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Nguyen GT, Xu S, Adams W, Leong JM, Bunnell SC, Mansour MK, Sykes DB, Mecsas J. Neutrophils require SKAP2 for reactive oxygen species production following C-type lectin and Candida stimulation. iScience 2021; 24:102871. [PMID: 34386732 PMCID: PMC8346660 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling cascades converting the recognition of pathogens to efficient inflammatory responses by neutrophils are critical for host survival. SKAP2, an adaptor protein, is required for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation following neutrophil stimulation by integrins, formyl peptide receptors, and for host defense against the Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Using neutrophils from murine HoxB8-immortalized progenitors, we show that SKAP2 in neutrophils is crucial for maximal ROS response to purified C-type lectin receptor agonists and to the fungal pathogens, Candida glabrata and Candida albicans, and for robust killing of C. glabrata. Inside-out signaling to integrin and Syk phosphorylation occurred independently of SKAP2 after Candida infection. However, Pyk2, ERK1/2, and p38 phosphorylation were significantly reduced after infection with C. glabrata and K. pneumoniae in Skap2-/- neutrophils. These data demonstrate the importance of SKAP2 in ROS generation and host defense beyond antibacterial immunity to include CLRs and Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang T. Nguyen
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Shuying Xu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Walter Adams
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - John M. Leong
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Stephen C. Bunnell
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Michael K. Mansour
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David B. Sykes
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joan Mecsas
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Interplay among Oxidative Stress, Methylglyoxal Pathway and S-Glutathionylation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 10:antiox10010019. [PMID: 33379155 PMCID: PMC7824032 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced constantly inside the cells as a consequence of nutrient catabolism. The balance between ROS production and elimination allows to maintain cell redox homeostasis and biological functions, avoiding the occurrence of oxidative distress causing irreversible oxidative damages. A fundamental player in this fine balance is reduced glutathione (GSH), required for the scavenging of ROS as well as of the reactive 2-oxoaldehydes methylglyoxal (MGO). MGO is a cytotoxic compound formed constitutively as byproduct of nutrient catabolism, and in particular of glycolysis, detoxified in a GSH-dependent manner by the glyoxalase pathway consisting in glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II reactions. A physiological increase in ROS production (oxidative eustress, OxeS) is promptly signaled by the decrease of cellular GSH/GSSG ratio which can induce the reversible S-glutathionylation of key proteins aimed at restoring the redox balance. An increase in MGO level also occurs under oxidative stress (OxS) conditions probably due to several events among which the decrease in GSH level and/or the bottleneck of glycolysis caused by the reversible S-glutathionylation and inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. In the present review, it is shown how MGO can play a role as a stress signaling molecule in response to OxeS, contributing to the coordination of cell metabolism with gene expression by the glycation of specific proteins. Moreover, it is highlighted how the products of MGO metabolism, S-D-lactoylglutathione (SLG) and D-lactate, which can be taken up and metabolized by mitochondria, could play important roles in cell response to OxS, contributing to cytosol-mitochondria crosstalk, cytosolic and mitochondrial GSH pools, energy production, and the restoration of the GSH/GSSG ratio. The role for SLG and glyoxalase II in the regulation of protein function through S-glutathionylation under OxS conditions is also discussed. Overall, the data reported here stress the need for further studies aimed at understanding what role the evolutionary-conserved MGO formation and metabolism can play in cell signaling and response to OxS conditions, the aberration of which may importantly contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases associated to elevated OxS.
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Arabi-Derkawi R, O'Dowd Y, Cheng N, Rolas L, Boussetta T, Raad H, Marzaioli V, Pintard C, Fasseu M, Kroviarski Y, Belambri SA, Dang PMC, Ye RD, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, El-Benna J. The Kinesin Light Chain-Related Protein PAT1 Promotes Superoxide Anion Production in Human Phagocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1549-1558. [PMID: 30665935 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide anion production by the phagocyte NADPH oxidase plays a crucial role in host defenses and inflammatory reaction. The phagocyte NADPH oxidase is composed of cytosolic components (p40phox, p47phox, p67phox, and Rac1/2) and the membrane flavocytochrome b558, which is composed of two proteins: p22phox and gp91phox/NOX2. p22phox plays a crucial role in the stabilization of gp91phox in phagocytes and is also a docking site for p47phox during activation. In the current study, we have used a yeast two-hybrid approach to identify unknown partners of p22phox. Using the cytosolic C-terminal region of p22phox as bait to screen a human spleen cDNA library, we identified the protein interacting with amyloid precursor protein tail 1 (PAT1) as a potential partner of p22phox. The interaction between p22phox and PAT1 was further confirmed by in vitro GST pulldown and overlay assays and in intact neutrophils and COSphox cells by coimmunoprecipitation. We demonstrated that PAT1 is expressed in human neutrophils and monocytes and colocalizes with p22phox, as shown by confocal microscopy. Overexpression of PAT1 in human monocytes and in COSphox cells increased superoxide anion production and depletion of PAT1 by specific small interfering RNA inhibited this process. These data clearly identify PAT1 as a novel regulator of NADPH oxidase activation and superoxide anion production, a key phagocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riad Arabi-Derkawi
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France.,Unité Fonctionnelle Dysfonctionnements Immunitaires, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Xavier Bichat, Paris, F-75018, France
| | - Yvonne O'Dowd
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France.,Garda Headquarters, Forensic Science Ireland, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Ni Cheng
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612; and
| | - Loïc Rolas
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Tarek Boussetta
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Houssam Raad
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Viviana Marzaioli
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Coralie Pintard
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Magali Fasseu
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Yolande Kroviarski
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Sahra A Belambri
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Ferhat Abbas, 19000 Sétif, Algeria
| | - Pham My-Chan Dang
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Richard D Ye
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612; and
| | - Marie-Anne Gougerot-Pocidalo
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France.,Unité Fonctionnelle Dysfonctionnements Immunitaires, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Xavier Bichat, Paris, F-75018, France
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France; .,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
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Gonzalez-Perilli L, Prolo C, Álvarez MN. Arachidonic Acid and Nitroarachidonic: Effects on NADPH Oxidase Activity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1127:85-95. [PMID: 31140173 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11488-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that participates in the inflammatory response mainly through bioactive-lipids formation in macrophages and also in the phagocytic NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) activation. NOX2 is the enzyme responsible for a huge superoxide formation in macrophages, essential to eliminate pathogens inside the phagosome. The oxidase is an enzymatic complex comprised of a membrane-bound flavocytochrome b 558 (gp91phox/p22phox), three cytosolic subunits (p47phox, p40phox and p67phox) and a Rac-GTPase. The enzyme becomes active when macrophages are exposed to appropriate stimuli that trigger the phosphorylation of cytosolic subunits and its migration to plasmatic membrane to form the active complex. It is proposed that AA stimulates NOX2 activity through AA interaction with different components of the NADPH oxidase complex. In inflammatory conditions, there is an increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that results in the production of nitrated derivatives of AA, such as nitroarachidonic acid (NO2-AA). NO2-AA is capable to inhibit NOX2 activity by interfering with p47phox migration to the membrane without affecting phosphorylation of cytosolic proteins. Also, NO2-AA is capable to interact with protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), which is involved on NOX2 active complex formation. It has been demonstrated that NO2-AA forms a covalent adduct with PDI that could prevent the interaction with NOX2 and it would explain the inhibitory effects of the fatty acid upon NOX2. Together, current data indicate that AA is an important activator of NOX2 formed in the early events of the inflammatory response, leading to a massive production of oxidants that may, in turn, promote NO2-AA formation and shutting down the oxidative burst. Hence, AA and its derivatives could have antagonistic roles on NOX2 activity regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Gonzalez-Perilli
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina-Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carolina Prolo
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina-Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Noel Álvarez
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina-Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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5
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Martínez-Vieyra I, Pacheco-Tapia G, Reyes-López C, Méndez-Méndez JV, Cerecedo D. Role of α-Dystrobrevin in the differentiation process of HL-60 cells. Exp Cell Res 2018; 370:591-600. [PMID: 30026031 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The α-Dystrobrevin gene encodes at least five different protein isoforms, expressed in diverse tissues. The α-Dystrobrevin-1 isoform (α-Db-1) is a member of the cytoplasmic dystrophin-associated protein complex, which has a C-terminal extension comprising at least three tyrosine residues susceptible to phosphorylation in vivo. We previously described α-Db in stem-progenitor cells and blood neutrophils as playing a scaffolding role and, in association with kinesin and microtubules, α-Db promotes platelet-granule trafficking. Additionally, the microtubules must establish a balanced interaction with the lamina A/C network for appropriate nuclear morphology. Considering that the most outstanding feature during neutrophil differentiation is nuclei lobulation, we hypothesized that α-Db might possess a pivotal function during the neutrophil differentiation process. Western Blot (WB) and confocal microscope assays evidenced a differential pattern expression and a subcellular redistribution of α-Db in neutrophils derived from HL-60 cells. At the end of the differentiation process, we detected an important diminution in the expression of tubulin, kinesin, and α-Db-1. Knockdown of α-Db prevented nuclei lobulation, increased Lamin A/C and syne1 expression and augmented the roughness of derived neutrophil membrane and disturbed filopodia assembly. Our results suggest that HL-60 cells undergo extensive cytoskeletal reorganization including α-Db in order to possess lobulated nuclei when they further differentiate into neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivette Martínez-Vieyra
- Laboratorio de Hematobiología, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía (ENMH), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Giselle Pacheco-Tapia
- Laboratorio de Hematobiología, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía (ENMH), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - César Reyes-López
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Estructural, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía (ENMH), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Vicente Méndez-Méndez
- Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Doris Cerecedo
- Laboratorio de Hematobiología, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía (ENMH), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.
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6
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Chirumbolo S, Conforti A, Lussignoli S, Metelmann H, Bellavite P. Effects of Podophyllum peltatum compounds in various preparations and dilutions on human neutrophil functions in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0007-0785(97)80005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHuman blood neutrophil granulocytes (neutrophils) treated with Podophyllum peltatum L.-derived compounds exhibited an enhanced oxidative response to subsequent challenge with bacterial formyl peptides. This priming effect was concerned with superoxide anion (O2 −) release (respiratory burst). The phenomenon was observed with a potentized preparation containing, among other things, podophyllum extract (Podophyllum compositum), with Podophyllum 4x (final concentration of active principle about 0.025 μg/ml), whereas enhancement of O2 − release was not caused by homoeopathic Podophyllum 12x or other components of the complex homoeopathic preparation. Purified podophyllotoxin had the same effect at doses of 0.1–10 μg/ml, whereas doses higher than 100 μg/ml of podophyllotoxin inhibited the respiratory burst, so that pure toxin showed a typical bi-phasic dose-response curve. Similar effects were obtained with purified colchicine (1–1000 μg/ml), a microtubule-disrupting agent. No priming by a Podophyllum-derived compound was observed on neutrophils stimulated with 50 ng/ml phorbol ester. Further, both potentized podophyllum-derived compounds and pure podophyllotoxin-inhibited cellular adhesion to the serum-coated surface of culture microplates. These results show that low potencies of a drug extract have specific stimulating effects on the activation of neutrophil metabolism. The same stimulating effects are also caused by low doses of the active principle of the drug, which is an inhibitor when used at high doses.
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Mace EM, Orange JS. Insights into primary immune deficiency from quantitative microscopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:1150-62. [PMID: 26078103 PMCID: PMC4641025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in genomics-based technology have resulted in an increase in our understanding of the molecular basis of many primary immune deficiencies. Along with this increased knowledge comes an increased responsibility to understand the underlying mechanism of disease, and thus increasingly sophisticated technologies are being used to investigate the cell biology of human immune deficiencies. One such technology, which has itself undergone a recent explosion in innovation, is that of high-resolution microscopy and image analysis. These advances complement innovative studies that have previously shed light on critical cell biological processes that are perturbed by single-gene mutations in primary immune deficiency. Here we highlight advances made specifically in the following cell biological processes: (1) cytoskeletal-related processes; (2) cell signaling; (3) intercellular trafficking; and (4) cellular host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Mace
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
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8
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Stanley A, Thompson K, Hynes A, Brakebusch C, Quondamatteo F. NADPH oxidase complex-derived reactive oxygen species, the actin cytoskeleton, and Rho GTPases in cell migration. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2026-42. [PMID: 24251358 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Rho GTPases are historically known to be central regulators of actin cytoskeleton reorganization. This affects many processes including cell migration. In addition, members of the Rac subfamily are known to be involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through the regulation of NADPH oxidase (Nox) activity. This review focuses on relationships between Nox-regulated ROS, Rho GTPases, and cytoskeletal reorganization, in the context of cell migration. RECENT ADVANCES It has become clear that ROS participate in the regulation of certain Rho GTPase family members, thus mediating cytoskeletal reorganization. CRITICAL ISSUES The role of the actin cytoskeleton in providing a scaffold for components of the Nox complex needs to be examined in the light of these new advances. During cell migration, Rho GTPases, ROS, and cytoskeletal organization appear to function as a complex regulatory network. However, more work is needed to fully elucidate the interactions between these factors and their potential in vivo importance. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Ultrastructural analysis, that is, electron microscopy, particularly immunogold labeling, will enable direct visualization of subcellular compartments. This in conjunction with the analysis of tissues lacking specific Rho GTPases, and Nox components will facilitate a detailed examination of the interactions of these structures with the actin cytoskeleton. In combination with the analysis of ROS production, including its subcellular location, these data will contribute significantly to our understanding of this intricate network under physiological conditions. Based on this, in vivo and in vitro studies can then be combined to elucidate the signaling pathways involved and their targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna Stanley
- 1 Skin and Extracellular Matrix Research Group , Anatomy, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
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9
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Dang PMC, Raad H, Derkawi RA, Boussetta T, Paclet MH, Belambri SA, Makni-Maalej K, Kroviarski Y, Morel F, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, El-Benna J. The NADPH oxidase cytosolic component p67phox is constitutively phosphorylated in human neutrophils: Regulation by a protein tyrosine kinase, MEK1/2 and phosphatases 1/2A. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1145-52. [PMID: 21784060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils play a key role in host defense and inflammation through the production of superoxide anion and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the enzyme complex NADPH oxidase. The cytosolic NADPH oxidase component, p67phox, has been shown to be phosphorylated in human neutrophils but the pathways involved in this process are largely unknown. In this study, we show that p67phox is constitutively phosphorylated in resting human neutrophils and that neutrophil stimulation with PMA further enhanced this phosphorylation. Inhibition of the constitutively active serine/threonine phosphatases type 1 and type 2A (PP1/2A) by calyculin A resulted in the enhancement of p67phox phosphorylation. Constitutive and calyculin A-induced phosphorylation of p67phox was completely inhibited by the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein and partially inhibited by the MEK1/2 inhibitor PD98059, but was unaffected by GF109203X, wortmannin and SB203580, inhibitors of PKC, PI3K and p38MAP kinase, respectively. Two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping revealed that constitutive and calyculin A-induced p67phox phosphorylation occurred on the same major sites. Interestingly, calyculin A enhanced formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)-induced superoxide production, while genistein inhibited this process. Taken together, these results suggest that (i) p67phox undergoes a continual cycle of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation in resting cells; (ii) p67phox phosphorylation is controlled by MEK1/2 and an upstream tyrosine kinase; (iii) PP1/2A directly or indirectly antagonize this process. Thus, these pathways could play a role in regulating ROS production by human neutrophils at inflammatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham My-Chan Dang
- INSERM, U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat Beaujon CRB3, Paris F-75018, France
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10
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Bachschmid MM, Xu S, Maitland-Toolan KA, Ho YS, Cohen RA, Matsui R. Attenuated cardiovascular hypertrophy and oxidant generation in response to angiotensin II infusion in glutaredoxin-1 knockout mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:1221-9. [PMID: 20638471 PMCID: PMC2930025 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) is a thioltransferase that regulates protein S-glutathiolation. To elucidate the role of endogenous Glrx in cardiovascular disease, Glrx knockout (KO) mice were infused with angiotensin II (Ang II) for 6days. After Ang II infusion, body weight and blood pressure were similar between WT and Glrx KO mice. However, compared to WT mice, Glrx KO mice demonstrated (1) less cardiac and aortic medial hypertrophy, (2) less oxidant generation in aorta as assessed by dihydroethidium staining and nitrotyrosine, (3) decreased phosphorylation of Akt in the heart, and (4) less expression of inducible NOS in aorta and heart. In cultured embryonic fibroblasts from Glrx KO mice, S-glutathiolation of actin was enhanced and actin depolymerization was impaired after hydrogen peroxide stimulation compared with WT cells. Furthermore, oxidant generation in phorbol ester-stimulated fibroblasts and RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells was lower with Glrx siRNA knockdown. These data indicate that Ang II-induced oxidant production and hypertrophic responses were attenuated in Glrx KO mice, which may result from impaired NADPH oxidase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Bachschmid
- Vascular Biology Unit, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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11
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Voloshina EV, Prasol EA, Grachev SV, Prokhorenko IR. Effect of cytochalasin D on the respiratory burst of primed neutrophils activated with a secondary stimulus. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2009; 424:13-5. [PMID: 19341098 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672909010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E V Voloshina
- Institute of Fundamental Problems in Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Institutskaya 2, Pushchino, Moscow oblast, 142290 Russia
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12
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El-Benna J, Dang PMC, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, Marie JC, Braut-Boucher F. p47phox, the phagocyte NADPH oxidase/NOX2 organizer: structure, phosphorylation and implication in diseases. Exp Mol Med 2009; 41:217-25. [PMID: 19372727 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2009.41.4.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytes such as neutrophils play a vital role in host defense against microbial pathogens. The anti-microbial function of neutrophils is based on the production of superoxide anion (O2 -), which generates other microbicidal reactive oxygen species (ROS) and release of antimicrobial peptides and proteins. The enzyme responsible for O2 - production is called the NADPH oxidase or respiratory burst oxidase. This multicomponent enzyme system is composed of two trans- membrane proteins (p22phox and gp91phox, also called NOX2, which together form the cytochrome b558) and four cytosolic proteins (p47phox, p67phox, p40phox and a GTPase Rac1 or Rac2), which assemble at membrane sites upon cell activation. NADPH oxidase activation in phagocytes can be induced by a large number of soluble and particulate agents. This process is dependent on the phosphorylation of the cytosolic protein p47phox. p47phox is a 390 amino acids protein with several functional domains: one phox homology (PX) domain, two src homology 3 (SH3) domains, an auto-inhibitory region (AIR), a proline rich domain (PRR) and has several phosphorylated sites located between Ser303 and Ser379. In this review, we will describe the structure of p47phox, its phosphorylation and discuss how these events regulate NADPH oxidase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jame El-Benna
- Universite Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Faculte de Medecine, site Bichat, Paris, F-75018, France.
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Pendyala S, Usatyuk PV, Gorshkova IA, Garcia JG, Natarajan V. Regulation of NADPH oxidase in vascular endothelium: the role of phospholipases, protein kinases, and cytoskeletal proteins. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:841-60. [PMID: 18828698 PMCID: PMC2850292 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the vasculature plays a major role in the genesis of endothelial cell (EC) activation and barrier function. Of the several potential sources of ROS in the vasculature, the endothelial NADPH oxidase family of proteins is a major contributor of ROS associated with lung inflammation, ischemia/reperfusion injury, sepsis, hyperoxia, and ventilator-associated lung injury. The NADPH oxidase in lung ECs has most of the components found in phagocytic oxidase, and recent studies show the expression of several homologues of Nox proteins in vascular cells. Activation of NADPH oxidase of nonphagocytic vascular cells is complex and involves assembly of the cytosolic (p47(phox), p67(phox), and Rac1) and membrane-associated components (Noxes and p22(phox)). Signaling pathways leading to NADPH oxidase activation are not completely defined; however, they do appear to involve the cytoskeleton and posttranslation modification of the components regulated by protein kinases, protein phosphatases, and phospholipases. Furthermore, several key components regulating NADPH oxidase recruitment, assembly, and activation are enriched in lipid microdomains to form a functional signaling platform. Future studies on temporal and spatial localization of Nox isoforms will provide new insights into the role of NADPH oxidase-derived ROS in the pathobiology of lung diseases.
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Kang JH, Lee GS, Jeung EB, Yang MP. Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid modulates phagocytic responses of canine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes exposed to Clostridium difficile toxin B. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 130:178-86. [PMID: 19269037 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (t10c12-CLA) has been reported to enhance phagocyte function. Clostridium difficile toxin B (TcdB) has been known to inhibit Ras-homologous (Rho) guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) which play essential roles in neutrophil immune functions. Here, we examined whether in vitro treatment with t10c12-CLA modulates the filamentous actin (F-actin) polymerization, phagocytic capacity, and oxidative burst activity (OBA) of canine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMNs) exposed to TcdB. Treatment with t10c12-CLA, but not linoleic acid, enhanced PMN F-actin polymerization, phagocytic capacity, and OBA, while TcdB suppressed these functions. t10c12-CLA reversed the suppressive effects of TcdB on these PMN functions. t10c12-CLA stimulated F-actin polymerization regardless of whether phagocytosis was stimulated by microspheres but only elevated OBA when microspheres were added. We asked whether the effects of t10c12-CLA were associated with changes in the activation of the Rho GTPase Cdc42. Treatment with t10c12-CLA augmented Cdc42 activity in both TcdB-treated and TcdB-naive PMNs during phagocytosis. Thus, t10c12-CLA up-regulates PMN phagocytic responses attenuated by TcdB. This effect is associated with an increase in actin polymerization and may involve the activation of Cdc42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Houn Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Kang JH, Yang MP. Effect of a Short-Term Infusion with Soybean Oil-Based Lipid Emulsion on Phagocytic Responses of Canine Peripheral Blood Polymorphonuclear Neutrophilic Leukocytes. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22:1166-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Reddie KG, Seo YH, Muse WB, Leonard SE, Carroll KS. A chemical approach for detecting sulfenic acid-modified proteins in living cells. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2008; 4:521-31. [PMID: 18493649 PMCID: PMC3529510 DOI: 10.1039/b719986d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of the thiol functional group in cysteine (Cys-SH) to sulfenic (Cys-SOH), sulfinic (Cys-SO2H) and sulfonic acids (Cys-SO3H) is emerging as an important post-translational modification that can activate or deactivate the function of many proteins. Changes in thiol oxidation state have been implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes and correlate with disease states but are difficult to monitor in a physiological setting because of a lack of experimental tools. Here, we describe a method that enables live cell labeling of sulfenic acid-modified proteins. For this approach, we have synthesized the probe DAz-1, which is chemically selective for sulfenic acids and cell permeable. In addition, DAz-1 contains an azide chemical handle that can be selectively detected with phosphine reagents via the Staudinger ligation for identification, enrichment and visualization of modified proteins. Through a combination of biochemical, mass spectrometry and immunoblot approaches we characterize the reactivity of DAz-1 and highlight its utility for detecting protein sulfenic acids directly in mammalian cells. This novel method to isolate and identify sulfenic acid-modified proteins should be of widespread utility for elucidating signaling pathways and regulatory mechanisms that involve oxidation of cysteine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalilah G. Reddie
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2216, USA. Fax: +1-734-764-1075; Tel: +1-734-615-2739
| | - Young Ho Seo
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2216, USA. Fax: +1-734-764-1075; Tel: +1-734-615-2739
| | - Wilson B. Muse
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2216, USA. Fax: +1-734-764-1075; Tel: +1-734-615-2739
| | - Stephen E. Leonard
- Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2216, USA
| | - Kate S. Carroll
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2216, USA. Fax: +1-734-764-1075; Tel: +1-734-615-2739
- Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2216, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2216, USA
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Chen J, He R, Minshall RD, Dinauer MC, Ye RD. Characterization of a mutation in the Phox homology domain of the NADPH oxidase component p40phox identifies a mechanism for negative regulation of superoxide production. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:30273-84. [PMID: 17698849 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704416200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The phagocyte oxidase (Phox) protein p40(phox) contains a Phox homology (PX) domain which, when expressed alone, interacts with phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns (3)P). The functions of the PX domain in p40(phox) localization, association with the cytoskeleton, and superoxide production were examined in transgenic COS-7 cells expressing gp91(phox), p22(phox), p67(phox), and p47(phox) (COS(phox) cells). Full-length p40(phox) exhibited a cytoplasmic localization pattern in resting cells. Upon stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or fMet-Leu-Phe, p40(phox) translocated to plasma membrane in a p67(phox)- and p47(phox)-dependent manner. Heterologous expression of p40(phox) markedly enhanced superoxide production in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate - and fMet-Leu-Phe-stimulated COS(phox) cells. Unexpectedly, mutation of Arg-57 in the PX domain to Gln, which abrogated PtdIns (3)P binding, produced a dominant inhibitory effect on agonist-induced superoxide production and membrane translocation of p47(phox) and p67(phox). The mutant p40(phox) (p40R57Q) displayed increased association with actin and moesin and was found enriched in the Triton X-100-insoluble fraction along with p67(phox) and p47(phox). The enhanced cytoskeleton association of p67(phox) and p47(phox) and the dominant inhibitory effect produced by the p40R57Q were alleviated when a second mutation at Asp-289, which eliminated p40(phox) interaction with p67(phox), was introduced. Likewise, cytochalasin B treatment abolished the dominant inhibitory effect of p40R57Q on superoxide production. These findings suggest a dual regulatory mechanism through the PX domain of p40(phox); its interaction with the actin cytoskeleton may stabilize NADPH oxidase in resting cells, and its binding of PtdIns (3)P potentiates superoxide production upon agonist stimulation. Both functions require the association of p40(phox) with p67(phox).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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18
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Shinomiya H. [Dual role of the actin cytoskeleton in host defenses and in the establishment of bacterial infections]. Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi 2007; 62:279-93. [PMID: 17575795 DOI: 10.3412/jsb.62.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Shinomiya
- Department of Immunology and Host Defenses, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
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Babior BM. The respiratory burst oxidase. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 65:49-95. [PMID: 1570769 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123119.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sbarra and Karnovsky were the first to present evidence suggesting the presence in phagocytes of a special enzyme designed to generate reactive oxidants for purposes of host defense. In the years since their report appeared, a great deal has been learned about this enzyme, now known as the respiratory burst oxidase. It has been found to be a plasma membrane-bound heme- and flavin-containing enzyme, dormant in resting cells, that catalyzes the one-electron reduction of oxygen to O2- at the expense of NADPH: O2 + NADPH----O2- + NADP+ + H+ Its behavior in whole cells and its response to various activating stimuli have been described in detail, although important insights continue to emerge, as for example a very interesting new series of observations on differences in oxidase activation patterns between suspended and adherent cells. The enzyme has been shown by biochemical and genetic studies to consist of at least six components. In the resting cell, three of these components are in the cytosol and three in the plasma membrane, but when the cell passes from its resting to its activated state the cytosolic components are all transferred to the plasma membrane, presumably assembling the oxidase. Of the components initially bound to the membrane, two constitute cytochrome b558, a heme protein characteristic of the respiratory burst oxidase, and the third may represent an oxidase flavoprotein. With regard to the cytosolic components, one is a phosphoprotein and another is the NADPH-binding component, possibly a second oxidase flavoprotein. The nature of the third (p67phox) is a puzzle. Four of the six oxidase components have now been cloned and sequenced. These findings only scratch the surface, however, and many questions remain. How many oxidase components, for example, remain to be discovered, and how do they fit together to form the active enzyme? How is the route of activation of the oxidase integrated into the general signal transduction systems of the cell? How did the oxidase come to be? Could there be a widespread system that generates small amounts of O2- as an intercellular signaling molecule, as recent work is beginning to suggest, and did the ever-destructive respiratory burst oxidase arise from that innocuous system as the creation of some evolutionary Frankenstein--an oxidase from hell? Finally, will it be possible to develop drugs that specifically block the respiratory burst oxidase, and will such drugs prove to be clinically useful as anti-inflammatory agents?(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Babior
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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Yang B, Rizzo V. TNF-alpha potentiates protein-tyrosine nitration through activation of NADPH oxidase and eNOS localized in membrane rafts and caveolae of bovine aortic endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 292:H954-62. [PMID: 17028163 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00758.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in endothelial cells is the NADPH oxidase enzyme complex. The selective distributions of any enzyme within cells have important implications in regulating enzyme effectiveness through facilitation of access to local substrates and/or product targets. Because membrane rafts provide a spatially preferable environment for a variety of enzyme systems, we sought to determine whether NADPH oxidase is present and functional in this plasma membrane compartment in endothelial cells. We found that, in resting endothelial cells, NADPH oxidase subunits were preassembled and the enzyme functional in membrane rafts, specifically in caveolae. Stimulation with TNF-alpha induced additional recruitment of the p47(phox) regulatory subunit to raft-localized NADPH oxidase and enhanced ROS production within raft domains. TNF-alpha also induced nitric oxide production through activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) present in the same membrane compartment. The dual activation of superoxide and nitric oxide-generating systems provided a spatially favorable environment for nitration of tyrosine-containing proteins localized to rafts. Perturbation of membrane raft structural integrity with cholesterol-sequestering compounds caused the delocalization of NADPH oxidase subunits and eNOS from the rafts and inhibited TNF-alpha-induced ROS production and protein tyrosine nitration. Together, these data provide evidence that membrane rafts and caveolae play a role in the spatial regulation of NADPH oxidase and subsequent ROS/reactive nitrogen species in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, MRB 826, 3420 North Broad St., Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Marty C, Kozasa T, Quinn MT, Ye RD. Activation state-dependent interaction between Galphai and p67phox. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:5190-200. [PMID: 16782902 PMCID: PMC1489143 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01979-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2005] [Revised: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The phagocyte NADPH oxidase consists of multiple protein subunits that interact with each other to form a functional superoxide-generating complex. Although the essential components for superoxide production have been well characterized, other proteins potentially involved in the regulation of NADPH oxidase activation remain to be identified. We report here that the Galphai subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins is a novel binding partner for p67phox in transfected HEK293T cells and peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes. p67phox preferably interacted with inactive Galphai. Expression of p67phox caused a dose-dependent decrease in intracellular cyclic AMP concentration, suggesting altered function of Galphai. We identified a fragment of p67phox, consisting of the PB1 domain and the C-terminal SH3 domain, to be critical for the interaction with Galphai. Because these domains are involved in the interaction with p47phox and p40phox, the relationship between the respective binding events was investigated. Wild-type Galphai, but not its QL mutant, could promote the interaction between p67phox and p47phox. However, the interaction between p67phox and p40phox was not affected by either Galphai form. These results provide the first evidence for an interaction between p67phox and an alpha subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins, suggesting a potential role for Galphai in the regulation or activation of NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Marty
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Staali L, Bauer S, Mörgelin M, Björck L, Tapper H. Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria modulate membrane traffic in human neutrophils and selectively inhibit azurophilic granule fusion with phagosomes. Cell Microbiol 2006; 8:690-703. [PMID: 16548894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes of the M1 serotype survives and replicates intracellularly after being phagocytosed by human neutrophils. These data raised the possibility that the generation of reactive oxygen metabolites by neutrophils, and the release of microbicidal molecules from their azurophilic and specific granules into phagosomes, can be modulated by S. pyogenes bacteria expressing surface-associated M and/or M-like proteins. We now demonstrate, using flow cytometry, immunofluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, that live wild-type S. pyogenes, after internalization by human neutrophils, inhibits the fusion of azurophilic granules with phagosomes. In contrast, azurophilic granule-content is efficiently delivered to phagosomes containing bacteria not expressing M and/or M-like proteins. Also, when heat-killed wild-type bacteria are used as the phagocytic prey, fusion of azurophilic granules with phagosomes is observed. The inhibition caused by live wild-type S. pyogenes is specific for azurophilic granule-phagosome fusion, because the mobilization of specific granules and the production of reactive oxygen species are induced to a similar extent by all strains tested. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that viable S. pyogenes bacteria expressing M and M-like proteins selectively prevent the fusion of azurophilic granules with phagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leïla Staali
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section for Clinical and Experimental Infectious Medicine, BMC, B14, Lund University, Tornavägen 10, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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23
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Dang PMC, Elbim C, Marie JC, Chiandotto M, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, El-Benna J. Anti-inflammatory effect of interleukin-10 on human neutrophil respiratory burst involves inhibition of GM-CSF-induced p47PHOX phosphorylation through a decrease in ERK1/2 activity. FASEB J 2006; 20:1504-6. [PMID: 16720733 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-5395fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) exerts its anti-inflammatory properties by down-regulating polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) functions such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production via NADPH oxidase. The molecular mechanisms underlying this process are unclear. Partial phosphorylation of the NADPH oxidase cytosolic component p47(PHOX) induced by proinflammatory cytokines, such as granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, is essential for priming ROS production by PMN. The aim of this study was to determine whether IL-10 inhibits GM-CSF- and TNFalpha-induced p47(PHOX) phosphorylation and to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in this effect. We found that IL-10 selectively inhibited GM-CSF- but not TNFalpha-induced p47PHOX phosphorylation in a concentration-dependent manner. As GM-CSF-induced p47PHOX phosphorylation is mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), we tested the effect of IL-10 on this pathway. We found that IL-10 inhibited GM-CSF-induced ERK1/2 activity in an immunocomplex kinase assay. This inhibitory effect was confirmed by analyzing the phosphorylation status of the endogenous substrate of ERK1/2, p90RSK, in intact PMN. Furthermore, IL-10 decreased ROS production by adherent GM-CSF-treated PMN in keeping with the higher ROS production observed in whole blood from IL-10 knockout mice compared to their wild-type counterparts. Together, these results suggest that IL-10 inhibits GM-CSF-induced priming of ROS production by inhibiting p47PHOX phosphorylation through a decrease in ERK1/2 activity. This IL-10 effect could contribute to the tight regulation of NADPH oxidase activity at the inflammatory site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham My-Chan Dang
- INSERM U773, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Xavier Bichat, Faculté de Médecine, 16 rue Henri Huchard, Paris 75018, France.
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Waki K, Inanami O, Yamamori T, Nagahata H, Kuwabara M. Involvement of protein kinase Cdelta in the activation of NADPH oxidase and the phagocytosis of neutrophils. Free Radic Res 2006; 40:359-67. [PMID: 16517500 DOI: 10.1080/10715760500539121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was performed to clarify the role of protein kinase C (PKC) delta in NADPH oxidase-dependent O(2-) production and actin polymerization followed by phagocytosis in neutrophils. Bovine neutrophils and human neutrophil-like differentiated HL-60 (dHL-60) cells were stimulated with serum-opsonized zymosan (OZ) and fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLP), respectively. Rottlerin, a specific inhibitor of PKCdelta, attenuated the production of O(2-) from NADPH oxidase in both neutrophils and dHL-60 cells. However, it did not inhibit the translocation of p47(phox) from the cytosol to the membrane in either type of cell or the phosphorylation of p47(phox) in dHL-60 cells. GF109203X (GFX), an inhibitor of cPKC, attenuated not only the production of O(2-) but also the translocation of p47(phox) in both cells. Furthermore, rottlerin significantly attenuated the ingestion of opsonized particles and the formation of F-actin in OZ-stimulated neutrophils, whereas, GFX did not affect those phagocytic processes. These results suggest that both PKCdelta and cPKC regulate NADPH oxidase through different pathways, but only PKCdelta regulates the phagocytic function in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Waki
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060 0818, Japan
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Fridlich R, David A, Aviram I. Membrane proteinase 3 and its interactions within microdomains of neutrophil membranes. J Cell Biochem 2006; 99:117-25. [PMID: 16598772 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase 3 (PR3) is a serine protease of neutrophil granules released to the medium or into the phagocytic vesicle upon neutrophil stimulation. A fraction of the enzyme is thought to associate with the cell membrane yielding membrane PR3 (mPR3). In autoimmune disorders characterized by the presence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), the reaction of the latter with their target antigen mPR3 activates the cell inflicting injuries on the surrounding tissues. In a previous communication we provided evidence for the presence of mPR3 in lipid rafts obtained by lysis of neutrophils in Triton X-100 and for the mediation of PR3 binding to the membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored neutrophil protein, possibly FcgammaRIIIb. In the current study we employed the mild detergent Brij 58 to isolate high molecular weight (HMW) protein complexes in the void volume of a Sepharose 4B gel filtration minicolumn. HMW complexes of unstimulated neutrophils comprised PR3, FcgammaRIIIb, the beta2 integrin CD11b/CD18 as well as the membrane and cytosolic subunits of the NADPH oxidase, p22phox and p47phox/p67phox. Treatment of neutrophils with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) reduced amounts of PR3 and FcgammaRIIIb in HMW complexes isolated from the treated cells, supporting our previous suggestion that FcgammaRIIIb acts as a membrane adaptor for PR3. FcgammaRIIIb of HMW fractions co-immunoprecipitated with PR3, indicating their presence in the same protein complex. Since HMW fractions contained also the majority of biotinylated proteins obtained by the reaction of neutrophils with a membrane impermeable biotinylating agent Sulfo-NHS-biotin, it was concluded that HMW proteins were derived from cell membranes. Lipid rafts isolated from Brij 58-lysed neutrophils were similar in their protein composition to the HMW complexes but not identical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Fridlich
- The Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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Tamura M, Itoh K, Akita H, Takano K, Oku S. Identification of an actin-binding site in p47phoxan organizer protein of NADPH oxidase. FEBS Lett 2005; 580:261-7. [PMID: 16375898 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Actin has been reported to enhance the superoxide-generating activity of neutrophil NADPH oxidase in a cell-free system and to interact with p47phox, a regulatory subunit of the oxidase. In the present study, we searched for an actin-binding site in p47phox by far-western blotting and blot-binding assays using truncated forms of p47phox. The amino-acid sequence 319-337 was identified as an actin-binding site, and a synthetic peptide of this sequence bound to actin. The sequence shows no homology to other known actin-binding motifs. It is located in the autoinhibitory region of p47phox and includes Ser-328, a phosphorylation site essential for unmasking. Although a phosphorylation-mimetic p47phox mutant bound to actin with a lower affinity than the wild type, the same mutant interacted with filamentous actin more efficiently than the wild type. A mutant peptide p47phox (319-337, Ser328Glu) bound to filamentous actin more tightly than to monomer actin. These results suggest that p47phox moves to cortical actin when it becomes unmasked in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
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27
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Guichard C, Pedruzzi E, Dewas C, Fay M, Pouzet C, Bens M, Vandewalle A, Ogier-Denis E, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, Elbim C. Interleukin-8-induced priming of neutrophil oxidative burst requires sequential recruitment of NADPH oxidase components into lipid rafts. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:37021-32. [PMID: 16115878 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506594200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The superoxide-producing phagocyte NADPH oxidase consists of a membrane-bound flavocytochrome b(558), the cytosol factors p47(phox), p67(phox), p40(phox), and the small GTPase Rac2, which translocate to the membrane to assemble the active complex following neutrophil activation. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) does not activate NADPH oxidase, but potentiates the oxidative burst induced by stimuli such as formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) via a priming mechanism. The effect of IL-8 on the components of NADPH oxidase during the priming process has never been investigated in human neutrophils. Here we showed that within 3 min, IL-8 treatment enhanced the Btk- and ERK1/2-dependent phosphorylation of p47(phox), as well as the recruitment of flavocytochrome b(558), p47(phox), and Rac2 into cholesterol-enriched detergent-resistant microdomains (or lipid rafts). Conversely, IL-8 treatment lasting 15 min failed to recruit flavocytochrome b(558), p47(phox), or Rac2, but did enhance the Btk- and p38 MAPK-dependent phosphorylation and the translocation of p67(phox) into detergent-resistant microdomains. Moreover, methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, which disrupts lipid rafts, inhibited IL-8-induced priming in response to fMLP. Our findings indicate that IL-8-induced priming of the oxidative burst in response to fMLP involves a sequential assembly of the NADPH oxidase components in the lipid rafts of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Guichard
- Unité INSERM 683, Facultédemédecine Xavier BICHAT, BP 416, 75870 Paris Cedex 18, France.
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Sheppard FR, Kelher MR, Moore EE, McLaughlin NJD, Banerjee A, Silliman CC. Structural organization of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase: phosphorylation and translocation during priming and activation. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78:1025-42. [PMID: 16204621 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0804442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is part of the microbicidal arsenal used by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) to eradicate invading pathogens. The production of a superoxide anion (O2-) into the phagolysosome is the precursor for the generation of more potent products, such as hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite. However, this production of O2- is dependent on translocation of the oxidase subunits, including gp91phox, p22phox, p47phox, p67phox, p40phox, and Rac2 from the cytosol or specific granules to the plasma membrane. In response to an external stimuli, PMNs change from a resting, nonadhesive state to a primed, adherent phenotype, which allows for margination from the vasculature into the tissue and chemotaxis to the site of infection upon activation. Depending on the stimuli, primed PMNs display altered structural organization of the NADPH oxidase, in that there is phosphorylation of the oxidase subunits and/or translocation from the cytosol to the plasma or granular membrane, but there is not the complete assembly required for O2- generation. Activation of PMNs is the complete assembly of the membrane-linked and cytosolic NADPH oxidase components on a PMN membrane, the plasma or granular membrane. This review will discuss the individual components associated with the NADPH oxidase complex and the function of each of these units in each physiologic stage of the PMN: rested, primed, and activated.
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Ikeda S, Yamaoka-Tojo M, Hilenski L, Patrushev NA, Anwar GM, Quinn MT, Ushio-Fukai M. IQGAP1 regulates reactive oxygen species-dependent endothelial cell migration through interacting with Nox2. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:2295-300. [PMID: 16179592 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000187472.55437.af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial cell (EC) migration is a key event for repair process after vascular injury and angiogenesis. EC migration is regulated by reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton at the leading edge and localized production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the site of injury. However, underlying mechanisms are unclear. We reported that IQGAP1, an actin binding scaffold protein, mediates VEGF-induced activation of gp91phox (Nox2)-dependent NAD(P)H oxidase and EC migration. We thus hypothesized that Nox2 and IQGAP1 may play important roles in ROS-dependent EC migration in response to injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a monolayer scratch assay with confluent ECs, we show that ROS production is increased at the margin of scratch area and Nox2 translocates to the leading edge, where it colocalizes and associates with both actin and IQGAP1 in migrating ECs. Knockdown of IQGAP1 using siRNA and inhibition of the actin cytoskeleton blocked scratch injury-induced H2O2 production, Nox2 translocation and its interaction with actin, and EC migration toward the injured site. CONCLUSIONS These suggest that IQGAP1 may function to link Nox2 to actin at the leading edge, thereby facilitating ROS production at the site of injury, which may contribute to EC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ikeda
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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30
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Matute JD, Arias AA, Dinauer MC, Patiño PJ. p40phox: The last NADPH oxidase subunit. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2005; 35:291-302. [PMID: 16102984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2005.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The phagocytic NADPH-oxidase is a multiprotein system activated during the inflammatory response to produce superoxide anion (O2-), which is the substrate for formation of additional reactive oxygen species (ROS). The importance of this system for innate immunity is established by chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a primary immunodeficiency caused by defects in the NADPH oxidase. In this review, we present and discuss recent knowledge about p40phox, the last NADPH oxidase component to be identified. Furthermore, its interaction with cellular pathways outside of the NADPH oxidase is discussed. Described in this review is evidence that p40phox participates in NADPH oxidase dynamics within cells, what is known about its role in the oxidase, the possibility that p40phox participates in non-NADPH oxidase processes in phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells and whether p40phox could mediate a similar function in other NADPH oxidases. An improved understanding of p40phox should provide new insights about NADPH oxidase, the physiology of phagocytic cells and the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Matute
- Grupo de Inmunodeficiencias Primarias, Corporación Biogénesis and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
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31
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Tse WY, Nash GB, Hewins P, Savage COS, Adu D. ANCA-induced neutrophil F-actin polymerization: implications for microvascular inflammation. Kidney Int 2005; 67:130-9. [PMID: 15610236 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-positive vasculitides are characterized by a necrotizing vasculitis of small vessels with neutrophil infiltration. The reasons behind the selectivity for small vessels remain unclear, but may relate to the necessity for neutrophils to deform in order to pass through capillaries. The resistance to deformation of neutrophils largely arises from their actin cytoskeleton. It is hypothesized that ANCA, by inducing actin polymerization, increases neutrophil rigidity and contributes to their sequestration in capillaries. METHODS To test this hypothesis, neutrophils were treated with IgG-ANCA and the following characterizations: formation of filamentous F-actin (by flow cytometry); changes in morphology (by fluorescence and electron microscopy); and the potential to obstruct microvessels (by measuring entry times into micropipettes with comparable diameters to capillaries). The neutrophil signaling mechanisms activated by IgG-ANCA were investigated using blocking antibodies to Fcgamma receptors and inhibitors of tyrosine phosphorylation. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation was examined by immunoblotting of cell lysates, and calcium fluxes were measured by spectrofluorimetry of Fura-2 pentakis (acetoxymethyl) ester (Fura 2-AM) labeled neutrophils. RESULTS IgG-ANCA led to a significant dose-dependent actin polymerization over about 10 minutes. Over the same period, neutrophils became distorted in shape and more resistant to micropipette aspiration. Treatment with normal IgG caused less marked and delayed changes in these parameters. Actin polymerization required engagement of FcgammaRIIa receptor, tyrosine phosphorylation, and calcium fluxes. CONCLUSION These novel findings reveal signaling mechanisms that underlie ANCA-induced actin polymerization and might explain the predilection for small vessels in IgG-ANCA-associated vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Y Tse
- Department of Nephrology, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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32
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Piccoli C, Ria R, Scrima R, Cela O, D'Aprile A, Boffoli D, Falzetti F, Tabilio A, Capitanio N. Characterization of mitochondrial and extra-mitochondrial oxygen consuming reactions in human hematopoietic stem cells. Novel evidence of the occurrence of NAD(P)H oxidase activity. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:26467-76. [PMID: 15883163 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500047200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to characterize the mitochondrial and extra-mitochondrial oxygen consuming reactions in human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. Cell samples were collected by apheresis following pre-conditioning by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and isolated by anti-CD34 positive immunoselection. Polarographic analysis of the CN-sensitive endogenous cell respiration revealed a low mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate. Differential absorbance spectrometry on whole cell lysate and two-dimensional blue native-PAGE analysis of mitoplast proteins confirmed a low amount of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes thus qualifying the hematopoietic stem cell as a poor oxidative phosphorylating cell type. Confocal microscopy imaging showed, however, that the intracellular content of mitochondria was not homogeneously distributed in the CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell sample displaying a clear inverse correlation of their density with the expression of the CD34 commitment marker. About half of the endogenous oxygen consumption was extra-mitochondrial and completely inhibitable by enzymatic scavengers of reactive oxygen species and by diphenylene iodinium. By spectral analysis, flow cytometry, reverse transcriptase-PCR, immunocytochemistry, and immunoprecipitation it was shown that the extra-mitochondrial oxygen consumption was contributed by the NOX2 and NOX4 isoforms of the O2-*. producer plasma membrane NAD(P)H oxidase with low constitutive activity. A model is proposed suggesting for the NAD(P)H oxidase a role of O2 sensor and/or ROS source serving as redox messengers in the activation of intracellular signaling pathways leading (or contributing) to mitochondriogenesis, cell survival, and differentiation in hematopoietic stem cells.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD34/biosynthesis
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Electron Transport
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Flow Cytometry
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Humans
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Immunoblotting
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunoprecipitation
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Oxygen/chemistry
- Oxygen/metabolism
- Oxygen Consumption
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Reactive Oxygen Species
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Spectrophotometry
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Piccoli
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy 71100
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Touyz RM, Yao G, Quinn MT, Pagano PJ, Schiffrin EL. p47phox Associates With the Cytoskeleton Through Cortactin in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:512-8. [PMID: 15618548 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000154141.66879.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that p47phox associates with the actin cytoskeleton, enabling site-directed activation of NAD(P)H oxidase, and assessed whether these actions influence reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and signaling by angiotensin II (Ang II) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from human resistance and coronary arteries. METHODS AND RESULTS Electroporation of anti-p47phox antibody into VSMCs abrogated Ang II-mediated O2 generation, establishing the requirement for p47phox in this response. Immunfluorescence confocal microscopy demonstrated a cytosolic distribution of p47phox in basal conditions. After Ang II stimulation, p47phox rearranged in a linear fashion, colocalizing with F-actin. Co-immunoprecipitation studies confirmed an association between p47phox and actin and demonstrated an interaction with the actin-binding protein cortactin. Cytoskeletal disruption with cytochalasin prevented p47phox:actin interaction and attenuated ROS formation and p38MAP kinase and Akt phosphorylation by Ang II. Intracellular ROS generation in response to LY83583 (O2 generator) or exogenous H2O2 and Ang II-induced ERK1/2 activation were unaltered by cytochalasin. CONCLUSIONS The p47phox:actin interaction, through cortactin, plays an important role in Ang II-mediated site-directed assembly of functionally active NAD(P)H oxidase, ROS generation, and activation of redox-sensitive p38MAP kinase and Akt, but not ERK1/2. These findings demonstrate the importance of an intact actin-cytoskeleton in NAD(P)H oxidase regulation and redox signaling by Ang II in human VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Touyz
- Multidisciplinary Research Group on Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Canada.
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34
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Kerkhoff C, Nacken W, Benedyk M, Dagher MC, Sopalla C, Doussiere J. The arachidonic acid-binding protein S100A8/A9 promotes NADPH oxidase activation by interaction with p67phox and Rac-2. FASEB J 2005; 19:467-9. [PMID: 15642721 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-2377fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Ca2+- and arachidonic acid-binding S100A8/A9 protein complex was recently identified by in vitro studies as a novel partner of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. The present study demonstrated its functional relevance by the impaired oxidase activity in neutrophil-like NB4 cells, after specific blockage of S100A9 expression, and bone marrow polymorphonuclear neutrophils from S100A9-/- mice. The impaired oxidase activation could also be mimicked in a cell-free system by pretreatment of neutrophil cytosol with an S100A9-specific antibody. Further analyses gave insights into the molecular mechanisms by which S100A8/A9 promoted NADPH oxidase activation. In vitro analysis of oxidase activation as well as protein-protein interaction studies revealed that S100A8 is the privileged interaction partner for the NADPH oxidase complex since it bound to p67phox and Rac, whereas S100A9 did interact with neither p67phox nor p47phox. Moreover, S100A8/A9 transferred the cofactor arachidonic acid to NADPH oxidase as shown by the impotence of a mutant S100A8/A9 complex unable to bind arachidonic acid to enhance NADPH oxidase activity. It is concluded that S100A8/A9 plays an important role in phagocyte NADPH oxidase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Kerkhoff
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Münster, Germany.
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35
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van Manen HJ, Kraan YM, Roos D, Otto C. Intracellular Chemical Imaging of Heme-Containing Enzymes Involved in Innate Immunity Using Resonance Raman Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp046955b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henk-Jan van Manen
- Biophysical Engineering Group, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands, and Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M. Kraan
- Biophysical Engineering Group, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands, and Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Roos
- Biophysical Engineering Group, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands, and Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cees Otto
- Biophysical Engineering Group, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands, and Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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36
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Cross AR, Segal AW. The NADPH oxidase of professional phagocytes--prototype of the NOX electron transport chain systems. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2004; 1657:1-22. [PMID: 15238208 PMCID: PMC2636547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2003] [Revised: 03/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase is an electron transport chain in "professional" phagocytic cells that transfers electrons from NADPH in the cytoplasm, across the wall of the phagocytic vacuole, to form superoxide. The electron transporting flavocytochrome b is activated by the integrated function of four cytoplasmic proteins. The antimicrobial function of this system involves pumping K+ into the vacuole through BKCa channels, the effect of which is to elevate the vacuolar pH and activate neutral proteases. A number of homologous systems have been discovered in plants and lower animals as well as in man. Their function remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Cross
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anthony W. Segal
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
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37
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Tsunawaki S, Yoshida LS, Nishida S, Kobayashi T, Shimoyama T. Fungal metabolite gliotoxin inhibits assembly of the human respiratory burst NADPH oxidase. Infect Immun 2004; 72:3373-82. [PMID: 15155643 PMCID: PMC415710 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.6.3373-3382.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are a critical weapon in the killing of Aspergillus fumigatus by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), as demonstrated by severe aspergillosis in chronic granulomatous disease. In the present study, A. fumigatus-produced mycotoxins (fumagillin, gliotoxin [GT], and helvolic acid) are examined for their effects on the NADPH oxidase activity in human PMN. Of these mycotoxins, only GT significantly and stoichiometrically inhibits phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated O2- generation, while the other two toxins are ineffective. The inhibition is dependent on the disulfide bridge of GT, which interferes with oxidase activation but not catalysis of the activated oxidase. Specifically, GT inhibits PMA-stimulated events: p47phox phosphorylation, its incorporation into the cytoskeleton, and the membrane translocation of p67phox, p47phox, and p40phox, which are crucial steps in the assembly of the active NADPH oxidase. Thus, damage to p47phox phosphorylation is likely a key to inhibiting NADPH oxidase activation. GT does not inhibit the membrane translocation of Rac2. The inhibition of p47phox phosphorylation is due to the defective membrane translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) betaII rather than an effect of GT on PKC betaII activity, suggesting a failure of PKC betaII to associate with the substrate, p47phox, on the membrane. These results suggest that A. fumigatus may confront PMN by inhibiting the assembly of the NADPH oxidase with its hyphal product, GT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohko Tsunawaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 154-8567, Japan.
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38
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Vilhardt F, van Deurs B. The phagocyte NADPH oxidase depends on cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomains for assembly. EMBO J 2004; 23:739-48. [PMID: 14765128 PMCID: PMC380990 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2003] [Accepted: 12/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The superoxide-producing phagocyte NADPH oxidase consists of a membrane-bound flavocytochrome b558 complex, and cytosolic factors p47phox, p67phox and the small GTPase Rac, which translocate to the membrane to assemble the active complex following cell activation. We here show that insolubility of NADPH oxidase subunits in nonionic detergents TX-100, Brij-58, and Brij-98 is a consequence of inclusion into cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomains (lipid rafts). Thus, flavocytochrome b558, in a cholesterol-dependent manner, segregated to the bouyant low-density detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) fraction, and the cytosolic NADPH oxidase factors associated dynamically with low-density DRM. Further, superoxide production following cholesterol depletion was severely compromised in intact cells or in a cell-free reconstituted system, correlating with a reduced translocation of cytosolic phox subunits to the membrane. In analogy with the widely accepted role of lipid rafts as signaling platforms, our data indicate that cholesterol-enriched microdomains act to recruit and/or organize the cytosolic NADPH oxidase factors in the assembly of the active NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Vilhardt
- Structural Cell Biology Unit, Department of Medical Anatomy, The Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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39
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Dewas C, Dang PMC, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, El-Benna J. TNF-alpha induces phosphorylation of p47(phox) in human neutrophils: partial phosphorylation of p47phox is a common event of priming of human neutrophils by TNF-alpha and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:4392-8. [PMID: 14530365 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.8.4392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of p47(phox) is a key event in NADPH oxidase activation. We examined the ability of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFalpha, IL-1, and G-CSF to induce this process compared with GM-CSF. Only TNF-alpha and GM-CSF induced a clear p47(phox) phosphorylation. This phosphorylation was time dependent and reached its maximum at 20 min. Two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping of p47(phox) phosphorylated in neutrophils primed with TNF-alpha revealed partial phosphorylation of p47(phox) on the same peptide as for GM-CSF. Neutrophil incubation with TNF-alpha and subsequent addition of the chemotactic peptide fMLP resulted in more intense phosphorylation of p47(phox) sites than with each reagent alone. A neutralizing Ab against the p55 TNF receptor, contrary to a neutralizing Ab against the p75 TNF receptor, inhibited TNF-alpha-induced p47(phox) phosphorylation. Neutrophil treatment with both TNF-alpha and GM-CSF resulted in more intense phosphorylation of the same p47(phox) peptide observed with each cytokine alone, suggesting that they engaged pathways converging on common serines. This additive effect was also obtained on the priming of NADPH oxidase activity. The use of protein kinase inhibitors pointed to the involvement of a protein tyrosine kinase, but not protein kinase C. These findings show that TNF-alpha, via its p55 receptor, induces a protein tyrosine kinase-dependent selective phosphorylation of p47(phox) on specific serines. The ability of TNF-alpha and GM-CSF, two different cytokines with two different receptors to induce this specific p47(phox) phosphorylation, suggests that this event could be a common element of the priming of neutrophils by TNF-alpha and GM-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Dewas
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 479, Faculté de médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
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40
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Hilenski LL, Clempus RE, Quinn MT, Lambeth JD, Griendling KK. Distinct subcellular localizations of Nox1 and Nox4 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 24:677-83. [PMID: 14670934 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000112024.13727.2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) that act as signaling molecules in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and contribute to growth, hypertrophy, and migration in atherogenesis are produced by multi-subunit NAD(P)H oxidases. Nox1 and Nox4, two homologues to the phagocytic NAD(P)H subunit gp91phox, both generate ROS in VSMC but differ in their response to growth factors. We hypothesize that the opposing functions of Nox1 and Nox4 are reflected in their differential subcellular locations. METHODS AND RESULTS We used immunofluorescence to visualize the NAD(P)H subunits Nox1, Nox4, and p22phox in cultured rat and human VSMC. Optical sectioning using confocal microscopy showed that Nox1 is co-localized with caveolin in punctate patches on the surface and along the cellular margins, whereas Nox4 is co-localized with vinculin in focal adhesions. These immunocytochemical distributions are supported by membrane fractionation experiments. Interestingly, p22phox, a membrane subunit that interacts with the Nox proteins, is found in surface labeling and in focal adhesions in patterns similar to Nox1 and Nox4, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The differential roles of Nox1 and Nox4 in VSMC may be correlated with their differential compartmentalization in specific signaling domains in the membrane and focal adhesions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Caveolae/enzymology
- Caveolin 1
- Caveolins/analysis
- Cell Division
- Cell Fractionation
- Cells, Cultured/enzymology
- Cells, Cultured/ultrastructure
- Cellular Senescence
- Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Focal Adhesions/enzymology
- Humans
- Macromolecular Substances
- Male
- Membrane Transport Proteins/analysis
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/ultrastructure
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/analysis
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/physiology
- NADPH Dehydrogenase/analysis
- NADPH Oxidase 1
- NADPH Oxidase 4
- NADPH Oxidases/analysis
- NADPH Oxidases/physiology
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Phosphoproteins/analysis
- Protein Subunits
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Vinculin/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Lula L Hilenski
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Clements MK, Siemsen DW, Swain SD, Hanson AJ, Nelson-Overton LK, Rohn TT, Quinn MT. Inhibition of actin polymerization by peroxynitrite modulates neutrophil functional responses. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 73:344-55. [PMID: 12629148 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0802401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxynitrite, a potent oxidant generated in inflammatory tissues, can nitrate tyrosine residues on a variety of proteins. Based on previous studies suggesting that actin might be a potential target for peroxynitrite-mediated nitration in neutrophils, we investigated the effects of peroxynitrite on actin function. We show here that peroxynitrite and the peroxynitrite generator (SIN-1) modified actin in a concentration-dependent manner, resulting in an inhibition of globular-actin polymerization and filamentous-actin depolymerization in vitro. The effects of peroxynitrite were inhibited by the pyrrolopyrimidine antioxidant PNU-101033E, which has been shown previously to specifically block peroxynitrite-mediated tyrosine nitration. Furthermore, spectrophotometric and immunoblot analysis of peroxynitrite-treated actin demonstrated a concentration-dependent increase in nitrotyrosine, which was also blocked by PNU-101033E. Activation of neutrophils in the presence of a nitric oxide donor (S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine) resulted in nitration of exogenously added actin. Nitrated actin was also found in peroxynitrite-treated neutrophils, suggesting that actin may be an important intracellular target during inflammation. To investigate this issue, we analyzed the effect of peroxynitrite treatment on a number of actin-dependent neutrophil processes. Indeed, neutrophil actin polymerization, migration, phagocytosis, and respiratory burst activity were all inhibited by SIN-1 treatment in a concentration-dependent manner. Therefore, the ability of peroxynitrite to inhibit actin dynamics has a significant effect on actin-dependent, cellular processes in phagocytic cells and may modulate their host defense function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K Clements
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, 59717, USA
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42
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Brown GE, Stewart MQ, Liu H, Ha VL, Yaffe MB. A novel assay system implicates PtdIns(3,4)P(2), PtdIns(3)P, and PKC delta in intracellular production of reactive oxygen species by the NADPH oxidase. Mol Cell 2003; 11:35-47. [PMID: 12535519 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(03)00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activated neutrophils assemble an NADPH oxidase enzyme complex to produce superoxide for microbial killing. Much of the initial oxidase assembly occurs on intracellular granules, followed by movement of the oxidase to phagolysosomes and the plasma membrane. We have developed a novel assay system using Streptolysin-O permeabilized neutrophils that recapitulates the initial intracellular activation process while maintaining the ultrastructural features of this granulocytic cell type. Using this system, we biochemically dissect molecular events and signaling pathways involved in NADPH oxidase assembly and demonstrate specific roles for PKC delta, PI(3,4)P(2)/PI(3,4,5)P(3), and PI(3)P in the PMA-dependent intracellular activation process. This system should be of great utility for the study of cell signaling events that regulate the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn E Brown
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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43
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Adachi R, Takeuchi K, Suzuki K. Antisense oligonucleotide to cofilin enhances respiratory burst and phagocytosis in opsonized zymosan-stimulated mouse macrophage J774.1 cells. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:45566-71. [PMID: 12297504 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m207419200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytes play a central role in the host defense system, and the relationship between the mechanism of their activation and cytoskeletal reorganization has been studied. We have previously reported a possible involvement of cofilin, an actin-binding protein, in phagocyte functions through its phosphorylation/dephosphorylation and translocation to the plasma membrane regions. In this work, we have obtained a new line of evidence showing an important role of cofilin in phagocyte functions using the mouse macrophage cell line J774.1 and an antisense oligonucleotide to cofilin. Upon stimulation with opsonized zymosan (OZ), cofilin was phosphorylated, and it accumulated around phagocytic vesicles. As the antisense oligonucleotide to cofilin, a 20-mer S-oligo corresponding to the sequence including the AUG translational initiation site was found to be effective. In the cells treated with the antisense oligonucleotide, the amount of cofilin was less than 30% of that in the control cells, and the level of F-actin was two or three times higher than that in the control cells before and throughout the cell activation. In the antisense oligonucleotide-treated cells, OZ-triggered superoxide production was three times faster than that in the control cells. Furthermore, phagocytosis of OZ was enhanced by the antisense. These results show that cofilin plays an essential role in the control of phagocyte function through regulation of actin filament dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Adachi
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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44
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Li JM, Shah AM. Intracellular localization and preassembly of the NADPH oxidase complex in cultured endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:19952-60. [PMID: 11893732 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110073200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The phagocyte-type NADPH oxidase expressed in endothelial cells differs from the neutrophil enzyme in that it exhibits low level activity even in the absence of agonist stimulation, and it generates intracellular reactive oxygen species. The mechanisms underlying these differences are unknown. We studied the subcellular location of (a) oxidase subunits and (b) functionally active enzyme in unstimulated endothelial cells. Confocal microscopy revealed co-localization of the major oxidase subunits, i.e. gp91(phox), p22(phox), p47(phox), and p67(phox), in a mainly perinuclear distribution. Plasma membrane biotinylation experiments confirmed the predominantly (>90%) intracellular distribution of gp91(phox) and p22(phox). After subcellular protein fractionation, approximately 50% of the gp91(phox) (91-kDa band), p22(phox), p67(phox), and p40(phox) pools and approximately 30% of the p47(phox) were present in the 1475 x g ("nucleus-rich") fraction. Likewise, approximately 50% of total NADPH-dependent O(2)() production (assessed by lucigenin (5 microm) chemiluminescence) was found in the 1475 x g fraction. Co-immunoprecipitation studies and measurement of NADPH-dependent reactive oxygen species production (cytochrome c reduction assay) demonstrated that p22(phox), gp91(phox), p47(phox), p67(phox), and p40(phox) existed as a functional complex in the cytoskeletal fraction. These results indicate that, in contrast to the neutrophil enzyme, a substantial proportion of the NADPH oxidase in unstimulated endothelial cells exists as a preassembled intracellular complex associated with the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Mei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Guy's King's & St. Thomas's School of Medicine, King's College London, London SE5 9PJ, United Kingdom
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45
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Holland JA, Goss RA, O'Donnell RW, Chang MM, Johnson DK, Ziegler LM. Low-density lipoprotein induced actin cytoskeleton reorganization in endothelial cells: mechanisms of action. ENDOTHELIUM : JOURNAL OF ENDOTHELIAL CELL RESEARCH 2002; 8:117-35. [PMID: 11577705 DOI: 10.3109/10623320109165321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of the specific NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, and non-specific NADPH oxidase inhibitors, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and SKF525A, on the disruption of dense peripheral bands and formation of stress fibers in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to atherogenic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels has been investigated. Endothelial cells (EC) in vitro and in vivo exposed to high LDL-cholesterol levels have cytoskeletal remodeling with stress fiber formation and loss of dense peripheral bands. Cultured EC incubated with exogenously applied hydrogen peroxide (H2O2: 1 mM) have cytoskeletal structural changes much similar to those observed with high LDL exposure. Previous studies have 1) demonstrated that exposure to atherogenic LDL levels causes heightened EC H2O2 production, 2) identified the reactive oxygen species source, NADPH oxidase, in EC, and 3) shown that the specific NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, and non-specific NADPH oxidase inhibitors, NDGA and SKF525A, suppress H2O2 production increases in high LDL-perturbed EC. In the present study, the cytoskeletal structure of EC exposed to 330 mg/dl LDL-cholesterol, and incubated with or without apocynin, NDGA and SKF525A, was examined. Each of these compounds promoted the retention of dense peripheral bands and minimized stress fiber formation. These findings are consistent with NADPH oxidase and it's reactive oxygen species byproducts modulating the cytoskeleton reorganization observed in high LDL-induced EC perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Holland
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Health Science Center Syracuse, 13210, USA.
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46
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Calvello R, Saccia M, Maffione AB, Panaro MA, Mitolo V. Power spectral analysis of the shape of fMLP-stimulated granulocytes. A tool for the study of cytoskeletal organization under normal and pathological conditions. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2002; 24:139-63. [PMID: 12022441 DOI: 10.1081/iph-120003409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
fMLP (N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine) is a powerful activator of granulocytes, eliciting different metabolic responses, such as generation of reactive oxygen species, production of arachidonic acid metabolites, and release of lysosomal enzymes. fMLP determines also a dramatic rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton; under non-gradient conditions this entails characteristic alterations in cell shape (chemokinesis), while under gradient conditions it is instrumental in promoting cell migration up the gradient (chemotaxis). Here we analyze mathematically the cell contour of fMLP-stimulated human granulocytes stimulated with fMLP under non-gradient conditions, using the methods for study of stochastic series. The cell contours were drawn and divided into 200 segments of equal linear length and the angles between consecutive segments were computed. The derived series of angles were examined for autocorrelations and from the autocorrelation function the power spectrum was calculated. Our results show that the pattern of lamellipodial extensions of the cell membrane is not entirely randomly-designed, but it is partly regulated by deterministic components, as revealed by the presence of statistically significant periodicities. Soon after fMLP stimulation, the power spectrum of the cell contours exhibits a single distinct peak at frequency 0.07, indicating a prevalence of prominent lamellipodia, each one covering in the average 1/15 of the linearized cell contour. Some 30 min after fMLP stimulation the power spectrum becomes flatter (indicating a general decrement of the deterministic component), but still presents one single peak; the latter is shifted to the right (frequency 0.13), indicating the prevalence of less prominent and regular, but more numerous, protrusions, each one covering 1/20 to 1/30 of the cell contour.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Calvello
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari, Italy
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47
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Matsui S, Matsumoto S, Adachi R, Kusui K, Hirayama A, Watanabe H, Ohashi K, Mizuno K, Yamaguchi T, Kasahara T, Suzuki K. LIM kinase 1 modulates opsonized zymosan-triggered activation of macrophage-like U937 cells. Possible involvement of phosphorylation of cofilin and reorganization of actin cytoskeleton. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:544-9. [PMID: 11694543 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110153200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that cofilin, an actin-binding protein, plays an important role in phagocyte functions, such as respiratory burst, phagocytosis, and chemotaxis. On the other hand, it was recently found that LIM motif-containing kinase (LIMK) phosphorylates cofilin. In this work, we investigated the roles of LIMK in activated phagocytes. The results of immunostaining showed that in dormant phagocytes the endogenous LIMK1 was diffusely distributed in the cytosol of macrophage-like U937 cells, and when activated by opsonized zymosan (OZ), it was translocated to plasma membranes. Green fluorescence protein (GFP)-conjugated LIMK was expressed in the phagocytes, and the GFP-positive cells were isolated by a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. The isolated wild-type LIMK-overexpressing cells produced superoxide at a rate that was 3.2-fold higher than that of only GFP-expressing control cells, whereas the respiratory burst of dominant negative LIMK1(D460A)-expressing cells decreased to 31% of that of the control cells. Phagocytic activity monitored by using Texas Red-labeled OZ was also decreased in the D460A-expressing cells. By immunoblotting using a specific anti-phosphorylated cofilin antibody, it was revealed that in the OZ-activated wild-type LIMK1-GFP-expressing cells, the phosphorylated cofilin increased by 2.3-fold, and that in the OZ-activated D460A-GFP-expressing cells, the phosphorylated cofilin decreased to 47% of that of only GFP-expressing cells (mock control). Furthermore, in the wild-type LIMK1-expressing cells, OZ-evoked increase in filamentous actin was markedly enhanced, whereas in the dominant negative LIMK1-expressing cells, the total level of F-actin was strongly suppressed. These results suggest that LIMK1 regulates the functions of phagocytes through phosphorylation of cofilin and enhances the formation of filamentous actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Matsui
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 18-1 Kamiyoga 1-chome, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158, Japan
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48
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Wientjes FB, Reeves EP, Soskic V, Furthmayr H, Segal AW. The NADPH oxidase components p47(phox) and p40(phox) bind to moesin through their PX domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 289:382-8. [PMID: 11716484 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase of phagocytes is a membrane-bound heterodimeric flavocytochrome which catalyses the transfer of electrons from NADPH in the cytoplasm to oxygen in the phagosome. A number of cytosolic proteins are involved in its activation/deactivation: p47phox, p67phox, p40phox and the small GTP-binding protein, rac. The cytosolic phox proteins interact with the cytoskeleton in human neutrophils and, in particular, an interaction with coronin has been reported (Grogan A., Reeves, E., Keep, N. H., Wientjes, F., Totty, N., Burlingame, N. L., Hsuan, J., and Segal, A. W. (1997) J. Cell Sci. 110, 3071-3081). Here, we report on the interaction of another cytoskeletal protein, moesin, with the phox proteins. Moesin belongs to the ezrin-radixin-moesin family of F-actin-binding proteins and we show that it binds to p47phox and p40phox in a phosphoinositide-dependent manner. Furthermore, we show that its N-terminal part binds to the PX domain of p47phox and p40phox.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Wientjes
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom.
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49
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Abstract
The bacteria-phagocyte interaction is of central importance in Salmonella pathogenesis. Immediately following phagocytosis, the NADPH phagocyte oxidase complex assembles in vesicles and produces highly toxic reactive oxygen species that play a major role in initial Salmonella killing by phagocytes. However, Salmonella has evolved a number of strategies to reduce the efficacy of oxygen-dependent phagocyte antimicrobial systems. Some of these strategies, such as superoxide dismutases, hydroperoxidases, oxidoreductases, scavengers and repair systems are common to most aerobic bacteria. In addition, Salmonella has acquired, by horizontal gene transfer, a type III secretory system encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 that interferes with the trafficking of vesicles containing functional NADPH phagocyte oxidase to the phagosome, thereby enhancing the survival of Salmonella within macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vazquez-Torres
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 E. 9th Ave, B168, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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50
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Kobayashi T, Tsunawaki S, Seguchi H. Evaluation of the process for superoxide production by NADPH oxidase in human neutrophils: evidence for cytoplasmic origin of superoxide. Redox Rep 2001; 6:27-36. [PMID: 11333112 DOI: 10.1179/135100001101536003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an up-to-date insight into the function of NADPH oxidase in human neutrophils, the signalling pathways involved in activation of this enzyme and the process of association of its components with the cytoskeleton. We also discuss the functional implications of morphological studies revealing localization of the sites of NADPH oxidase activity. An original model of the process of superoxide (O2*-) production in human neutrophils is shown. Organization of NADPH oxidase is associated with several components. Upon stimulation, tri-phox cytosolic components of NADPH oxidase (p40-phox, p47-phox and p67-phox) bind to actin filaments. This process involves other actin-binding proteins, such as cofilin and coronin. Activated protein kinase C, translocated from the plasma membrane, phosphorylates cytosolic components at a scaffold of cytoskeleton. Subsequently, p40-phox, responsible for maintaining the resting state of NADPH oxidase, is separated from other two cytosolic phox proteins following an attachment of the active form of small GTP-binding protein Rac to p67-phox. Cytosolic duo-phox proteins (p47-phox and p67-phox) conjugate with membrane components (gp91-phox, p22-phox and Rapla) of NADPH oxidase residing within membranes of intracellular compartments. This chain of events triggers production of O2*-. Then, oxidant-producing intracellular compartments associate with the plasma membrane. Eventually, intracellularly produced O2*- is released to the extracellular environment through the orifice formed by fusion of oxidant-producing compartments with the plasma membrane. Intracellular movement of the oxidant-producing compartments may be regulated by myosin light chain kinase. The review emphasizes that functional assembly of NADPH oxidase and, therefore, generation of O2*- is accomplished essentially within the intracellular compartments. Upon neutrophil stimulation, intracellularly generated O2*- is transported to the plasma membrane to be released and to ensure host defense against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kochi Medical School, Japan
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