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Koshiol J, Zhu B, Wang R, Hildesheim A, Gao YT, Egner PA, Yuan JM, Groopman JD. Association of aflatoxin with gallbladder cancer in a case-control study nested within a Chinese cohort. Int J Cancer 2024; 154:801-806. [PMID: 37840351 PMCID: PMC10841509 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated whether aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ) exposure was associated with later risk of developing gallbladder cancer (GBC). We measured AFB1 -lysine albumin adducts in baseline samples from the Shanghai Cohort Study of 18 244 men aged 45 to 64 years (recruited 1986-1989). We included 84 GBC cases with sufficient serum and 168 controls matched on age at sample collection, date of blood draw and residence. We calculated adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for detectable vs non-detectable AFB1 -lysine albumin adducts and gallbladder cancer. AFB1 -lysine albumin adducts were detected in 50.0% of GBC cases, and risk of GBC was twice as high in those with detectable vs undetectable levels (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.0-3.9). ORs ranged from 1.8 (95% CI = 0.75-4.3) for 0.5 to <1.75 pg/mg vs undetectable adduct levels to 2.2 (95% CI = 0.91-5.6) for >3.36 pg/mg vs undetectable, suggesting a dose-response (Ptrend = .05). When restricted to cases diagnosed before the median time to diagnosis after blood draw (18.4 years), results were similar (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 0.80-5.8) to those for the entire follow-up duration. The OR was 9.4 (95% CI = 1.7-51.1) for individuals with detectable AFB1 -lysine albumin adducts and self-reported gallstones compared to individuals with neither. Participants with detectable AFB1 -lysine albumin adducts at baseline had increased risk of developing GBC, replicating the previously observed association between AFB1 exposure and providing the first evidence of temporality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Koshiol
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Bin Zhu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Renwei Wang
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center & Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Allan Hildesheim
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Patricia A. Egner
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center & Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John D. Groopman
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Abstract
Globally, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer-related death and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. The predominant cause of HCC is shifting from viral to nonviral causes, in parallel with the high global prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and increasing alcohol consumption in many countries. There have been promising recent advances in the treatment of all stages of HCC; however, improvements in early detection, increased utilization of HCC surveillance, and equitable access to HCC therapies are needed to curb increases in HCC mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Rich
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5959 Harry Hines Boulevard, Professional Office Building 1, Suite 4.420G, Dallas, TX 75390-8887, USA.
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Lin Y, Zheng L, Fang K, Zheng Y, Wu J, Zheng M. Proportion of liver cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in China. Int J Epidemiol 2023; 52:1805-1814. [PMID: 37431632 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyad100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the differences in the burden of liver cancer due to different risk factors across provinces is critical to informing and improving liver cancer prevention and control. In this study, we estimated the population attributable fractions (PAFs) of liver cancer in all 31 provinces of China in 2016. METHODS Prevalence estimates of risk factors were derived from representative surveys. We used pooled relative risks obtained from several recent large-scale pooled analyses or high-quality meta-analyses. We calculated PAFs using multiple formulas which included exposure prevalence and relative risk data stratified by sex, age and province, and then combined and created overall PAFs by sex, risk factors and risk factor groups. RESULTS Approximately 252 046 liver cancer cases {69.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) 52.6, 76.5]} and 212 704 deaths [67.7% (95% CI 50.9, 74.6)] were attributable to modifiable risk factors in China in 2016. The overall PAF for liver cancer was approximately 1.5 times higher in men than in women, with the top three risk factors in men being hepatitis B virus (HBV), smoking and alcohol drinking, whereas in women, they were HBV, excess body weight and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Among the risk factor groups, infectious agents had the highest PAF, followed by behavioural factors and metabolic factors. CONCLUSIONS The PAF for liver cancer caused by modifiable risk factors varies widely among provinces and socioeconomic and geographical regions in China. The use of tailored primary prevention strategies across provinces and socioeconomic and geographical regions has great potential to reduce the burden and disparities of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luyan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kailu Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of General Practice, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Ferreira B, Heredia A, Serpa J. An integrative view on glucagon function and putative role in the progression of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNETs) and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 578:112063. [PMID: 37678603 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer metabolism research area evolved greatly, however, is still unknown the impact of systemic metabolism control and diet on cancer. It makes sense that systemic regulators of metabolism can act directly on cancer cells and activate signalling, prompting metabolic remodelling needed to sustain cancer cell survival, tumour growth and disease progression. In the present review, we describe the main glucagon functions in the control of glycaemia and of metabolic pathways overall. Furthermore, an integrative view on how glucagon and related signalling pathways can contribute for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNETs) and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) progression, since pancreas and liver are the major organs exposed to higher levels of glucagon, pancreas as a producer and liver as a scavenger. The main objective is to bring to discussion some glucagon-dependent mechanisms by presenting an integrative view on microenvironmental and systemic aspects in pNETs and HCC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Ferreira
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Adrián Heredia
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023, Lisboa, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz MB, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jacinta Serpa
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Yu J, Pedroso IR. Mycotoxins in Cereal-Based Products and Their Impacts on the Health of Humans, Livestock Animals and Pets. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:480. [PMID: 37624237 PMCID: PMC10467131 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal grains are the most important food staples for human beings and livestock animals. They can be processed into various types of food and feed products such as bread, pasta, breakfast cereals, cake, snacks, beer, complete feed, and pet foods. However, cereal grains are vulnerable to the contamination of soil microorganisms, particularly molds. The toxigenic fungi/molds not only cause quality deterioration and grain loss, but also produce toxic secondary metabolites, mycotoxins, which can cause acute toxicity, death, and chronic diseases such as cancer, immunity suppression, growth impairment, and neural tube defects in humans, livestock animals and pets. To protect human beings and animals from these health risks, many countries have established/adopted regulations to limit exposure to mycotoxins. The purpose of this review is to update the evidence regarding the occurrence and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in cereal grains and cereal-derived food and feed products and their health impacts on human beings, livestock animals and pets. The effort for safe food and feed supplies including prevention technologies, detoxification technologies/methods and up-to-date regulation limits of frequently detected mycotoxins in cereal grains for food and feed in major cereal-producing countries are also provided. Some important areas worthy of further investigation are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Yu
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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Qin M, Cheng L, Li Y, Tang X, Gan Y, Zhao J, Luo S, Zhang H, Zhang L, Chen J, Huo J. Disease burden contributed by dietary exposure to aflatoxins in a mountainous city in Southwest China. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1215428. [PMID: 37465021 PMCID: PMC10351015 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1215428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aflatoxins (AFT) identified as a Group 1 human carcinogen naturally contaminate various types of food and could increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through dietary intake. Chongqing municipality is located in Southwest China with subtropical monsoon climate which is conducive to AFT contamination in crops. However, the burden of HCC caused by the dietary exposure of the population in Chongqing to AFT has not been quantified. Methods The burden of HCC was estimated in terms of Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) using FDA-iRISK software. Dietary exposure to AFT in three food categories including grain and its products, nuts and seeds, and spices was assessed. Results The lifetime average daily dose (LADD) of AFT exposure for the population ranged from 2.40 to 8.25 ng/kg bw/day and 9.51 to 15.10 ng/kg bw/day at the mean and heavy (P95) AFT contamination levels, respectively. Among the three food categories, grain and its products contributed most to AFT exposure of the population. The estimated DALYs related to HCC induced by AFT were 162,000-556,000 and 641,000-1,020,000; the DALY rates were 6.47-22.20 and 25.59-40.72 per 100,000 persons per year; and the population attribution fractions (PAF) were 1.68-5.78% and 6.66-10.60%. Discussion Although the burden of HCC caused by dietary AFT was estimated to be relatively low among the population, the overall health burden might be underestimated owing to the uncertainties of this dataset. Thus, the overall health burden associated with AFT intake should still be of concern in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Qin
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Preventive Health Care, Sichuan University Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqin Tang
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Gan
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuquan Luo
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Huadong Zhang
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Lishi Zhang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinyao Chen
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiao Huo
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
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Abdelhamed W, El-Kassas M. Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis C virus treatments: The bold and the beautiful. J Viral Hepat 2023; 30:148-159. [PMID: 36461645 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most serious complications of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Recently, effective antiviral medications have made sustained viral response (SVR) or cure a realistic therapeutic goal for most chronic HCV patients. Given HCV's tumorigenic propensity, it is not surprising that achieving SVR is helpful in preventing HCC. This review briefly summarizes and discusses the existing evidence on the relationship between hepatic carcinogenesis and viral eradication by antivirals, which is mainly divided into interferon-based and direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) based therapy. DAAs have changed the treatment landscape of chronic HCV, reaching high rates of SVR even in patients with advanced cirrhosis, with few contraindications and little side effects. Although some early reports suggested that DAA treatment increased the chance of HCC occurrence, more subsequent observational studies have refuted this theory. The probability of HCC recurrence after HCV eradication appears to be decreasing over time following SVR. Despite virological suppression/cure, individuals with liver cirrhosis are still at risk of HCC and should be monitored. There is a considerable need for markers/scores to predict the long-term risk of HCC in patients with HCV-related liver disease who attain SVR with direct-acting antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Abdelhamed
- Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Kassas
- Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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Li Q, Cao M, Lei L, Yang F, Li H, Yan X, He S, Zhang S, Teng Y, Xia C, Chen W, Chen W. Burden of liver cancer: From epidemiology to prevention. Chin J Cancer Res 2022; 34:554-566. [PMID: 36714347 PMCID: PMC9829497 DOI: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2022.06.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we offer a concise overview of liver cancer epidemiology in China and worldwide from the official databases of GLOBOCAN 2020 and the National Cancer Registry in China. We also summarized the evidence for the main risk factors associated with liver cancer risk and discuss strategies implemented in China to control the liver cancer burden. Overall, liver cancer was the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide in 2020. Although China contributed to nearly half of cases across the world alone, the incidence and mortality rates of liver cancer presented a declining trend owing to the persistent efforts from the governments at all levels. The current liver cancer burden in China still faces an arduous challenge due to the relatively large population base as well as the substantially low survival rate (12.1%). To better control the liver cancer burden with the lowest cost, specific measures should be conducted by reducing exposure to established risk factors such as hepatitis B infection and aflatoxin. The promotion of surveillance is also an important method to prolong the survival of liver cancer. This review will provide basic information for future direction on the control of liver cancer burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Li
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Maomao Cao
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lin Lei
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - He Li
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xinxin Yan
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Siyi He
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Shaoli Zhang
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yi Teng
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Changfa Xia
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Wanqing Chen
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China,Wanqing Chen, PhD. Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 17 Panjiayuan South Lane, Beijing 100021, China.
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Ju W, Zheng R, Zhang S, Zeng H, Sun K, Wang S, Chen R, Li L, Wei W, He J. Cancer statistics in Chinese older people, 2022: current burden, time trends, and comparisons with the US, Japan, and the Republic of Korea. Sci China Life Sci 2022. [PMID: 36543994 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Largely due to population ageing, the cancer burden from older people has been rising, which imposed considerable pressure on current Chinese healthcare system. We provide comprehensive information about cancer burden of Chinese older people based on the most recent data from National Central Cancer Registry of China. The logarithmic linear regression was used to project the current cancer burden in 2022, and Joinpoint regression was used for temporal trend analysis from 2000 to 2017. We also estimated cancer statistics of older people in the US, Japan and the Republic of Korea for comparisons. It is estimated that 2.79 million cases and 1.94 million deaths occur for Chinese older people, representing 55.8% and 68.2% of cases and deaths in all population in 2022. The overall cancer incidence rate gradually increased among older women, while the mortality rates declined for both sexes. Notably, approximately 10.0% of all cases and 17.7% of all deaths are from people aged over 80 years, and cancer incidence and mortality in this age group showed upward trends for women. Lung cancer and digestive cancers are the leading cancer types for Chinese older people. Compared with other countries, China has lower incidence rates but higher mortality rates for older people. The rapidly growing burden of prostate cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and declines in esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and liver cancer among older people indicate the cancer pattern in China is being in a transition stage to that in developed countries. Our findings imply that it should be the national health priority to meet the growing demands for cancer diagnosis, treatment and care services from the older people as the rapid population ageing in next few decades.
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Gong AD, Lei YY, He WJ, Liao YC, Ma L, Zhang TT, Zhang JB. The Inhibitory Effect of Pseudomonas stutzeri YM6 on Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxins Production by the Production of Volatile Dimethyl Trisulfide. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14. [PMID: 36422962 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus and the produced aflatoxins cause great hazards to food security and human health across all countries. The control of A. flavus and aflatoxins in grains during storage is of great significance to humans. In the current study, bacteria strain YM6 isolated from sea sediment was demonstrated effective in controlling A. flavus by the production of anti-fungal volatiles. According to morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, strain YM6 was identified as Pseudomonas stutzeri. YM6 can produce abundant volatile compounds which could inhibit mycelial growth and conidial germination of A. flavus. Moreover, it greatly prevented fungal infection and aflatoxin production on maize and peanuts during storage. The inhibition rate was 100%. Scanning electron microscopy further supported that the volatiles could destroy the cell structure of A. flavus and prevent conidia germination on the grain surface. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed that dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) with a relative abundance of 13% is the most abundant fraction in the volatiles from strain YM6. The minimal inhibitory concentration of DMTS to A. flavus conidia is 200 µL/L (compound volume/airspace volume). Thus, we concluded that Pseudomonas stutzeri YM6 and the produced DMTS showed great inhibition to A. flavus, which could be considered as effective biocontrol agents in further application.
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Spearman CW, Dusheiko G, Jonas E, Abdo A, Afihene M, Cunha L, Desalegn H, Kassianides C, Katsidzira L, Kramvis A, Lam P, Lesi OA, Micah EA, Musabeyezu E, Ndow G, Nnabuchi CV, Ocama P, Okeke E, Rwegasha J, Shewaye AB, Some FF, Tzeuton C, Sonderup MW. Hepatocellular carcinoma: measures to improve the outlook in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 7:1036-1048. [PMID: 35810766 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(22)00041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a leading public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa, and it is most prevalent in young adults (median 45 years [IQR 35-57]). Overall, outcomes are poor, with a median survival of 2·5 months after presentation. Major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma are hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus, aflatoxin B1 exposure, and alcohol consumption, with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease slowly emerging as a risk factor over the past few years. Crucially, these risk factors are preventable and manageable with effective implementation of the HBV birth-dose vaccination, treatment of chronic viral hepatitis, provision of harm reduction services, and by decreasing aflatoxin B1 exposure and harmful alcohol consumption. Primary prevention is central to the management of hepatocellular carcinoma, especially in poorly resourced environments. Effective screening and surveillance programmes with recall policies need to be implemented, because detection and curative management of hepatocellular carcinoma is possible if it is detected at an early stage, even in countries with minimal resources, with appropriate upskilling of medical personnel. The establishment of centres of excellence with advanced diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities within countries should improve hepatocellular carcinoma outcomes and assist in driving the implementation of much needed systematic data systems focused on hepatocellular carcinoma to establish the accurate burden in sub-Saharan Africa. Such data would support the public health importance of hepatocellular carcinoma and provide a strong basis for advocacy, programme development, resource allocation, and monitoring of progress in reducing mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wendy Spearman
- Division of Hepatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Geoffrey Dusheiko
- University College London Medical School, London, UK; Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Eduard Jonas
- Surgical Gastroenterology Unit, Division of General Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Abdelmounem Abdo
- National Centre for Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, Ibn Sina Hospital, Alamarat, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mary Afihene
- Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Lina Cunha
- Gastroenterology Unit, Maputo Private Hospital, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Hailemichael Desalegn
- Department of Internal Medicine, St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Chris Kassianides
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leolin Katsidzira
- Internal Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Anna Kramvis
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Olufunmilayo A Lesi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Eileen A Micah
- Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Gibril Ndow
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Chidi V Nnabuchi
- Asokoro District Hospital, Nile University Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ponsiano Ocama
- School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edith Okeke
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - John Rwegasha
- Gastroenterology Training Centre, Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Abate B Shewaye
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fatuma F Some
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Christian Tzeuton
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Douala, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Mark W Sonderup
- Division of Hepatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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12
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Amadou A, Sighoko D, Coulibaly B, Traoré C, Kamaté B, Mallé BS, de Seze M, Kemayou Yoghoum FN, Biyogo Bi Eyang S, Bourgeois D, Curado MP, Bayo S, Gormally E, Hainaut P. Decrease in liver cancer incidence rates in Bamako, Mali over 28 years of population-based cancer registration (1987-2015). World J Hepatol 2022; 14:1767-1777. [PMID: 36185725 PMCID: PMC9521454 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i9.1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary liver cancer is common in West Africa due to endemic risk factors. However, epidemiological studies of the global burden and trends of liver cancer are limited. We report changes in trends of the incidence of liver cancer over a period of 28 years using the population-based cancer registry of Bamako, Mali.
AIM To assess the trends and patterns of liver cancer by gender and age groups by analyzing the cancer registration data accumulated over 28 years (1987-2015) of activity of the population-based registry of the Bamako district.
METHODS Data obtained since the inception of the registry in 1987 through 2015 were stratified into three periods (1987-1996, 1997-2006, and 2007-2015). Age-standardized rates were estimated by direct standardization using the world population. Incidence rate ratios and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using the early period as the reference (1987-1996). Joinpoint regression models were used to assess the annual percentage change and highlight trends over the entire period (from 1987 to 2015).
RESULTS Among males, the age-standardized incidence rates significantly decreased from 19.41 (1987-1996) to 13.12 (1997-2006) to 8.15 (2007-2015) per 105 person-years. The incidence rate ratio over 28 years was 0.42 (95%CI: 0.34-0.50), and the annual percentage change was -4.59 [95%CI: (-6.4)-(-2.7)]. Among females, rates dropped continuously from 7.02 (1987-1996) to 2.57 (2007-2015) per 105 person-years, with an incidence rate ratio of 0.37 (95%CI: 0.28-0.45) and an annual percentage change of -5.63 [95%CI: (-8.9)-(-2.3)].
CONCLUSION The population-based registration showed that the incidence of primary liver cancer has steadily decreased in the Bamako district over 28 years. This trend does not appear to result from biases or changes in registration practices. This is the first report of such a decrease in an area of high incidence of liver cancer in Africa. This decrease may be explained by the changes and diversity of diet that could reduce exposure to aflatoxins through dietary contamination in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Amadou
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble 38700, France
- Department of Prevention Cancer Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon 69008, France
| | - Dominique Sighoko
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Bourama Coulibaly
- Department of Pathological Anatomy and Cytology, University Hospital of Point G, Bamako BP333, Mali
| | - Cheick Traoré
- Department of Pathological Anatomy and Cytology, University Hospital of Point G, Bamako BP333, Mali
| | - Bakarou Kamaté
- Department of Pathological Anatomy and Cytology, University Hospital of Point G, Bamako BP333, Mali
| | - Brahima S Mallé
- Department of Pathological Anatomy and Cytology, University Hospital of Point G, Bamako BP333, Mali
| | - Maëlle de Seze
- Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris 75005, France
| | | | - Sandrine Biyogo Bi Eyang
- Department of Pathological Anatomy and Cytology, University Hospital of Point G, Bamako BP333, Mali
| | - Denis Bourgeois
- Health, Systemic, Process, UR 4129 Research Unit, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Maria Paula Curado
- Epidemiology and Statistics Nucleus, ACCamargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo 01508-010, Brazil
| | - Siné Bayo
- Department of Pathological Anatomy and Cytology, University Hospital of Point G, Bamako BP333, Mali
| | - Emmanuelle Gormally
- Sciences and Humanities Confluence Research Center, Université Catholique de Lyon, Lyon 69288, France
| | - Pierre Hainaut
- Institut pour l’Avancée des Biosciences, Grenoble 38700, France
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13
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Liu Y, Liu L. Changes in the Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Asia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184473. [PMID: 36139633 PMCID: PMC9496757 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The incidence and mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Asia are among the world leaders. By understanding the changes in prevalence and influencing factors of HCC, we can better understand the current situation in Asia and take measures to reduce the incidence. Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with high morbidity and mortality, and the incidence is on the rise. HCC imposes a heavy healthcare burden on Asian countries due to the presence of multiple HCC risk factors in this area. Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD), aflatoxin and alcohol intake are the causes of HCC that cannot be ignored. Compared with the pre-vaccination era, universal vaccination of newborns reduces the incidence of HCC. Anti-viral therapy with nucleos(t)ide analogues also causes a decline in HCC incidence. Early screening and direct-acting antiviral agent are beneficial to the prevention and treatment of HCV. For HCC caused by NAFLD and other reasons, lifestyle changes are imperative. This paper introduces the epidemiological trends of HCC in Asia and highlight future efforts. Focusing on prevention may be the most effective way to improve the prognosis of this hard-to-treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei 230001, China
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Lianxin Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei 230001, China
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei 230001, China
- Correspondence:
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14
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Zhang CH, Cheng Y, Zhang S, Fan J, Gao Q. Changing epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Asia. Liver Int 2022; 42:2029-2041. [PMID: 35319165 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the second leading cause of malignant death in Asia, and Asia reports 72.5% of the world's cases in 2020. As the most common histological type, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for the majority of incidence and mortality of liver cancer cases. This review presents the changing epidemiology of HCC in Asian countries in recent years. Globally, aged, male and Asian populations remain the group with the highest risk of HCC. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are still the leading risk factors of HCC with a slight decline in most Asian countries, which is mainly attributed to HBV vaccination of newborns, prevention of HCV horizontal transmission and treatment of chronic hepatitis. However, the prevalence of HCC caused by metabolic factors, including metabolic syndrome, obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, is increasing rapidly in Asian countries, which may eventually become the major cause of HCC. Excessive alcohol consumption continues to be an important risk factor as the average consumption of alcohol is still growing. Hopefully, great effort has been made to better prevention and treatment of HCC in most Asian regions, which significantly prolongs the survival of HCC patients. Asian countries tend to use more aggressive intervention than European and American countries, but it remains unclear whether this preference is related to a better prognosis. In conclusion, HCC remains a major disease burden in Asia, and the management of HCC should be adjusted dynamically based on the changing epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hao Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifei Cheng
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Chilaka CA, Obidiegwu JE, Chilaka AC, Atanda OO, Mally A. Mycotoxin Regulatory Status in Africa: A Decade of Weak Institutional Efforts. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:442. [PMID: 35878180 PMCID: PMC9321388 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Food safety problems are a major hindrance to achieving food security, trade, and healthy living in Africa. Fungi and their secondary metabolites, known as mycotoxins, represent an important concern in this regard. Attempts such as agricultural, storage, and processing practices, and creation of awareness to tackle the menace of fungi and mycotoxins have yielded measurable outcomes especially in developed countries, where there are comprehensive mycotoxin legislations and enforcement schemes. Conversely, most African countries do not have mycotoxin regulatory limits and even when available, are only applied for international trade. Factors such as food insecurity, public ignorance, climate change, poor infrastructure, poor research funding, incorrect prioritization of resources, and nonchalant attitudes that exist among governmental organisations and other stakeholders further complicate the situation. In the present review, we discuss the status of mycotoxin regulation in Africa, with emphasis on the impact of weak mycotoxin legislations and enforcement on African trade, agriculture, and health. Furthermore, we discuss the factors limiting the establishment and control of mycotoxins in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Adaku Chilaka
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Jude Ejikeme Obidiegwu
- National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Km 8 Umuahia-Ikot Ekpene Road, Umuahia P.M.B. 7006, Abia State, Nigeria;
| | - Augusta Chinenye Chilaka
- Department of Nutrition and Forage Science, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia P.M.B. 7267, Abia State, Nigeria;
| | | | - Angela Mally
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany;
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16
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Ekwomadu T, Mwanza M, Musekiwa A. Mycotoxin-Linked Mutations and Cancer Risk: A Global Health Issue. IJERPH 2022; 19:7754. [PMID: 35805411 PMCID: PMC9266006 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Humans continue to be constantly exposed to mycotoxins, mainly through oral exposure (dietary), inhalation, or dermal contact. Recently, it has been of increasing interest to investigate mycotoxin-linked carcinogenicity. This systematic review was conducted to synthesize evidence of the association between mycotoxin-linked mutations and the risk of cancer, to provide an overview of the data linking exposure to different mycotoxins with human cancer risk, and to provide an update on current research on the risk of cancer associated with human exposure to mycotoxins. PRISMA guidelines were used when conducting the systematic review. PubMed, MEDLINE, and CINAHL electronic databases were comprehensively searched to extract the relevant studies published from inception to May 2022. A total of sixteen relevant studies (4907 participants) were identified and included in this review. Of these, twelve studies were from Asia, while four of the studies were conducted in Africa. The overall meta-analysis result found no significant association, although some of the studies confirmed an association between mycotoxin-linked mutations and primary liver cancer risk. Mainly, the experimental studies have shown associations between mycotoxin-linked mutations and cancer risk, and there is a need for researchers to confirm these links in epidemiological studies in order to guide public health policies and interventions.
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17
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Gebreegziabher T, Dean M, Elias E, Tsegaye W, Stoecker BJ. Urinary Aflatoxin M1 Concentration and Its Determinants in School-Age Children in Southern Ethiopia. Nutrients 2022; 14:2580. [PMID: 35807760 PMCID: PMC9268381 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are mycotoxins that can contaminate grains, legumes, and oil seeds. These toxic compounds are an especially serious problem in tropical and sub-tropical climates. The objective of this study was to raise awareness of aflatoxin exposure among primary school children in Shebedino woreda, southern Ethiopia, by measuring urinary aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). The study employed a cross-sectional design and systematic random sampling of children from eight schools in the district. The mean ± SD age of the children was 9.0 ± 1.8 years. Most (84.6%) households were food insecure with 17.9% severely food insecure. Urinary AFM1 was detected in more than 93% of the children. The median [IQR] concentration of AFM1/Creat was 480 [203, 1085] pg/mg. Based on a multiple regression analysis: DDS, consumption of haricot bean or milk, source of drinking water, maternal education, and household food insecurity access scale scores were significantly associated with urinary AFM1/Creat. In conclusion, a high prevalence of urinary AFM1 was observed in this study. However, the relation between AFM1 and dietary intake was analyzed based on self-reported dietary data; hence, all of the staple foods as well as animal feeds in the study area should be assessed for aflatoxin contamination.
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18
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Chen T, Liu J, Li Y, Wei S. Burden of Disease Associated with Dietary Exposure to Aflatoxins in China in 2020. Nutrients 2022; 14:1027. [PMID: 35268003 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFTs), as a group 1 carcinogen, could lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Dietary intake is the primary way of AFT exposure in humans. However, the contribution of foodborne AFT intake to the HCC burden remains unknown in recent years in China. Hence, the present study was conducted to estimate the burden of HCC attributed to foodborne AFT exposure by using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The risk assessment was used to estimate the incidence of HCC related to AFT exposure. Concentrations of AFTs in peanuts, peanut oil, corn, and corn products were retrieved from literature published between 2010 and 2020 in China. Corresponding daily food consumption data were obtained from two nationwide Chinese surveys. A direct approach was used to calculate DALY and DALY rates to quantify the HCC burden attributed to dietary AFT exposure. The total amount of AFT intake through peanut, peanut oil, corn, and corn products was 4.018 ng/kg bw/day resulting in 0.125 extra HCC cases per year/100,000 persons, corresponding to a DALY number and DALY rate of 21,625.08 and 1.53 per 100,000 population, respectively. Regionally, DALYs were high in Guangxi and Guangdong provinces, corresponding to 5948 and 5595 DALYs. A total of 1.5 DALYs/100,000 were lost due to the AFT exposure. DALYs per 100,000 population were higher in several coastal areas. Though the disease burden of HCC caused by dietary AFTs was low in the Chinese population, a high health risk was found in the residents of some areas with high AFT exposure. AFTs are still a health challenge for the Chinese people.
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19
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Smith JW, Ng DK, Alvarez CS, Egner PA, Burke SM, Chen JG, Kensler TW, Koshiol J, Rivera-Andrade A, Kroker-Lobos MF, Ramírez-Zea M, McGlynn KA, Groopman JD. Assessing the Validity of Normalizing Aflatoxin B1-Lysine Albumin Adduct Biomarker Measurements to Total Serum Albumin Concentration across Multiple Human Population Studies. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030162. [PMID: 35324659 PMCID: PMC8954427 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The assessment of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) of AFB1-lysine adducts in human serum albumin (HSA) has proven to be a highly productive strategy for the biomonitoring of AFB1 exposure. To compare samples across different individuals and settings, the conventional practice has involved the normalization of raw AFB1-lysine adduct concentrations (e.g., pg/mL serum or plasma) to the total circulating HSA concentration (e.g., pg/mg HSA). It is hypothesized that this practice corrects for technical error, between-person variance in HSA synthesis or AFB1 metabolism, and other factors. However, the validity of this hypothesis has been largely unexamined by empirical analysis. The objective of this work was to test the concept that HSA normalization of AFB1-lysine adduct concentrations effectively adjusts for biological and technical variance and improves AFB1 internal dose estimates. Using data from AFB1-lysine and HSA measurements in 763 subjects, in combination with regression and Monte Carlo simulation techniques, we found that HSA accounts for essentially none of the between-person variance in HSA-normalized (R2 = 0.04) or raw AFB1-lysine measurements (R2 = 0.0001), and that HSA normalization of AFB1-lysine levels with empirical HSA values does not reduce measurement error any better than does the use of simulated data (n = 20,000). These findings were robust across diverse populations (Guatemala, China, Chile), AFB1 exposures (105 range), HSA assays (dye-binding and immunoassay), and disease states (healthy, gallstones, and gallbladder cancer). HSA normalization results in arithmetic transformation with the addition of technical error from the measurement of HSA. Combined with the added analysis time, cost, and sample consumption, these results suggest that it may be prudent to abandon the practice of normalizing adducts to HSA concentration when measuring any HSA adducts—not only AFB1-lys adducts—when using LCMS in serum/plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W. Smith
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (J.W.S.); (P.A.E.); (S.M.B.); (T.W.K.)
| | - Derek K. Ng
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Christian S. Alvarez
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; (C.S.A.); (J.K.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Patricia A. Egner
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (J.W.S.); (P.A.E.); (S.M.B.); (T.W.K.)
| | - Sean M. Burke
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (J.W.S.); (P.A.E.); (S.M.B.); (T.W.K.)
| | - Jian-Guo Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, Qidong 226200, China;
| | - Thomas W. Kensler
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (J.W.S.); (P.A.E.); (S.M.B.); (T.W.K.)
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jill Koshiol
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; (C.S.A.); (J.K.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Alvaro Rivera-Andrade
- Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City 1188, Guatemala; (A.R.-A.); (M.F.K.-L.); (M.R.-Z.)
| | - María F. Kroker-Lobos
- Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City 1188, Guatemala; (A.R.-A.); (M.F.K.-L.); (M.R.-Z.)
| | - Manuel Ramírez-Zea
- Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City 1188, Guatemala; (A.R.-A.); (M.F.K.-L.); (M.R.-Z.)
| | - Katherine A. McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; (C.S.A.); (J.K.); (K.A.M.)
| | - John D. Groopman
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (J.W.S.); (P.A.E.); (S.M.B.); (T.W.K.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Smith JW, Matchado AJ, Wu LSF, Arnold CD, Burke SM, Maleta KM, Ashorn P, Stewart CP, Shaikh S, Ali H, Labrique AB, West KP, Christian P, Dewey KG, Groopman JD, Schulze KJ. Longitudinal Assessment of Prenatal, Perinatal, and Early-Life Aflatoxin B 1 Exposure in 828 Mother-Child Dyads from Bangladesh and Malawi. Curr Dev Nutr 2022; 6:nzab153. [PMID: 35155983 PMCID: PMC8829025 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In utero or early-life exposure to aflatoxin, which contaminates staple crops in disadvantaged settings, may compromise pregnancy and infant outcomes, but investigations into the extent, persistence, and determinants of aflatoxin exposure at these life stages have lacked longitudinal data collection and broad geographic representation. OBJECTIVES Aflatoxin exposure and selected determinants thereof were characterized in mother-child dyads with serial plasma/serum samples in prenatal, perinatal, and early life in Malawi and Bangladesh. METHODS Circulating aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-lysine albumin adducts were measured in dyads from Bangladesh (n = 573; maternal first and third trimester, 3 mo postpartum, cord blood, infant 24 mo) and Malawi (n = 255; maternal second and third trimester, 6 mo postpartum, infant 6 and 18 mo) with isotope dilution mass spectrometry. We examined AFB1-lysine adduct magnitude, persistence, seasonality, and associations with infant feeding, and estimated daily AFB1 intake. RESULTS Maternal AFB1-lysine was higher in Malawi (98% detectable; median: 0.469, IQR: 0.225-1.027 pg/µL) than in Bangladesh (59%; 0.030, nondetectable [nd]-0.077 pg/µL). Although estimated dietary exposure in Malawi was temporally stable (648 ng AFB1/day), estimated intake in Bangladesh was reduced by 94% between rainy and winter seasons (98 to 6 ng/day). AFB1-lysine was low in cord blood from Bangladesh (15% detectable; 0.045, 0.031-0.088 pg/µL among detectable) and in Malawian infants at 6 mo of age (0.072, nd-0.236 pg/µL), but reached maternal concentrations by 18 or 24 mo (Bangladesh: 0.034, nd-0.063 pg/µL; Malawi: 0.370, 0.195-0.964 pg/µL). In Malawian infants, exclusive breastfeeding at 3 mo was associated with 58% lower AFB1-lysine concentrations at 6 mo compared with other feeding modes (P = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS Among pregnant women, aflatoxin exposure was persistently high in Malawi, while lower and seasonal in Bangladesh. Infants were partially protected from exposure in utero and with exclusive breastfeeding, but exposures reached adult levels by 18-24 mo of age. The Bangladesh and Malawi trials are registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00860470 and NCT01239693.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W Smith
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Matchado
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Lee S-F Wu
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles D Arnold
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sean M Burke
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth M Maleta
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Per Ashorn
- Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research and Tampere University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Tampere, Finland
| | - Christine P Stewart
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Saijuddin Shaikh
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The JiVitA Project of Johns Hopkins University, Bangladesh, Gaibandha, Bangladesh
| | - Hasmot Ali
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The JiVitA Project of Johns Hopkins University, Bangladesh, Gaibandha, Bangladesh
| | - Alain B Labrique
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keith P West
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Parul Christian
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathryn G Dewey
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - John D Groopman
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kerry J Schulze
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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21
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Tran NH. Shifting Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Far Eastern and Southeast Asian Patients: Explanations and Implications. Curr Oncol Rep 2022; 24:187-193. [DOI: 10.1007/s11912-021-01160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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22
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Yang J, Pan G, Guan L, Liu Z, Wu Y, Liu Z, Lu W, Li S, Xu H, Ouyang G. The burden of primary liver cancer caused by specific etiologies from 1990 to 2019 at the global, regional, and national levels. Cancer Med 2022; 11:1357-1370. [PMID: 34989144 PMCID: PMC8894689 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. We aimed to report the burden of liver cancer at the global, regional, and national levels in 204 countries from 1990 to 2019, stratified by etiology, sex, age, and sociodemographic index (SDI). Methods Data of mortality, incidence, and disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) of liver cancer and its etiology were available from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2019. The trends in the liver cancer burden were assessed by the annual percentage change. All estimates are presented as numbers and age‐standardized rates (ASRs) per 100,000 population, with uncertainty intervals (UIs). Results Globally, 484,577 (95% UI 444,091–525,798) mortalities, 534,364 (486,550–588,639) incident cases, and 12,528,422 (11,400,671–13,687,675) disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) due to liver cancer occurred in 2019. The ASRs were 5.95 (5.44–6.44), 6.51 (5.95–7.16), and 151.08 (137.53–164.8) per 100,000 population for the mortalities, incidences, and DALYs, respectively. From 1990 to 2019, the numbers increased, whereas the ASRs decreased. Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C are the major causes of liver cancer mortality. The liver cancer mortality in 2019 increased with age, peaking at 65–69 and 70–74 age group in males and females, respectively, and the number was higher in males than in females. Generally, there were nonlinear associations between the ASR and SDIs values at the regional and national levels. China had the highest numbers of mortalities, incident cases, and DALYs, whereas Mongolia has the highest ASR in 2019. Conclusion Liver cancer remains a major public health issue worldwide, but etiological and geographical variations exist. It is necessary to increase awareness of the population regarding liver cancer, its etiologies and the importance of early detection, and diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liuzhou People's Hospital affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Guangdong Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liuzhou People's Hospital affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Linjing Guan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Ultrasound, Liuzhou People's Hospital affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Changsha Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yongrong Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liuzhou People's Hospital affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liuzhou People's Hospital affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Wuchang Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liuzhou People's Hospital affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liuzhou People's Hospital affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Honglai Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liuzhou People's Hospital affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Guoqing Ouyang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liuzhou People's Hospital affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
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23
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Abstract
Objective There is little information about contributions of the well-known risk factors to the liver cancer burden. We conducted a comparative study to estimate the liver cancer burden attributable to major risk factors. Methods Liver cancer deaths for adults were estimated from 978 county-level surveillance points in China in 2014. Risk factors were identified from the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the World Cancer Research Fund International. Population attributable fraction (PAF) by age, sex, and province was calculated using multiple formulas. Results In total, 72.4% of liver cancer deaths could be attributable to the studied risk factors. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was responsible for the largest fraction of liver cancer burden in both genders (PAF=55.6% in males, PAF=46.5% in females). PAFs for liver cancer burden attributable to smoking (15.7% vs. 4.8%), and alcohol drinking (10.3% vs. 1.6%) were significantly higher in males than in females. The burden of HBV-attributable deaths was the highest in Qinghai province.
Conclusions HBV still contributes to the majority of liver cancer burden than any other risk factors. Targeted preventive measures should be implemented based on the degree of contributions of risk factors to liver cancer deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maomao Cao
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory for National Cancer Big Data Analysis and Implement, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Chao Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Changfa Xia
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory for National Cancer Big Data Analysis and Implement, Beijing 100021, China
| | - He Li
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory for National Cancer Big Data Analysis and Implement, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Dianqin Sun
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory for National Cancer Big Data Analysis and Implement, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Siyi He
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory for National Cancer Big Data Analysis and Implement, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Wanqing Chen
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory for National Cancer Big Data Analysis and Implement, Beijing 100021, China
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24
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Costa J, Lima N, Santos C. An overview on possible links between aflatoxin B 1 exposure and gallbladder cancer. Mycotoxin Res 2021; 37:205-214. [PMID: 34019215 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is one of the most common sites for biliary tract cancers. It has a worldwide distribution being endemic in South America and Southern Asia. These high GBC rates have previously been linked to the determinants of health such as nutrition, genetics, lifestyle, and environment. Exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a human carcinogen, is suggested to be involved with GBC development. This work aims to analyse the interplay of social, lifestyle, and genetic predisposing factors to GBC. AFB1 plays a pivotal role in carcinogenic onset by genetic and epigenetic modifications. AFB1 can induce molecular changes involved in the GBC pathogenesis, such as overexpression of UCHL1 gene, mutagenesis of TP53 gene, abnormal expression of oncogenes BCL-2, and aberrantly methylation of ERBB family receptors. However, a large-scale scientific cooperation is needed to confirm these molecular links through which AFB1 may increase the GBC risk. For that, monitoring AFB1 exposure through AF-albumin and AFB1-lysine will clarify the level of exposure of the population to AFB1 in the GBC hotspot. Further, analyses of AFB1-adduct concentrations in GBC cases (fatal and non-fatal) are needed to understanding if AF contamination can trigger gallbladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Costa
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, 4811-230, Temuco, Chile
| | - Nelson Lima
- CEB-Biological Engineering Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cledir Santos
- Department of Chemical Science and Natural Resources, Universidad de La Frontera, 4811-230, Temuco, Chile.
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25
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Vo Quang E, Shimakawa Y, Nahon P. Epidemiological projections of viral-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in the perspective of WHO global hepatitis elimination. Liver Int 2021; 41:915-927. [PMID: 33641230 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B is an eminent risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, whereas hepatitis C is a key risk factor for HCC in Western Europe and North America. Increased awareness of the global burden of viral hepatitis resulted, in May 2016, in the adoption of the first global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis by the World Health Assembly, which calls for the elimination of viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030. Although the incidence of liver cancer resulting from viral infections has increased since the 1990s, the implementation of public health interventions, such as hepatitis B vaccination and antiviral therapies might have reduced the global burdens of HCC. Hepatitis B immunization in infancy has been associated with a reduction in the risk of infant fulminant hepatitis, chronic liver disease, and HCC in Taiwan. Achieving viral hepatitis elimination by 2030 can be accelerated by improving the access to HCC screening programs. HCC surveillance programs in developed countries must be refined to increase an access to personalized surveillance program, whereas the limited access to surveillance and treatment of HCC in developing countries remains a significant public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Vo Quang
- Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne, Service d'Hépatologie, Bobigny, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Saint-Denis, France.,Inserm, UMR-1162, Génomique fonctionnelle des tumeurs solides, Paris, France
| | - Yusuke Shimakawa
- Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Nahon
- AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne, Service d'Hépatologie, Bobigny, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Saint-Denis, France.,Inserm, UMR-1162, Génomique fonctionnelle des tumeurs solides, Paris, France
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26
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Fahey JW, Kensler TW. The Challenges of Designing and Implementing Clinical Trials With Broccoli Sprouts… and Turning Evidence Into Public Health Action. Front Nutr 2021; 8:648788. [PMID: 33996874 PMCID: PMC8116591 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.648788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Broccoli sprouts are a convenient and rich source of the glucosinolate glucoraphanin, which can generate the chemopreventive agent sulforaphane through the catalytic actions of plant myrosinase or β-thioglucosidases in the gut microflora. Sulforaphane, in turn, is an inducer of cytoprotective enzymes through activation of Nrf2 signaling, and a potent inhibitor of carcinogenesis in multiple murine models. Sulforaphane is also protective in models of diabetes, neurodegenerative disease, and other inflammatory processes, likely reflecting additional actions of Nrf2 and interactions with other signaling pathways. Translating this efficacy into the design and implementation of clinical chemoprevention trials, especially food-based trials, faces numerous challenges including the selection of the source, placebo, and dose as well as standardization of the formulation of the intervention material. Unlike in animals, purified sulforaphane has had very limited use in clinical studies. We have conducted a series of clinical studies and randomized clinical trials to evaluate the effects of composition (glucoraphanin-rich [± myrosinase] vs. sulforaphane-rich or mixture beverages), formulation (beverage vs. tablet) and dose, on the efficacy of these broccoli sprout-based preparations to evaluate safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic action, and clinical benefit. While the challenges for the evaluation of broccoli sprouts in clinical trials are themselves formidable, further hurdles must be overcome to bring this science to public health action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed W. Fahey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Thomas W. Kensler
- Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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27
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Groopman JD, Smith JW, Rivera-Andrade A, Alvarez CS, Kroker-Lobos MF, Egner PA, Gharzouzi E, Dean M, McGlynn KA, Ramírez-Zea M. Aflatoxin and the Etiology of Liver Cancer and Its Implications for Guatemala. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021; 14:305-317. [PMID: 35096197 PMCID: PMC8797158 DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During the 60 years since the first scientific reports about a relation between aflatoxin exposure and adverse health consequences, both in animals and humans, there has been a remarkable number of basic, clinical and population science studies characterizing the impact of this mycotoxin on diseases such as liver cancer. Many of these human investigations to date have focused on populations residing in Asia and Africa due to the high incidence of liver cancer and high exposures to aflatoxin. These studies formed the basis for the International Agency for Research on Cancer to classify the aflatoxins as Group 1 known human carcinogens. In addition, aflatoxin contamination levels have been used in international commodity trade to set the price of various staples such as maize and groundnuts. While there have been many case-control and prospective cohort studies of liver cancer risk over the years there have been remarkably few investigations focused on liver cancer in Latin America. Our interdisciplinary and multiple institutional collaborative has been developing a long-term strategy to characterize the role of aflatoxin and other mycotoxins as health risk factors in Guatemala and neighboring countries. This paper summarizes a number of the investigations to date and provides a roadmap of our strategies for the near term to discern the emergent etiology of liver cancer in this region. With these data in hand public health-based prevention strategies could be strategically implemented and conducted to lower the impact of these mycotoxins on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Groopman
- Departments of Environmental Health and Engineering and Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, U.S.A
| | - Joshua W. Smith
- Departments of Environmental Health and Engineering and Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, U.S.A
| | - Alvaro Rivera-Andrade
- INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Christian S. Alvarez
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - María F. Kroker-Lobos
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Patricia A. Egner
- Departments of Environmental Health and Engineering and Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, U.S.A
| | | | - Michael Dean
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Katherine A. McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Manuel Ramírez-Zea
- INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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28
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Yu S, Wang H, Hu T, Yu C, Liu H, Chen X, Jiang J, Deng M. Disease burden of liver cancer attributable to specific etiologies in China from 1990 to 2019: An age-period-cohort analysis. Sci Prog 2021; 104:368504211018081. [PMID: 34003688 PMCID: PMC10454962 DOI: 10.1177/00368504211018081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Temporal trends of total liver cancer have been well reported in China, especially the trends caused by hepatitis B (HBV); however, the trends of liver cancer attributable to specific etiologies have rarely been reported in China. Thus, this study aims to describe the temporal trends in the incidence, mortality and DALYs of total and etiology-specific liver cancer in China from 1990 to 2019. We extracted the incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of total and etiology-specific liver cancer in China from 1990 to 2019 from global disease burden (GBD) 2019. We plotted the trends in the age-standardized rates for incidence, mortality, and DALYs using locally weighted regression (LOESS)-smoothed data from 1990 to 2019. The age-standardized rate for the incidence of liver cancer was analyzed with an age-period-cohort method. The age-standardized rates for incidence, death, and DALYs decreased by -58.8%, -63.8%, and -65.6%, respectively, between 1990 and 2019. The age-standardized rates of incidence, mortality, and DALYs of total liver cancer showed similar temporal patterns, presenting an overall decline, with the average annual percentage change (AAPC) ranging from -3.3% to -3.8%. People in the period before 2007 had a higher risk, and people after 2007 had a lower risk. The cohort risk ratios (RRs) showed decreasing patterns, with the most rapid decline observed in the 1910 to 1960 cohorts. Our study generally revealed favorable decreasing trends for total and etiology-specific liver cancer in China from 1990 to 2019. Despite the overall decline in liver cancer due to heavy alcohol use and obesity from 1990 to 2019, there have been apparent upward trends since 2006. Planned population-wide interventions targeting heavy alcohol use and obesity may mitigate the increasing trends in liver cancer attributable to alcohol use and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songxia Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haowen Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Vascular Interventional Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingyang Hu
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Vascular Interventional Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengbo Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanbo Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Vascular Interventional Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xudong Chen
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Vascular Interventional Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingsong Jiang
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Vascular Interventional Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Deng
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Vascular Interventional Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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29
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Smith JW, O'Meally RN, Ng DK, Chen JG, Kensler TW, Cole RN, Groopman JD. Biomonitoring of Ambient Outdoor Air Pollutant Exposure in Humans Using Targeted Serum Albumin Adductomics. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1183-1196. [PMID: 33793228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Outdoor air pollution, a spatially and temporally complex mixture, is a human carcinogen. However, ambient measurements may not reflect subject-level exposures, personal monitors do not assess internal dose, and spot assessments of urinary biomarkers may not recapitulate chronic exposures. Nucleophilic sites in serum albumin-particularly the free thiol at Cys34-form adducts with electrophiles. Due to the 4-week lifetime of albumin in circulation, accumulating adducts can serve as intermediate- to long-residence biomarkers of chronic exposure and implicate potential biological effects. Employing nanoflow liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (nLC-HRMS) and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM), we have developed and validated a novel targeted albumin adductomics platform capable of simultaneously monitoring dozens of Cys34 adducts per sample in only 2.5 μL of serum, with on-column limits of detection in the low-femtomolar range. Using this platform, we characterized the magnitude and impact of ambient outdoor air pollution exposures with three repeated measurements over 84 days in n = 26 nonsmoking women (n = 78 total samples) from Qidong, China, an area with a rising burden of lung cancer incidence. In concordance with seasonally rising ambient concentrations of NO2, SO2, and PM10 measured at stationary monitors, we observed elevations in concentrations of Cys34 adducts of benzoquinone (p < 0.05), benzene diol epoxide (BDE; p < 0.05), crotonaldehyde (p < 0.01), and oxidation (p < 0.001). Regression analysis revealed significant elevations in oxidation and BDE adduct concentrations of 300% to nearly 700% per doubling of ambient airborne pollutant levels (p < 0.05). Notably, the ratio of irreversibly oxidized to reduced Cys34 rose more than 3-fold during the 84-day period, revealing a dramatic perturbation of serum redox balance and potentially serving as a portent of increased pollution-related mortality risk. Our targeted albumin adductomics assay represents a novel and flexible approach for sensitive and multiplexed internal dosimetry of environmental exposures, providing a new strategy for personalized biomonitoring and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W Smith
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Robert N O'Meally
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Derek K Ng
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Jian-Guo Chen
- Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, Qidong, Jiangsu 226200, China
| | - Thomas W Kensler
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States.,Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Robert N Cole
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - John D Groopman
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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30
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Chen JG, Zhu J, Zhang YH, Chen YS, Lu JH, Zhu YR, Chen HZ, Shen AG, Wang GR, Groopman JD, Kensler TW. Liver cancer mortality over six decades in an epidemic area: what we have learned. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10600. [PMID: 33604165 PMCID: PMC7866902 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: Liver cancer is one of the most dominant malignant tumors in the world. The trends of liver cancer mortality over the past six decades have been tracked in the epidemic region of Qidong, China. Using epidemiological tools, we explore the dynamic changes in age-standardized rates to characterize important aspects of liver cancer etiology and prevention. Methods Mortality data of liver cancer in Qidong from 1958 to 1971 (death retrospective survey) and from 1972 to 2017 (cancer registration) were tabulated for the crude rate (CR), and age-standardized rate and age-birth cohorts. The average annual percentage change was calculated by the Joinpoint Regression Program. Results The natural death rate during 1958–2017 decreased from 9‰ to 5.4‰ and then increased to 8‰ as the population aged; cancer mortality rates rose continuously from 57/105 to 240/105. Liver cancer mortality increased from 20/105 to 80/105, and then dropped to less than 52/105 in 2017. Liver cancer deaths in 1972–2017 accounted for 30.53% of all cancers, with a CR of 60.48/105, age-standardized rate China (ASRC) of 34.78/105, and ASRW (world) of 45.71/105. Other key features were the CR for males and females of 91.86/105 and 29.92/105, respectively, with a sex ratio of 3.07:1. Period analysis showed that the ASRs for mortality of the age groups under 54 years old had a significant decreasing trend. Importantly, birth cohort analysis showed that the mortality rate of liver cancer in 40–44, 35–39, 30–34, 25–29, 20–24, 15–19 years cohort decreased considerably, but the rates in 70–74, and 75+ increased. Conclusions The crude mortality rate of liver cancer in Qidong has experienced trends from lower to higher levels, and from continued increase at a high plateau to most recently a gradual decline, and a change greatest in younger people. Many years of comprehensive prevention and intervention measures have influenced the decline of the liver cancer epidemic in this area. The reduction of intake levels of aflatoxin might be one of the most significant factors as evidenced by the dramatic decline of exposure biomarkers in this population during the past three decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Guo Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Qidong Liver Cancer Institute / Qidong People's Hospital / Affiliated Qidong Hospital of Nantong University, Qidong, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Epidemiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, Qidong Liver Cancer Institute / Qidong People's Hospital / Affiliated Qidong Hospital of Nantong University, Qidong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong-Hui Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Qidong Liver Cancer Institute / Qidong People's Hospital / Affiliated Qidong Hospital of Nantong University, Qidong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Qidong Liver Cancer Institute / Qidong People's Hospital / Affiliated Qidong Hospital of Nantong University, Qidong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian-Hua Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Qidong Liver Cancer Institute / Qidong People's Hospital / Affiliated Qidong Hospital of Nantong University, Qidong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan-Rong Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, Qidong Liver Cancer Institute / Qidong People's Hospital / Affiliated Qidong Hospital of Nantong University, Qidong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai-Zhen Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ai-Guo Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gao-Ren Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - John D Groopman
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Thomas W Kensler
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.,Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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31
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Zhu J, Wang P, Ye H, Shi J, Wang X, Wang K, Duan F, Yang Q, Sun G, Zhang J. Trend of the mortality of major liver diseases and its impact on life expectancy in China from 2006 to 2017. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021; 44:100-110. [PMID: 33454770 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver diseases are the serious cause of death in China. We aim to describe the trends and disparities of major liver disease mortality rates and the loss of life expectancy (LLE) in China. METHODS Annual percentage change (APC) and average APC (AAPC) were calculated using the Joinpoint regression model. LLE was calculated using cause eliminated life table. RESULTS From 2006 to 2017, the overall age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of liver cirrhosis lightly declined (AAPC: -2.97%), whereas the ASMR of viral hepatitis and liver cancer remained stable. Viral hepatitis (AAPC: -4.36%) and liver cirrhosis (AAPC: -4.35%) ASMRs both declined for females. The highest ASMRs of viral hepatitis and liver cirrhosis were in the west region, while that of liver cancer was in the middle region. The ASMRs of liver cirrhosis in the middle region and liver cancer in the east region significantly decreased. The means of LLE on viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and liver cancer were 0.05, 0.1 and 0.46 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The burden of liver diseases is still severe and there are disparities between genders and different regions in China. Accurate early diagnostic approaches for high-risk populations should be established to eliminate the burden of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicun Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hua Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jianxiang Shi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Precision Medicine Center, BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Precision Medicine Center, BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Keyan Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Precision Medicine Center, BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Fujiao Duan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guiying Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Precision Medicine Center, BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Abstract
Liver cancer is a major contributor to the worldwide cancer burden. Incidence rates of this disease have increased in many countries in recent decades. As the principal histologic type of liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for the great majority of liver cancer diagnoses and deaths. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) remain, at present, the most important global risk factors for HCC, but their importance will likely decline in the coming years. The effect of HBV vaccination of newborns, already seen in young adults in some countries, will be more notable as vaccinated cohorts age. In addition, effective treatments for chronic infections with both HBV and HCV should contribute to declines in the rates of viral-associated HCC. Unfortunately, the prevalence of metabolic risk factors for HCC, including metabolic syndrome, obesity, type II diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are increasing and may jointly become the major cause of HCC globally. Excessive alcohol consumption also remains an intractable risk factor, as does aflatoxin contamination of food crops in some parts of the world. While significant efforts in early diagnosis and better treatment are certainly needed for HCC, primary prevention efforts aimed at decreasing the prevalence of obesity and diabetes and controlling mycotoxin growth, are just as urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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33
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Guo Y, Zhao L, Ma Q, Ji C. Novel strategies for degradation of aflatoxins in food and feed: A review. Food Res Int 2020; 140:109878. [PMID: 33648196 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites mainly produced by Aspergillus fungi, posing high carcinogenic potency in humans and animals. Dietary exposure to aflatoxins is a global problem in both developed and developing countries especially where there is poor regulation of their levels in food and feed. Thus, academics have been striving over the decades to develop effective strategies for degrading aflatoxins in food and feed. These strategies are technologically diverse and based on physical, chemical, or biological principles. This review summarizes the recent progress on novel aflatoxin degradation strategies including irradiation, cold plasma, ozone, electrolyzed oxidizing water, organic acids, natural plant extracts, microorganisms and enzymes. A clear understanding of the detoxification efficiency, mechanism of action, degradation products, application potential and current limitations of these methods is presented. In addition, the development and future perspective of nanozymes in aflatoxins degradation are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongpeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Cheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Adaku Chilaka C, Mally A. Mycotoxin Occurrence, Exposure and Health Implications in Infants and Young Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review. Foods 2020; 9:E1585. [PMID: 33139646 PMCID: PMC7693847 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infants and young children (IYC) remain the most vulnerable population group to environmental hazards worldwide, especially in economically developing regions such as sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). As a result, several governmental and non-governmental institutions including health, environmental and food safety networks and researchers have been proactive toward protecting this group. Mycotoxins, toxic secondary fungal metabolites, contribute largely to the health risks of this young population. In SSA, the scenario is worsened by socioeconomic status, poor agricultural and storage practices, and low level of awareness, as well as the non-establishment and lack of enforcement of regulatory limits in the region. Studies have revealed mycotoxin occurrence in breast milk and other weaning foods. Of concern is the early exposure of infants to mycotoxins through transplacental transfer and breast milk as a consequence of maternal exposure, which may result in adverse health effects. The current paper presents an overview of mycotoxin occurrence in foods intended for IYC in SSA. It discusses the imperative evidence of mycotoxin exposure of this population group in SSA, taking into account consumption data and the occurrence of mycotoxins in food, as well as biomonitoring approaches. Additionally, it discusses the health implications associated with IYC exposure to mycotoxins in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Adaku Chilaka
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straβe 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany;
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35
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Paik JM, Golabi P, Younossi Y, Srishord M, Mishra A, Younossi ZM. The Growing Burden of Disability Related to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Data From the Global Burden of Disease 2007-2017. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:1769-1780. [PMID: 33305148 PMCID: PMC7706296 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a growing cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The burden of CLD varies according to etiology and geographic location. We assessed the global burden of disability from the most important complications of CLD (cirrhosis and liver cancer [LC]) according to the most common etiologies between 2007 and 2017. We obtained years living with disability (YLD), years of life lost (YLL), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) data from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study. Between 2007 and 2017, LC DALYs decreased by 4.52% and cirrhosis DALYs decreased by 10.58%. Nevertheless, in 2017, CLD caused 62.16 million DALYs (33.4% LC and 66.5% cirrhosis), of which 96.8% came from YLL (34.1% LC and 65.9% cirrhosis) and 3.2% from YLD (11.6% LC and 88.4% cirrhosis). In 2017, Asia accounted for 66% of all DALYs globally. Central Asia, Africa regions, Southeast Asia, and Eastern Europe had the highest liver-related DALYs (≥1,000 per 100,000), whereas the lowest rates (≤500 per 100,000) were seen in high-income regions, such as Asia Pacific, North America, Western Europe, and Australasia. In 2007, hepatitis B virus caused the majority (47.5%) of liver-related DALYs, followed by hepatitis C virus (23.7%), alcoholic liver disease (14.2%), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH) (6.4%). In 2017, these rates shifted to 45.7%, 24.1%, 4.8%, and 7.1%, respectively. Between 2007 and 2017, cirrhosis-related DALYs due to NAFLD/NASH increased by 23.4%, whereas the increment was 37.5% for LC-related DALYs due to NAFLD/NASH. Conclusion: DALYs due to viral hepatitis still account for the largest proportion of CLD-related DALYs. Although DALYs from all other liver diseases have remained stable in the last decade, DALYs related to NAFLD/NASH are growing. National, regional, and global policies are needed to address the disability burden of NAFLD across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Paik
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research Inova Fairfax Medical Campus Falls Church VA
| | - Pegah Golabi
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research Inova Fairfax Medical Campus Falls Church VA
| | | | - Manirath Srishord
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research Inova Fairfax Medical Campus Falls Church VA
| | - Alita Mishra
- Center for Liver Diseases Department of Medicine Inova Fairfax Hospital Falls Church VA
| | - Zobair M Younossi
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research Inova Fairfax Medical Campus Falls Church VA.,Center for Liver Diseases Department of Medicine Inova Fairfax Hospital Falls Church VA
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36
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Petrick JL, Florio AA, Znaor A, Ruggieri D, Laversanne M, Alvarez CS, Ferlay J, Valery PC, Bray F, McGlynn KA. International trends in hepatocellular carcinoma incidence, 1978-2012. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:317-330. [PMID: 31597196 PMCID: PMC7470451 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Primary liver cancer, the major histology of which is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. We comprehensively examined recent international trends of primary liver cancer and HCC incidence using population-based cancer registry data. Incidence for all primary liver cancer and for HCC by calendar time and birth cohort was examined for selected countries between 1978 and 2012. For each successive 5-year period, age-standardized incidence rates were calculated from Volumes V to XI of the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5) series using the online electronic databases, CI5plus. Large variations persist in liver cancer incidence globally. Rates of liver cancer remain highest in Asian countries, specifically in the East and South-East, and Italy. However, rates in these high-risk countries have been decreasing in recent years. Rates in India and in most countries of Europe, the Americas and Oceania are rising. As the population seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to decline, we anticipate rates of HCC in many high-risk countries will continue to decrease. Treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is likely to bring down rates further in some high-rate, as well as low-rate, countries with access to effective therapies. However, such gains in the control of liver cancer are at risk of being reversed by the growing obesity and diabetes epidemics, suggesting diabetes treatment and primary prevention of obesity will be key in reducing liver cancer in the longer-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Petrick
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Andrea A. Florio
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ariana Znaor
- Cancer Surveillance Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Mathieu Laversanne
- Cancer Surveillance Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Christian S. Alvarez
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jacques Ferlay
- Cancer Surveillance Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Freddie Bray
- Cancer Surveillance Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Katherine A. McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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37
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Claeys L, Romano C, De Ruyck K, Wilson H, Fervers B, Korenjak M, Zavadil J, Gunter MJ, De Saeger S, De Boevre M, Huybrechts I. Mycotoxin exposure and human cancer risk: A systematic review of epidemiological studies. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1449-1464. [PMID: 33337079 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in investigating the carcinogenicity of mycotoxins in humans. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of data linking exposure to different mycotoxins with human cancer risk. Publications (2019 and earlier) of case-control or longitudinal cohort studies were identified in PubMed and EMBASE. These articles were then screened by independent reviewers and their quality was assessed according to the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Animal, cross-sectional, and molecular studies satisfied criteria for exclusion. In total, 14 articles were included: 13 case-control studies and 1 longitudinal cohort study. Included articles focused on associations of mycotoxin exposure with primary liver, breast, and cervical cancer. Overall, a positive association between the consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated foods and primary liver cancer risk was verified. Two case-control studies in Africa investigated the relationship between zearalenone and its metabolites and breast cancer risk, though conflicting results were reported. Two case-control studies investigated the association between hepatocellular carcinoma and fumonisin B1 exposure, but no significant associations were observed. This systematic review incorporates several clear observations of dose-dependent associations between aflatoxins and liver cancer risk, in keeping with IARC Monograph conclusions. Only few human epidemiological studies investigated the associations between mycotoxin exposures and cancer risk. To close this gap, more in-depth research is needed to unravel evidence for other common mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A. The link between mycotoxin exposures and cancer risk has mainly been established in experimental studies, and needs to be confirmed in human epidemiological studies to support the evidence-based public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesel Claeys
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- CRIG, Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chiara Romano
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Karl De Ruyck
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- CRIG, Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hayley Wilson
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Beatrice Fervers
- Department of Cancer and Environment, Centre Léon Bérnard, UA08 INSERM Radiation, Defense, Health and Environment, Lyon, France
| | - Michael Korenjak
- Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Jiri Zavadil
- Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- CRIG, Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- CRIG, Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- CRIG, Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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38
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Yin J, Fan W, Du J, Feng W, Dong Z, Liu Y, Zhou T. The toxicity of graphene oxide affected by algal physiological characteristics: A comparative study in cyanobacterial, green algae, diatom. Environ Pollut 2020; 248:865-873. [PMID: 32000020 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Though the main toxic mechanisms of graphene oxide (GO) to algae have been accepted as the shading effect, oxidative stress and mechanical damage, the effect of algal characteristics on these three mechanisms of GO toxicity have seldom been taken into consideration. In this study, we investigated GO toxicity to green algae (Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii), cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa) and diatoms (Cyclotella sp.). The aim was to assess how the physiological characteristics of algae affect the toxicity of GO. Results showed that 10 mg/L of GO significantly inhibited the growth of all tested algal types, while S. obliquus and C. reinhardtii were found to be the most susceptible and tolerant species, respectively. Then, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to observe the physiological characteristics of the assessed algae. The presence of locomotive organelles, along with smaller and more spherical cells, was more likely to alleviate the shading effect. Variations in cell wall composition led to different extents of mechanical damage as shown by Cyclotella sp. silica frustules and S. obliquus autosporine division being prone to damage. Meanwhile, growth inhibition and cell division were significantly correlated with the oxidative stress and membrane permeability, suggesting the latter two indicators can effectively signal GO toxicity to algae. The findings of this study provide novel insights into the toxicity of graphene materials in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Yin
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Wenhong Fan
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Juan Du
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Weiying Feng
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Zhaomin Dong
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Yingying Liu
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
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39
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Ji XW, Jiang Y, Wu H, Zhou P, Tan YT, Li HL, Zhang L, Zhao WS, Xia QH, Bray F, Xiang YB. Long-term liver cancer incidence and mortality trends in the Changning District of Shanghai, China. J Dig Dis 2020; 21:230-236. [PMID: 32124559 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the trends and estimate the long-term effects of age, period and birth cohort on the incidence and mortality rates of liver cancer (LC) in an urban district of Shanghai, China. METHODS Crude and age-standardized rates of the incidence and mortality of LC were calculated from 1973 to 2013 annually by sex, and the direction and magnitude of the trends were estimated by the average annual percentage change (AAPC) using the Joinpoint Regression Model. An age-period-cohort (APC) model was also used to evaluate the non-linear effects of calendar time and birth cohort on LC incidence and mortality. RESULTS In 1973-1977 and 2008-2013 the age-standardized rates of LC incidence and mortality (per 100 000) were 24.27 and 22.60 in men, and 7.50 and 7.26 in women, respectively. Declining trends of LC incidence and mortality rates were observed for both sexes (AAPC; P < 0.05 for both). The APC models indicated that the rates of LC incidence and mortality were significantly influenced both by calendar time and birth cohort effects. CONCLUSIONS The incidence and mortality rates of LC have decreased in both sexes in the Changning District of Shanghai over the past four decades. Although obvious descending trends of LC incidence and mortality were detected, attention should also be paid to the LC burden for a long time in the future because of huge population size in China and the continuity of population aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wei Ji
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes & Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Shanghai Changning District Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes & Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Shanghai Changning District Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Ting Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes & Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Lan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes & Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Shanghai Changning District Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Sui Zhao
- Shanghai Changning District Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Hua Xia
- Shanghai Changning District Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Freddie Bray
- Cancer Surveillance Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyons, France
| | - Yong Bing Xiang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes & Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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40
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Abstract
Since their discovery in the 1960s, aflatoxins were found to have a considerable impact on the health of humans and animals as well as the country’s economy and international trade. Aflatoxins are often found in nuts, cereals and animal feeds, which has a significant danger to the food industry. Over the years, several steps have been undertaken worldwide to minimise their contamination in crops and their exposure to humans and animals. China is one of the largest exporters and importers of food and animal feed. As a result, many studies have been carried out in China related to aflatoxins, including their distribution, pollution, detection methods, monitoring, testing and managing. Chinese scientists studied aflatoxins in microbiological, toxicological, ecological effects as well as policies relating to their controlling. China has thus put into practice a number of strategies aiming at the prevention and control of aflatoxins in order to protect consumers and ensure a safe trade of food and feed, and the status and enlargement of these strategies are very important and useful for many consumers and stakeholders in China. Therefore, this article aims at the detriment assessments, regulations, distribution, detection methods, prevention and control of aflatoxins in China. It equally provides useful information about the recent safety management systems in place to fight the contamination of aflatoxins in food and feed in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Tumukunde
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
| | - G. Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
| | - D. Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
| | - J. Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
| | - L. Qin
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
| | - S. Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
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Wu Q, Chen X, Wang P, Wu Q, Qi X, Han X, Chen L, Meng X, Xu K. Delivery of Arsenic Trioxide by Multifunction Nanoparticles To Improve the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:8016-8029. [PMID: 31997633 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is effective in the treatment of hematological malignancies and solid tumors. However, its toxicity and side effects are severe, posing an obstacle in its clinical application. A controlled-release ATO carrier with mitochondrial targeting was constructed in this study. The safety and efficacy in vitro were investigated using a hemolysis test, cytotoxicity, proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and other changes in cell behavior. The safety and efficacy were further evaluated in vivo by hematoxylin-eosin staining, terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining, and blood testing in tumor-bearing mice. Immunohistochemically and western blotting experiments were conducted to explore the mechanism of combination therapy of material-based chemotherapy and microwave hyperthermia in vitro. We demonstrated that the nano-zirconia (ZrO2) loading platform may be used to administer the ATO, with local precision-controlled release and mitochondrial targeting. Furthermore, we showed the safety of this approach for delivering high doses of ATO. In addition, we explored this new method in combination with in vitro microwave heat therapy, providing a potentially novel intravenous approach to chemotherapy. We described a new non-invasive treatment that improved the efficacy of ATO chemotherapy against hepatocellular carcinoma through nano-ZrO2 carriers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Arsenic Trioxide/administration & dosage
- Arsenic Trioxide/pharmacology
- Arsenic Trioxide/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Delayed-Action Preparations
- Drug Carriers/chemistry
- Drug Liberation
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Hyperthermia, Induced/instrumentation
- Hyperthermia, Induced/methods
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/therapy
- Male
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects
- Mice
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Nanoparticles/ultrastructure
- Particle Size
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Zirconium/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirun Wu
- Department of Radiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang 110001 , China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Department of Radiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang 110001 , China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Radiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang 110001 , China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Xun Qi
- Department of Radiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang 110001 , China
| | - Xiangjun Han
- Department of Radiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang 110001 , China
| | - Lufeng Chen
- Department of Radiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang 110001 , China
| | - Xianwei Meng
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Radiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang 110001 , China
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Andrews-Trevino JY, Webb P, Shively G, Rogers B, Baral K, Davis D, Paudel K, Pokharel A, Shrestha R, Wang JS, Xue KS, Ghosh S. Dietary determinants of aflatoxin B 1-lysine adduct in pregnant women consuming a rice-dominated diet in Nepal. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 74:732-740. [PMID: 31896825 PMCID: PMC7214270 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-019-0554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Aflatoxins are found in diverse foods widely consumed worldwide. This study investigated the association between aflatoxin exposure and (a) consumption of specific foods, (b) dietary diversity (DD), and (c) seasonality. Methods Women enrolled in the AflaCohort Study in Banke, Nepal (n = 1648) were asked how often they ate certain food items in the past 7 days and 24 h. Serum aflatoxin B1-lysine (AFB1-lys) adduct levels, measured during pregnancy, were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Multivariable ordinary least squares and quantile regression models were used to examine incremental increases in AFB1-lys adduct levels per frequency of food consumption and the relationship between DD, seasonality, and increases in AFB1-lys adduct. Results Roughly 94% of women were exposed to aflatoxin (geometric mean 1.37 pg/mg). Women in the 30th, 50th, and 70th quantiles of aflatoxin exposure who reported one more occasion of maize consumption in the past week showed increases in AFB1-lys adduct levels: 0.094, 0.112, and 0.109 pg/mg (p < 0.05, all). Women in the 30th, 50th, 70th, and 90th quantiles of exposure who reported one more occasion of groundnut consumption in the past week also showed increases in AFB1-lys adduct levels: 0.058 (p < 0.001), 0.085 (p < 0.01), 0.133 (p < 0.001), and 0.133 (p < 0.001) pg/mg. Winter month recruitment was positively associated with AFB1-lys adduct levels at all quantiles of aflatoxin exposure (range: 0.313–1.101 pg/mg, p < 0.001). DD was not predictive of aflatoxin exposure. Conclusions Our findings justify integrated approaches to aflatoxin reduction, including regulatory, agricultural, and food safety interventions across the value chain and at the household level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Y Andrews-Trevino
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Patrick Webb
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Gerald Shively
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, 403 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Beatrice Rogers
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Kedar Baral
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Dale Davis
- Helen Keller International, P.O. Box, 3752, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Ashish Pokharel
- Helen Keller International, P.O. Box, 3752, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Robin Shrestha
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- University of Georgia, 206 A Environmental Health Science Building, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Kathy S Xue
- University of Georgia, 206 A Environmental Health Science Building, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Shibani Ghosh
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
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43
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Salvatore M, Jeon J, Meza R. Changing trends in liver cancer incidence by race/ethnicity and sex in the US: 1992-2016. Cancer Causes Control 2019; 30:1377-88. [PMID: 31606852 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-019-01237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Liver cancer incidence continues to increase while incidence of most other cancers is decreasing. We analyze recent and long-term trends of US liver cancer incidence by race/ethnicity and sex to best understand where to focus preventive efforts. METHODS Liver cancer incidence rates from 1992 to 2016 were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry. Delay-adjusted age-standardized incidence trends by race/ethnicity and sex were analyzed using joinpoint regression. Age-specific incidence was analyzed using age-period-cohort models. Hepatitis C seroprevalence by cohort was calculated using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. RESULTS Liver cancer incidence has peaked in males and Asian or Pacific Islanders. Hispanic males, a high-incidence population, are experiencing a decrease in incidence, although not yet statistically significant. In contrast, incidence continues to increase in females, although at lower rates than in the 1990s, and American Indian/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs). Liver cancer incidence continues to be higher in males. Non-Hispanic Whites have the lowest incidence among racial/ethnic groups. Trends largely reflect differences in incidence by birth-cohort, which increased considerably, particularly in males, for those born around the 1950s, and continues to increase in females and AI/ANs. The patterns in males are likely driven by cohort variations in Hepatitis C infection. CONCLUSIONS Liver cancer incidence appears to have peaked among males. However, important differences in liver cancer trends by race/ethnicity and sex remain, highlighting the need for monitoring trends across different groups. Preventive interventions should focus on existing liver cancer disparities, targeting AI/ANs, females, and high-incidence groups.
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Yang JD, Hainaut P, Gores GJ, Amadou A, Plymoth A, Roberts LR. A global view of hepatocellular carcinoma: trends, risk, prevention and management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:589-604. [PMID: 31439937 PMCID: PMC6813818 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2195] [Impact Index Per Article: 439.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Risk factors for HCC include chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C, alcohol addiction, metabolic liver disease (particularly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) and exposure to dietary toxins such as aflatoxins and aristolochic acid. All these risk factors are potentially preventable, highlighting the considerable potential of risk prevention for decreasing the global burden of HCC. HCC surveillance and early detection increase the chance of potentially curative treatment; however, HCC surveillance is substantially underutilized, even in countries with sufficient medical resources. Early-stage HCC can be treated curatively by local ablation, surgical resection or liver transplantation. Treatment selection depends on tumour characteristics, the severity of underlying liver dysfunction, age, other medical comorbidities, and available medical resources and local expertise. Catheter-based locoregional treatment is used in patients with intermediate-stage cancer. Kinase and immune checkpoint inhibitors have been shown to be effective treatment options in patients with advanced-stage HCC. Together, rational deployment of prevention, attainment of global goals for viral hepatitis eradication, and improvements in HCC surveillance and therapy hold promise for achieving a substantial reduction in the worldwide HCC burden within the next few decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Dong Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pierre Hainaut
- Tumor Molecular Biology and Biomarkers Group, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U 1209 CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amina Amadou
- Tumor Molecular Biology and Biomarkers Group, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U 1209 CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Amelie Plymoth
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lewis R Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA.
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45
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Gong AD, Wu NN, Kong XW, Zhang YM, Hu MJ, Gong SJ, Dong FY, Wang JH, Zhao ZY, Liao YC. Inhibitory Effect of Volatiles Emitted From Alcaligenes faecalis N1-4 on Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxins in Storage. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1419. [PMID: 31293550 PMCID: PMC6603156 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxins (AFs) in grains and food during storage is a great challenge to humans worldwide. Alcaligenes faecalis N1-4 isolated from tea rhizosphere soil can produce abundant antifungal volatiles, and greatly inhibited the growth of A. flavus in un-contacted face-to-face dual culture testing. Gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry revealed that dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) and methyl isovalerate (MI) were two abundant compounds in the volatile profiles of N1-4. DMDS was found to have the highest relative abundance (69.90%, to the total peak area) in N1-4, which prevented the conidia germination and mycelial growth of A. flavus at 50 and 100 μL/L, respectively. The effective concentration for MI against A. flavus is 200 μL/L. Additionally, Real-time quantitative PCR analysis proved that the expression of 12 important genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway was reduced by these volatiles, and eight genes were down regulated by 4.39 to 32.25-folds compared to control treatment with significant differences. And the A. flavus infection and AFs contamination in groundnut, maize, rice and soybean of high water activity were completely inhibited by volatiles from N1-4 in storage. Scanning electron microscope further proved that A. flavus conidia inoculated on peanuts surface were severely damaged by volatiles from N1-4. Furthermore, strain N1-4 showed broad and antifungal activity to other six important plant pathogens including Fusarium graminearum, F. equiseti, Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus niger, and Colletotrichum graminicola. Thus, A. faecalis N1-4 and volatile DMDS and MI may have potential to be used as biocontrol agents to control A. flavus and AFs during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Dong Gong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan-Nan Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Xian-Wei Kong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Yi-Mei Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Meng-Jun Hu
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Shuang-Jun Gong
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei-Yan Dong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Institute for Agri-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Zhao
- Institute for Agri-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Cai Liao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Fakhri Y, Rahmani J, Oliveira CAF, Franco LT, Corassin CH, Saba S, Rafique J, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Aflatoxin M1 in human breast milk: A global systematic review, meta-analysis, and risk assessment study (Monte Carlo simulation). Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Purpose of Review In prior decades, liver cancer was viewed as a neoplasm that almost exclusively arose among high-risk populations in low- and middle-income countries. Incidence rates in some high-risk populations, however, have been declining, while rates in low-risk populations have been increasing, reflecting changes in underlying etiology. In this review, we highlight the evolving epidemiology of liver cancer, focusing on recent research and advances. Recent Findings Efforts to reduce or eliminate the risk associated with major risk factors such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) have met with some success. As opposed to these favorable trends, the joint epidemics of obesity and diabetes have begun to affect liver cancer rates around the world. Summary While there has been progress in combating the effects of some risk factors, the increasing prevalence of others poses a major threat to attempts to tackle the rising incidence of liver cancer globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Petrick
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Katherine A McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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McCullough AK, Lloyd RS. Mechanisms underlying aflatoxin-associated mutagenesis - Implications in carcinogenesis. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 77:76-86. [PMID: 30897375 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), concomitant with hepatitis B infection is associated with a significant increased risk for hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in people living in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Human exposures to AFB1 occur through the consumption of foods that are contaminated with pervasive molds, including Aspergillus flavus. Even though dietary exposures to aflatoxins constitute the second largest global environmental risk factor for cancer development, there are still significant questions concerning the molecular mechanisms driving carcinogenesis and what factors may modulate an individual's risk for HCC. The objective of this review is to summarize key discoveries that established the association of chronic inflammation (most commonly associated with hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection) and environmental exposures to aflatoxin with increased HCC risk. Special emphasis will be given to recent investigations that have: 1) refined the aflatoxin-associated mutagenic signature, 2) expanded the DNA repair mechanisms that limit mutagenesis via adduct removal prior to replication-induced mutagenesis, 3) implicated a specific DNA polymerase in the error-prone bypass and resulting mutagenesis, and 4) identified human polymorphic variants that may modulate individual susceptibility to aflatoxin-induced cancers. Collectively, these investigations revealed that specific sequence contexts are differentially resistant against, or prone to, aflatoxin-induced mutagenesis and that these associations are remarkably similar between in vitro and in vivo analyses. These recent investigations also established DNA polymerase ζ as the major polymerase that confers the G to T transversion signature. Additionally, although the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway has been previously shown to repair aflatoxin-induced DNA adducts, recent murine data demonstrated that NEIL1-initiated base excision repair was significantly more important than NER relative to the removal of the highly mutagenic AFB1-Fapy-dG adducts. These data suggest that inactivating polymorphic variants of NEIL1 could be a potential driver of HCCs in aflatoxin-exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K McCullough
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - R Stephen Lloyd
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
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Makori N, Matemu A, Kimanya M, Kassim N. Inadequate management of complementary foods contributes to the risk of aflatoxin exposure and low nutrition status among children. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2018.2354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Early exposure to aflatoxins through complementary food is linked to impaired growth in childhood. The current study assessed the household’s practices on management of complementary foods in relation to the risk of aflatoxin exposure and poor nutritional status among infant and young children in Tanzania. A cross-sectional study of complementary feeding practices, aflatoxin exposure and nutritional status was conducted to 101 infants and young children aged between 6-23 months in Dodoma region of Tanzania. The intake of complementary food was estimated by using repeated 24 h dietary recall. Flour used as complementary food was sampled from each of the 101 families and aflatoxins were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography. A deterministic approach was used to estimate dietary exposure of aflatoxins in the complementary foods. Anthropometric measurements were taken and rates of stunting, underweight and wasting estimated according to the WHO standard procedures. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between feeding practices and aflatoxin exposure or the growth performance among subjects. The average consumption of complementary flour was 118 g per child per day and 52% of the flours contained groundnuts. AFB1 was detected in 42.5% of the flour and levels ranged from 0.3 to 2,128.0 μg/kg (mean 228.11±49.84 μg/kg). Dietary exposures of aflatoxin B1 ranged from 0.1 to 23,172.81 ng/kg body weight per day (mean 1,337±392.5 ng/kg). Of the subjects, 40.4% (95% CI; 29.8; 50.9) were stunted and significant association was found between stunted growth and dietary exposure of AFB1 (adjusted odd ratio (AOR)=5.9; 95% CI: 0.019-0.028). Early introduction of cereal-and groundnut-based complementary foods in Tanzania is associated with high risk of aflatoxin exposure and impaired growth in children. There is need to integrate aflatoxin management measures in the guidelines for Infant and Young Children Feeding of Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Makori
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - A. Matemu
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - M. Kimanya
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - N. Kassim
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Saha Turna
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Felicia Wu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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