yaling Wang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University , Xinyang 464000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Cencen Li
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University , Xinyang 464000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Pengpeng Zhang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University , Xinyang 464000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Haixia Xu
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University , Xinyang 464000 , People's Republic of China
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Gu SH, Chen CH, Hsieh HY, Lin PL. Expression of protein kinase C in relation to the embryonic diapause process in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 121:104010. [PMID: 31917243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.104010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the expression of protein kinase C (PKC) signaling during the embryonic diapause process of Bombyx mori. PKC activity, determined using an antibody to phosphorylated substrates of PKC, was found to be significantly higher in developing eggs as compared to that of diapause eggs. In eggs whose diapause initiation was prevented by HCl, non-diapause eggs, and eggs in which diapause had been terminated by chilling of diapausing eggs at 5 °C for 70 days and then were transferred to 25 °C, PKC-dependent phosphorylation levels of multiple proteins showed dramatic stage-dependent increases compared to those of diapause eggs. Higher protein levels of PKC were also detected in developing eggs as compared to those of diapause eggs. Determination of PKC enzymatic activity during the middle embryonic stage showed higher PKC activity in developing eggs compared to diapause eggs, thus further confirming differential regulation of PKC signaling during the embryonic diapause process. Examination of temporal changes in mRNA expression levels of classical PKC (cPKC) and atypical PKC (aPKC) showed no difference between diapause and HCl-treated eggs. These results demonstrated that differential expressions of PKC signaling between diapause and developing eggs are related to the embryonic diapause process of B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hong Gu
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Kuan-Chien Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chien-Hung Chen
- Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, 89 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Jen-Te Township, Tainan County 717, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiao-Yen Hsieh
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Kuan-Chien Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Ling Lin
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Kuan-Chien Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC
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Hong SH, Choi KM. Sarcopenic Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Consequences. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020494. [PMID: 31941015 PMCID: PMC7013734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of sarcopenic obesity is increasing worldwide, particularly amongst aging populations. Insulin resistance is the core mechanism of sarcopenic obesity and is also associated with variable cardiometabolic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Fat accumulation in muscle tissue promotes a proinflammatory cascade and oxidative stress, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired insulin signaling, and muscle atrophy. To compound the problem, decreased muscle mass aggravates insulin resistance. In addition, the crosstalk between myokines and adipokines leads to negative feedback, which in turn aggravates sarcopenic obesity and insulin resistance. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms linking sarcopenic obesity and insulin resistance with various biological pathways. We also discuss the impact and mechanism of sarcopenic obesity and insulin resistance on cardiometabolic disease.
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Wang Y, Tang C, Yao S, Lai H, Li R, Xu J, Wang Q, Fan XX, Wu QB, Leung ELH, Ye Y, Yao X. Discovery of a novel protein kinase C activator from Croton tiglium for inhibition of non-small cell lung cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 65:153100. [PMID: 31648127 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85-90% of lung cancer, which has been shown to be challenging for treatment owing to poorly understanding of pathological mechanisms. Natural products serve as a source of almost all pharmaceutical preparations or offer guidance for those chemicals that have entered clinical trials, especially in NSCLC. PURPOSE We investigated the effect of B10G5, a natural products isolated from the Croton tiglium, in human non-small cell lung canceras as a protein kinase C (PKC) activator. METHODS The cell viability assay was evaluated by the MTT assay. The apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were assessed by flow cytometry. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was determined by using the fluorescent probe DCFDA. Cell migration ability of H1975 cells was analyzed by using the wound healing assay. The inhibiting effect of B10G5 against the phosphorylation level of the substrate by PKCs was assessed by using homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) technology. The correlation between PKCs and overall survival (OS) of Lung Adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients was analysis by TCGA portal. The binding mode between B10G5 and the PKC isoforms was explored by molecular docking. Protein expression was detected by western blotting analysis. RESULTS B10G5 suppressed cell proliferation and colony formation, as well as migration ability of NSCLC cells, without significant toxic effect on normal lung cells. B10G5 induced the cell apoptosis through the development of PARP cleavage, which is evidenced by means of the production of mitochondrial ROS. In addition, the B10G5 inhibitory effect was also related to the cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. Mechanistically, molecular modelling technology suggested that the potential target of B10G5 was associated with PKC family. In vitro PKC kinase assay indicated that B10G5 effectively activated the PKC activity. Western blotting data revealed that B10G5 upregulated PKC to activate PKC-mediated RAF/MEK/ERK pathway. CONCLUSION Our results showed that B10G5, a naturally occurring phorbol ester, considered to be a potential and a valuable therapeutic chemical in the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Chunping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanling Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Runze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Xing Xing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Qi Biao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Elaine Lai-Han Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Respiratory Medicine Department, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China.
| | - Yang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China.
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Wang T, Du Q, Niu Y, Zhang X, Wang Z, Wu X, Yang X, Zhao X, Liu SL, Tong D, Huang Y. Cellular p32 Is a Critical Regulator of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Nuclear Egress. J Virol 2019; 93:e00979-19. [PMID: 31511386 PMCID: PMC6854514 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00979-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Circoviruses are the smallest DNA viruses known to infect mammalian and avian species. Although circoviruses are known to be associated with a range of clinical diseases, the details of circovirus DNA release still remain unknown. Here, we identified p32 as a key regulator for porcine circoviral nuclear egress. Upon porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection, p32 was recruited into the nucleus by the viral capsid (Cap) protein; simultaneously, protein kinase C isoform δ (PKC-δ) was phosphorylated at threonine 505 by phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated signaling at the early stage of infection, which was further amplified by Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling at the late infection phase. p32 functioned as an adaptor to recruit phosphorylated PKC-δ and Cap to the nuclear membrane to phosphorylate lamin A/C, resulting in a rearrangement of nuclear lamina and thus facilitating viral nuclear egress. Consistent with these findings, knockout (KO) of p32 in PCV2-infected cells markedly reduced the phosphorylation of PKC-δ and impeded the recruitment of p-PKC-δ and Cap to the nuclear membrane, hence abolishing the phosphorylation of lamin A/C and the rearrangement of nuclear lamina. As a result, p32 depletion profoundly impaired the production of cell-free viruses during PCV2 infection. We further identified the N-terminal 24RRR26 of Cap to be crucial for binding to p32, and mutation of these three arginine residues significantly weakened the replication and pathogenesis of PCV2 in vivo In summary, our findings highlight a critical role of p32 in the activation and recruitment of PKC-δ to phosphorylate lamin A/C and facilitate porcine circoviral nuclear egress, and they certainly help understanding of the mechanism of PCV2 replication.IMPORTANCE Circovirus infections are highly prevalent in mammalian and avian species. Circoviral capsid protein is the only structural protein of the virion that plays an essential role in viral assembly. However, the machinery of circovirus nuclear egress is currently unknown. In this work, we identified p32 as a key regulator of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) nuclear egress that forms a complex with the viral capsid (Cap) protein to enhance protein kinase C isoform δ (PKC-δ) activity; this resulted in a recruitment of phosphorylated PKC-δ to the nuclear membrane, which further phosphorylates lamin A/C to promote the rearrangement of nuclear lamina and facilitate viral nuclear egress. Notably, we found that the N-terminal 24RRR26 of Cap, a highly conserved motif among circovirus species, was required for interacting with p32, and that mutation of this motif markedly impeded PCV2 nuclear egress. These data indicate that p32 is a critical regulator of PCV2 nuclear egress and reveal the importance of this finding in circovirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yingying Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xingchen Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - XueFeng Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Ronzier E, Parks XX, Qudsi H, Lopes CM. Statin-specific inhibition of Rab-GTPase regulates cPKC-mediated IKs internalization. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17747. [PMID: 31780674 PMCID: PMC6882895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are prescribed for prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease. Statins have different cholesterol lowering abilities, with rosuvastatin and atorvastatin being the most effective, while statins like simvastatin and fluvastatin having lower effectiveness. Statins, in addition to their cholesterol lowering effects, can prevent isoprenylation of Rab-GTPase proteins, a protein family important for the regulation of membrane-bound protein trafficking. Here we show that endosomal localization of Rab-GTPases (Rab5, Rab7 and Rab11) was inhibited in a statin-specific manner, with stronger effects by fluvastatin, followed by simvastatin and atorvastatin, and with a limited effect by rosuvastatin. Fluvastatin inhibition of Rab5 has been shown to mediate cPKC-dependent trafficking regulation of the cardiac delayed rectifier KCNQ1/KCNE1 channels. We observed statin-specific inhibition of channel regulation consistent with statin-specific Rab-GTPase inhibition both in heterologous systems and cardiomyocytes. Our results uncover a non-cholesterol-reducing statin-specific effect of statins. Because Rab-GTPases are important regulators of membrane trafficking they may underlie statin specific pleiotropic effects. Therefore, statin-specificity may allow better treatment tailoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Ronzier
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Xiaorong Xu Parks
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Haani Qudsi
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Coeli M Lopes
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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Quercetin Directly Targets JAK2 and PKCδ and Prevents UV-Induced Photoaging in Human Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215262. [PMID: 31652815 PMCID: PMC6862686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a naturally occurring polyphenol present in various fruits and vegetables. The bioactive properties of quercetin include anti-oxidative, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic effects. However, the effect of quercetin on skin aging and the direct molecular targets responsible have remained largely unknown. Herein, we investigated the protective effect of quercetin against UV-mediated skin aging and the molecular mechanisms responsible. Treatment with quercetin suppressed UV-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prevented UV-mediated collagen degradation in human skin tissues. Quercetin exerted potent inhibitory effects towards UV-induced activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity. Further examination of the upstream signaling pathways revealed that quercetin can attenuate UV-mediated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N terminal kinases (JNK), protein kinase B (Akt), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Kinase assays using purified protein demonstrated that quercetin can directly inhibit protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) kinase activity. Quercetin was observed to bind to PKCδ and JAK2 in pull-down assays. These findings suggest that quercetin can directly target PKCδ and JAK2 in the skin to elicit protective effects against UV-mediated skin aging and inflammation. Our results highlight the potential use of quercetin as a natural agent for anti-skin aging applications.
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Laddha AP, Kulkarni YA. VEGF and FGF-2: Promising targets for the treatment of respiratory disorders. Respir Med 2019; 156:33-46. [PMID: 31421589 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial cells play a crucial role in the progression of angiogenesis, which causes cell re-modulation, proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion and survival. Angiogenic factors like cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, growth factors, vasoactive peptides, proteolytic enzymes (metalloproteinases) and plasminogen activators bind to their receptors on endothelial cells and activate the signal transduction pathways like epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) which initiate the process of angiogenesis. Cytokines that stimulate angiogenesis include direct and indirect proangiogenic markers. The direct proangiogenic group of markers consists of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) whereas the indirect proangiogenic markers include transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). VEGF and FGF-2 are the strongest activators of angiogenesis which stimulate migration and proliferation of endothelial cells in existing vessels to generate and stabilize new blood vessels. VEGF is released in hypoxic conditions as an effect of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) and causes re-modulation and inflammation of bronchi cell. Cell re-modulation and inflammation leads to the development of various lung disorders like pulmonary hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, fibrosis and lung cancer. This indicates that there is a firm link between overexpression of VEGF and FGF-2 with lung disorders. Various natural and synthetic drugs are available for reducing the overexpression of VEGF and FGF-2 which can be helpful in treating lung disorders. Researchers are still searching for new angiogenic inhibitors which can be helpful in the treatment of lung disorders. The present review emphasizes on molecular mechanisms and new drug discovery focused on VEGF and FGF-2 inhibitors and their role as anti-angiogenetic agents in lung disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit P Laddha
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400 056, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400 056, India.
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Brain signalling systems: A target for treating type I diabetes mellitus. Brain Res Bull 2019; 152:191-201. [PMID: 31325597 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
From early to later stages of Type I Diabetes Mellitus (TIDM), signalling molecules including brain indolamines and protein kinases are altered significantly, and that has been implicated in the Metabolic Disorders (MD) as well as impairment of retinal, renal, neuronal and cardiovascular systems. Considerable attention has been focused to the effects of diabetes on these signalling systems. However, the exact pathophysiological mechanisms of these signals are not completely understood in TIDM, but it is likely that hyperglycemia, acidosis, and insulin resistance play significant roles. Insulin maintains normal glycemic levels and it acts by binding to its receptor, so that it activates the receptor's tyrosine kinase activity, resulting in phosphorylation of several substrates. Those substrates provide binding/interaction sites for signalling molecules, including serine/threonine kinases and indolamines. For more than two decades, our research has been focused on the mechanisms of protein kinases, CaM Kinase and Serotonin transporter mediated alterations of indolamines in TIDM. In this review, we have also discussed how discrete areas of brain respond to insulin or some of the pharmacological agents that triggers or restores these signalling molecules, and it may be useful for the treatment of specific region wise changes/disorders of diabetic brain.
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Miller J, Campbell J, Blum A, Reddell P, Gordon V, Schmidt P, Lowden S. Dose Characterization of the Investigational Anticancer Drug Tigilanol Tiglate (EBC-46) in the Local Treatment of Canine Mast Cell Tumors. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:106. [PMID: 31111038 PMCID: PMC6499228 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cell tumor (MCT) is the most common cutaneous neoplasm in dogs and wide surgical resection is the current first-line treatment. However, recurrence is common and often requires more specialist and expensive therapies. Tigilanol tiglate is a novel small molecule drug delivered by intratumoral injection that is currently under development to provide a new option for treating MCT. The aim of this study was to characterize a safe and effective dose of tigilanol tiglate for canine MCT and to gather preliminary data on the drug's pharmacokinetics. A multicenter, open-label, uncontrolled, non-randomized, dose de-escalation design was used. Eligibility was MCT stage I/IIa and a tumor size of 0.1–6.0 cm3. Dosing was based on tumor size (50% v/v tumor) and 3 drug concentrations (1.0, 0.5, 0.2 mg/mL) were evaluated. Twenty-seven dogs were treated in 3 dose de-escalation cohorts (10, 10, and 7 dogs, respectively). Efficacy at 21 days was defined using international accepted solid tumor response criteria (RECIST). Greatest efficacy (90% complete response) was observed at the highest drug concentration (1.0 mg/mL) and adverse events were generally low grade, mild and transient, and directly associated with the mode of action of the drug. Hematological and serum biochemistry were generally unremarkable with plasma concentration curves typical of a non-intravenous parenteral medication. Intratumoral treatment of MCT with tigilanol tiglate at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL was highly efficacious and well-tolerated. These results support the drug's further development for the treatment of MCT and other solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Miller
- Newtown Veterinary Clinic, Newtown, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Andrew Blum
- Greencross Vets Palm Beach, Palm Beach, QLD, Australia
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The Role of Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Protein Kinase C Delta in Infection and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061498. [PMID: 30917487 PMCID: PMC6471617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein Kinase C (PKC) is a family composed of phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine kinases that are master regulators of inflammatory signaling. The activity of different PKCs is context-sensitive and these kinases can be positive or negative regulators of signaling pathways. The delta isoform (PKCδ) is a critical regulator of the inflammatory response in cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies implicate PKCδ as an important regulator of the inflammatory response in sepsis. PKCδ, unlike other members of the PKC family, is unique in its regulation by tyrosine phosphorylation, activation mechanisms, and multiple subcellular targets. Inhibition of PKCδ may offer a unique therapeutic approach in sepsis by targeting neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions. In this review, we will describe the overall structure and function of PKCs, with a focus on the specific phosphorylation sites of PKCδ that determine its critical role in cell signaling in inflammatory diseases such as sepsis. Current genetic and pharmacological tools, as well as in vivo models, that are used to examine the role of PKCδ in inflammation and sepsis are presented and the current state of emerging tools such as microfluidic assays in these studies is described.
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