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Maltseva M, Keeshan A, Cooper C, Langlois MA. Immune imprinting: The persisting influence of the first antigenic encounter with rapidly evolving viruses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2384192. [PMID: 39149872 PMCID: PMC11328881 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2384192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune imprinting is a phenomenon that stems from the fundamentals of immunological memory. Upon recurrent exposures to an evolving pathogen, the immune system must weigh the benefits of rapidly recalling established antibody repertoires with greater affinity to the initial variant or invest additional time and energy in producing de novo responses specific to the emerging variant. In this review, we delve into the mechanistic complexities of immune imprinting and its role in shaping subsequent immune responses, both de novo and recall, against rapidly evolving respiratory viruses such as influenza and coronaviruses. By exploring the duality of immune imprinting, we examine its potential to both enhance or hinder immune protection against disease, while emphasizing the role of host and viral factors. Finally, we explore how different vaccine platforms may affect immune imprinting and comment on vaccine strategies that can favor de novo variant-specific antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Maltseva
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alexa Keeshan
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Curtis Cooper
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marc-André Langlois
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation (CI3), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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2
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Ding X, Zhao F, Liu Z, Yao J, Yu H, Zhang X. Original antigenic sin: A potential double-edged effect for vaccine improvement. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 178:117187. [PMID: 39084082 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Original antigenic sin (OAS) influences the immune response to subsequent infections with related variants following initial pathogen exposure. This phenomenon is characterized by cross-reactivity, which, although it may worsen infections, also provides a degree of protection against immune evasion caused by variations. This paradox complicates the development of creating universal vaccinations, as they frequently show diminished effectiveness against these emerging variants. This review aims to elucidate the diverse impacts of OAS on the immune response to various infections, emphasizing the complicated balance between beneficial and harmful outcomes. Moreover, we evaluate the influence of adjuvants and other variables on the extent of OAS, hence affecting the effectiveness of vaccines. Understanding the mechanisms of OAS that cause persistent infections and evasion of the immune system is crucial for the developing innovative vaccines. And it has significant potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ding
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases &Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Feijun Zhao
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases &Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China; Laboratory Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South ChinaHengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Zhaoping Liu
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases &Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Jiangchen Yao
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases &Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Han Yu
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases &Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases &Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China.
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3
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Heiskanen A, Galipeau Y, Little J, Langlois M, Cooper CL. Reduced seasonal coronavirus incidence in high-risk population groups during the COVID-19 pandemic. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1342. [PMID: 39023424 PMCID: PMC11256882 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological data on seasonal coronaviruses (sCoVs) may provide insight on transmission patterns and demographic factors that favor coronaviruses (CoVs) with greater disease severity. This study describes the incidence of CoVs in several high-risk groups in Ottawa, Canada, from October 2020 to March 2022. METHODS Serological assays quantified IgG and IgM antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-229E. Incident infections were compared between four population groups: individuals exposed to children, transit users, immunocompromised, and controls. Associations between antibody prevalence indicative of natural infection and demographic variables were assessed using regression analyses. RESULTS Transit users and those exposed to children were at no greater risk of infection compared to the control group. Fewer infections were detected in the immunocompromised group (p = .03). SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was greater in individuals with low income and within ethnic minorities. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that nonpharmaceutical interventions intended to reduce SAR-CoV-2 transmission protected populations at high risk of exposure. The re-emergence of sCoVs and other common respiratory viruses alongside SARS-CoV-2 may alter infection patterns and increase the risk in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliisa Heiskanen
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Yannick Galipeau
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Julian Little
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Marc‐André Langlois
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (CI3)University of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Curtis L. Cooper
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
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Aguilar-Bretones M, den Hartog Y, van Dijk LLA, Malahe SRK, Dieterich M, Mora HT, Mueller YM, Koopmans MPG, Reinders MEJ, Baan CC, van Nierop GP, de Vries RD. SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses converge in kidney disease patients and controls with hybrid immunity. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:93. [PMID: 38806532 PMCID: PMC11133345 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00886-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Healthy individuals with hybrid immunity, due to a SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to first vaccination, have stronger immune responses compared to those who were exclusively vaccinated. However, little is known about the characteristics of antibody, B- and T-cell responses in kidney disease patients with hybrid immunity. Here, we explored differences between kidney disease patients and controls with hybrid immunity after asymptomatic or mild coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). We studied the kinetics, magnitude, breadth and phenotype of SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses against primary mRNA-1273 vaccination in patients with chronic kidney disease or on dialysis, kidney transplant recipients, and controls with hybrid immunity. Although vaccination alone is less immunogenic in kidney disease patients, mRNA-1273 induced a robust immune response in patients with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. In contrast, kidney disease patients with hybrid immunity develop SARS-CoV-2 antibody, B- and T-cell responses that are equally strong or stronger than controls. Phenotypic analysis showed that Spike (S)-specific B-cells varied between groups in lymph node-homing and memory phenotypes, yet S-specific T-cell responses were phenotypically consistent across groups. The heterogeneity amongst immune responses in hybrid immune kidney patients warrants further studies in larger cohorts to unravel markers of long-term protection that can be used for the design of targeted vaccine regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yvette den Hartog
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura L A van Dijk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Reshwan K Malahe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Dieterich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Héctor Tejeda Mora
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M Mueller
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies E J Reinders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla C Baan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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5
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Pušnik J, Zorn J, Monzon-Posadas WO, Peters K, Osypchuk E, Blaschke S, Streeck H. Vaccination impairs de novo immune response to omicron breakthrough infection, a precondition for the original antigenic sin. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3102. [PMID: 38600072 PMCID: PMC11006949 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47451-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Several studies have suggested the imprinting of SARS-CoV-2 immunity by original immune challenge without addressing the formation of the de novo response to successive antigen exposures. As this is crucial for the development of the original antigenic sin, we assessed the immune response against the mutated epitopes of omicron SARS-CoV-2 after vaccine breakthrough. Our data demonstrate a robust humoral response in thrice-vaccinated individuals following omicron breakthrough which is a recall of vaccine-induced memory. The humoral and memory B cell responses against the altered regions of the omicron surface proteins are impaired. The T cell responses to mutated epitopes of the omicron spike protein are present due to the high cross-reactivity of vaccine-induced T cells rather than the formation of a de novo response. Our findings, therefore, underpin the speculation that the imprinting of SARS-CoV-2 immunity by vaccination may lead to the development of original antigenic sin if future variants overcome the vaccine-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Pušnik
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Jasmin Zorn
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Werner O Monzon-Posadas
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
- Occupational Medicine Department, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kathrin Peters
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Emmanuil Osypchuk
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sabine Blaschke
- Emergency Department, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
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6
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Qian J, Zhang S, Wang F, Li J, Zhang J. What makes SARS-CoV-2 unique? Focusing on the spike protein. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:404-430. [PMID: 38263600 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seriously threatens public health and safety. Genetic variants determine the expression of SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins, which are associated with enhanced transmissibility, enhanced virulence, and immune escape. Vaccination is encouraged as a public health intervention, and different types of vaccines are used worldwide. However, new variants continue to emerge, especially the Omicron complex, and the neutralizing antibody responses are diminished significantly. In this review, we outlined the uniqueness of SARS-CoV-2 from three perspectives. First, we described the detailed structure of the spike (S) protein, which is highly susceptible to mutations and contributes to the distinct infection cycle of the virus. Second, we systematically summarized the immunoglobulin G epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 and highlighted the central role of the nonconserved regions of the S protein in adaptive immune escape. Third, we provided an overview of the vaccines targeting the S protein and discussed the impact of the nonconserved regions on vaccine effectiveness. The characterization and identification of the structure and genomic organization of SARS-CoV-2 will help elucidate its mechanisms of viral mutation and infection and provide a basis for the selection of optimal treatments. The leaps in advancements regarding improved diagnosis, targeted vaccines and therapeutic remedies provide sound evidence showing that scientific understanding, research, and technology evolved at the pace of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Qian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shichang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinming Li
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiexin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China
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7
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Vasconcelos LDCM, Leony LM, Camelier AA, Meireles AC, Oliveira Júnior ALFD, Bandeira AC, Macedo YSF, Duarte AO, Van Voorhis W, Siqueira ICD, Santos FLN. Usefulness of receptor binding domain protein-based serodiagnosis of COVID-19. IJID REGIONS 2024; 10:1-8. [PMID: 38045864 PMCID: PMC10687696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Objectives This study evaluated the performance of recombinant receptor binding domain (RBD) protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (RBD-ELISAs) for detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM antibodies. Methods In this study, 705 sera from SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals and 315 sera from healthy individuals were analyzed. Results The RBD-ELISA IgG exhibited high specificity (99.1%) and moderate sensitivity (48.0%), with an overall diagnostic accuracy of 73.5%. RBD-ELISA IgM demonstrated specificity at 94.6% and sensitivity at 51.1%, with an accuracy of 72.8%. Both assays displayed improved performance when analyzing samples collected 15-21 days post-symptom onset, achieving sensitivity and accuracy exceeding 88% and 90%, respectively. Combining RBD-ELISA IgG and IgM in parallel analysis enhanced sensitivity to 98.6% and accuracy to 96.2%. Comparing these RBD-ELISAs with commercially available tests, the study found overlapping sensitivity and similar specificity values. Notably, the combined RBD-ELISA IgG and IgM showed superior performance. Cross-reactivity analysis revealed low false-positive rates (4.4% for IgG, 3.7% for IgM), primarily with viral infections. Conclusion This research underscores the potential of RBD-based ELISAs for COVID-19 diagnosis, especially when assessing samples collected 15-21 days post-symptom onset and utilizing a parallel testing approach. The RBD protein's immunogenicity and specificity make it a valuable tool for serodiagnosis, offering an alternative to polymerase chain reaction-based methods, particularly in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo Maia Leony
- Advanced Public Health Laboratory, Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-RJ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Aquiles Assunção Camelier
- Aliança D'Or Hospital, Salvador, Brazil
- Bahia School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Brazil
- State University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Yasmin Santos Freitas Macedo
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Institute Gonçalo Moniz, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-BA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Alan Oliveira Duarte
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Institute Gonçalo Moniz, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-BA), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Isadora Cristina de Siqueira
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Institute Gonçalo Moniz, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-BA), Salvador, Brazil
- Integrated Translational Program in Chagas Disease from FIOCRUZ (Fio-Chagas), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-RJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fred Luciano Neves Santos
- Advanced Public Health Laboratory, Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-RJ), Salvador, Brazil
- Integrated Translational Program in Chagas Disease from FIOCRUZ (Fio-Chagas), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-RJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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8
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Collins CP, Longo DL, Murphy WJ. The immunobiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine responses: potential influences of cross-reactive memory responses and aging on efficacy and off-target effects. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1345499. [PMID: 38469293 PMCID: PMC10925677 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1345499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to both SARS-CoV-2 infection and its associated vaccines have been highly variable within the general population. The increasing evidence of long-lasting symptoms after resolution of infection, called post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) or "Long COVID," suggests that immune-mediated mechanisms are at play. Closely related endemic common human coronaviruses (hCoV) can induce pre-existing and potentially cross-reactive immunity, which can then affect primary SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as vaccination responses. The influence of pre-existing immunity from these hCoVs, as well as responses generated from original CoV2 strains or vaccines on the development of new high-affinity responses to CoV2 antigenic viral variants, needs to be better understood given the need for continuous vaccine adaptation and application in the population. Due in part to thymic involution, normal aging is associated with reduced naïve T cell compartments and impaired primary antigen responsiveness, resulting in a reliance on the pre-existing cross-reactive memory cell pool which may be of lower affinity, restricted in diversity, or of shorter duration. These effects can also be mediated by the presence of down-regulatory anti-idiotype responses which also increase in aging. Given the tremendous heterogeneity of clinical data, utilization of preclinical models offers the greatest ability to assess immune responses under a controlled setting. These models should now involve prior antigen/viral exposure combined with incorporation of modifying factors such as age on immune responses and effects. This will also allow for mechanistic dissection and understanding of the different immune pathways involved in both SARS-CoV-2 pathogen and potential vaccine responses over time and how pre-existing memory responses, including potential anti-idiotype responses, can affect efficacy as well as potential off-target effects in different tissues as well as modeling PASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig P. Collins
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of California (UC) Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dan L. Longo
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - William J. Murphy
- Departments of Dermatology and Internal Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), University of California (UC) Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
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9
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George RS, Goodey H, Russo MA, Tula R, Ghezzi P. Use of immunology in news and YouTube videos in the context of COVID-19: politicisation and information bubbles. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1327704. [PMID: 38435297 PMCID: PMC10906096 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1327704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic propelled immunology into global news and social media, resulting in the potential for misinterpreting and misusing complex scientific concepts. Objective To study the extent to which immunology is discussed in news articles and YouTube videos in English and Italian, and if related scientific concepts are used to support specific political or ideological narratives in the context of COVID-19. Methods In English and Italian we searched the period 11/09/2019 to 11/09/2022 on YouTube, using the software Mozdeh, for videos mentioning COVID-19 and one of nine immunological concepts: antibody-dependent enhancement, anergy, cytokine storm, herd immunity, hygiene hypothesis, immunity debt, original antigenic sin, oxidative stress and viral interference. We repeated this using MediaCloud for news articles.Four samples of 200 articles/videos were obtained from the randomised data gathered and analysed for mentions of concepts, stance on vaccines, masks, lockdown, social distancing, and political signifiers. Results Vaccine-negative information was higher in videos than news (8-fold in English, 6-fold in Italian) and higher in Italian than English (4-fold in news, 3-fold in videos). We also observed the existence of information bubbles, where a negative stance towards one intervention was associated with a negative stance to other linked ideas. Some immunological concepts (immunity debt, viral interference, anergy and original antigenic sin) were associated with anti-vaccine or anti-NPI (non-pharmacological intervention) views. Videos in English mentioned politics more frequently than those in Italian and, in all media and languages, politics was more frequently mentioned in anti-guidelines and anti-vaccine media by a factor of 3 in video and of 3-5 in news. Conclusion There is evidence that some immunological concepts are used to provide credibility to specific narratives and ideological views. The existence of information bubbles supports the concept of the "rabbit hole" effect, where interest in unconventional views/media leads to ever more extreme algorithmic recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Goodey
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rovena Tula
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Pietro Ghezzi
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
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10
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Korenkov M, Zehner M, Cohen-Dvashi H, Borenstein-Katz A, Kottege L, Janicki H, Vanshylla K, Weber T, Gruell H, Koch M, Diskin R, Kreer C, Klein F. Somatic hypermutation introduces bystander mutations that prepare SARS-CoV-2 antibodies for emerging variants. Immunity 2023; 56:2803-2815.e6. [PMID: 38035879 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Somatic hypermutation (SHM) drives affinity maturation and continues over months in SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). However, several potent SARS-CoV-2 antibodies carry no or only a few mutations, leaving the question of how ongoing SHM affects neutralization unclear. Here, we reverted variable region mutations of 92 antibodies and tested their impact on SARS-CoV-2 binding and neutralization. Reverting higher numbers of mutations correlated with decreasing antibody functionality. However, for some antibodies, including antibodies of the public clonotype VH1-58, neutralization of Wu01 remained unaffected. Although mutations were dispensable for Wu01-induced VH1-58 antibodies to neutralize Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants, they were critical for Omicron BA.1/BA.2 neutralization. We exploited this knowledge to convert the clinical antibody tixagevimab into a BA.1/BA.2 neutralizer. These findings broaden our understanding of SHM as a mechanism that not only improves antibody responses during affinity maturation but also contributes to antibody diversification, thus increasing the chances of neutralizing viral escape variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Korenkov
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Zehner
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hadas Cohen-Dvashi
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aliza Borenstein-Katz
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lisa Kottege
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hanna Janicki
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kanika Vanshylla
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Timm Weber
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Gruell
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Manuel Koch
- Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology and Center for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ron Diskin
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Christoph Kreer
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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11
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Huang CQ, Vishwanath S, Carnell GW, Chan ACY, Heeney JL. Immune imprinting and next-generation coronavirus vaccines. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1971-1985. [PMID: 37932355 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines based on historical virus isolates provide limited protection from continuously evolving RNA viruses, such as influenza viruses or coronaviruses, which occasionally spill over between animals and humans. Despite repeated booster immunizations, population-wide declines in the neutralization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have occurred. This has been compared to seasonal influenza vaccinations in humans, where the breadth of immune responses induced by repeat exposures to antigenically distinct influenza viruses is confounded by pre-existing immunity-a mechanism known as imprinting. Since its emergence, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved in a population with partial immunity, acquired by infection, vaccination or both. Here we critically examine the evidence for and against immune imprinting in host humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 and its implications for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) booster vaccine programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Qingzhou Huang
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sneha Vishwanath
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - George William Carnell
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Chun Yue Chan
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Luke Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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12
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Rottmayer K, Loeffler-Wirth H, Gruenewald T, Doxiadis I, Lehmann C. Individual Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection-The Role of Seasonal Coronaviruses and Human Leukocyte Antigen. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1293. [PMID: 37887003 PMCID: PMC10603889 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
During the coronavirus pandemic, evidence is growing that the severity, susceptibility and host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection can be highly variable. Several influencing factors have been discussed. Here, we investigated the humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2 spike, S1, S2, the RBD, nucleocapsid moieties and S1 of seasonal coronaviruses: hCoV-229E, hCoV-HKU1, hCoV-NL63 and hCoV-OC43, as well as MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, in a cohort of 512 individuals. A bead-based multiplex assay allowed simultaneous testing for all the above antigens and the identification of different antibody patterns. Then, we correlated these patterns with 11 HLA loci. Regarding the seasonal coronaviruses, we found a moderate negative correlation between antibody levels against hCoV-229E, hCoV-HKU1 and hCoV-NL63 and the SARS-CoV-2 antigens. This could be an indication of the original immunological imprinting. High and low antibody response patterns were distinguishable, demonstrating the individuality of the humoral response towards the virus. An immunogenetical factor associated with a high antibody response (formation of ≥4 different antibodies) was the presence of HLA A*26:01, C*02:02 and DPB1*04:01 alleles, whereas the HLA alleles DRB3*01:01, DPB1*03:01 and DB1*10:01 were enriched in low responders. A better understanding of this variable immune response could enable more individualized protective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Rottmayer
- Laboratory for Transplantation Immunology, University Hospital Leipzig, Johannisallee 32, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henry Loeffler-Wirth
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, IZBI, Leipzig University, Haertelstr. 16–18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Gruenewald
- Clinic for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum Chemnitz, Flemmingstraße 2, 09116 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Ilias Doxiadis
- Laboratory for Transplantation Immunology, University Hospital Leipzig, Johannisallee 32, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Lehmann
- Laboratory for Transplantation Immunology, University Hospital Leipzig, Johannisallee 32, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Curtis NC, Shin S, Hederman AP, Connor RI, Wieland-Alter WF, Ionov S, Boylston J, Rose J, Sakharkar M, Dorman DB, Dessaint JA, Gwilt LL, Crowley AR, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Schmidt AG, Ashare A, Walker LM, Wright PF, Ackerman ME, Lee J. Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Convalescent Patients' Serological Repertoire Reveals High Prevalence of Iso-RBD Antibodies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.08.556349. [PMID: 37745524 PMCID: PMC10515772 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.08.556349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
While our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and antibody responses following infection and vaccination has improved tremendously since the outbreak in 2019, the sequence identities and relative abundances of the individual constituent antibody molecules in circulation remain understudied. Using Ig-Seq, we proteomically profiled the serological repertoire specific to the whole ectodomain of SARS-CoV-2 prefusion-stabilized spike (S) as well as to the receptor binding domain (RBD) over a 6-month period in four subjects following SARS-CoV-2 infection before SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were available. In each individual, we identified between 59 and 167 unique IgG clonotypes in serum. To our surprise, we discovered that ∼50% of serum IgG specific for RBD did not recognize prefusion-stabilized S (referred to as iso-RBD antibodies), suggesting that a significant fraction of serum IgG targets epitopes on RBD inaccessible on the prefusion-stabilized conformation of S. On the other hand, the abundance of iso-RBD antibodies in nine individuals who received mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines encoding prefusion-stabilized S was significantly lower (∼8%). We expressed a panel of 12 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that were abundantly present in serum from two SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, and their binding specificities to prefusion-stabilized S and RBD were all in agreement with the binding specificities assigned based on the proteomics data, including 1 iso-RBD mAb which bound to RBD but not to prefusion-stabilized S. 2 of 12 mAbs demonstrated neutralizing activity, while other mAbs were non-neutralizing. 11 of 12 mAbs also bound to S (B.1.351), but only 1 maintained binding to S (B.1.1.529). This particular mAb binding to S (B.1.1.529) 1) represented an antibody lineage that comprised 43% of the individual's total S-reactive serum IgG binding titer 6 months post-infection, 2) bound to the S from a related human coronavirus, HKU1, and 3) had a high somatic hypermutation level (10.9%), suggesting that this antibody lineage likely had been elicited previously by pre-pandemic coronavirus and was re-activated following the SARS-CoV-2 infection. All 12 mAbs demonstrated their ability to engage in Fc-mediated effector function activities. Collectively, our study provides a quantitative overview of the serological repertoire following SARS-CoV-2 infection and the significant contribution of iso-RBD antibodies, demonstrating how vaccination strategies involving prefusion-stabilized S may have reduced the elicitation of iso-RBD serum antibodies which are unlikely to contribute to protection.
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14
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Herman JD, Atyeo C, Zur Y, Cook CE, Patel NJ, Vanni KM, Kowalski EN, Qian G, Srivatsan S, Shadick NA, Rao DA, Kellman B, Mann CJ, Lauffenburger D, Wallace ZS, Sparks JA, Alter G. Humoral immunity to an endemic coronavirus is associated with postacute sequelae of COVID-19 in individuals with rheumatic diseases. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf6598. [PMID: 37672567 PMCID: PMC10764151 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf6598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Beyond the acute illness caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, about one-fifth of infections result in long-term persistence of symptoms despite the apparent clearance of infection. Insights into the mechanisms that underlie postacute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) will be critical for the prevention and clinical management of long-term complications of COVID-19. Several hypotheses have been proposed that may account for the development of PASC, including persistence of virus and dysregulation of immune responses. Among the immunological changes noted in PASC, alterations in humoral immunity have been observed in some patient subsets. To begin to determine whether SARS-CoV-2- or other pathogen-specific humoral immune responses evolve uniquely in PASC, we performed comprehensive antibody profiling against SARS-CoV-2, a panel of endemic pathogens, and a panel of routine vaccine antigens using systems serology in two cohorts of patients with preexisting systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease (SARD) who either developed or did not develop PASC. A distinct qualitative shift observed in Fcγ receptor (FcγR) binding was observed in individuals with PASC. Specifically, individuals with PASC harbored weaker FcγR-binding anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and stronger FcγR-binding antibody responses against the endemic coronavirus OC43. Individuals with PASC developed an OC43 S2-specific antibody response with stronger FcγR binding, linked to cross-reactivity across SARS-CoV-2 and common coronaviruses. These findings identify previous coronavirus imprinting as a potential marker for the development of PASC in individuals with SARDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Herman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yonatan Zur
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Claire E Cook
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Naomi J Patel
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kathleen M Vanni
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emily N Kowalski
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Grace Qian
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shruthi Srivatsan
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nancy A Shadick
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Deepak A Rao
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin Kellman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Colin J Mann
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Douglas Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zachary S Wallace
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Sparks
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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15
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Raadsen MP, Dahlke C, Fathi A, Lamers MM, van den Doel P, Zaeck LM, van Royen ME, de Bruin E, Sikkema R, Koopmans M, van Gorp ECM, Sutter G, de Vries RD, Addo MM, Haagmans BL. Monkeypox Virus Cross-Neutralizing Antibodies in Clinical Trial Participants Vaccinated With Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Encoding Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus Spike Protein. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:586-590. [PMID: 36857443 PMCID: PMC10469103 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is used as a vaccine against monkeypox virus and as a viral vaccine vector. MVA-MERS-S is a vaccine candidate against Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-associated coronavirus. Here, we report that cross-reactive monkeypox virus neutralizing antibodies were detectable in only a single study participant after the first dose of MVA-MERS-S vaccine, in 3 of 10 after the second dose, and in 10 of 10 after the third dose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Dahlke
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), Hamburg, Germany
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anahita Fathi
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), Hamburg, Germany
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mart M Lamers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Luca M Zaeck
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Erwin de Bruin
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Reina Sikkema
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Gerd Sutter
- Division of Virology, LMU University of Munich, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marylyn M Addo
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), Hamburg, Germany
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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16
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Yin D, Han Z, Lang B, Li Y, Mai G, Chen H, Feng L, Chen YQ, Luo H, Xiong Y, Jing L, Du X, Shu Y, Sun C. Effect of seasonal coronavirus immune imprinting on the immunogenicity of inactivated COVID-19 vaccination. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1195533. [PMID: 37654488 PMCID: PMC10467281 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1195533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pre-existing cross-reactive immunity among different coronaviruses, also termed immune imprinting, may have a comprehensive impact on subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination effectiveness. Here, we aim to explore the interplay between pre-existing seasonal coronaviruses (sCoVs) antibodies and the humoral immunity induced by COVID-19 vaccination. Methods We first collected serum samples from healthy donors prior to COVID-19 pandemic and individuals who had received COVID-19 vaccination post-pandemic in China, and the levels of IgG antibodies against sCoVs and SARS-CoV-2 were detected by ELISA. Wilcoxon rank sum test and chi-square test were used to compare the difference in magnitude and seropositivity rate between two groups. Then, we recruited a longitudinal cohort to collect serum samples before and after COVID-19 vaccination. The levels of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 S, S1, S2 and N antigen were monitored. Association between pre-existing sCoVs antibody and COVID-19 vaccination-induced antibodies were analyzed by Spearman rank correlation. Results 96.0% samples (339/353) showed the presence of IgG antibodies against at least one subtype of sCoVs. 229E and OC43 exhibited the highest seroprevalence rates at 78.5% and 72.0%, respectively, followed by NL63 (60.9%) and HKU1 (52.4%). The levels of IgG antibodies against two β coronaviruses (OC43 and HKU1) were significantly higher in these donors who had inoculated with COVID-19 vaccines compared to pre-pandemic healthy donors. However, we found that COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibody levels were not significant different between two groups with high levelor low level of pre-existing sCoVs antibody among the longitudinal cohort. Conclusion We found a high prevalence of antibodies against sCoVs in Chinese population. The immune imprinting by sCoVs could be reactivated by COVID-19 vaccination, but it did not appear to be a major factor affecting the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccine. These findings will provide insights into understanding the impact of immune imprinting on subsequent multiple shots of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yin
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zirong Han
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Lang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Emergency Manage Department, Foshan, China
| | - Guoqin Mai
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbiao Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Infectious Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liqiang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao-qing Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanle Luo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaming Xiong
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Lin Jing
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Xiangjun Du
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Caijun Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Chen B, Julg B, Mohandas S, Bradfute SB. Viral persistence, reactivation, and mechanisms of long COVID. eLife 2023; 12:e86015. [PMID: 37140960 PMCID: PMC10159620 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86015;] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 global pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has infected hundreds of millions of individuals. Following COVID-19 infection, a subset can develop a wide range of chronic symptoms affecting diverse organ systems referred to as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), also known as long COVID. A National Institutes of Health-sponsored initiative, RECOVER: Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery, has sought to understand the basis of long COVID in a large cohort. Given the range of symptoms that occur in long COVID, the mechanisms that may underlie these diverse symptoms may also be diverse. In this review, we focus on the emerging literature supporting the role(s) that viral persistence or reactivation of viruses may play in PASC. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA or antigens is reported in some organs, yet the mechanism by which they do so and how they may be associated with pathogenic immune responses is unclear. Understanding the mechanisms of persistence of RNA, antigen or other reactivated viruses and how they may relate to specific inflammatory responses that drive symptoms of PASC may provide a rationale for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Boris Julg
- Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and HarvardBostonUnited States
| | - Sindhu Mohandas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Steven B Bradfute
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueUnited States
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18
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Chen B, Julg B, Mohandas S, Bradfute SB. Viral persistence, reactivation, and mechanisms of long COVID. eLife 2023; 12:e86015. [PMID: 37140960 PMCID: PMC10159620 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 global pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has infected hundreds of millions of individuals. Following COVID-19 infection, a subset can develop a wide range of chronic symptoms affecting diverse organ systems referred to as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), also known as long COVID. A National Institutes of Health-sponsored initiative, RECOVER: Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery, has sought to understand the basis of long COVID in a large cohort. Given the range of symptoms that occur in long COVID, the mechanisms that may underlie these diverse symptoms may also be diverse. In this review, we focus on the emerging literature supporting the role(s) that viral persistence or reactivation of viruses may play in PASC. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA or antigens is reported in some organs, yet the mechanism by which they do so and how they may be associated with pathogenic immune responses is unclear. Understanding the mechanisms of persistence of RNA, antigen or other reactivated viruses and how they may relate to specific inflammatory responses that drive symptoms of PASC may provide a rationale for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Boris Julg
- Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and HarvardBostonUnited States
| | - Sindhu Mohandas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Steven B Bradfute
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueUnited States
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19
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Smit WL, van Tol S, Haas LEM, Limonard GJM, Bossink A, Reusken C, Heron M, Thijsen SFT. Differential abundance of IgG antibodies against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal coronaviruses in patients with fatal COVID-19. Virol J 2023; 20:85. [PMID: 37138352 PMCID: PMC10156070 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the novel pandemic SARS-CoV-2 virus has been shown to elicit a cross-reactive immune response that could lead to a back-boost of memory recall to previously encountered seasonal (endemic) coronaviruses (eCoVs). Whether this response is associated with a fatal clinical outcome in patients with severe COVID-19 remains unclear. In a cohort of hospitalized patients, we have previously shown that heterologous immune responses to eCoVs can be detected in severe COVID-19. Here, we report that COVID-19 patients with fatal disease have decreased SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titers at hospital admission, which correlated with lower SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific IgG and was paralleled by a relative abundance of IgG against spike protein of eCoVs of the genus Betacoronavirus. Additional research is needed to assess if eCoV-specific back-boosted IgG is a bystander phenomenon in severe COVID-19, or a factor that influences the development of an efficient anti-viral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter L Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Bosboomstraat 1, 3582 KE, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Sophie van Tol
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, WHO Reference Laboratory for COVID-19, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lenneke E M Haas
- Department of Intensive Care, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs J M Limonard
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ailko Bossink
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Reusken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, WHO Reference Laboratory for COVID-19, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Heron
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Bosboomstraat 1, 3582 KE, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven F T Thijsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Bosboomstraat 1, 3582 KE, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Jeong AY, Lee P, Lee MS, Kim DJ. Pre-existing Immunity to Endemic Human Coronaviruses Does Not Affect the Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Spike in a Murine Vaccination Model. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e19. [PMID: 37179748 PMCID: PMC10166660 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been evidenced to be cross-reactive to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although a correlation exists between the immunological memory to HCoVs and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity, there is little experimental evidence for the effects of HCoV memory on the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines. Here, we investigated the Ag-specific immune response to COVID-19 vaccines in the presence or absence of immunological memory against HCoV spike Ags in a mouse model. Pre-existing immunity against HCoV did not affect the COVID-19 vaccine-mediated humoral response with regard to Ag-specific total IgG and neutralizing Ab levels. The specific T cell response to the COVID-19 vaccine Ag was also unaltered, regardless of pre-exposure to HCoV spike Ags. Taken together, our data suggest that COVID-19 vaccines elicit comparable immunity regardless of immunological memory to spike of endemic HCoVs in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahn Young Jeong
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Pureum Lee
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Moo-Seung Lee
- Department of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Doo-Jin Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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21
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Zsichla L, Müller V. Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors. Viruses 2023; 15:175. [PMID: 36680215 PMCID: PMC9863423 DOI: 10.3390/v15010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease and death. Understanding the risk factors of severe COVID-19 is relevant both in the clinical setting and at the epidemiological level. Here, we provide an overview of host, viral and environmental factors that have been shown or (in some cases) hypothesized to be associated with severe clinical outcomes. The factors considered in detail include the age and frailty, genetic polymorphisms, biological sex (and pregnancy), co- and superinfections, non-communicable comorbidities, immunological history, microbiota, and lifestyle of the patient; viral genetic variation and infecting dose; socioeconomic factors; and air pollution. For each category, we compile (sometimes conflicting) evidence for the association of the factor with COVID-19 outcomes (including the strength of the effect) and outline possible action mechanisms. We also discuss the complex interactions between the various risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Zsichla
- Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Müller
- Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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22
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Aguilar-Bretones M, Fouchier RA, Koopmans MP, van Nierop GP. Impact of antigenic evolution and original antigenic sin on SARS-CoV-2 immunity. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e162192. [PMID: 36594464 PMCID: PMC9797340 DOI: 10.1172/jci162192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and vaccinations targeting the spike protein (S) offer protective immunity against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This immunity may further be shaped by cross-reactivity with common cold coronaviruses. Mutations arising in S that are associated with altered intrinsic virus properties and immune escape result in the continued circulation of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Potentially, vaccine updates will be required to protect against future variants of concern, as for influenza. To offer potent protection against future variants, these second-generation vaccines may need to redirect immunity to epitopes associated with immune escape and not merely boost immunity toward conserved domains in preimmune individuals. For influenza, efficacy of repeated vaccination is hampered by original antigenic sin, an attribute of immune memory that leads to greater induction of antibodies specific to the first-encountered variant of an immunogen compared with subsequent variants. In this Review, recent findings on original antigenic sin are discussed in the context of SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Unanswered questions and future directions are highlighted, with an emphasis on the impact on disease outcome and vaccine design.
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23
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Rümke LW, Smit WL, Bossink A, Limonard GJM, Muilwijk D, Haas LEM, Reusken C, van der Wal S, Thio BJ, van Os YMG, Gremmels H, Beekman JM, Nijhuis M, Wensing AMJ, Heron M, Thijsen SFT. Impaired SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell response in patients with severe COVID-19. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1046639. [PMID: 37168853 PMCID: PMC10165493 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1046639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular immune responses are of pivotal importance to understand SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) interferon-γ release assay with wild-type spike, membrane and nucleocapsid peptide pools, we longitudinally characterized functional SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell responses in a cohort of patients with mild, moderate and severe COVID-19. All patients were included before emergence of the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant. Our most important finding was an impaired development of early IFN-γ-secreting virus-specific T-cells in severe patients compared to patients with moderate disease, indicating that absence of virus-specific cellular responses in the acute phase may act as a prognostic factor for severe disease. Remarkably, in addition to reactivity against the spike protein, a substantial proportion of the SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell response was directed against the conserved membrane protein. This may be relevant for diagnostics and vaccine design, especially considering new variants with heavily mutated spike proteins. Our data further strengthen the hypothesis that dysregulated adaptive immunity plays a central role in COVID-19 immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidewij W. Rümke
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wouter L. Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ailko Bossink
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gijs J. M. Limonard
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Danya Muilwijk
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lenneke E. M. Haas
- Department of Intensive Care, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Chantal Reusken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, WHO Reference Laboratory for COVID-19, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Sanne van der Wal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bing J. Thio
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M. G. van Os
- Occupational Health Office, Department of Human Resources, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Gremmels
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey M. Beekman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Annemarie M. J. Wensing
- Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michiel Heron
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Michiel Heron,
| | - Steven F. T. Thijsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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24
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Anderson EM, Li SH, Awofolaju M, Eilola T, Goodwin E, Bolton MJ, Gouma S, Manzoni TB, Hicks P, Goel RR, Painter MM, Apostolidis SA, Mathew D, Dunbar D, Fiore D, Brock A, Weaver J, Millar JS, DerOhannessian S, Greenplate AR, Frank I, Rader DJ, Wherry EJ, Bates P, Hensley SE. SARS-CoV-2 infections elicit higher levels of original antigenic sin antibodies compared with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111496. [PMID: 36261003 PMCID: PMC9578169 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to determine if severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections and SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations elicit different types of antibodies. Here, we characterize the magnitude and specificity of SARS-CoV-2 spike-reactive antibodies from 10 acutely infected health care workers with no prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure history and 23 participants who received SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. We found that infection and primary mRNA vaccination elicit S1- and S2-reactive antibodies, while secondary vaccination boosts mostly S1 antibodies. Using absorption assays, we found that SARS-CoV-2 infections elicit a large proportion of original antigenic sin-like antibodies that bind efficiently to the spike of common seasonal human coronaviruses but poorly to the spike of SARS-CoV-2. In converse, vaccination modestly boosts antibodies reactive to the spike of common seasonal human coronaviruses, and these antibodies cross-react more efficiently to the spike of SARS-CoV-2. Our data indicate that SARS-CoV-2 infections and mRNA vaccinations elicit fundamentally different antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shuk Hang Li
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Moses Awofolaju
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Theresa Eilola
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eileen Goodwin
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marcus J Bolton
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sigrid Gouma
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tomaz B Manzoni
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Philip Hicks
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rishi R Goel
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mark M Painter
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sokratis A Apostolidis
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Divij Mathew
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Debora Dunbar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Danielle Fiore
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amanda Brock
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - JoEllen Weaver
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John S Millar
- Department of Genetics and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephanie DerOhannessian
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Genetics and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Allison R Greenplate
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ian Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Genetics and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paul Bates
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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25
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Costa Silva RCM, Bandeira-Melo C, Paula Neto HA, Vale AM, Travassos LH. COVID-19 diverse outcomes: Aggravated reinfection, type I interferons and antibodies. Med Hypotheses 2022; 167:110943. [PMID: 36105250 PMCID: PMC9461281 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection intrigued medicine with diverse outcomes ranging from asymptomatic to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and death. After more than two years of pandemic, reports of reinfection concern researchers and physicists. Here, we will discuss potential mechanisms that can explain reinfections, including the aggravated ones. The major topics of this hypothesis paper are the disbalance between interferon and antibodies responses, HLA heterogeneity among the affected population, and increased proportion of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells polarization in relation to T follicular cells (Tfh) subtypes. These features affect antibody levels and hamper the humoral immunity necessary to prevent or minimize the viral burden in the case of reinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cardoso Maciel Costa Silva
- Laboratório de Imunoreceptores e Sinalização, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christianne Bandeira-Melo
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heitor Afonso Paula Neto
- Laboratório de Alvos Moleculares, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Macedo Vale
- Laboratório de Biologia de Linfócitos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Holanda Travassos
- Laboratório de Imunoreceptores e Sinalização, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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26
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Herman JD, Atyeo C, Zur Y, Cook CE, Patel NJ, Vanni KM, Kowalski EN, Qian G, Shadick NA, Laffenburger D, Wallace ZS, Sparks JA, Alter G. Impact of cross-coronavirus immunity in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.09.25.22280335. [PMID: 36203557 PMCID: PMC9536039 DOI: 10.1101/2022.09.25.22280335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Beyond the unpredictable acute illness caused by SARS-CoV-2, one-fifth of infections unpredictably result in long-term persistence of symptoms despite the apparent clearance of infection. Insights into the mechanisms that underlie post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) will be critical for the prevention and clinical management of long-term complications of COVID-19. Several hypotheses have been proposed that may account for the development of PASC, including persistence of virus or the dysregulation of immunity. Among the immunological changes noted in PASC, alterations in humoral immunity have been observed in some patient subsets. To begin to determine whether SARS-CoV-2 or other pathogen specific humoral immune responses evolve uniquely in PASC, we performed comprehensive antibody profiling against SARS-CoV-2 and a panel of endemic pathogens or routine vaccine antigens using Systems Serology in a cohort of patients with pre-existing rheumatic disease who either developed or did not develop PASC. A distinct humoral immune response was observed in individuals with PASC. Specifically, individuals with PASC harbored less inflamed and weaker Fcγ receptor binding anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and a significantly expanded and more inflamed antibody response against endemic Coronavirus OC43. Individuals with PASC, further, generated more avid IgM responses and developed an expanded inflammatory OC43 S2-specific Fc-receptor binding response, linked to cross reactivity across SARS-CoV-2 and common coronaviruses. These findings implicate previous common Coronavirus imprinting as a marker for the development of PASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Herman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yonatan Zur
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Claire E Cook
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Naomi J Patel
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Vanni
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily N Kowalski
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Grace Qian
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nancy A Shadick
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas Laffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zachary S Wallace
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Sparks
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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27
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Castanha PMS, Tuttle DJ, Kitsios GD, Jacobs JL, Braga-Neto U, Duespohl M, Rathod S, Marti MM, Wheeler S, Naqvi A, Staines B, Mellors J, Morris A, McVerry BJ, Shah F, Schaefer C, Macatangay BJC, Methe B, Fernandez CA, Barratt-Boyes SM, Burke D, Marques ETA. Contribution of Coronavirus-Specific Immunoglobulin G Responses to Complement Overactivation in Patients with Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:766-777. [PMID: 35267024 PMCID: PMC8992249 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive complement activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the mechanisms leading to this response remain unclear. METHODS We measured plasma levels of key complement markers, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA and antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal human common cold coronaviruses (CCCs) in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 of moderate (n = 18) and critical severity (n = 37) and in healthy controls (n = 10). RESULTS We confirmed that complement activation is systemically increased in patients with COVID-19 and is associated with a worse disease outcome. We showed that plasma levels of C1q and circulating immune complexes were markedly increased in patients with severe COVID-19 and correlated with higher immunoglobulin (Ig) G titers, greater complement activation, and higher disease severity score. Additional analyses showed that the classical pathway was the main arm responsible for augmented complement activation in severe patients. In addition, we demonstrated that a rapid IgG response to SARS-CoV-2 and an anamnestic IgG response to the nucleoprotein of the CCCs were strongly correlated with circulating immune complex levels, complement activation, and disease severity. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that early, nonneutralizing IgG responses may play a key role in complement overactivation in severe COVID-19. Our work underscores the urgent need to develop therapeutic strategies to modify complement overactivation in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila M S Castanha
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dylan J Tuttle
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Georgios D Kitsios
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Medicine and the Microbiome, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jana L Jacobs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ulisses Braga-Neto
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew Duespohl
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sanjay Rathod
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michelle M Marti
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Asma Naqvi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brittany Staines
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Mellors
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alison Morris
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Medicine and the Microbiome, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bryan J McVerry
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Medicine and the Microbiome, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Faraaz Shah
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Caitlin Schaefer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bernard J C Macatangay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Barbara Methe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Medicine and the Microbiome, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christian A Fernandez
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon M Barratt-Boyes
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Donald Burke
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ernesto T A Marques
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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28
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Hu C, Wang Z, Ren L, Hao Y, Zhu M, Jiang H, Wang S, Li D, Shao Y. Pre-existing anti-HCoV-OC43 immunity influences the durability and cross-reactivity of humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:978440. [PMID: 36118022 PMCID: PMC9478943 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.978440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study was conducted in order to properly understand whether prior seasonal human coronavirus (HCoV) immunity could impact the potential cross-reactivity of humoral responses induced by SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, thereby devising universal coronavirus vaccines for future outbreaks. Methods We performed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels to spike (S) protein and S1 subunit of HCoVs (HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-229E), and ELISA [anti-RBD and anti-nucleoprotein (N)], chemiluminescence immunoassay assays (anti-RBD), pseudovirus neutralization test, and authentic viral neutralization test to detect the binding and neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in the vaccinees. Results We found that the antibody of seasonal HCoVs did exist before vaccination and could be boosted by SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. A further analysis demonstrated that the prior S and S1 IgG antibodies of HCoV-OC43 were positively correlated with anti-RBD and neutralization antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 at 12 and 24 weeks after the second vaccination, and the correlation is more statistically significant at 24 weeks. The persistent antibody levels of SARS-CoV-2 were observed in vaccinees with higher pre-existing HCoV-OC43 antibodies. Conclusion Our data indicate that inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may confer cross-protection against seasonal coronaviruses in most individuals, and more importantly, the pre-existing HCoV-OC43 antibody was associated with protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2, supporting the development of a pan-coronavirus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqin Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Li Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Meiling Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - He Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Control and Achievement Transformation, Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dan Li, ; Yiming Shao,
| | - Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dan Li, ; Yiming Shao,
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Nguyen DC, Lamothe PA, Woodruff MC, Saini AS, Faliti CE, Sanz I, Lee FE. COVID-19 and plasma cells: Is there long-lived protection? Immunol Rev 2022; 309:40-63. [PMID: 35801537 PMCID: PMC9350162 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection with SARS-CoV-2, the etiology of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, has resulted in over 450 million cases with more than 6 million deaths worldwide, causing global disruptions since early 2020. Memory B cells and durable antibody protection from long-lived plasma cells (LLPC) are the mainstay of most effective vaccines. However, ending the pandemic has been hampered by the lack of long-lived immunity after infection or vaccination. Although immunizations offer protection from severe disease and hospitalization, breakthrough infections still occur, most likely due to new mutant viruses and the overall decline of neutralizing antibodies after 6 months. Here, we review the current knowledge of B cells, from extrafollicular to memory populations, with a focus on distinct plasma cell subsets, such as early-minted blood antibody-secreting cells and the bone marrow LLPC, and how these humoral compartments contribute to protection after SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan C. Nguyen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Pedro A. Lamothe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Matthew C. Woodruff
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ankur S. Saini
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Caterina E. Faliti
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Frances Eun‐Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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30
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Ng KW, Faulkner N, Finsterbusch K, Wu M, Harvey R, Hussain S, Greco M, Liu Y, Kjaer S, Swanton C, Gandhi S, Beale R, Gamblin SJ, Cherepanov P, McCauley J, Daniels R, Howell M, Arase H, Wack A, Bauer DLV, Kassiotis G. SARS-CoV-2 S2-targeted vaccination elicits broadly neutralizing antibodies. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabn3715. [PMID: 35895836 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abn3715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have emerged during the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Although antibody cross-reactivity with the spike glycoproteins (S) of diverse coronaviruses, including endemic common cold coronaviruses (HCoVs), has been documented, it remains unclear whether such antibody responses, typically targeting the conserved S2 subunit, contribute to protection when induced by infection or through vaccination. Using a mouse model, we found that prior HCoV-OC43 S-targeted immunity primes neutralizing antibody responses to otherwise subimmunogenic SARS-CoV-2 S exposure and promotes S2-targeting antibody responses. Moreover, vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 S2 elicited antibodies in mice that neutralized diverse animal and human alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses in vitro and provided a degree of protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in vivo. Last, in mice with a history of SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-based S vaccination, further S2 vaccination induced broader neutralizing antibody response than booster Wuhan S vaccination, suggesting that it may prevent repertoire focusing caused by repeated homologous vaccination. These data establish the protective value of an S2-targeting vaccine and support the notion that S2 vaccination may better prepare the immune system to respond to the changing nature of the S1 subunit in SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, as well as to future coronavirus zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Ng
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nikhil Faulkner
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Katja Finsterbusch
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Mary Wu
- High Throughput Screening STP, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ruth Harvey
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Saira Hussain
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- RNA Virus Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Maria Greco
- RNA Virus Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Yafei Liu
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Centre, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Svend Kjaer
- Structural Biology STP, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Charles Swanton
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Sonia Gandhi
- Neurodegradation Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Rupert Beale
- Cell Biology of Infection Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Steve J Gamblin
- Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin structure and mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - John McCauley
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Rodney Daniels
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Michael Howell
- High Throughput Screening STP, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Hisashi Arase
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Centre, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Andreas Wack
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - David L V Bauer
- RNA Virus Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - George Kassiotis
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
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31
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Stoddard CI, Sung K, Ojee E, Adhiambo J, Begnel ER, Slyker J, Gantt S, Matsen FA, Kinuthia J, Wamalwa D, Overbaugh J, Lehman DA. Distinct Antibody Responses to Endemic Coronaviruses Pre- and Post-SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Kenyan Infants and Mothers. Viruses 2022; 14:1517. [PMID: 35891497 PMCID: PMC9323260 DOI: 10.3390/v14071517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing antibodies that bind endemic human coronaviruses (eHCoVs) can cross-react with SARS-CoV-2, which is the betacoronavirus that causes COVID-19, but whether these responses influence SARS-CoV-2 infection is still under investigation and is particularly understudied in infants. In this study, we measured eHCoV and SARS-CoV-1 IgG antibody titers before and after SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in a cohort of Kenyan women and their infants. Pre-existing eHCoV antibody binding titers were not consistently associated with SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in infants or mothers; however, we observed a very modest association between pre-existing HCoV-229E antibody levels and a lack of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in the infants. After seroconversion to SARS-CoV-2, antibody binding titers to the endemic betacoronaviruses HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1, and the highly pathogenic betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-1, but not the endemic alphacoronaviruses HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63, increased in the mothers. However, eHCoV antibody levels did not increase following SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in the infants, suggesting the increase seen in the mothers was not simply due to cross-reactivity to naively generated SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. In contrast, the levels of antibodies that could bind SARS-CoV-1 increased after SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in both the mothers and infants, both of whom were unlikely to have had a prior SARS-CoV-1 infection, supporting prior findings that SARS-CoV-2 responses cross-react with SARS-CoV-1. In summary, we found evidence of increased eHCoV antibody levels following SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in the mothers but not the infants, suggesting eHCoV responses can be boosted by SARS-CoV-2 infection when a prior memory response has been established, and that pre-existing cross-reactive antibodies are not strongly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection risk in mothers or infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin I. Stoddard
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - Kevin Sung
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (K.S.); (F.A.M.IV)
| | - Ednah Ojee
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (E.O.); (J.A.); (D.W.)
| | - Judith Adhiambo
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (E.O.); (J.A.); (D.W.)
| | - Emily R. Begnel
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (E.R.B.); (J.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Jennifer Slyker
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (E.R.B.); (J.S.); (J.K.)
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Soren Gantt
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Frederick A. Matsen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (K.S.); (F.A.M.IV)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - John Kinuthia
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (E.R.B.); (J.S.); (J.K.)
- Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi 00202, Kenya
| | - Dalton Wamalwa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (E.O.); (J.A.); (D.W.)
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (K.S.); (F.A.M.IV)
| | - Dara A. Lehman
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (E.R.B.); (J.S.); (J.K.)
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32
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McNaughton AL, Paton RS, Edmans M, Youngs J, Wellens J, Phalora P, Fyfe A, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Bolton JS, Ball J, Carnell GW, Dejnirattisai W, Dold C, Eyre DW, Hopkins P, Howarth A, Kooblall K, Klim H, Leaver S, Lee LN, López-Camacho C, Lumley SF, Macallan DC, Mentzer AJ, Provine NM, Ratcliff J, Slon-Compos J, Skelly D, Stolle L, Supasa P, Temperton N, Walker C, Wang B, Wyncoll D, Simmonds P, Lambe T, Baillie JK, Semple MG, Openshaw PJ, Obolski U, Turner M, Carroll M, Mongkolsapaya J, Screaton G, Kennedy SH, Jarvis L, Barnes E, Dunachie S, Lourenço J, Matthews PC, Bicanic T, Klenerman P, Gupta S, Thompson CP. Fatal COVID-19 outcomes are associated with an antibody response targeting epitopes shared with endemic coronaviruses. JCI Insight 2022; 7:156372. [PMID: 35608920 PMCID: PMC9310533 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of immune responses to previously seen endemic coronavirus epitopes in severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and disease progression has not yet been determined. Here, we show that a key characteristic of fatal outcomes with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is that the immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is enriched for antibodies directed against epitopes shared with endemic beta-coronaviruses and has a lower proportion of antibodies targeting the more protective variable regions of the spike. The magnitude of antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike protein, its domains and subunits, and the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid also correlated strongly with responses to the endemic beta-coronavirus spike proteins in individuals admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) with fatal COVID-19 outcomes, but not in individuals with nonfatal outcomes. This correlation was found to be due to the antibody response directed at the S2 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which has the highest degree of conservation between the beta-coronavirus spike proteins. Intriguingly, antibody responses to the less cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid were not significantly different in individuals who were admitted to an ICU with fatal and nonfatal outcomes, suggesting an antibody profile in individuals with fatal outcomes consistent with an "original antigenic sin" type response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. McNaughton
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
| | - Robert S. Paton
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Edmans
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Youngs
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Wellens
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Prabhjeet Phalora
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
| | - Alex Fyfe
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jai S. Bolton
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Ball
- General Intensive Care service, St George’s University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - George W. Carnell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - David W. Eyre
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Hopkins
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Howarth
- Department of Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kreepa Kooblall
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, and
| | - Hannah Klim
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Future of Humanity Institute, Department of Philosophy, and
| | - Susannah Leaver
- General Intensive Care service, St George’s University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lian Ni Lee
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Sheila F. Lumley
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Derek C. Macallan
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicholas M. Provine
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Ratcliff
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
| | - Jose Slon-Compos
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
| | - Donal Skelly
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Stolle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Piyada Supasa
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Walker
- Meso Scale Diagnostics, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Beibei Wang
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
| | - Duncan Wyncoll
- Intensive Care Medicine, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Peter Simmonds
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Malcolm G. Semple
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Uri Obolski
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, and
- Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Marc Turner
- National Microbiology Reference Unit, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Miles Carroll
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
- Siriraj Center of Research for Excellence in Dengue & Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Screaton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen H. Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Jarvis
- National Microbiology Reference Unit, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - José Lourenço
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa C. Matthews
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tihana Bicanic
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
- Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sunetra Gupta
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Craig P. Thompson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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33
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Elko EA, Nelson GA, Mead HL, Kelley EJ, Carvalho ST, Sarbo NG, Harms CE, Le Verche V, Cardoso AA, Ely JL, Boyle AS, Piña A, Henson SN, Rahee F, Keim PS, Celona KR, Yi J, Settles EW, Bota DA, Yu GC, Morris SR, Zaia JA, Ladner JT, Altin JA. COVID-19 vaccination elicits an evolving, cross-reactive antibody response to epitopes conserved with endemic coronavirus spike proteins. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111022. [PMID: 35753310 PMCID: PMC9188999 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered the first widespread vaccination campaign against a coronavirus. Many vaccinated subjects are previously naive to SARS-CoV-2; however, almost all have previously encountered other coronaviruses (CoVs), and the role of this immunity in shaping the vaccine response remains uncharacterized. Here, we use longitudinal samples and highly multiplexed serology to identify mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced antibody responses against a range of CoV Spike epitopes, in both phylogenetically conserved and non-conserved regions. Whereas reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 epitopes shows a delayed but progressive increase following vaccination, we observe distinct kinetics for the endemic CoV homologs at conserved sites in Spike S2: these become detectable sooner and decay at later time points. Using homolog-specific antibody depletion and alanine-substitution experiments, we show that these distinct trajectories reflect an evolving cross-reactive response that can distinguish rare, polymorphic residues within these epitopes. Our results reveal mechanisms for the formation of antibodies with broad reactivity against CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Elko
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Georgia A Nelson
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Heather L Mead
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Erin J Kelley
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Sophia T Carvalho
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Nathan G Sarbo
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Caroline E Harms
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Virginia Le Verche
- Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Angelo A Cardoso
- Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Ely
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Annalee S Boyle
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Alejandra Piña
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Sierra N Henson
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Fatima Rahee
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Paul S Keim
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Kimberly R Celona
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Jinhee Yi
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Erik W Settles
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Daniela A Bota
- Alpha Stem Cell Clinic, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Sheldon R Morris
- Alpha Stem Cell Clinic, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John A Zaia
- Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jason T Ladner
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - John A Altin
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
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Stoddard CI, Sung K, Ojee E, Adhiambo J, Begnel ER, Slyker J, Gantt S, Matsen FA, Kinuthia J, Wamalwa D, Overbaugh J, Lehman DA. Distinct antibody responses to endemic coronaviruses pre- and post-SARS-CoV-2 infection in Kenyan infants and mothers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.06.02.493651. [PMID: 35677071 PMCID: PMC9176650 DOI: 10.1101/2022.06.02.493651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pre-existing antibodies that bind endemic human coronaviruses (eHCoVs) can cross-react with SARS-CoV-2, the betacoronavirus that causes COVID-19, but whether these responses influence SARS-CoV-2 infection is still under investigation and is particularly understudied in infants. In this study, we measured eHCoV and SARS-CoV-1 IgG antibody titers before and after SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in a cohort of Kenyan women and their infants. Pre-existing eHCoV antibody binding titers were not consistently associated with SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in infants or mothers, though we observed a very modest association between pre-existing HCoV-229E antibody levels and lack of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in infants. After seroconversion to SARS-CoV-2, antibody binding titers to endemic betacoronaviruses HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1, and the highly pathogenic betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-1, but not endemic alphacoronaviruses HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63, increased in mothers. However, eHCoV antibody levels did not increase following SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in infants, suggesting the increase seen in mothers was not simply due to cross-reactivity to naively generated SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. In contrast, the levels of antibodies that could bind SARS-CoV-1 increased after SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in both mothers and infants, both of whom are unlikely to have had a prior SARS-CoV-1 infection, supporting prior findings that SARS-CoV-2 responses cross-react with SARS-CoV-1. In summary, we find evidence for increased eHCoV antibody levels following SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in mothers but not infants, suggesting eHCoV responses can be boosted by SARS-CoV-2 infection when a prior memory response has been established, and that pre-existing cross-reactive antibodies are not strongly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection risk in mothers or infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin I Stoddard
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Kevin Sung
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Ednah Ojee
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Judith Adhiambo
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emily R Begnel
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jennifer Slyker
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Soren Gantt
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine
| | - Frederick A Matsen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - John Kinuthia
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dalton Wamalwa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Dara A Lehman
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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35
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Garanina E, Hamza S, Stott-Marshall RJ, Martynova E, Markelova M, Davidyuk Y, Shakirova V, Kaushal N, Baranwal M, Khaertynova IM, Rizvanov A, Foster TL, Khaiboullina S. Antibody and T Cell Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Peptides in COVID-19 Convalescent Patients. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:842232. [PMID: 35509311 PMCID: PMC9058163 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.842232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying immunogenic targets of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical to advance diagnostic and disease control strategies. We analyzed humoral (ELISA) and T-cell (ELISpot) immune responses to spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) SARS-CoV-2 proteins as well as to human endemic coronavirus (eCoV) peptides in serum from convalescent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients from Tatarstan, Russia. We identified multiple SARS-CoV-2 peptides that were reactive with serum antibodies and T cells from convalescent COVID-19. In addition, age and gender associated differences in the reactivity to S and N protein peptides were identified. Moreover, several SARS-CoV-2 peptides tested negatively correlated with disease severity and lung damage. Cross-reactivity to eCoV peptides was analyzed and found to be lower in COVID-19 compared to controls. In this study, we demonstrate the changing pattern of immunogenic peptide reactivity in COVID-19 serum based on age, gender and previous exposure to eCoVs. These data highlight how humoral immune responses and cytotoxic T cell responses to some of these peptides could contribute to SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Garanina
- Intitute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Shaimaa Hamza
- Intitute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Robert J. Stott-Marshall
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Ekaterina Martynova
- Intitute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Maria Markelova
- Intitute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Yuriy Davidyuk
- Intitute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Venera Shakirova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Neha Kaushal
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Manoj Baranwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
| | | | - Albert Rizvanov
- Intitute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Toshana L. Foster
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Svetlana Khaiboullina
- Intitute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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36
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Tanunliong G, Liu AC, Kaweski S, Irvine M, Reyes RC, Purych D, Krajden M, Morshed M, Sekirov I, Gantt S, Skowronski DM, Jassem AN. Age-Associated Seroprevalence of Coronavirus Antibodies: Population-Based Serosurveys in 2013 and 2020, British Columbia, Canada. Front Immunol 2022; 13:836449. [PMID: 35401521 PMCID: PMC8984254 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.836449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundOlder adults have been disproportionately affected during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, including higher risk of severe disease and long-COVID. Prior exposure to endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV) may modulate the response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and contribute to age-related observations. We hypothesized that cross-reactive antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are associated with antibodies to HCoV and that both increase with age.MethodsTo assess SARS-CoV-2 unexposed individuals, we drew upon archived anonymized residual sero-surveys conducted in British Columbia (BC), Canada, including before SARS-CoV-2 emergence (May, 2013) and before widespread community circulation in BC (May, 2020). Fifty sera, sex-balanced per ten-year age band, were sought among individuals ≤10 to ≥80 years old, supplemented as indicated by sera from March and September 2020. Sera were tested on the Meso Scale Diagnostics (MSD) electrochemiluminescent multiplex immunoassay to quantify IgG antibody against the Spike proteins of HCoV, including alpha (HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63) and beta (HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43) viruses, and the 2003 epidemic beta coronavirus, SARS-CoV-1. Cross-reactive antibodies to Spike, Nucleocapsid, and the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 were similarly measured, with SARS-CoV-2 sero-positivity overall defined by positivity on ≥2 targets.ResultsSamples included 407 sera from 2013, of which 17 were children ≤10 years. The 2020 samples included 488 sera, of which 88 were children ≤10 years. Anti-Spike antibodies to all four endemic HCoV were acquired by 10 years of age. There were 20/407 (5%) sera in 2013 and 8/488 (2%) in 2020 that were considered sero-positive for SARS-CoV-2 based on MSD testing. Of note, antibody to the single SARS-CoV-2 RBD target was detected in 329/407 (81%) of 2013 sera and 91/488 (19%) of 2020 sera. Among the SARS-CoV-2 overall sero-negative population, age was correlated with anti-HCoV antibody levels and these, notably 229E and HKU1, were correlated with cross-reactive anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD titres. SARS-CoV-2 overall sero-positive individuals showed higher titres to HCoV more generally.ConclusionMost people have an HCoV priming exposure by 10 years of age and IgG levels are stable thereafter. Anti-HCoV antibodies can cross-react with SARS-CoV-2 epitopes. These immunological interactions warrant further investigation with respect to their implications for COVID-19 clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalein Tanunliong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Aaron C. Liu
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Samantha Kaweski
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mike Irvine
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Romina C. Reyes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- LifeLabs, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Dale Purych
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Surrey Memorial Hospital, Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Mel Krajden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Muhammad Morshed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Inna Sekirov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Soren Gantt
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Infectious Diseases & Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Danuta M. Skowronski
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Communicable Diseases and Immunization Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Agatha N. Jassem
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Agatha N. Jassem,
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37
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Jing L, Wu X, Krist MP, Hsiang TY, Campbell VL, McClurkan CL, Favors SM, Hemingway LA, Godornes C, Tong DQ, Selke S, LeClair AC, Pyo CW, Geraghty DE, Laing KJ, Wald A, Gale M, Koelle DM. T cell response to intact SARS-CoV-2 includes coronavirus cross-reactive and variant-specific components. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e158126. [PMID: 35133988 PMCID: PMC8986086 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 provokes a robust T cell response. Peptide-based studies exclude antigen processing and presentation biology, which may influence T cell detection studies. To focus on responses to whole virus and complex antigens, we used intact SARS-CoV-2 and full-length proteins with DCs to activate CD8 and CD4 T cells from convalescent people. T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing showed partial repertoire preservation after expansion. Resultant CD8 T cells recognize SARS-CoV-2-infected respiratory tract cells, and CD4 T cells detect inactivated whole viral antigen. Specificity scans with proteome-covering protein/peptide arrays show that CD8 T cells are oligospecific per subject and that CD4 T cell breadth is higher. Some CD4 T cell lines enriched using SARS-CoV-2 cross-recognize whole seasonal coronavirus (sCoV) antigens, with protein, peptide, and HLA restriction validation. Conversely, recognition of some epitopes is eliminated for SARS-CoV-2 variants, including spike (S) epitopes in the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variant lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Chu-Woo Pyo
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel E. Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, and
- Center for Innate Immunity of Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, and
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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38
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Smit WL, van Tol S, van der Wal S, van Vulpen F, la Grouw S, van Lelyveld L, Limonard G, Bossink A, Godeke GJ, Shrestha S, Reimerink J, Eggink D, Reusken C, Heron M, Thijsen S. Heterologous Immune Responses of Serum IgG and Secretory IgA Against the Spike Protein of Endemic Coronaviruses During Severe COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:839367. [PMID: 35355988 PMCID: PMC8959642 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.839367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Defining immune correlates of disease severity is important to better understand the immunopathogenesis in COVID-19. Here we made use of a protein microarray platform to detect IgG- and IgA-reactive antibodies in sera and saliva respectively, and assess cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and endemic coronaviruses (eCoVs). IgG responses against the full protein of spike, but not the S1 subunit, were significantly higher in convalescent sera of patients with severe disease compared to mild disease and healthy controls. In addition, we detected reactivity of secretory IgA to eCoVs in saliva of patients with severe disease, not present in patients with moderate disease or seropositive healthy controls. These heterologous immune responses are in line with non-protective cross-reactivity, and support a potential role for immune imprinting in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter L. Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sophie van Tol
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Sanne van der Wal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Femke van Vulpen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Shannon la Grouw
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Gijs Limonard
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ailko Bossink
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Godeke
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Sandhya Shrestha
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Johan Reimerink
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Chantal Reusken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Michiel Heron
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Steven Thijsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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39
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Jing L, Wu X, Krist MP, Hsiang TY, Campbell VL, McClurkan CL, Favors SM, Hemingway LA, Godornes C, Tong DQ, Selke S, LeClair AC, Pyo CW, Geraghty DE, Laing KJ, Wald A, Gale M, Koelle DM. T cell response to intact SARS-CoV-2 includes coronavirus cross-reactive and variant-specific components. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.01.23.22269497. [PMID: 35118477 PMCID: PMC8811910 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.23.22269497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 provokes a brisk T cell response. Peptide-based studies exclude antigen processing and presentation biology and may influence T cell detection studies. To focus on responses to whole virus and complex antigens, we used intact SARS-CoV-2 and full-length proteins with DC to activate CD8 and CD4 T cells from convalescent persons. T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing showed partial repertoire preservation after expansion. Resultant CD8 T cells recognize SARS-CoV-2-infected respiratory cells, and CD4 T cells detect inactivated whole viral antigen. Specificity scans with proteome-covering protein/peptide arrays show that CD8 T cells are oligospecific per subject and that CD4 T cell breadth is higher. Some CD4 T cell lines enriched using SARS-CoV-2 cross-recognize whole seasonal coronavirus (sCoV) antigens, with protein, peptide, and HLA restriction validation. Conversely, recognition of some epitopes is eliminated for SARS-CoV-2 variants, including spike (S) epitopes in the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta variant lineages.
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40
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Elko EA, Nelson GA, Mead HL, Kelley EJ, Verche VL, Cardoso AA, Ely JL, Boyle AS, Piña A, Henson SN, Rahee F, Keim PS, Celona KR, Yi J, Settles EW, Yu GC, Morris SR, Zaia JA, Ladner JT, Altin JA. COVID-19 vaccination recruits and matures cross-reactive antibodies to conserved epitopes in endemic coronavirus Spike proteins.. [PMID: 35118479 PMCID: PMC8811912 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.24.22269542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered the first widespread vaccination campaign against a coronavirus. Most vaccinated subjects are naïve to SARS-CoV-2, however almost all have previously encountered other coronaviruses (CoVs) and the role of this immunity in shaping the vaccine response remains uncharacterized. Here we use longitudinal samples and highly-multiplexed serology to identify mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced antibody responses against a range of CoV Spike epitopes and in both phylogenetically conserved and non-conserved regions. Whereas reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 epitopes showed a delayed but progressive increase following vaccination, we observed distinct kinetics for the endemic CoV homologs at two conserved sites in Spike S2: these became detectable sooner, and decayed at later timepoints. Using homolog-specific depletion and alanine-substitution experiments, we show that these distinctly-evolving specificities result from cross-reactive antibodies as they mature against rare, polymorphic residues within these epitopes. Our results reveal mechanisms for the formation of antibodies with broad reactivity against CoVs.
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41
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Lin CY, Wolf J, Brice DC, Sun Y, Locke M, Cherry S, Castellaw AH, Wehenkel M, Crawford JC, Zarnitsyna VI, Duque D, Allison KJ, Allen EK, Brown SA, Mandarano AH, Estepp JH, Taylor C, Molina-Paris C, Schultz-Cherry S, Tang L, Thomas PG, McGargill MA. Pre-existing humoral immunity to human common cold coronaviruses negatively impacts the protective SARS-CoV-2 antibody response. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:83-96.e4. [PMID: 34965382 PMCID: PMC8648673 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection causes diverse outcomes ranging from asymptomatic infection to respiratory distress and death. A major unresolved question is whether prior immunity to endemic, human common cold coronaviruses (hCCCoVs) impacts susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection or immunity following infection and vaccination. Therefore, we analyzed samples from the same individuals before and after SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. We found hCCCoV antibody levels increase after SARS-CoV-2 exposure, demonstrating cross-reactivity. However, a case-control study indicates that baseline hCCCoV antibody levels are not associated with protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Rather, higher magnitudes of pre-existing betacoronavirus antibodies correlate with more SARS-CoV-2 antibodies following infection, an indicator of greater disease severity. Additionally, immunization with hCCCoV spike proteins before SARS-CoV-2 immunization impedes the generation of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies in mice. Together, these data suggest that pre-existing hCCCoV antibodies hinder SARS-CoV-2 antibody-based immunity following infection and provide insight on how pre-existing coronavirus immunity impacts SARS-CoV-2 infection, which is critical considering emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yang Lin
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joshua Wolf
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David C Brice
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yilun Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Sean Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ashley H Castellaw
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Marie Wehenkel
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Veronika I Zarnitsyna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Duque
- School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Kim J Allison
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - E Kaitlynn Allen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Scott A Brown
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Jeremie H Estepp
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Carmen Molina-Paris
- School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; T-6, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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42
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Tanunliong G, Liu A, Vijh R, Pidduck T, Kustra J, Márquez AC, Choi A, McLennan M, Hayden A, Kearney C, Gantt S, Krajden M, Morshed M, Jassem AN, Sekirov I. Persistence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Long Term Care Residents Over Seven Months After Two COVID-19 Outbreaks. Front Immunol 2022; 12:775420. [PMID: 35046939 PMCID: PMC8763385 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.775420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As part of the public health outbreak investigations, serological surveys were carried out following two COVID-19 outbreaks in April 2020 and October 2020 in one long term care facility (LTCF) in British Columbia, Canada. This study describes the serostatus of the LTCF residents and monitors changes in their humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses (HCoV) over seven months. Methods A total of 132 serum samples were collected from all 106 consenting residents (aged 54-102) post-first outbreak (N=87) and post-second outbreak (N=45) in one LTCF; 26/106 participants provided their serum following both COVID-19 outbreaks, permitting longitudinal comparisons between surveys. Health-Canada approved commercial serologic tests and a pan-coronavirus multiplexed immunoassay were used to evaluate antibody levels against the spike protein, nucleocapsid, and receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2, as well as the spike proteins of HCoV-229E, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-OC43. Statistical analyses were performed to describe the humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 among residents longitudinally. Findings Survey findings demonstrated that among the 26 individuals that participated in both surveys, all 10 individuals seropositive after the first outbreak continued to be seropositive following the second outbreak, with no reinfections identified among them. SARS-CoV-2 attack rate in the second outbreak was lower (28.6%) than in the first outbreak (40.2%), though not statistically significant (P>0.05). Gradual waning of anti-nucleocapsid antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was observed on commercial (median Δ=-3.7, P=0.0098) and multiplexed immunoassay (median Δ=-169579, P=0.014) platforms; however, anti-spike and anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) antibodies did not exhibit a statistically significant decline over 7 months. Elevated antibody levels for beta-HCoVs OC43 (P<0.0001) and HKU1 (P=0.0027) were observed among individuals seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 compared to seronegative individuals. Conclusion Our study utilized well-validated serological platforms to demonstrate that humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 persisted for at least 7 months. Elevated OC43 and HKU1 antibodies among SARS-CoV-2 seropositive individuals may be attributed to cross reaction and/or boosting of humoral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalein Tanunliong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Aaron Liu
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rohit Vijh
- Office of the Chief Medical Health Officer, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tamara Pidduck
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC) Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jesse Kustra
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC) Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ana Citlali Márquez
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC) Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alexandra Choi
- Office of the Chief Medical Health Officer, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Meghan McLennan
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC) Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Althea Hayden
- Office of the Chief Medical Health Officer, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Soren Gantt
- Centre de Recherche de Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine, Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mel Krajden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC) Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Muhammad Morshed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC) Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Agatha N. Jassem
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC) Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Inna Sekirov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC) Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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