1
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Zheng Y, Huang L, Ding H, Xu H, Shu R, Yu J, Peng X, Fu Y, He J. Immunogenicity in Mice Immunized with Recombinant Adenoviruses Expressing Varicella-Zoster Virus Envelope Glycoprotein E. Viruses 2023; 15:2288. [PMID: 38140528 PMCID: PMC10747211 DOI: 10.3390/v15122288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes zoster (HZ) is a disease caused by the reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus (VZV). The subunit vaccine, Shingrix®, and live attenuated vaccine, Zostavax®, could be used as an HZ vaccine that prevents HZ from being developed due to the reactivation of latent VZV in the sensory ganglia due to aging, stress or immunosuppression. In this study, the recombinant adenoviruses rChAd63/gE expressing glycoprotein E (gE) of VZV based on chimpanzee adenovirus serotype 63 (ChAd63) were constructed and investigated for the immunogenicity of different immune pathways in C57BL/6 mice. The results showed similar CD4+ T and CD8+ T cell responses to Shingrix® were induced in mice vaccinated using rChAd63/gE via different immune pathways. This study elucidates that recombinant adenoviruses expressing VZV gE could be appropriate for further development as a new HZ vaccine candidate via different immune pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuanhui Fu
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China (J.Y.)
| | - Jinsheng He
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China (J.Y.)
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2
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Chattopadhyay A, Jailani AAK, Mandal B. Exigency of Plant-Based Vaccine against COVID-19 Emergence as Pandemic Preparedness. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1347. [PMID: 37631915 PMCID: PMC10458178 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
After two years since the declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO), more than six million deaths have occurred due to SARS-CoV-2, leading to an unprecedented disruption of the global economy. Fortunately, within a year, a wide range of vaccines, including pathogen-based inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines, replicating and non-replicating vector-based vaccines, nucleic acid (DNA and mRNA)-based vaccines, and protein-based subunit and virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines, have been developed to mitigate the severe impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. These vaccines have proven highly effective in reducing the severity of illness and preventing deaths. However, the availability and supply of COVID-19 vaccines have become an issue due to the prioritization of vaccine distribution in most countries. Additionally, as the virus continues to mutate and spread, questions have arisen regarding the effectiveness of vaccines against new strains of SARS-CoV-2 that can evade host immunity. The urgent need for booster doses to enhance immunity has been recognized. The scarcity of "safe and effective" vaccines has exacerbated global inequalities in terms of vaccine coverage. The development of COVID-19 vaccines has fallen short of the expectations set forth in 2020 and 2021. Furthermore, the equitable distribution of vaccines at the global and national levels remains a challenge, particularly in developing countries. In such circumstances, the exigency of plant virus-based vaccines has become apparent as a means to overcome supply shortages through fast manufacturing processes and to enable quick and convenient distribution to millions of people without the reliance on a cold chain system. Moreover, plant virus-based vaccines have demonstrated both safety and efficacy in eliciting robust cellular immunogenicity against COVID-19 pathogens. This review aims to shed light on the advantages and disadvantages of different types of vaccines developed against SARS-CoV-2 and provide an update on the current status of plant-based vaccines in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudha Chattopadhyay
- Pulses Research Station, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar 385506, India;
| | - A. Abdul Kader Jailani
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, USA
| | - Bikash Mandal
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
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3
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Han S, Lee P, Choi HJ. Non-Invasive Vaccines: Challenges in Formulation and Vaccine Adjuvants. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2114. [PMID: 37631328 PMCID: PMC10458847 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the limitations of conventional invasive vaccines, such as the requirement for a cold chain system and trained personnel, needle-based injuries, and limited immunogenicity, non-invasive vaccines have gained significant attention. Although numerous approaches for formulating and administrating non-invasive vaccines have emerged, each of them faces its own challenges associated with vaccine bioavailability, toxicity, and other issues. To overcome such limitations, researchers have created novel supplementary materials and delivery systems. The goal of this review article is to provide vaccine formulation researchers with the most up-to-date information on vaccine formulation and the immunological mechanisms available, to identify the technical challenges associated with the commercialization of non-invasive vaccines, and to guide future research and development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyo-Jick Choi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada; (S.H.); (P.L.)
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4
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Gaglio SC, Perduca M, Zipeto D, Bardi G. Efficiency of Chitosan Nanocarriers in Vaccinology for Mucosal Immunization. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1333. [PMID: 37631901 PMCID: PMC10459455 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal barrier constitutes a huge surface area, close to 40 m2 in humans, located mostly in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts and ocular cavities. It plays a crucial role in tissue interactions with the microbiome, dietary antigens and other environmental materials. Effective vaccinations to achieve highly protective mucosal immunity are evolving strategies to counteract several serious diseases including tuberculosis, diphtheria, influenzae B, severe acute respiratory syndrome, Human Papilloma Virus infection and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Interestingly, one of the reasons behind the rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants has been the weakness of local immunization at the level of the respiratory mucosa. Mucosal vaccines can outperform parenteral vaccination as they specifically elicit protective mucosal immune responses blocking infection and transmission. In this scenario, chitosan-based nanovaccines are promising adjuvants-carrier systems that rely on the ability of chitosan to cross tight junctions and enhance particle uptake due to chitosan-specific mucoadhesive properties. Indeed, chitosan not only improves the adhesion of antigens to the mucosa promoting their absorption but also shows intrinsic immunostimulant abilities. Furthermore, by finely tuning the colloidal properties of chitosan, it can provide sustained antigen release to strongly activate the humoral defense. In the present review, we agnostically discuss the potential reasons why chitosan-based vaccine carriers, that efficiently elicit strong immune responses in experimental setups and in some pre-clinical/clinical studies, are still poorly considered for therapeutic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Calogero Gaglio
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Cà Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Massimiliano Perduca
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Cà Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Donato Zipeto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bardi
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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5
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Mellid-Carballal R, Gutierrez-Gutierrez S, Rivas C, Garcia-Fuentes M. Viral protein nanoparticles (Part 1): Pharmaceutical characteristics. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 187:106460. [PMID: 37156338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Viral protein nanoparticles fill the gap between viruses and synthetic nanoparticles. Combining advantageous properties of both systems, they have revolutionized pharmaceutical research. Virus-like particles are characterized by a structure identical to viruses but lacking genetic material. Another type of viral protein nanoparticles, virosomes, are similar to liposomes but include viral spike proteins. Both systems are effective and safe vaccine candidates capable of overcoming the disadvantages of both traditional and subunit vaccines. Besides, their particulate structure, biocompatibility, and biodegradability make them good candidates as vectors for drug and gene delivery, and for diagnostic applications. In this review, we analyze viral protein nanoparticles from a pharmaceutical perspective and examine current research focused on their development process, from production to administration. Advances in synthesis, modification and formulation of viral protein nanoparticles are critical so that large-scale production of viral protein nanoparticle products becomes viable and affordable, which ultimately will increase their market penetration in the future. We will discuss their expression systems, modification strategies, formulation, biopharmaceutical properties, and biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Mellid-Carballal
- CiMUS Research Center, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sara Gutierrez-Gutierrez
- CiMUS Research Center, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Rivas
- CiMUS Research Center, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Spain
| | - Marcos Garcia-Fuentes
- CiMUS Research Center, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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6
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Tognetti F, Biagini M, Denis M, Berti F, Maione D, Stranges D. Evolution of Vaccines Formulation to Tackle the Challenge of Anti-Microbial Resistant Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12054. [PMID: 37569427 PMCID: PMC10418901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing diffusion of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) across more and more bacterial species emphasizes the urgency of identifying innovative treatment strategies to counter its diffusion. Pathogen infection prevention is among the most effective strategies to prevent the spread of both disease and AMR. Since their discovery, vaccines have been the strongest prophylactic weapon against infectious diseases, with a multitude of different antigen types and formulative strategies developed over more than a century to protect populations from different pathogens. In this review, we review the main characteristics of vaccine formulations in use and under development against AMR pathogens, focusing on the importance of administering multiple antigens where possible, and the challenges associated with their development and production. The most relevant antigen classes and adjuvant systems are described, highlighting their mechanisms of action and presenting examples of their use in clinical trials against AMR. We also present an overview of the analytical and formulative strategies for multivalent vaccines, in which we discuss the complexities associated with mixing multiple components in a single formulation. This review emphasizes the importance of combining existing knowledge with advanced technologies within a Quality by Design development framework to efficiently develop vaccines against AMR pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tognetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padua, Italy
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7
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Saggese A, Baccigalupi L, Donadio G, Ricca E, Isticato R. The Bacterial Spore as a Mucosal Vaccine Delivery System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10880. [PMID: 37446054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of efficient mucosal vaccines is strongly dependent on the use of appropriate vectors. Various biological systems or synthetic nanoparticles have been proposed to display and deliver antigens to mucosal surfaces. The Bacillus spore, a metabolically quiescent and extremely resistant cell, has also been proposed as a mucosal vaccine delivery system and shown able to conjugate the advantages of live and synthetic systems. Several antigens have been displayed on the spore by either recombinant or non-recombinant approaches, and antigen-specific immune responses have been observed in animals immunized by the oral or nasal route. Here we review the use of the bacterial spore as a mucosal vaccine vehicle focusing on the advantages and drawbacks of using the spore and of the recombinant vs. non-recombinant approach to display antigens on the spore surface. An overview of the immune responses induced by antigen-displaying spores so far tested in animals is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anella Saggese
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Loredana Baccigalupi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Donadio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Ezio Ricca
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Rachele Isticato
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
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8
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Beyers KCL, Rbeihat MNM, S Vasconcelos D, Pasmans D, Verwulgen S, Vankerckhoven VVJ. Preclinical evaluation of performance, safety and usability of VAX-ID®, a novel intradermal injection device. Vaccine 2023:S0264-410X(23)00692-8. [PMID: 37330370 PMCID: PMC10267844 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The recent SARS-Cov2 pandemic and mpox health emergency have led to renewed interest in intradermal vaccination due to its dose sparing potential. Indeed, intradermal vaccination is particularly of interest for use in mass vaccination campaigns, pandemic preparedness programs, and/or for vaccines that are expensive or in short supply. Moreover, the rich immune network in the skin makes it an attractive target not only for prophylactic vaccination, but also for therapeutic vaccination, like immunotherapy and (dendritic) cell-based therapies. The aim of the current paper was to provide an overview of preclinical data generated with VAX-ID®, a novel intradermal drug delivery device, to allow assessing it performance, safety and usability. The device can overcome challenges seen with the Mantoux technique whereby the needle needs to be inserted under a shallow angle. Various parameters of VAX-ID® were evaluated, including dead-space volume, dose accuracy, penetration depth & liquid deposit in piglets, as well as usability by healthcare professionals. The device has shown to have a low dead volume and a high dose accuracy. Importantly, the device performed successful injections at a predefined depth into the dermis with a high safety profile as confirmed by visual and histological evaluation in piglets. Moreover, the device was rated as easy to use by healthcare professionals. The combined preclinical performance and usability findings indicate that VAX-ID® can provide reliable, standardized and accurate drug delivery in the dermal layer of the skin with a high ease of use. The device offers a solution for injection of various prophylactic as well as therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Stijn Verwulgen
- Idevax BV, Wijnegem, Belgium; Center for evaluation of vaccination, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vanessa V J Vankerckhoven
- Idevax BV, Wijnegem, Belgium; Faculty of Design Sciences, Department of Product Development, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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9
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Brai A, Poggialini F, Pasqualini C, Trivisani CI, Vagaggini C, Dreassi E. Progress towards Adjuvant Development: Focus on Antiviral Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9225. [PMID: 37298177 PMCID: PMC10253057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, vaccines have been extraordinary resources to prevent pathogen diffusion and cancer. Even if they can be formed by a single antigen, the addition of one or more adjuvants represents the key to enhance the response of the immune signal to the antigen, thus accelerating and increasing the duration and the potency of the protective effect. Their use is of particular importance for vulnerable populations, such as the elderly or immunocompromised people. Despite their importance, only in the last forty years has the search for novel adjuvants increased, with the discovery of novel classes of immune potentiators and immunomodulators. Due to the complexity of the cascades involved in immune signal activation, their mechanism of action remains poorly understood, even if significant discovery has been recently made thanks to recombinant technology and metabolomics. This review focuses on the classes of adjuvants under research, recent mechanism of action studies, as well as nanodelivery systems and novel classes of adjuvants that can be chemically manipulated to create novel small molecule adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Brai
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (C.P.); (C.V.)
| | - Federica Poggialini
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (C.P.); (C.V.)
| | - Claudia Pasqualini
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (C.P.); (C.V.)
| | - Claudia Immacolata Trivisani
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (C.P.); (C.V.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chiara Vagaggini
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (C.P.); (C.V.)
| | - Elena Dreassi
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (C.P.); (C.V.)
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10
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Jiji MG, Ninan MA, Thomas VP, Thomas BT. Edible microalgae: potential candidate for developing edible vaccines. VEGETOS (BAREILLY, INDIA) 2023:1-6. [PMID: 37359124 PMCID: PMC10136395 DOI: 10.1007/s42535-023-00636-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are always a threat to all living beings. Today, in this world pathogens have no difficulty reaching anywhere. Every year new and deadly diseases are born and most of them are caused by viruses. Vaccines can provide lifelong immunity against infectious diseases, but the production cost of vaccines is unaffordable for a layman and traditional vaccines have certain limitations with storage and delivery. However, edible vaccines have shifted this paradigm and have received acceptance all over the world, especially in developing countries. Microalgae are one of the potential candidates for developing edible vaccines. Modifying microalgae as edible vaccines are gaining worldwide attention, especially in the world of science. Microalgae can augment the immune system as they are a promising source for antigen carriers and many of them are regarded as safe to eat. Moreover, they are a pantry of proteins, vitamins, minerals, and other secondary metabolites like alkaloids, phenols, and terpenes. In addition, being resistant to animal pathogens they are less sophisticated for genetic modification. This review analyses the potential scope of microalgae as an edible vaccine source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merin Grace Jiji
- Phycotechnology laboratory, Post Graduate and Research Department of Botany, Catholicate college, Pathanamthitta, Kerala 689645 India
| | - Merin Ann Ninan
- Phycotechnology laboratory, Post Graduate and Research Department of Botany, Catholicate college, Pathanamthitta, Kerala 689645 India
| | - V. P. Thomas
- Phycotechnology laboratory, Post Graduate and Research Department of Botany, Catholicate college, Pathanamthitta, Kerala 689645 India
| | - Binoy T. Thomas
- Phycotechnology laboratory, Post Graduate and Research Department of Botany, Catholicate college, Pathanamthitta, Kerala 689645 India
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11
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Uijen RF, van Beek LF, van Opzeeland F, Simonetti E, van Selm S, Bonduelle O, Combadière B, Langereis JD, de Jonge MI. Intradermal administration of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in mice results in lower antibody responses as compared to intramuscular administration. Vaccine 2023; 41:10-14. [PMID: 36446656 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several studies have shown that intradermal vaccination leads to improved immune responses. In addition, lowering vaccine doses will reduce costs and therefore potentially increase coverage. To determine whether intradermal delivery enhances the antibody responses against the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), we compared intradermally and intramuscularly vaccinated mice. METHODS Mice were immunized with PCV13, either intradermally or intramuscularly and CFU-counts in the nasal tissue were determined three or seven days after intranasal colonization with a serotype 4 clinical strain. Antibody concentrations against all thirteen polysaccharides were measured in blood and mucosal samples using a fluorescent-bead-based multiplex immunoassay. RESULTS Antibody levels in both serum and mucosal samples were higher in the intramuscularly vaccinated group as compared to the intradermally vaccinated group. No protection against S. pneumoniae intranasal colonization was observed for either vaccination route. CONCLUSIONS Intradermal vaccination was inferior to intramuscular immunization in inducing serotype-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rienke F Uijen
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Lucille F van Beek
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Fred van Opzeeland
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Elles Simonetti
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Saskia van Selm
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Olivia Bonduelle
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), Paris, France.
| | - Behazine Combadière
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), Paris, France.
| | - Jeroen D Langereis
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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12
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Gaobotse G, Venkataraman S, Mmereke KM, Moustafa K, Hefferon K, Makhzoum A. Recent Progress on Vaccines Produced in Transgenic Plants. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1861. [PMID: 36366370 PMCID: PMC9698746 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of vaccines from plants has been going on for over two decades now. Vaccine production in plants requires time and a lot of effort. Despite global efforts in plant-made vaccine development, there are still challenges that hinder the realization of the final objective of manufacturing approved and safe products. Despite delays in the commercialization of plant-made vaccines, there are some human vaccines that are in clinical trials. The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and its resultant disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), have reminded the global scientific community of the importance of vaccines. Plant-made vaccines could not be more important in tackling such unexpected pandemics as COVID-19. In this review, we explore current progress in the development of vaccines manufactured in transgenic plants for different human diseases over the past 5 years. However, we first explore the different host species and plant expression systems during recombinant protein production, including their shortcomings and benefits. Lastly, we address the optimization of existing plant-dependent vaccine production protocols that are aimed at improving the recovery and purification of these recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goabaone Gaobotse
- Department of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science & Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Srividhya Venkataraman
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Kamogelo M. Mmereke
- Department of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science & Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Khaled Moustafa
- The Arabic Preprint Server/Arabic Science Archive (ArabiXiv)
| | - Kathleen Hefferon
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Abdullah Makhzoum
- Department of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science & Technology, Palapye, Botswana
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13
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Shahgolzari M, Dianat-Moghadam H, Fiering S. Multifunctional plant virus nanoparticles in the next generation of cancer immunotherapies. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:1076-1085. [PMID: 34375725 PMCID: PMC8821734 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant virus nanoparticles (PVNPs) have inherent immune stimulatory ability, and have been investigated as immune adjuvants to stimulate an anti-tumor immune response. The combination of immune stimulation, nanoparticle structure and the ability to deliver other therapeutic molecules provides a flexible platform for cancer immunotherapy. Researching multifunctional PVNPs and their modification will generate novel reagents for cancer immunotherapy. Here we review the properties of PVNPs, and their potential for clinical utilization to activate anti-tumor innate and lymphoid immune responses. PVNPs have potential utility for cancer immunotherapy as vaccine adjuvant, and delivery systems for other reagents as mono immunotherapy or combined with other immunotherapies. This review outlines the potential and challenges in developing PVNPs as cancer immunotherapy reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Shahgolzari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hassan Dianat-Moghadam
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Steven Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States.
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14
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Rout SS, de Grahl I, Yu X, Reumann S. Production of a viral surface protein in Nannochloropsis oceanica for fish vaccination against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6535-6549. [PMID: 36069927 PMCID: PMC9449291 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Nannochloropsis oceanica is a unicellular oleaginous microalga of emerging biotechnological interest with a sequenced, annotated genome, available transcriptomic and proteomic data, and well-established basic molecular tools for genetic engineering. To establish N. oceanica as a eukaryotic host for recombinant protein synthesis and develop molecular technology for vaccine production, we chose the viral surface protein 2 (VP2) of a pathogenic fish virus that causes infectious pancreatic necrosis as a model vaccine. Upon stable nuclear transformation of N. oceanica strain CCMP1779 with the codon-optimized VP2 gene, a Venus reporter fusion served to evaluate the strength of different endogenous promoters in transformant populations by qPCR and flow cytometry. The highest VP2 yields were achieved for the elongation factor promoter, with enhancer effects by its N-terminal leader sequence. Individual transformants differed in their production capability of reporter-free VP2 by orders of magnitude. When subjecting the best candidates to kinetic analyses of growth and VP2 production in photobioreactors, recombinant protein integrity was maintained until the early stationary growth phase, and a high yield of 4.4% VP2 of total soluble protein was achieved. The maximum yield correlated with multiple integrations of the expression vector into the nuclear genome. The results demonstrate that N. oceanica was successfully engineered to constitute a robust platform for high-level production of a model subunit vaccine. The molecular methodology established here can likely be adapted in a straightforward manner to the production of further vaccines in the same host, allowing their distribution to fish, vertebrates, or humans via a microalgae-containing diet. Key points • We engineered N. oceanica for recombinant protein production. • The antigenic surface protein 2 of IPN virus could indeed be expressed in the host. • A high yield of 4.4% VP2 of total soluble protein was achieved in N. oceanica. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-022-12106-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Suman Rout
- Plant Biochemistry and Infection Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Imke de Grahl
- Plant Biochemistry and Infection Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xiaohong Yu
- Plant Biochemistry and Infection Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609, Hamburg, Germany.,Zybio Inc, Chongqing Municipality, 400084, China
| | - Sigrun Reumann
- Plant Biochemistry and Infection Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609, Hamburg, Germany.
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15
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Correa VA, Portilho AI, De Gaspari E. Immunological Effects of Dimethyldioctadecylammonium Bromide and Saponin as Adjuvants for Outer Membrane Vesicles from Neisseria meningitidis. Diseases 2022; 10:diseases10030046. [PMID: 35892740 PMCID: PMC9326571 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The meningococcal disease is a global health threat, but is preventable through vaccination. Adjuvants improve meningococcal vaccines and are able to trigger different aspects of the immune response. The present work evaluated the immune response of mice against Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane vesicles (OMV) complexed with the adjuvants aluminium hydroxide (AH), via subcutaneous route; and dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) or Saponin (Sap), via intranasal/subcutaneous routes. ELISA demonstrated that all adjuvants increased IgG titers after the booster dose, remaining elevated for 18 months. Additionally, adjuvants increased the avidity of the antibodies and the bactericidal titer: OMVs alone were bactericidal until 1:4 dilution but, when adjuvanted by Alum, DDA or Sap, it increased to 1/32. DDA and Sap increased all IgG isotypes, while AH improved IgG1 and IgG2a levels. Thus, Sap led to the recognition of more proteins in Immunoblot, followed by DDA and AH. Sap and AH induced higher IL-4 and IL-17 release, respectively. The use of adjuvants improved both cellular and humoral immune response, however, each adjuvant contributed to particular parameters. This demonstrates the importance of studying different adjuvant options and their suitability to stimulate different immune mechanisms, modulating the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Araujo Correa
- Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, 11th Floor, Room 1116, Cerqueira César, São Paulo 01246-902, SP, Brazil; (V.A.C.); (A.I.P.)
- Graduate Program Interunits in Biotechnology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, São Paulo University, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, ICB Hall III, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda Izeli Portilho
- Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, 11th Floor, Room 1116, Cerqueira César, São Paulo 01246-902, SP, Brazil; (V.A.C.); (A.I.P.)
- Graduate Program Interunits in Biotechnology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, São Paulo University, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, ICB Hall III, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth De Gaspari
- Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, 11th Floor, Room 1116, Cerqueira César, São Paulo 01246-902, SP, Brazil; (V.A.C.); (A.I.P.)
- Graduate Program Interunits in Biotechnology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, São Paulo University, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, ICB Hall III, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3068-2898
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16
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Correa VA, Portilho AI, De Gaspari E. Vaccines, Adjuvants and Key Factors for Mucosal Immune Response. Immunology 2022; 167:124-138. [PMID: 35751397 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are the most effective tool to control infectious diseases, which provoke significant morbidity and mortality. Most vaccines are administered through the parenteral route and can elicit a robust systemic humoral response, but they induce a weak T-cell-mediated immunity and are poor inducers of mucosal protection. Considering that most pathogens enter the body through mucosal surfaces, a vaccine that elicits protection in the first site of contact between the host and the pathogen is promising. However, despite the advantages of mucosal vaccines as good options to confer protection on the mucosal surface, only a few mucosal vaccines are currently approved. In this review, we discuss the impact of vaccine administration in different mucosal surfaces; how appropriate adjuvants enhance the induction of protective mucosal immunity and other factors that can influence the mucosal immune response to vaccines. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Araujo Correa
- Adolfo Lutz Institute, Immunology Center, Av Dr Arnaldo, 355, 11th floor, room 1116, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,São Paulo University, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Graduate Program Interunits in Biotechnology, Av Prof Lineu Prestes, 2415, ICB III, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda Izeli Portilho
- Adolfo Lutz Institute, Immunology Center, Av Dr Arnaldo, 355, 11th floor, room 1116, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,São Paulo University, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Graduate Program Interunits in Biotechnology, Av Prof Lineu Prestes, 2415, ICB III, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth De Gaspari
- Adolfo Lutz Institute, Immunology Center, Av Dr Arnaldo, 355, 11th floor, room 1116, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,São Paulo University, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Graduate Program Interunits in Biotechnology, Av Prof Lineu Prestes, 2415, ICB III, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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17
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Facciolà A, Visalli G, Laganà A, Di Pietro A. An Overview of Vaccine Adjuvants: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050819. [PMID: 35632575 PMCID: PMC9147349 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinations are one of the most important preventive tools against infectious diseases. Over time, many different types of vaccines have been developed concerning the antigen component. Adjuvants are essential elements that increase the efficacy of vaccination practises through many different actions, especially acting as carriers, depots, and stimulators of immune responses. For many years, few adjuvants have been included in vaccines, with aluminium salts being the most commonly used adjuvant. However, recent research has focused its attention on many different new compounds with effective adjuvant properties and improved safety. Modern technologies such as nanotechnologies and molecular biology have forcefully entered the production processes of both antigen and adjuvant components, thereby improving vaccine efficacy. Microparticles, emulsions, and immune stimulators are currently in the spotlight for their huge potential in vaccine production. Although studies have reported some potential side effects of vaccine adjuvants such as the recently recognised ASIA syndrome, the huge worth of vaccines remains unquestionable. Indeed, the recent COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of vaccines, especially in regard to managing future potential pandemics. In this field, research into adjuvants could play a leading role in the production of increasingly effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Facciolà
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.V.); (A.L.); (A.D.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giuseppa Visalli
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.V.); (A.L.); (A.D.P.)
| | - Antonio Laganà
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.V.); (A.L.); (A.D.P.)
- Multi-Specialist Clinical Institute for Orthopaedic Trauma Care (COT), 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Di Pietro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.V.); (A.L.); (A.D.P.)
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18
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Khalid F, Tahir R, Ellahi M, Amir N, Rizvi SFA, Hasnain A. Emerging trends of edible vaccine therapy for combating human diseases especially
COVID
‐19: Pros, cons, and future challenges. Phytother Res 2022; 36:2746-2766. [PMID: 35499291 PMCID: PMC9347755 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The researchers are still doing efforts to develop an effective, reliable, and easily accessible vaccine candidate to protect against COVID‐19. As of the August 2020, nearly 30 conventional vaccines have been emerged in clinical trials, and more than 200 vaccines are in various development stages. Nowadays, plants are also considered as a potential source for the production of monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, drugs, immunomodulatory proteins, as well as used as bioreactors or factories for their bulk production. The scientific evidences enlighten that plants are the rich source of oral vaccines, which can be given either by eating the edible parts of plants and/or by oral administration of highly refined proteins. The use of plant‐based edible vaccines is an emerging trend as it possesses minimum or no side effects compared with synthetic vaccines. This review article gives insights into different types of vaccines, the use of edible vaccines, advantages of edible vaccines over conventional vaccines, and mechanism of action of edible vaccines. This review article also focuses on the applications of edible vaccines in wide‐range of human diseases especially against COVID‐19 with emphasis on future perspectives of the use of edible vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Khalid
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyThe University of LahoreLahorePakistan
| | - Reema Tahir
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyThe University of LahoreLahorePakistan
| | - Manahil Ellahi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyThe University of LahoreLahorePakistan
| | - Nilofer Amir
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyThe University of LahoreLahorePakistan
| | - Syed Faheem Askari Rizvi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyThe University of LahoreLahorePakistan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringLanzhou UniversityLanzhouP.R. China
| | - Ammarah Hasnain
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyThe University of LahoreLahorePakistan
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19
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Garduño-González KA, Peña-Benavides SA, Araújo RG, Castillo-Zacarías C, Melchor-Martínez EM, Oyervides-Muñoz MA, Sosa-Hernández JE, Purton S, Iqbal HM, Parra-Saldívar R. Current challenges for modern vaccines and perspectives for novel treatment alternatives. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Alqazlan N, Astill J, Raj S, Sharif S. Strategies for enhancing immunity against avian influenza virus in chickens: A review. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:211-235. [PMID: 35297706 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2054309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Poultry infection with avian influenza viruses (AIV) is a continuous source of concern for poultry production and human health. Uncontrolled infection and transmission of AIV in poultry increases the potential for viral mutation and reassortment, possibly resulting in the emergence of zoonotic viruses. To this end, implementing strategies to disrupt the transmission of AIVs in poultry, including a wide array of traditional and novel methods, is much needed. Vaccination of poultry is a targeted approach to reduce clinical signs and shedding in infected birds. Strategies aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of AIV vaccines are multi-pronged and include methods directed towards eliciting immune responses in poultry. Strategies include producing vaccines of greater immunogenicity via vaccine type and adjuvant application and increasing bird responsiveness to vaccines by modification of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiome and dietary interventions. This review provides an in-depth discussion of recent findings surrounding novel AIV vaccines for poultry, including reverse genetics vaccines, vectors, protein vaccines and virus like particles, highlighting their experimental efficacy among other factors such as safety and potential for use in the field. In addition to the type of vaccine employed, vaccine adjuvants also provide an effective way to enhance AIV vaccine efficacy, therefore, research on different types of vaccine adjuvants and vaccine adjuvant delivery strategies is discussed. Finally, the poultry gastrointestinal microbiome is emerging as an important factor in the effectiveness of prophylactic treatments. In this regard, current findings on the effects of the chicken GIT microbiome on AIV vaccine efficacy are summarized here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiyah Alqazlan
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jake Astill
- Artemis Technologies Inc., Guelph, ON, N1L 1E3, Canada
| | - Sugandha Raj
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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21
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Performance and usability evaluation of novel intradermal injection device Immucise™ and reanalysis of intradermal administration trials of influenza vaccine for the elderly. Vaccine 2022; 40:873-879. [PMID: 35031147 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Under the pandemic situation, there is an urgent need to produce and acquire sufficient quantities of prophylactic vaccines. It becomes important to devise a way to achieve reliable immunity with lower doses to distribute limited supplies of vaccines to maximum number of people very quickly. Intradermal (ID) vaccination is one such method to increase the effectiveness of vaccines. However, this method has not been widely used in general clinical practice because it is technically difficult to inject vaccines precisely into the ID tissue. Therefore, new ID delivery systems that allow reliable ID administration are under development. In this paper, we summarize its design and present the results of performance and usability testing for the Immucise™ Intradermal Injection System (Immucise™). This study showed that Immucise™ can reduce dead volume and inject drugs precisely into the ID tissues of subjects from infants to the elderly and can be used correctly and safely by healthcare professionals. This randomized controlled trial compared ID administration with Immucise™ and standard subcutaneous (SC) administration of seasonal influenza vaccine by analyzing the efficacy of the vaccine in the elderly group at 90 days and 180 days after administration. It was found that the vaccine for the ID group was as effective or more effective than that for the SC group up to 180 days later. It was also found that the geometric mean titer values, especially for B strains, were higher in the two-dose ID group than in the two-dose SC group. These findings suggest that Immucise™ is one of the best devices to distribute a small amount of vaccine quickly and widely to a larger number of people with little loss of vaccine during a pandemic.
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22
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AI and Immunoinformatics. Artif Intell Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64573-1_113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Fan S, Xiao K, Li D, Zhao H, Zhang J, Yu L, Chang P, Zhu S, Xu X, Liao Y, Ji T, Jiang G, Yan D, Zeng F, Duan S, Xia B, Wang L, Yang F, He Z, Song Y, Cui P, Li X, Zhang Y, Zheng B, Zhang Y, Xu W, Li Q. Preclinical immunological evaluation of an intradermal heterologous vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 11:212-226. [PMID: 34931939 PMCID: PMC8745378 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2021807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The recent emergence of COVID-19 variants has necessitated the development of new vaccines that stimulate the formation of high levels of neutralizing antibodies against S antigen variants. A new strategy involves the intradermal administration of heterologous vaccines composed of one or two doses of inactivated vaccine and a booster dose with the mutated S1 protein (K-S). Such vaccines improve the immune efficacy by increasing the neutralizing antibody titers and promoting specific T cell responses against five variants of the RBD protein. A viral challenge test with the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant confirmed that both administration schedules (i.e. “1 + 1” and “2 + 1”) ensured protection against this strain. These results suggest that the aforementioned strategy is effective for protecting against new variants and enhances the anamnestic immune response in the immunized population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Fan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Li Yu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Penglan Chang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xingli Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Yun Liao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Tianjiao Ji
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Guorun Jiang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Fengyuan Zeng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Suqin Duan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Baicheng Xia
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Fengmei Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Zhanlong He
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Yang Song
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Pingfang Cui
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yaxing Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Bangyi Zheng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, China
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24
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Gazi U, Taylan-Ozkan A, Mumcuoglu KY. Immune mechanisms in human Sarcoptes scabiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae) infestations. Parasite Immunol 2021; 44:e12900. [PMID: 34923637 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Scabies is a parasitic infestation of human and animal skin caused by different strains of the itch mite, Sarcoptes scabiei. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared scabies in human as a neglected tropical disease, and today over 200 million people worldwide are affected. The two most commonly reported clinical manifestation of the condition are ordinary (OS) and crusted scabies (CS). CS, which can lead to fatal consequences due to secondary bacterial infections, is mostly observed in immunocompromised subjects but can also, although rarely, be detected in immunocompetent individuals. Innate and adaptive immune system components are involved in protection and pathogenesis of scabies, although with some differences between OS and CS. While the cutaneous immune response is dominated by CD4+ T-cells in OS, it is mainly mediated by CD8+ T-cells in CS. The two clinical conditions also differ in CD4+ T-cell-mediated immune responses with mixed TH 1/TH 2 (protective) and TH 2/TH 17 (non-protective) immunoprofiles in OS and CS, respectively. Moreover, the development of CS is associated with early immunosuppression that is followed by deleterious immune response to uncontrolled mite proliferation. However, the immune response to scabies still needs further attention due to inconsistent results in the literature. The aim of this study is to attract more attention to this area by summarizing the current literature on innate and adaptive immune responses triggered against S. scabiei mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Gazi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Aysegul Taylan-Ozkan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kosta Y Mumcuoglu
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Xia D, Qiu W, Wang X, Liu J. Recent Advancements and Future Perspectives of Microalgae-Derived Pharmaceuticals. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:703. [PMID: 34940702 PMCID: PMC8703604 DOI: 10.3390/md19120703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgal cells serve as solar-powered factories that produce pharmaceuticals, recombinant proteins (vaccines and drugs), and valuable natural byproducts that possess medicinal properties. The main advantages of microalgae as cell factories can be summarized as follows: they are fueled by photosynthesis, are carbon dioxide-neutral, have rapid growth rates, are robust, have low-cost cultivation, are easily scalable, pose no risk of human pathogenic contamination, and their valuable natural byproducts can be further processed. Despite their potential, there are many technical hurdles that need to be overcome before the commercial production of microalgal pharmaceuticals, and extensive studies regarding their impact on human health must still be conducted and the results evaluated. Clearly, much work remains to be done before microalgae can be used in the large-scale commercial production of pharmaceuticals. This review focuses on recent advancements in microalgal biotechnology and its future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, The Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China;
| | - Wen Qiu
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China;
| | - Xianxian Wang
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany;
| | - Junying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, The Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China;
- Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Technology Centre (PMTC), Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94T9PX Limerick, Ireland
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Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic has substantially accelerated the demands for efficient vaccines. A wide spectrum of approaches includes live attenuated and inactivated viruses, protein subunits and peptides, viral vector-based delivery, DNA plasmids, and synthetic mRNA. Preclinical studies have demonstrated robust immune responses, reduced viral loads and protection against challenges with SARS-CoV-2 in rodents and primates. Vaccine candidates based on all delivery systems mentioned above have been subjected to clinical trials in healthy volunteers. Phase I clinical trials have demonstrated in preliminary findings good safety and tolerability. Evaluation of immune responses in a small number of individuals has demonstrated similar or superior levels of neutralizing antibodies in comparison to immunogenicity detected in COVID-19 patients. Both adenovirus- and mRNA-based vaccines have entered phase II and study protocols for phase III trials with 30,000 participants have been finalized.
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Pirahmadi S, Afzali S, Zargar M, Zakeri S, Mehrizi AA. How can we develop an effective subunit vaccine to achieve successful malaria eradication? Microb Pathog 2021; 160:105203. [PMID: 34547408 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, a mosquito-borne infection, is the most widespread parasitic disease. Despite numerous efforts to eradicate malaria, this disease is still a health concern worldwide. Owing to insecticide-resistant vectors and drug-resistant parasites, available controlling measures are insufficient to achieve a malaria-free world. Thus, there is an urgent need for new intervention tools such as efficient malaria vaccines. Subunit vaccines are the most promising malaria vaccines under development. However, one of the major drawbacks of subunit vaccines is the lack of efficient and durable immune responses including antigen-specific antibody, CD4+, and CD8+ T-cell responses, long-lived plasma cells, memory cells, and functional antibodies for parasite neutralization or inhibition of parasite invasion. These types of responses could be induced by whole organism vaccines, but eliciting these responses with subunit vaccines has been proven to be more challenging. Consequently, subunit vaccines require several policies to overcome these challenges. In this review, we address common approaches that can improve the efficacy of subunit vaccines against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Pirahmadi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Afzali
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Zargar
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Akram Abouie Mehrizi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Ricroch AE, Martin-Laffon J, Rault B, Pallares VC, Kuntz M. Next biotechnological plants for addressing global challenges: The contribution of transgenesis and new breeding techniques. N Biotechnol 2021; 66:25-35. [PMID: 34537403 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this survey is to identify and characterize new products in plant biotechnology since 2015, especially in relation to the advent of New Breeding Techniques (NBTs) such as gene editing based on the CRISPR-Cas system. Transgenic (gene transfer or gene silencing) and gene edited traits which are approved or marketed in at least one country, or which have a non-regulated status in the USA, are collected, as well as related patents worldwide. In addition, to shed light on potential innovation for Africa, field trials on the continent are examined. The compiled data are classified in application categories, including agronomic improvements, industrial use and medical use, namely production of recombinant therapeutic molecules or vaccines (including against Covid-19). The data indicate that gene editing appears to be an effective complement to 'classical' transgenesis, the use of which is not declining, rather than a replacement, a trend also observed in the patenting landscape. Nevertheless, increased use of gene editing is apparent. Compared to transgenesis, gene editing has increased the proportion of some crop species and decreased others amongst approved, non-regulated or marketed products. A similar differential trend is observed for breeding traits. Gene editing has also favored the emergence of new private companies. China, and prevalently its public sector, overwhelmingly dominates the patenting landscape, but not the approved/marketed one, which is dominated by the USA. The data point in the direction that regulatory environments will favor or discourage innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès E Ricroch
- IDEST, Paris-Saclay University, Sceaux, France; AgroParisTech, Paris, France.
| | - Jacqueline Martin-Laffon
- Laboratory of Cell and Plant Physiology, University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Marcel Kuntz
- Laboratory of Cell and Plant Physiology, University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, Grenoble, France
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29
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de Grahl I, Reumann S. Stramenopile microalgae as "green biofactories" for recombinant protein production. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:163. [PMID: 34453200 PMCID: PMC8397651 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Photoautotrophic microalgae have become intriguing hosts for recombinant protein production because they offer important advantages of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems. Advanced molecular tools have recently been established for the biotechnologically relevant group of stramenopile microalgae, particularly for several Nannochloropsis species and diatoms. Strategies for the selection of powerful genetic elements and for optimization of protein production have been reported. Much needed high-throughput techniques required for straight-forward identification and selection of the best expression constructs and transformants have become available and are discussed. The first recombinant proteins have already been produced successfully in stramenopile microalgae and include not only several subunit vaccines but also one antimicrobial peptide, a fish growth hormone, and an antibody. These research results offer interesting future applications in aquaculture and as biopharmaceuticals. In this review we highlight recent progress in genetic technology development for recombinant protein production in the most relevant Nannochloropsis species and diatoms. Diverse realistic biotechnological applications of these proteins are emphasized that have the potential to establish stramenopile algae as sustainable green factories for an economically competitive production of high-value biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke de Grahl
- Plant Biochemistry and Infection Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Sigrun Reumann
- Plant Biochemistry and Infection Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609, Hamburg, Germany
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Cid R, Bolívar J. Platforms for Production of Protein-Based Vaccines: From Classical to Next-Generation Strategies. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1072. [PMID: 34439738 PMCID: PMC8394948 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, vaccination has become one of the most effective strategies to control and reduce infectious diseases, preventing millions of deaths worldwide. The earliest vaccines were developed as live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens, and, although they still represent the most extended human vaccine types, they also face some issues, such as the potential to revert to a pathogenic form of live-attenuated formulations or the weaker immune response associated with inactivated vaccines. Advances in genetic engineering have enabled improvements in vaccine design and strategies, such as recombinant subunit vaccines, have emerged, expanding the number of diseases that can be prevented. Moreover, antigen display systems such as VLPs or those designed by nanotechnology have improved the efficacy of subunit vaccines. Platforms for the production of recombinant vaccines have also evolved from the first hosts, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to insect or mammalian cells. Traditional bacterial and yeast systems have been improved by engineering and new systems based on plants or insect larvae have emerged as alternative, low-cost platforms. Vaccine development is still time-consuming and costly, and alternative systems that can offer cost-effective and faster processes are demanding to address infectious diseases that still do not have a treatment and to face possible future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Cid
- ADL Bionatur Solutions S.A., Av. del Desarrollo Tecnológico 11, 11591 Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
| | - Jorge Bolívar
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health-Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
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Tripp CH, Voit H, An A, Seidl-Philipp M, Krapf J, Sigl S, Romani N, Del Frari B, Stoitzner P. Laser-assisted epicutaneous immunization to target human skin dendritic cells. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1279-1289. [PMID: 33797121 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are promising targets for immunotherapy of cancer. Clinically, immunization against cancer antigens by means of the most potent antigen-presenting cells, that is DC, remains an important treatment option in combination with the modern immune checkpoint approaches. Instead of adoptively transferring in vitro monocyte-derived DC, they can also be loaded in situ by antibody-mediated targeting of antigen. Conventionally, these vaccines are delivered by classical intradermal injections. Here, we tested an alternative approach, namely laser-assisted epicutaneous immunization. With an infrared laser ("Precise Laser Epidermal System"/P.L.E.A.S.E.® Laser System), we created micropores in human skin and applied monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against C-type lectins, for example DEC-205/CD205 and Langerin/CD207. Optimal parameters for formation of pores in epidermis and dermis were determined. We could induce pores of defined depths without enhanced apoptosis around them. Antibodies applied epicutaneously to the laser-porated skin could be detected both in Langerhans cells (LC) in situ in the epidermis and in migratory skin DC subsets from short term human skin explant culture, demonstrating uptake and transport of Langerin and DEC-205 mAbs. Efficacy of targeting was similar between the different laser treatments and pore depths. Thus, laser-assisted epicutaneous immunization may be a valuable alternative to intradermal injection, yet the loading efficacy of DC needs to be further improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hermann Voit
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Angela An
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Magdalena Seidl-Philipp
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johanna Krapf
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephan Sigl
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Del Frari
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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32
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Virosome-based nanovaccines; a promising bioinspiration and biomimetic approach for preventing viral diseases: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:648-658. [PMID: 33862071 PMCID: PMC8049750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective means of controlling infectious disease-related morbidity and mortality. However, due to low immunogenicity of viral antigens, nanomedicine as a new opportunity in new generation of vaccine advancement attracted researcher encouragement. Virosome is a lipidic nanomaterial emerging as FDA approved nanocarriers with promising bioinspiration and biomimetic potency against viral infections. Virosome surface modification with critical viral fusion proteins is the cornerstone of vaccine development. Surface antigens at virosomes innovatively interact with targeted receptors on host cells that evoke humoral or cellular immune responses through antibody-producing B cell and internalization by endocytosis-mediated pathways. To date, several nanovaccine based on virosome formulations have been commercialized against widespread and life-threatening infections. Recently, Great efforts were made to fabricate a virosome-based vaccine platform against a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. Thus, this review provides a novel overview of the virosome based nanovaccine production, properties, and application on the viral disease, especially its importance in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine discovery.
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33
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Menon I, Bagwe P, Gomes KB, Bajaj L, Gala R, Uddin MN, D’Souza MJ, Zughaier SM. Microneedles: A New Generation Vaccine Delivery System. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:435. [PMID: 33919925 PMCID: PMC8070939 DOI: 10.3390/mi12040435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal vaccination route using biodegradable microneedles is a rapidly progressing field of research and applications. The fear of painful needles is one of the primary reasons most people avoid getting vaccinated. Therefore, developing an alternative pain-free method of vaccination using microneedles has been a significant research area. Microneedles comprise arrays of micron-sized needles that offer a pain-free method of delivering actives across the skin. Apart from being pain-free, microneedles provide various advantages over conventional vaccination routes such as intramuscular and subcutaneous. Microneedle vaccines induce a robust immune response as the needles ranging from 50 to 900 μm in length can efficiently deliver the vaccine to the epidermis and the dermis region, which contains many Langerhans and dendritic cells. The microneedle array looks like band-aid patches and offers the advantages of avoiding cold-chain storage and self-administration flexibility. The slow release of vaccine antigens is an important advantage of using microneedles. The vaccine antigens in the microneedles can be in solution or suspension form, encapsulated in nano or microparticles, and nucleic acid-based. The use of microneedles to deliver particle-based vaccines is gaining importance because of the combined advantages of particulate vaccine and pain-free immunization. The future of microneedle-based vaccines looks promising however, addressing some limitations such as dosing inadequacy, stability and sterility will lead to successful use of microneedles for vaccine delivery. This review illustrates the recent research in the field of microneedle-based vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipshita Menon
- Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Center for Drug Delivery Research, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (I.M.); (P.B.); (K.B.G.); (L.B.); (M.N.U.); (M.J.D.)
| | - Priyal Bagwe
- Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Center for Drug Delivery Research, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (I.M.); (P.B.); (K.B.G.); (L.B.); (M.N.U.); (M.J.D.)
| | - Keegan Braz Gomes
- Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Center for Drug Delivery Research, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (I.M.); (P.B.); (K.B.G.); (L.B.); (M.N.U.); (M.J.D.)
| | - Lotika Bajaj
- Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Center for Drug Delivery Research, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (I.M.); (P.B.); (K.B.G.); (L.B.); (M.N.U.); (M.J.D.)
| | - Rikhav Gala
- Biotechnology Division, Center for Mid-Atlantic (CMA), Fraunhofer USA, Newark, DE 19711, USA;
| | - Mohammad N. Uddin
- Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Center for Drug Delivery Research, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (I.M.); (P.B.); (K.B.G.); (L.B.); (M.N.U.); (M.J.D.)
| | - Martin J. D’Souza
- Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Center for Drug Delivery Research, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (I.M.); (P.B.); (K.B.G.); (L.B.); (M.N.U.); (M.J.D.)
| | - Susu M. Zughaier
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2731, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2731, Qatar
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Ikewaki N, Iwasaki M, Kurosawa G, Rao KS, Lakey-Beitia J, Preethy S, Abraham SJ. β-glucans: wide-spectrum immune-balancing food-supplement-based enteric (β-WIFE) vaccine adjuvant approach to COVID-19. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:2808-2813. [PMID: 33651967 PMCID: PMC7938654 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1880210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional vaccines to combat COVID-19 through different approaches are at various stages of development. The complexity of COVID-19 such as the potential mutations of the virus leading to antigenic drift and the uncertainty on the duration of the immunity induced by the vaccine have hampered the efforts to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, we suggest an alternative interim treatment strategy based on biological response modifier glucans such as the Aureobasidium pullulans AFO-202-derived β-glucan, which has been reported to induce trained immunity, akin to that induced by the Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine, by epigenetic modifications at the central level in the bone marrow. These β-glucans act as pathogen-associated molecular patterns, activating mucosal immunity by binding with specific pathogen recognition receptors such as dectin-1 and inducing both the adaptive and innate immunity by reaching distant lymphoid organs. β-Glucans have also been used as immune adjuvants for vaccines such as the influenza vaccine. Therefore, until a conventional vaccine is widely available, an orally consumable vaccine adjuvant that acts like biosimilars, termed as the wide-spectrum immune-balancing food-supplement-based enteric (β-WIFE) vaccine adjuvant approach, with well-reported safety is worth in-depth investigation and can be considered for a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobunao Ikewaki
- Department of Medical Life Science, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka, Japan.,Institute of Immunology, Junsei Educational Institute, Nobeoka, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masaru Iwasaki
- Centre for Advancing Clinical Research (CACR), University of Yamanashi - School of Medicine, Chuo, Japan
| | - Gene Kurosawa
- Department of Academic Research Support Promotion Facility, Center for Research Promotion and Support, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kosagi-Sharaf Rao
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama City, Panama
| | - Johant Lakey-Beitia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama City, Panama
| | - Senthilkumar Preethy
- The Fujio-Eiji Academic Terrain (FEAT), Nichi-In Centre for Regenerative Medicine (NCRM), Chennai, India
| | - Samuel Jk Abraham
- The Fujio-Eiji Academic Terrain (FEAT), Nichi-In Centre for Regenerative Medicine (NCRM), Chennai, India.,Edogawa Evolutionary Laboratory of Science (EELS), Edogawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,The Mary-Yoshio Translational Hexagon (MYTH), Nichi-In Centre for Regenerative Medicine (NCRM), Chennai, India.,Biomaterials and Cell Biology Division, JBM Inc, Tokyo, Japan.,Immune Systems R & D Division, GN Corporation Co. Ltd, Kofu, Japan
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35
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Li T, Zhang T, Gu Y, Li S, Xia N. Current progress and challenges in the design and development of a successful COVID-19 vaccine. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2021. [PMCID: PMC7835609 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is still a worldwide concern, with little to no sign of a decreasing trend. There is a general consensus that normal life will be hampered until a safe and effective vaccine strategy is available and globally administered. Numerous countries have accelerated the clinical trials process for the development of a successful COVID-19 treatment, with over 200 candidates presently available for testing against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we provide an overview of the COVID-19 vaccine candidates currently in development, discuss the scientific and practical challenges associated with COVID-19 vaccine design, and share the potential strategies that could be exploited for vaccine design success.
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36
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Pollet J, Chen WH, Strych U. Recombinant protein vaccines, a proven approach against coronavirus pandemics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 170:71-82. [PMID: 33421475 PMCID: PMC7788321 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the COVID-19 pandemic now ongoing for close to a year, people all over the world are still waiting for a vaccine to become available. The initial focus of accelerated global research and development efforts to bring a vaccine to market as soon as possible was on novel platform technologies that promised speed but had limited history in the clinic. In contrast, recombinant protein vaccines, with numerous examples in the clinic for many years, missed out on the early wave of investments from government and industry. Emerging data are now surfacing suggesting that recombinant protein vaccines indeed might offer an advantage or complement to the nucleic acid or viral vector vaccines that will likely reach the clinic faster. Here, we summarize the current public information on the nature and on the development status of recombinant subunit antigens and adjuvants targeting SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Pollet
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America; Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Street, Houston, TX, United States of America.
| | - Wen-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America; Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Street, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Ulrich Strych
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America; Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Street, Houston, TX, United States of America
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Abstract
The current situation, heavily influenced by the ongoing pandemic, puts vaccines back into the spotlight. However, the conventional and traditional vaccines present disadvantages, particularly related to immunogenicity, stability, and storage of the final product. Often, such products require the maintenance of a “cold chain,” impacting the costs, the availability, and the distribution of vaccines. Here, after a recall of the mode of action of vaccines and the types of vaccines currently available, we analyze the past, present, and future of vaccine formulation. The past focuses on conventional formulations, the present discusses the use of nanoparticles for vaccine delivery and as adjuvants, while the future presents microneedle patches as alternative formulation and administration route. Finally, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of injectable solutions, nanovaccines, and microneedles in terms of efficacy, stability, and patient-friendly design. Different approaches to vaccine formulation development, the conventional vaccine formulations from the past, the current development of lipid nanoparticles as vaccines, and the near future microneedles formulations are discussed in this review. ![]()
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38
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Synergistic effect of GRA7 and profilin proteins in vaccination against chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection. Vaccine 2021; 39:933-942. [PMID: 33451777 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease with worldwide prevalence in humans and warm-blooded animal populations. In livestock Toxoplasma gondii is the causal agent of significant economic losses since it can cause abortions in goats and sheep. It is estimated that one third of the world population is infected. Although there are effective therapies for acute infection, these are sometimes poorly tolerated, teratogenic, and have a long administration time. Considering the deficiencies that exist related to the prevention and treatment of toxoplasmosis, the development of a safe and effective vaccine would be extremely valuable in fighting against this infection. In the present work, we characterize for the first time the adjuvant and immunogenic potential of a recombinant profilin protein (rTgPF), in a vaccine formulation alone or in combination with the well-known GRA7 antigen candidate in a murine toxoplasmosis model. Since TgPF acts as a ligand for TLR11 and 12 inducing innate immune responses that promote type 1 adaptive responses, we first study the capacity of the mix rGRA7 + rTgPF to initiate an immune response by evaluating dendritic cell activation. Both rTgPF and rGRA7 induces activation of mouse BMDCs more efficiently than the single proteins, evidenced by increased expression of CD80 and CD86 co-stimulatory proteins and secretion of IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 cytokines after in vitro stimulation. The sum of the effects of rGRA7 and rTgPF on BMDCs maturation led us to assay them in a vaccination protocol. BALB/c mice vaccinated with this mix elicited a Th1-biased immunity via the induction of lymphocyte proliferation, activation of CD4+T cells and increased IFN-γ production that resulted in enhanced protection against chronic Toxoplama gondii infection. Profilin per se induce only cellular immunity but augments the effect of rGRA7 immune responses when used together, thus allowing us to postulate rTgPF as a potential adjuvant in a protein vaccine.
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Scanlon N, Saklawi Y, Rouphael N. The Role of Systems Vaccinology in Understanding the Immune Defects to Vaccination in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582201. [PMID: 33324400 PMCID: PMC7723964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) are at increased risk for many infections, whether viral, bacterial, or fungal, due to immunosuppressive therapy to prevent organ rejection. The same immune defects that render transplanted patients susceptible to infection dampen their immune response to vaccination. Therefore, it is vital to identify immune defects to vaccination in transplant recipients and methods to obviate them. These methods can include alternative vaccine composition, dosage, adjuvants, route of administration, timing, and re-vaccination strategies. Systems biology is a relatively new field of study, which utilizes high throughput means to better understand biological systems and predict outcomes. Systems biology approaches have been used to help obtain a global picture of immune responses to infections and vaccination (i.e. systems vaccinology), but little work has been done to use systems biology to improve vaccine efficacy in immunocompromised patients, particularly SOTRs, thus far. Systems vaccinology approaches may hold key insights to vaccination in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Scanlon
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Decatur, GA, United States
| | - Youssef Saklawi
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Decatur, GA, United States
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Decatur, GA, United States
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40
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Cebadera Miranda E, Castillo Ruiz-Cabello MV, Cámara Hurtado M. Food biopharmaceuticals as part of a sustainable bioeconomy: Edible vaccines case study. N Biotechnol 2020; 59:74-79. [PMID: 32688060 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lack of immunization in developing countries is undoubtedly the most serious consequence of the difficulty in accessing traditional vaccination systems. The World Health Organization (WHO) has aimed to find low-cost vaccines, which are accessible to the population and are easy to store and distribute without the need for refrigeration. There is literature support that orally administered edible vaccines are promising agents to reduce the incidence of diseases such as hepatitis and diarrhoea, especially in the developing world. This article focuses on the study of the suitability of edible vaccines as biopharmaceuticals in the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, allowing to comprehensively address both malnutrition and the degree of immunization, mainly in the child population in developing countries. This is embedded within the scope of a new concept promulgated by the UN and FAO called' Therapeutic Food' or 'Ready to Use Therapeutic Food'. Biopharmaceuticals such as edible processed vaccines have the potential to play an important role in increasing global health to achieve the 2030 - Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and beyond, as a solution to the dual problem of malnutrition and immunoprophylaxis as part of a sustainable bioeconomy. This article reviews their most promising applications, as well as the problems of a scientific and socioeconomic nature, including the complex current legislation that restricts their implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cebadera Miranda
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Victoria Castillo Ruiz-Cabello
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montaña Cámara Hurtado
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, E-28040, Madrid, Spain.
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41
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Badgujar KC, Badgujar VC, Badgujar SB. Vaccine development against coronavirus (2003 to present): An overview, recent advances, current scenario, opportunities and challenges. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14:1361-1376. [PMID: 32755836 PMCID: PMC7371592 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The pandemic COVID-19 occurring due to novel emerging coronavirus-2019 (SARS-CoV-2) is severely affecting the worldwide public health, culture, economy and human social behaviour. Till date, there is no approved medicine/treatment to cure COVID-19, whereas, vaccine development efforts are going on high priority. This review aimed to provide an overview of prior art, recent advances, vaccine designing strategies, current scenario, opportunities and challenges related to development of coronavirus vaccine. METHOD A literature survey was conducted using Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar with the search key as: coronavirus vaccine, SARS vaccine, MERS vaccine and COVID-19 vaccine. Articles related to above search query were retrieved, sorted, analyzed and developed into an easy-to-understand review. RESULTS The genome phylogenetic analysis suggested that genomic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 is almost 80% similar to that of SARS-CoV, further both these viruses bind to same host cell receptor ACE-2. Hence it is expected that, previously available literature data about coronavirus vaccine designing may play crucial role in development of rapid vaccine against COVID-19. In view of this, the present review discuss (i) existing information (from 2003 to present) about the type of vaccine, antigen, immunogenic response, animal model, route of administration, adjuvants and current scenario for designing of coronavirus vaccine (ii) potential factors and challenges related to rapid development of COVID-19 vaccine. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we discuss possible clues/ target sites for designing of vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus based on prior-art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirtikumar C Badgujar
- Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, SIES College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Near SION Hospital, Sion, Mumbai, 400022, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Vivek C Badgujar
- Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Pratap College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Amalner, Dist Jalgaon, 425401, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shamkant B Badgujar
- Scientist, Laboratory of Native Antigens, Research and Development Division, Advy Chemical Private Limited, Thane, 400604, Maharashtra, India.
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Ecker JW, Kirchenbaum GA, Pierce SR, Skarlupka AL, Abreu RB, Cooper RE, Taylor-Mulneix D, Ross TM, Sautto GA. High-Yield Expression and Purification of Recombinant Influenza Virus Proteins from Stably-Transfected Mammalian Cell Lines. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030462. [PMID: 32825605 PMCID: PMC7565037 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses infect millions of people each year, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality in the human population. Therefore, generation of a universal influenza virus vaccine is an urgent need and would greatly benefit public health. Recombinant protein technology is an established vaccine platform and has resulted in several commercially available vaccines. Herein, we describe the approach for developing stable transfected human cell lines for the expression of recombinant influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) and recombinant influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) proteins for the purpose of in vitro and in vivo vaccine development. HA and NA are the main surface glycoproteins on influenza virions and the major antibody targets. The benefits for using recombinant proteins for in vitro and in vivo assays include the ease of use, high level of purity and the ability to scale-up production. This work provides guidelines on how to produce and purify recombinant proteins produced in mammalian cell lines through either transient transfection or generation of stable cell lines from plasmid creation through the isolation step via Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography (IMAC). Collectively, the establishment of this pipeline has facilitated large-scale production of recombinant HA and NA proteins to high purity and with consistent yields, including glycosylation patterns that are very similar to proteins produced in a human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W. Ecker
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (J.W.E.); (G.A.K.); (S.R.P.); (A.L.S.); (R.B.A.); (R.E.C.); (D.T.-M.); (T.M.R.)
| | - Greg A. Kirchenbaum
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (J.W.E.); (G.A.K.); (S.R.P.); (A.L.S.); (R.B.A.); (R.E.C.); (D.T.-M.); (T.M.R.)
| | - Spencer R. Pierce
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (J.W.E.); (G.A.K.); (S.R.P.); (A.L.S.); (R.B.A.); (R.E.C.); (D.T.-M.); (T.M.R.)
| | - Amanda L. Skarlupka
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (J.W.E.); (G.A.K.); (S.R.P.); (A.L.S.); (R.B.A.); (R.E.C.); (D.T.-M.); (T.M.R.)
| | - Rodrigo B. Abreu
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (J.W.E.); (G.A.K.); (S.R.P.); (A.L.S.); (R.B.A.); (R.E.C.); (D.T.-M.); (T.M.R.)
| | - R. Ethan Cooper
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (J.W.E.); (G.A.K.); (S.R.P.); (A.L.S.); (R.B.A.); (R.E.C.); (D.T.-M.); (T.M.R.)
| | - Dawn Taylor-Mulneix
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (J.W.E.); (G.A.K.); (S.R.P.); (A.L.S.); (R.B.A.); (R.E.C.); (D.T.-M.); (T.M.R.)
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (J.W.E.); (G.A.K.); (S.R.P.); (A.L.S.); (R.B.A.); (R.E.C.); (D.T.-M.); (T.M.R.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Giuseppe A. Sautto
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (J.W.E.); (G.A.K.); (S.R.P.); (A.L.S.); (R.B.A.); (R.E.C.); (D.T.-M.); (T.M.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-542-6711
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Nanoparticles-encapsulated polymeric microneedles for transdermal drug delivery. J Control Release 2020; 325:163-175. [PMID: 32629134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric microneedles (MNs) have been leveraged as a novel transdermal drug delivery platform for effective drug permeation, which were widely used in the treatment of various diseases. However, issues including limited loading capacity of hydrophobic drugs, uncontrollable drug release rates, and monotonic therapeutic strategy hamper the further application of polymeric MNs. As a recent emerging research topic, drawing inspiration from the ways that nanomedicine integrated with MNs have opened new avenues for disease therapy. In this review, we examined the recent studies employing nanoparticles (NPs)-encapsulated polymeric MNs (NPs@MNs) for transdermal delivery of various therapeutic cargos, particularly focused on the application of NPs@MNs for diabetes therapy, infectious disease therapy, cancer therapy, and other dermatological disease therapy. We also provided an overview of the clinical potential and future translation of NPs@MNs.
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Abstract
Vaccines are biological preparations that improve immunity to particular diseases and form an important innovation of 19th century research. It contains a protein that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weak or killed forms of the microbe. Vaccines are agents that stimulate the body’s immune system to recognize the antigen. Now, a new form of vaccine was introduced which will have the power to mask the risk side of conventional vaccines. This type of vaccine was produced from plants which are genetically modified. In the production of edible vaccines, the gene-encoding bacterial or viral disease-causing agent can be incorporated in plants without losing its immunogenic property. The main mechanism of action of edible vaccines is to activate the systemic and mucosal immunity responses against a foreign disease-causing organism. Edible vaccines can be produced by incorporating transgene in to the selected plant cell. At present edible vaccine are developed for veterinary and human use. But the main challenge faced by edible vaccine is its acceptance by the population so that it is necessary to make aware the society about its use and benefits. When compared to other traditional vaccines, edible vaccines are cost effective, efficient and safe. It promises a better prevention option from diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrinda M Kurup
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences Healthcare, Education & Research, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Jaya Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences Healthcare, Education & Research, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India.
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Influenza vaccine efficacy induced by orally administered recombinant baculoviruses. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233520. [PMID: 32459823 PMCID: PMC7252623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vaccine delivery through the oral route remains the most convenient and safest way for mass immunization purposes, this method is limited by the requirement for large antigen doses and low vaccine efficacy. In this study, we generated recombinant baculoviruses (rBVs) expressing influenza hemagglutinin (A/PR/8/34) and orally delivered a low dose of rBVs to evaluate its vaccine efficacy in mice. Intranasal rBV vaccination was included in the whole experiment for comparison. We found that oral vaccination elicited high levels of virus-specific IgG and IgA antibody responses in both serum and mucosal samples (lung, tracheal, intestinal, fecal and vaginal). Surprisingly, complete protection from the lethal influenza challenge was observed, as indicated by reductions in the virus titer, inflammatory cytokine production, body weight change, and enhanced survival. These results suggest that oral delivery of the influenza rBV vaccine induces mucosal and systemic immunity, which protect mice from the lethal influenza virus challenge. Oral delivery of baculovirus vaccines can be developed as an effective vaccination route.
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Abreu RB, Clutter EF, Attari S, Sautto GA, Ross TM. IgA Responses Following Recurrent Influenza Virus Vaccination. Front Immunol 2020; 11:902. [PMID: 32508822 PMCID: PMC7249748 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a highly contagious viral respiratory disease that affects millions of people worldwide each year. Annual vaccination is recommended by the World Health Organization to reduce influenza severity and limit transmission through elicitation of antibodies targeting mainly the hemagglutinin glycoprotein of the influenza virus. Antibodies elicited by current seasonal influenza vaccines are predominantly strain-specific. However, continuous antigenic drift by circulating influenza viruses facilitates escape from pre-existing antibodies requiring frequent reformulation of the seasonal influenza vaccine. Traditionally, immunological responses to influenza vaccination have been largely focused on IgG antibodies, with almost complete disregard of other isotypes. In this report, young adults (18–34 years old) and elderly (65–85 years old) subjects were administered the split inactivated influenza vaccine for 3 consecutive seasons and their serological IgA and IgG responses were profiled. Moreover, correlation analysis showed a positive relationship between vaccine-induced IgA antibody titers and traditional immunological endpoints, exposing vaccine-induced IgA antibodies as an important novel immune correlate during influenza vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B Abreu
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Emily F Clutter
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sara Attari
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Giuseppe A Sautto
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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MERS-CoV Spike Protein Vaccine and Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Formulated with Single Strand RNA Adjuvant Induce T-Cell Activation through Intranasal Immunization in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12050441. [PMID: 32397649 PMCID: PMC7284860 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of vaccines is enhanced by adding adjuvants. Furthermore, the selection of an inoculation route depends on the type of adjuvant used and is important for achieving optimum vaccine efficacy. We investigated the immunological differences between two types of vaccines—spike protein from the Middle East respiratory syndrome virus and inactivated influenza virus vaccine, in combination with a single-stranded RNA adjuvant—administered through various routes (intramuscular, intradermal, and intranasal) to BALB/c mice. Intramuscular immunization with the RNA adjuvant-formulated spike protein elicited the highest humoral immune response, characterized by IgG1 and neutralizing antibody production. Although intranasal immunization did not elicit a humoral response, it showed extensive T-cell activation through large-scale induction of interferon-γ- and interleukin-2-secreting cells, as well as CD4+ T-cell activation in mouse splenocytes. Moreover, only intranasal immunization induced IgA production. When immunized with the inactivated influenza vaccine, administration of the RNA adjuvant via all routes led to protection after viral challenge, regardless of the presence of a vaccine-specific antibody. Therefore, the inoculation route should depend on the type of immune response needed; i.e., the intramuscular route is suitable for eliciting a humoral immune response, whereas the intranasal route is useful for T-cell activation and IgA induction.
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Priorización de nuevas vacunas e innovación al servicio de estrategias de vacunación. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmclc.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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49
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Merlin S, Follenzi A. Escape or Fight: Inhibitors in Hemophilia A. Front Immunol 2020; 11:476. [PMID: 32265927 PMCID: PMC7105606 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Replacement therapy with coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) represents the current clinical treatment for patients affected by hemophilia A (HA). This treatment while effective is, however, hampered by the formation of antibodies which inhibit the activity of infused FVIII in up to 30% of treated patients. Immune tolerance induction (ITI) protocols, which envisage frequent infusions of high doses of FVIII to confront this side effect, dramatically increase the already high costs associated to a patient's therapy and are not always effective in all treated patients. Therefore, there are clear unmet needs that must be addressed in order to improve the outcome of these treatments for HA patients. Taking advantage of preclinical mouse models of hemophilia, several strategies have been proposed in recent years to prevent inhibitor formation and eradicate the pre-existing immunity to FVIII inhibitor positive patients. Herein, we will review some of the most promising strategies developed to avoid and eradicate inhibitors, including the use of immunomodulatory drugs or molecules, oral or transplacental delivery as well as cell and gene therapy approaches. The goal is to improve and potentiate the current ITI protocols and eventually make them obsolete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Merlin
- Laboratory of Histology, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy.,Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), Novara, Italy
| | - Antonia Follenzi
- Laboratory of Histology, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy.,Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), Novara, Italy
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Sautto GA, Kirchenbaum GA, Abreu RB, Ecker JW, Pierce SR, Kleanthous H, Ross TM. A Computationally Optimized Broadly Reactive Antigen Subtype-Specific Influenza Vaccine Strategy Elicits Unique Potent Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies against Hemagglutinin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:375-385. [PMID: 31811019 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Computationally optimized broadly reactive Ags (COBRA) targeting H1 elicit a broad cross-reactive and cross-neutralizing Ab response against multiple H1N1 viral strains. To assess B cell breadth, Mus musculus (BALB/c) Ab-secreting cells elicited by a candidate COBRA hemagglutinin (HA) (termed P1) were compared with Ab-secreting cells elicited by historical H1N1 vaccine strains. In addition, to evaluate the Ab response elicited by P1 HA at increased resolution, a panel of P1 HA-specific B cell hybridomas was generated following immunization of mice with COBRA P1 and the corresponding purified mAbs were characterized for Ag specificity and neutralization activity. Both head- and stem-directed mAbs were elicited by the P1 HA Ag, with some mAbs endowed with Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity. P1 HA-elicited mAbs exhibited a wide breadth of HA recognition, ranging from narrowly reactive to broadly reactive mAbs. Interestingly, we identified a P1 HA-elicited mAb (1F8) exhibiting broad hemagglutination inhibition activity against both seasonal and pandemic H1N1 influenza strains. Furthermore, mAb 1F8 recognized an overlapping, but distinct, epitope compared with other narrowly hemagglutination inhibition-positive mAbs elicited by the P1 or wild-type HA Ags. Finally, P1 HA-elicited mAbs were encoded by distinct H chain variable and L chain variable gene segment rearrangements and possessed unique CDR3 sequences. Collectively, the functional characterization of P1 HA-elicited mAbs sheds further insights into the underlying mechanism(s) of expanded Ab breadth elicited by a COBRA HA-based immunogen and advances efforts toward design and implementation of a more broadly protective influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe A Sautto
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Greg A Kirchenbaum
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Rodrigo B Abreu
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Jeffrey W Ecker
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Spencer R Pierce
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | | | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602; .,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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