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Cavalleri JV, Korbacska‐Kutasi O, Leblond A, Paillot R, Pusterla N, Steinmann E, Tomlinson J. European College of Equine Internal Medicine consensus statement on equine flaviviridae infections in Europe. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 36:1858-1871. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessika‐M. V. Cavalleri
- Clinical Unit of Equine Internal Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Orsolya Korbacska‐Kutasi
- Clinical Unit of Equine Internal Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna Austria
- Department for Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest Hungary
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences—Szent Istvan University (MTA‐SZIE) Large Animal Clinical Research Group Üllő Dóra major Hungary
| | - Agnès Leblond
- EPIA, UMR 0346, Epidemiologie des maladies animales et zoonotiques, INRAE, VetAgro Sup University of Lyon Marcy l'Etoile France
| | - Romain Paillot
- School of Equine and Veterinary Physiotherapy Writtle University College Chelmsford UK
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California USA
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine Ruhr University Bochum Bochum Germany
| | - Joy Tomlinson
- Baker Institute for Animal Health Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Ithaca New York USA
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2
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Toribio RE. Arboviral Equine Encephalitides. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2022; 38:299-321. [PMID: 35953146 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of viruses transmitted by biological vectors or through direct contact, air, or ingestion cause neurologic disease in equids. Of interest are viruses of the Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Herpesviridae, Bornaviridae, and Bunyaviridae families. Many are classified as arboviruses because they use arthropod vectors, whereas others are transmitted directly via ingestion, inhalation, or integument damage. The goal of this article is to provide an overview on pathophysiologic and clinical aspects of arboviruses of equine importance, including alphaviruses (Togaviridae) and flaviviruses (Flaviviridae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro E Toribio
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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3
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Verney M, Gautron M, Lemans C, Rincé A, Hans A, Hébert L. Development of a microsphere-based immunoassay for the serological diagnosis of equine trypanosomosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1308. [PMID: 35079068 PMCID: PMC8789838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanozoon infections in equids are caused by three parasite species in the Trypanozoon subgenus: Trypanosoma equiperdum, T. brucei and T. evansi. They are respectively responsible for infectious diseases dourine, nagana and surra. Due to the threat that Trypanozoon infection represents for international horse trading, accurate diagnostic tests are crucial. Current tests suffer from poor sensitivity and specificity, due in the first case to the transient presence of parasites in the blood and in the second, to antigenic cross-reactivity among Trypanozoon subspecies. This study was designed to develop a microsphere‐based immunoassay for diagnosing equine trypanosomosis. We tested beads coated with eight Trypanosoma spp. recombinant antigens: enolase, GM6, PFR1, PFR2, ISG65, VSGat, RoTat1.2 and JN2118HU. Of these, GM6 was identified as the best candidate for the serological diagnosis of Trypanozoon infections in equids. Using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis on 349 equine sera, anti-GM6 antibodies were detected with an AUC value of 0.994 offering a sensitivity of 97.9% and a specificity of 96.0%. Our findings show that the GM6 antigen is a good target for diagnosing equine trypanosomosis using a microsphere‐based immunoassay. This promising assay could be a useful alternative to the official diagnostic tool for equine trypanosomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Verney
- Unité PhEED, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Site de Normandie, ANSES, RD675, 14430, Goustranville, France
| | - Morgane Gautron
- Unité PhEED, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Site de Normandie, ANSES, RD675, 14430, Goustranville, France
| | - Charlène Lemans
- Unité PhEED, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Site de Normandie, ANSES, RD675, 14430, Goustranville, France
| | - Alain Rincé
- Unité de Recherche Risques Microbiens U2RM, Normandie-Université, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Aymeric Hans
- Unité PhEED, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Site de Normandie, ANSES, RD675, 14430, Goustranville, France
| | - Laurent Hébert
- Unité PhEED, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Site de Normandie, ANSES, RD675, 14430, Goustranville, France.
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Ji C, Wei Y, Wang J, Zeng Y, Pan H, Liang G, Ma J, Gong L, Zhang W, Zhang G, Wang H. Development of a Dual Fluorescent Microsphere Immunological Assay for Detection of Pseudorabies Virus gE and gB IgG Antibodies. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090912. [PMID: 32825263 PMCID: PMC7551494 DOI: 10.3390/v12090912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies, also known as Aujezsky’s disease, is an acute viral infection caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV). Swine are one of the natural hosts of pseudorabies and the disease causes huge economic losses in the pig industry. The establishment of a differential diagnosis technique that can distinguish between wild-type infection and vaccinated responses and monitor vaccine-induced immunoglobulin G(IgG) is crucial for the eventual eradication of pseudorabies. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid dual detection method for PRV gE and gB protein IgG antibodies with high specificity and sensitivity. PRV gE codons at amino acid residues (aa) 52–238 and gB codons at aa 539–741 were expressed to obtain recombinant PRV gE and gB proteins via a pMAL-c5x vector. After purification with Qiagen Ni–nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) agarose affinity chromatography, the two proteins were analyzed via SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting assays. Two single fluorescent-microsphere immunoassays (FMIAs) were established by coupling two recombinant proteins (gE and gB) to magnetic microbeads, and an effective dual FMIA was developed by integrating the two single assays. Optimal serum dilution for each assay, correlation with other common swine virus-positive sera, and comparison with ELISA for two PRV antigens were tested for validation. Compared with ELISA, the specificity and sensitivity were 99.26% and 92.3% for gE IgG antibody detection, and 95.74% and 96.3% for the gB IgG antibody detection via dual FMIA. We provide a new method for monitoring PRV protective antibodies in vaccinated pigs and differentiating wild-type PRV infection from vaccinated responses simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihai Ji
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (C.J.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.P.); (G.L.); (J.M.); (L.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Yingfang Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (C.J.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.P.); (G.L.); (J.M.); (L.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (C.J.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.P.); (G.L.); (J.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Yuchen Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (C.J.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.P.); (G.L.); (J.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Haoming Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (C.J.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.P.); (G.L.); (J.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Guan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (C.J.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.P.); (G.L.); (J.M.); (L.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Jun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (C.J.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.P.); (G.L.); (J.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Lang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (C.J.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.P.); (G.L.); (J.M.); (L.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (C.J.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.P.); (G.L.); (J.M.); (L.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Heng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (C.J.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.P.); (G.L.); (J.M.); (L.G.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (H.W.)
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Tewari A, Jain B, Bhatia AK. Multiplexed DIVA tests for rapid detection of FMDV infection/circulation in endemic countries. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:545-554. [PMID: 31832714 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10263-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an important transboundary disease affecting domestic and wild ruminants. Due to FMD outbreaks, the annual economic losses in endemic countries range from USD 6.1 billion to 200 billion. It also restricts the export of animals/animal by-products to FMD-free countries. FMD-free countries can experience a more severe economic loss due to the culling of infected animals as experienced by the UK in 2001 outbreaks. In endemic countries outbreaks occur mainly due to unrestricted animal movements. This creates a difficult situation in an endemic setting for controlling FMD spread to nearby areas. During post-vaccination surveillance, testing of serum samples using single test may not be able to substantiate complete freedom from infection. Thus, there is a requirement of more sensitive, robust, and accurate diagnostic tests to detect the FMDV infection/virus circulation in the vaccinated population with more accuracy than the available diagnostic tests. This can be achieved by using multiple antigens and setting the criteria for the positivity/negativity of the samples. Thus, this review emphasizes the comparison and the practical utility of the available diagnostic tests which detect antibodies against single antigen with those which detect antibodies against multiple antigens in single testing. It also emphasizes the utility of these tests in PCP-FMD (Progressive Control Pathway for Foot-and-Mouth Disease) going on in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Tewari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, 263145, India.
| | - Beenu Jain
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Bhatia
- Institute of Applied Sciences & Humanities, Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, India
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A method for rapid and high-yield production of the tick-borne encephalitis virus E and DIII recombinant proteins in E. coli with preservation of the antigenic properties. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 10:935-941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Lindahl JF, Ragan IK, Rowland RR, Wainaina M, Mbotha D, Wilson W. A multiplex fluorescence microsphere immunoassay for increased understanding of Rift Valley fever immune responses in ruminants in Kenya. J Virol Methods 2019; 269:70-76. [PMID: 30974177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an important mosquito-borne pathogen with devastating impacts on agriculture and public health. With outbreaks being reported beyond the continent of Africa to the Middle East, there is great concern that RVFV will continue to spread to non-endemic areas such as the Americas and Europe. There is a need for safe and high throughput serological assays for rapid detection of RVFV during outbreaks and for surveillance. We evaluated a multiplexing fluorescence microsphere immunoassay (FMIA) for the detection of IgG and IgM antibodies in ruminant sera against the RVFV nucleocapsid Np, glycoprotein Gn, and non-structural protein NSs. Sheep and cattle sera from a region in Kenya with previous outbreaks were tested by FMIA and two commercially available competitive ELISAs (BDSL and IDvet). Our results revealed strong detection of RVFV antibodies against the Np, Gn and NSs antigen targets. Additionally, testing of samples with FMIA Np and Gn had 100% agreement with the IDvet ELISA. The targets developed in the FMIA assay provided a basis for a larger ruminant disease panel that can simultaneously screen several abortive and zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna F Lindahl
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Swedish University of Agricultural Research, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Izabela K Ragan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - R R Rowland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - Deborah Mbotha
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - William Wilson
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Evaluation of Fluorescence Microsphere Immunoassay for Detection of Antibodies to Rift Valley Fever Virus Nucleocapsid Protein and Glycoproteins. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.01626-17. [PMID: 29563201 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01626-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne, zoonotic virus that infects ruminants, including cattle, sheep, goats, camels, and buffalo. Multiplexing diagnostic assays that can simultaneously detect antibodies against multiple RVFV antigens offer a high-throughput test for disease surveillance and vaccine evaluations. We describe the improvement and evaluation of a previously developed fluorescence microsphere immunoassay (FMIA) for the detection of IgG and IgM antibodies against the RVFV glycoprotein (Gn) and the immunogenic nucleocapsid protein (Np). Well-characterized vaccinated and experimentally infected ruminant sera were used for the evaluation of the assay. Recombinant viral proteins were produced and then coupled to polystyrene magnetic beads for analysis using the Luminex MAGPIX system with xMAP technology. The FMIA was performed in parallel with virus neutralization tests. Our results revealed the highest median fluorescence intensity (MFI) values for the detection of IgG antibodies against RVFV Np, indicating that this antigen would be a good candidate for a screening assay. The Np and Gn targets could differentiate infected animals from animals vaccinated with a candidate subunit vaccine formulation based on the RVFV Gn and Gc proteins. The results presented in this report demonstrate that FMIA provides a rapid and robust serological diagnostic tool for the detection of antibodies against RVFV. The targets developed in this assay provide the basis for the development of a companion diagnostic test for an RVFV Gn/Gc subunit vaccine that is capable of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA), as well as a multiplex serodiagnostic assay that can simultaneously screen for several ruminant diseases.
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Lim JK, Carabali M, Lee JS, Lee KS, Namkung S, Lim SK, Ridde V, Fernandes J, Lell B, Matendechero SH, Esen M, Andia E, Oyembo N, Barro A, Bonnet E, Njenga SM, Agnandji ST, Yaro S, Alexander N, Yoon IK. Evaluating dengue burden in Africa in passive fever surveillance and seroprevalence studies: protocol of field studies of the Dengue Vaccine Initiative. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e017673. [PMID: 29358421 PMCID: PMC5780679 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dengue is an important and well-documented public health problem in the Asia-Pacific and Latin American regions. However, in Africa, information on disease burden is limited to case reports and reports of sporadic outbreaks, thus hindering the implementation of public health actions for disease control. To gather evidence on the undocumented burden of dengue in Africa, epidemiological studies with standardised methods were launched in three locations in Africa. METHODS AND ANALYSIS In 2014-2017, the Dengue Vaccine Initiative initiated field studies at three sites in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Lambaréné, Gabon and Mombasa, Kenya to obtain comparable incidence data on dengue and assess its burden through standardised hospital-based surveillance and community-based serological methods. Multidisciplinary measurements of the burden of dengue were obtained through field studies that included passive facility-based fever surveillance, cost-of-illness surveys, serological surveys and healthcare utilisation surveys. All three sites conducted case detection using standardised procedures with uniform laboratory assays to diagnose dengue. Healthcare utilisation surveys were conducted to adjust population denominators in incidence calculations for differing healthcare seeking patterns. The fever surveillance data will allow calculation of age-specific incidence rates and comparison of symptomatic presentation between patients with dengue and non-dengue using multivariable logistic regression. Serological surveys assessed changes in immune status of cohorts of approximately 3000 randomly selected residents at each site at 6-month intervals. The age-stratified serosurvey data will allow calculation of seroprevalence and force of infection of dengue. Cost-of-illness evaluations were conducted among patients with acute dengue by Rapid Diagnostic Test. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION By standardising methods to evaluate dengue burden across several sites in Africa, these studies will generate evidence for dengue burden in Africa and data will be disseminated as publication in peer-review journals in 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Kyungah Lim
- Global Dengue and Aedes-transmitted Diseases Consortium, International Vaccine Institute, Gwanak-gu, The Republic of Korea
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mabel Carabali
- Global Dengue and Aedes-transmitted Diseases Consortium, International Vaccine Institute, Gwanak-gu, The Republic of Korea
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jung-Seok Lee
- Development and Delivery, International Vaccine Institute, Gwanak-gu, The Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Sung Lee
- Development and Delivery, International Vaccine Institute, Gwanak-gu, The Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Namkung
- Global Dengue and Aedes-transmitted Diseases Consortium, International Vaccine Institute, Gwanak-gu, The Republic of Korea
| | - Sl-Ki Lim
- Global Dengue and Aedes-transmitted Diseases Consortium, International Vaccine Institute, Gwanak-gu, The Republic of Korea
| | - Valéry Ridde
- School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jose Fernandes
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Fondation Internationale de l'Hôpital Albert Schweitzer, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Bertrand Lell
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Fondation Internationale de l'Hôpital Albert Schweitzer, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | | | - Meral Esen
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Esther Andia
- Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Noah Oyembo
- Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ahmed Barro
- Program Equité, Action-Gouvernance-Integration-Reinforcement, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Emmanuel Bonnet
- UMI Résiliences, Institut de recherche pour le developpement (IRD), Paris, France
| | - Sammy M Njenga
- Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Selidji Todagbe Agnandji
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Fondation Internationale de l'Hôpital Albert Schweitzer, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Seydou Yaro
- Centre Muraz, Bobo Dioulasso, Hauts Bassins, Burkina Faso
| | - Neal Alexander
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - In-Kyu Yoon
- Global Dengue and Aedes-transmitted Diseases Consortium, International Vaccine Institute, Gwanak-gu, The Republic of Korea
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Piyasena TBH, Setoh YX, Hobson-Peters J, Prow NA, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Khromykh AA, Perera D, Cardosa MJ, Kirkland PD, Hall RA. Differential Diagnosis of Flavivirus Infections in Horses Using Viral Envelope Protein Domain III Antigens in Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:825-835. [PMID: 29083957 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Australia, infection of horses with the West Nile virus (WNV) or Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) occasionally results in severe neurological disease that cannot be clinically differentiated. Confirmatory serological tests to detect antibody specific for MVEV or WNV in horses are often hampered by cross-reactive antibodies induced to conserved epitopes on the envelope (E) protein. This study utilized bacterially expressed recombinant antigens derived from domain III of the E protein (rE-DIII) of MVEV and WNV, respectively, to determine whether these subunit antigens provided specific diagnostic markers of infection with these two viruses. When a panel of 130 serum samples, from horses with known flavivirus infection status, was tested in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using rE-DIII antigens, a differential diagnosis of MVEV or WNV was achieved for most samples. Time-point samples from horses exposed to flavivirus infection during the 2011 outbreak of equine encephalitis in south-eastern Australia also indicated that the rE-DIII antigens were capable of detecting and differentiating MVEV and WNV infection in convalescent sera with similar sensitivity and specificity to virus neutralization tests and blocking ELISAs. Overall, these results indicate that the rE-DIII is a suitable antigen for use in rapid immunoassays for confirming MVEV and WNV infections in horses in the Australian context and warrant further assessment on sensitive, high-throughput serological platforms such as multiplex immune assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thisun B H Piyasena
- 1 Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Australia
| | - Yin X Setoh
- 1 Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Australia
| | - Jody Hobson-Peters
- 1 Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Australia
| | - Natalie A Prow
- 1 Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- 1 Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Australia .,2 School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland , Gatton, Australia
| | - Alexander A Khromykh
- 1 Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Australia
| | - David Perera
- 3 Institute of Health & Community Medicine , Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - Mary J Cardosa
- 3 Institute of Health & Community Medicine , Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - Peter D Kirkland
- 4 Virology Laboratory, Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute , Menangle, Australia
| | - Roy A Hall
- 1 Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Australia
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Beck C, Lowenski S, Durand B, Bahuon C, Zientara S, Lecollinet S. Improved reliability of serological tools for the diagnosis of West Nile fever in horses within Europe. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005936. [PMID: 28915240 PMCID: PMC5617233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile Fever is a zoonotic disease caused by a mosquito-borne flavivirus, WNV. By its clinical sensitivity to the disease, the horse is a useful sentinel of infection. Because of the virus’ low-level, short-term viraemia in horses, the primary tools used to diagnose WNV are serological tests. Inter-laboratory proficiency tests (ILPTs) were held in 2010 and 2013 to evaluate WNV serological diagnostic tools suited for the European network of National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) for equine diseases. These ILPTs were designed to evaluate the laboratories’ and methods’ performances in detecting WNV infection in horses through serology. The detection of WNV immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies by ELISA is widely used in Europe, with 17 NRLs in 2010 and 20 NRLs in 2013 using IgG WNV assays. Thanks to the development of new commercial IgM capture kits, WNV IgM capture ELISAs were rapidly implemented in NRLs between 2010 (4 NRLs) and 2013 (13 NRLs). The use of kits allowed the quick standardisation of WNV IgG and IgM detection assays in NRLs with more than 95% (20/21) and 100% (13/13) of satisfactory results respectively in 2013. Conversely, virus neutralisation tests (VNTs) were implemented in 33% (7/21) of NRLs in 2013 and their low sensitivity was evidenced in 29% (2/7) of NRLs during this ILPT. A comparison of serological diagnostic methods highlighted the higher sensitivity of IgG ELISAs compared to WNV VNTs. They also revealed that the low specificity of IgG ELISA kits meant that it could detect animals infected with other flaviviruses. In contrast VNT and IgM ELISA assays were highly specific and did not detect antibodies against related flaviviruses. These results argue in favour of the need for and development of new, specific serological diagnostic assays that could be easily transferred to partner laboratories. The European network of National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) for equine diseases guarantees West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance and warning of the emergence of the disease. The WNV NRL network has gathered together most of the European countries facing WNV outbreaks. In this context, two inter-laboratory proficiency tests (ILPTs) were designed in 2010 and 2013 to evaluate the network’ and methods’ performances in detecting WNV infection through serology. A comparison of these two ILPTs emphasised a substantial improvement in the analytical performance of the WNV antibody detection tools over the years within the European NRLs network. Nevertheless the serological cross-reactions among related flaviviruses, such as the Japanese encephalitis, Usutu or tick-borne encephalitis viruses through IgG detection, associated with the Virus Neutralisation Tests’ (VNT) lower sensitivity, long duration and need for Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) facilities are major concerns related to indirect WNV diagnosis. All these remarks plead in favour of the development and implementation of new technologies to provide alternatives to classical methods for serological flavivirus diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Beck
- University Paris Est, UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL on Equine Diseases, Maisons-Alfort, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Steeve Lowenski
- University Paris Est, UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL on Equine Diseases, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Benoit Durand
- University Paris Est, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, Epidemiology Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Céline Bahuon
- University Paris Est, UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL on Equine Diseases, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- University Paris Est, UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL on Equine Diseases, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- University Paris Est, UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL on Equine Diseases, Maisons-Alfort, France
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12
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Vanhomwegen J, Beck C, Desprès P, Figuerola A, García R, Lecollinet S, López-Roig M, Manuguerra JC, Serra-Cobo J. Circulation of Zoonotic Arboviruses in Equine Populations of Mallorca Island (Spain). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:340-346. [PMID: 28346868 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of major arbovirus vector species, climate change that promotes the expansion and increase of their populations, and potential animal reservoirs mean that vector-borne diseases represent a significant health risk for Mallorca's inhabitants. Microbiological monitoring of circulating arboviruses, particularly flaviviruses causing encephalitis, was initiated using domestic horses from localities near wetlands as "sentinel" hosts. A total of 291 blood samples were taken from 172 horses between 2011 and 2012, using paired samples to highlight seroconversion events. A multiplex immunoassay and confirmatory reference serological assays were used to screen sera for immunoglobulin G antibodies against West Nile (WNV), Usutu (USUV), and tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV) viruses. The seroprevalence was 6.4% (confidence interval [95% CI] 3.2%-11.0%) for WNV, 1.2% (95% CI 0.1%-4.1%) for USUV, and 0.6% (95% CI 0.0%-3.2%) for TBEV. In addition, eight horses (4.6%; 95% CI 2.0%-8.9%) were found positive for unidentified flaviviruses. Seroconversion events were detected for WNV and USUV, reflecting recent arboviral infections. These results highlight the active transmission of zoonotic arboviruses in Mallorca wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Vanhomwegen
- 1 Environment and Infectious Risks Research and Expertise Unit, Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur , Paris, France
| | - Cécile Beck
- 2 UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory , EU-RL on Equine Diseases, UPE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Philippe Desprès
- 3 UMR PIMIT (12T) Université de La Réunion , INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, GIP-CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, France
| | - Amanda Figuerola
- 4 Col·legi Oficial de Veterinaris de les Illes Balears , Mallorca, Spain
| | - Ramón García
- 4 Col·legi Oficial de Veterinaris de les Illes Balears , Mallorca, Spain
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- 2 UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory , EU-RL on Equine Diseases, UPE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marc López-Roig
- 5 Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, IRBIO, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain .,6 Centre de Recerca en Infeccions Víriques , Illes Balears (CRIVIB), Conselleria de Salut i Consum, Govern de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jean-Claude Manuguerra
- 1 Environment and Infectious Risks Research and Expertise Unit, Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur , Paris, France
| | - Jordi Serra-Cobo
- 5 Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, IRBIO, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain .,6 Centre de Recerca en Infeccions Víriques , Illes Balears (CRIVIB), Conselleria de Salut i Consum, Govern de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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13
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Cleton NB, van Maanen K, Bergervoet SA, Bon N, Beck C, Godeke GJ, Lecollinet S, Bowen R, Lelli D, Nowotny N, Koopmans MPG, Reusken CBEM. A Serological Protein Microarray for Detection of Multiple Cross-Reactive Flavivirus Infections in Horses for Veterinary and Public Health Surveillance. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1801-1812. [PMID: 27633257 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae includes some of the most important examples of emerging zoonotic arboviruses that are rapidly spreading across the globe. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), West Nile virus (WNV), St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are mosquito-borne members of the JEV serological group. Although most infections in humans are asymptomatic or present with mild flu-like symptoms, clinical manifestations of JEV, WNV, SLEV, USUV and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) can include severe neurological disease and death. In horses, infection with WNV and JEV can lead to severe neurological disease and death, while USUV, SLEV and TBEV infections are mainly asymptomatic, however, and induce antibody responses. Horses often serve as sentinels to monitor active virus circulation in serological surveillance programmes specifically for WNV, USUV and JEV. Here, we developed and validated a NS1-antigen protein microarray for the serological differential diagnosis of flavivirus infections in horses using sera of experimentally and naturally infected symptomatic as well as asymptomatic horses. Using samples from experimentally infected horses, an IgG and IgM specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 95% for WNV and 100% for JEV was achieved with a cut-off titre of 1 : 20 based on ROC calculation. In field settings, the microarray identified 93-100% of IgG-positive horses with recent WNV infections and 87% of TBEV IgG-positive horses. WNV IgM sensitivity was 80%. Differentiation between closely related flaviviruses by the NS1-antigen protein microarray is possible, even though we identified some instances of cross-reactivity among antibodies. However, the assay is not able to differentiate between naturally infected horses and animals vaccinated with an inactivated WNV whole-virus vaccine. We showed that the NS1-microarray can potentially be used for diagnosing and distinguishing flavivirus infections in horses and for public health purposes within a surveillance setting. This allows for fast, cheap, syndrome-based laboratory testing for multiple viruses simultaneously for veterinary and public health purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Cleton
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Screening, National Institute for Public Health and Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - K van Maanen
- Animal Health Service (GD), Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - S A Bergervoet
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Screening, National Institute for Public Health and Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - N Bon
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Screening, National Institute for Public Health and Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - C Beck
- Laboratory for Animal Health (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - G-J Godeke
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Screening, National Institute for Public Health and Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - S Lecollinet
- Laboratory for Animal Health (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - R Bowen
- School for Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - D Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell' Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - N Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - M P G Koopmans
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Screening, National Institute for Public Health and Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - C B E M Reusken
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Wilson WC, Daniels P, Ostlund EN, Johnson DE, Oberst RD, Hairgrove TB, Mediger J, McIntosh MT. Diagnostic Tools for Bluetongue and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Viruses Applicable to North American Veterinary Diagnosticians. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 15:364-73. [PMID: 26086557 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of current and potential new diagnostic tests for bluetongue (BT) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) viruses compiled from international participants of the Orbivirus Gap Analysis Workshop, Diagnostic Group. The emphasis of this review is on diagnostic tools available to North American veterinary diagnosticians. Standard diagnostic tests are readily available for BT/EHD viruses, and there are described tests that are published in the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) Terrestrial Manual. There is however considerable variation in the diagnostic approach to these viruses. Serological assays are well established, and many laboratories are experienced in running these assays. Numerous nucleic acid amplification assays are also available for BT virus (BTV) and EHD virus (EHDV). Although there is considerable experience with BTV reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), there are no standards or comparisons of the protocols used by various state and federal veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Methods for genotyping BTV and EHDV isolates are available and are valuable tools for monitoring and analyzing circulating viruses. These methods include RT-PCR panels or arrays, RT-PCR and sequencing of specific genome segments, or the use of next-generation sequencing. In addition to enabling virus characterization, use of advanced molecular detection methods, including DNA microarrays and next-generation sequencing, significantly enhance the ability to detect unique virus strains that may arise through genetic drift, recombination, or viral genome segment reassortment, as well as incursions of new virus strains from other geographical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Wilson
- 1 Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research , USDA, ARS, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Peter Daniels
- 2 CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory , Geelong, Australia
| | - Eileen N Ostlund
- 3 National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, APHIS, VS, Science, Technology and Analysis Services , Ames, Iowa
| | - Donna E Johnson
- 3 National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, APHIS, VS, Science, Technology and Analysis Services , Ames, Iowa
| | - Richard D Oberst
- 4 Kansas Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | | | - Jessica Mediger
- 6 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University , Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Michael T McIntosh
- 7 Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, USDA, APHIS, VS, STAS, NVSL, Plum Island Disease Center , Greenport, New York
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15
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Hirota J, Shimizu S, Shibahara T. Application of West Nile virus diagnostic techniques. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 11:793-803. [PMID: 23977935 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2013.814824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an enveloped RNA virus in the family Flaviviridae and belongs to Japanese encephalitis virus serocomplex group. The WNV has a wide geographic distribution that includes Africa, Europe, Asia, America and Australia. Recently, it has re-emerged as an important pathogenic organism, illustrated by the series of WNV outbreaks in North America and in Europe. Several hundred people are sacrificed by WNV infection every year. WNV can infect many mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. A variety of diagnoses for WNV infection have been developed, such as virus isolation, nucleotide amplification, antigen detection and serology. Flaviviruses, including WNV, share common nucleotide sequences and antigenic epitopes. Understanding these properties that can influence cross-reactivity is important for accurate diagnosis, especially because areas with multiple flaviviruses are currently expanding. Herein, the authors outline the different diagnostic methods for detecting WNV infection as well as important considerations in using these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Hirota
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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16
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Christopher-Hennings J, Araujo KPC, Souza CJH, Fang Y, Lawson S, Nelson EA, Clement T, Dunn M, Lunney JK. Opportunities for bead-based multiplex assays in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:671-91. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638713507256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bead-based multiplex assays (BBMAs) are applicable for high throughput, simultaneous detection of multiple analytes in solution (from several to 50–500 analytes within a single, small sample volume). Currently, few assays are commercially available for veterinary applications, but they are available to identify and measure various cytokines, growth factors and their receptors, inflammatory proteins, kinases and inhibitors, neurobiology proteins, and pathogens and antibodies in human beings, nonhuman primates, and rodent species. In veterinary medicine, various nucleic acid and protein-coupled beads can be used in, or for the development of, antigen and antibody BBMAs, with the advantage that more data can be collected using approximately the same amount of labor as used for other antigen and antibody assays. Veterinary-related BBMAs could be used for detection of pathogens, genotyping, measurement of hormone levels, and in disease surveillance and vaccine assessment. It will be important to evaluate whether BBMAs are “fit for purpose,” how costs and efficiencies compare between assays, which assays are published or commercially available for specific veterinary applications, and what procedures are involved in the development of the assays. It is expected that many veterinary-related BBMAs will be published and/or become commercially available in the next few years. The current review summarizes the BBMA technology and some of the currently available BBMAs developed for veterinary settings. Some of the human diagnostic BBMAs are also described, providing an example of possible templates for future development of new veterinary-related BBMAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
| | - Karla P. C. Araujo
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
| | - Carlos J. H. Souza
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
| | - Ying Fang
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
| | - Steven Lawson
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
| | - Eric A. Nelson
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
| | - Travis Clement
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
| | - Michael Dunn
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
| | - Joan K. Lunney
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
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Chen R, Li H, Zhang H, Zhang S, Shi W, Shen J, Wang Z. Development of a lateral flow fluorescent microsphere immunoassay for the determination of sulfamethazine in milk. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6783-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Namekar M, Kumar M, O'Connell M, Nerurkar VR. Effect of serum heat-inactivation and dilution on detection of anti-WNV antibodies in mice by West Nile virus E-protein microsphere immunoassay. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45851. [PMID: 23049879 PMCID: PMC3457982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunopathogenesis studies employing West Nile virus (WNV) mice model are important for the development of antivirals and vaccines against WNV. Since antibodies produced in mice early during WNV infection are essential for clearing virus from the periphery, it is important to detect early and persistent anti-WNV antibodies. ELISA and plaque reduction neutralization tests are traditionally used for detection of anti-WNV antibodies and WNV-neutralizing antibodies, respectively. Although these assays are sensitive and specific, they are expensive and time consuming. Microsphere immunoassays (MIA) are sensitive, specific, allow for high throughput, are cost effective, require less time to perform than other methods, and require low serum volumes. Several assay parameters such as serum heat-inactivation (HI) and dilution can alter WNV MIA sensitivity. We examined the effect of these parameters on WNV E-protein MIA (WNV E-MIA) for the enhanced detection of anti-WNV IgM and IgG antibodies. WNV E-MIA was conducted using serial dilutions of HI and non-HI (NHI) serum collected at various time points from mice inoculated with WNV. HI significantly enhanced detection of IgM and IgG antibodies as compared to NHI serum. WNV IgM and IgG antibodies in HI sera were detected earlier at day 3 and IgM antibodies persisted up to day 24 after infection. HI serum at 1∶20 dilution was found to be optimal for detection of both IgM and IgG antibodies as compared to higher-serum dilutions. Further, addition of exogenous complement to the HI serum decreased the WNV E-MIA sensitivity. These results suggest that serum-HI and optimal dilution enhance WNV E-MIA sensitivity by eliminating the complement interference, thereby detecting low-titer anti-WNV antibodies during early and late phases of infection. This improved MIA can also be readily employed for detection of low-titer antibodies for detection of other infectious agents and host proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Namekar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Maile O'Connell
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Vivek R. Nerurkar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Approaches for the development of rapid serological assays for surveillance and diagnosis of infections caused by zoonotic flaviviruses of the Japanese encephalitis virus serocomplex. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:379738. [PMID: 22570528 PMCID: PMC3337611 DOI: 10.1155/2012/379738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are responsible for a number of important mosquito-borne diseases of man and animals globally. The short vireamic period in infected hosts means that serological assays are often the diagnostic method of choice. This paper will focus on the traditional methods to diagnose flaviviral infections as well as describing the modern rapid platforms and approaches for diagnostic antigen preparation.
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De Filette M, Ulbert S, Diamond M, Sanders NN. Recent progress in West Nile virus diagnosis and vaccination. Vet Res 2012; 43:16. [PMID: 22380523 PMCID: PMC3311072 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family, a large family with 3 main genera (flavivirus, hepacivirus and pestivirus). Among these viruses, there are several globally relevant human pathogens including the mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV), yellow fever virus (YFV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV), as well as tick-borne viruses such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Since the mid-1990s, outbreaks of WN fever and encephalitis have occurred throughout the world and WNV is now endemic in Africa, Asia, Australia, the Middle East, Europe and the Unites States. This review describes the molecular virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and highlights recent progress regarding diagnosis and vaccination against WNV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina De Filette
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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21
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Yeh JY, Chung KM, Song J. Differentiation of West Nile virus-infected animals from vaccinated animals by competitive ELISA using monoclonal antibodies against non-structural protein 1. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2012; 12:380-7. [PMID: 22217168 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against non-structural protein 1 (NS1) are considered to be the most reliable indicator of a present or past infection by West Nile virus (WNV) in animals. In this study, an in-house competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (NS1-cELISA) utilizing baculovirus-expressed NS1 and monoclonal antibodies against NS1 was established for the detection of antibody responses to NS1 in WNV-infected animals. The assay was validated by the simultaneous detection of early antibody responses to NS1 and the structural envelope protein in animals infected with WNV, or inoculated with inactivated WNV. NS1-cELISA detected WNV antibodies at 6 days post-infection (dpi) in a WNV-infected rabbit (percent inhibition [PI] value of 84.0), and at 10 dpi in a WNV-infected chicken (PI value of 67.0). The NS1-cELISA was able to detect WNV antibodies in sera from all WNV-infected rabbits at 10 dpi (PI value of 79.2±18.0), and from three of four WNV-infected chickens at 14 dpi (PI value of 73.7±22.8). The results of this study demonstrate that the antibody response to NS1 is similar to that against envelope protein in WNV-infected rabbits and chickens, whereas animals inoculated with inactivated WNV develop antibody responses only to the envelope protein but not to NS1. The NS1-cELISA developed here has the potential to be a useful tool for monitoring WNV circulation (i.e., the prevalence of specific antibodies against WNV NS1), by assaying serum samples from regions in which an inactivated vaccine control strategy has been implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yong Yeh
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Multiplex method for simultaneous serological detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:3184-90. [PMID: 21734031 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00557-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are major contributors to the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Routine serological diagnosis and surveillance play an important role in the prevention of PRDC, as it is a leading cause of economic losses to the swine industry. We herein describe an advanced microsphere-based immunoassay that permits the simultaneous detection of antibodies to PCV2 and PRRSV, thereby reducing the time and effort involved in testing. Recombinant PRRSV nucleoprotein antigen and the PCV2 capsid antigen were coupled to fluorophore-dyed beads with distinct spectral addresses. Weekly serum samples from 72 pigs that were experimentally exposed to either PCV2, PRRSV, or both PCV2 and PRRSV were used to validate the microbead assay (MBA) in comparison with the "gold standard" enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The kinetics of the PCV2- and PRRSV-specific antibody responses measured by the microbead assay were comparable to those of the standard assays; Spearman's rank correlations were 0.72 (P < 0.001) for PRRSV and 0.80 (P < 0.001) for PCV2. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were determined using field sera whose positive or negative status was determined by the standard tests. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were both 98% for PCV2 and were 91% and 93%, respectively, for PRRSV (kappa coefficients, 0.85 and 0.67 for PCV2 and PRRSV, respectively). Multiplexing did not interfere with assay performance or diagnostic sensitivity. Therefore, the described study demonstrates proof of concept for the development of more versatile and economical microbead array-based multiplex serological test panels for veterinary use.
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Kitai Y, Kondo T, Konishi E. Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) antibody-based assays to differentiate West Nile (WN) virus from Japanese encephalitis virus infections in horses: Effects of WN virus NS1 antibodies induced by inactivated WN vaccine. J Virol Methods 2011; 171:123-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Hobson-Peters J, Toye P, Sánchez MD, Bossart KN, Wang LF, Clark DC, Cheah WY, Hall RA. A glycosylated peptide in the West Nile virus envelope protein is immunogenic during equine infection. J Gen Virol 2009; 89:3063-3072. [PMID: 19008394 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/003731-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a monoclonal antibody directed to domain I of the West Nile virus (WNV) envelope (E) protein, we identified a continuous (linear) epitope that was immunogenic during WNV infection of horses. Using synthetic peptides, this epitope was mapped to a 19 aa sequence (WN19: E147-165) encompassing the WNV NY99 E protein glycosylation site at position 154. The inability of WNV-positive horse and mouse sera to bind the synthetic peptides indicated that glycosylation was required for recognition of peptide WN19 by WNV-specific antibodies in sera. N-linked glycosylation of WN19 was achieved through expression of the peptide as a C-terminal fusion protein in mammalian cells and specific reactivity of WNV-positive horse sera to the glycosylated WN19 fusion protein was shown by Western blot. Additional sera collected from horses infected with Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV), which is similarly glycosylated at position E154 and exhibits high sequence identity to WNV NY99 in this region, also recognized the recombinant peptide. Failure of most WNV- and MVEV-positive horse sera to recognize the epitope as a deglycosylated fusion protein confirmed that the N-linked glycan was important for antibody recognition of the peptide. Together, these results suggest that the induction of antibodies to the WN19 epitope during WNV infection of horses is generally associated with E protein glycosylation of the infecting viral strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Hobson-Peters
- Australian Biosecurity CRC for Emerging Infectious Disease, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,AGEN Biomedical Limited, Acacia Ridge, Queensland, Australia.,School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Philip Toye
- AGEN Biomedical Limited, Acacia Ridge, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melissa D Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katharine N Bossart
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Biosecurity CRC for Emerging Infectious Disease, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Biosecurity CRC for Emerging Infectious Disease, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - David C Clark
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Wai Yuen Cheah
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Roy A Hall
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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25
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Magnarelli LA, Bushmich SL, Anderson JF, Ledizet M, Koski RA. Serum antibodies to West Nile virus in naturally exposed and vaccinated horses. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57:1087-1093. [PMID: 18719177 PMCID: PMC2562728 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47849-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A polyvalent ELISA and plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNTs) were used to measure serum antibodies to West Nile virus (WNV) in horses naturally exposed to or vaccinated against this flavivirus in Connecticut and New York State, USA. Relying on a PRNT as a 'gold standard', the main objective was to validate a modified ELISA containing a recombinant WNV envelope protein antigen. It was also important to assess specificity by testing sera from horses that had other, undiagnosed illnesses. Sera for the latter study were obtained from 43 privately owned horses during 1995-1996. Analyses by an ELISA and a PRNT confirmed the presence of WNV antibodies in 21 (91%) of 23 sera from naturally exposed horses and in 85% of the 20 vaccinated subjects; overall results for both study groups were highly concordant (91% agreement). Humoral responses of naturally exposed and immunized horses were similar. Both serological tests were useful in confirming past infections with WNV, but there was no evidence that horses with undiagnosed illnesses were exposed to WNV prior to a 1999 outbreak in Connecticut, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra L. Bushmich
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - John F. Anderson
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, USA
| | - Michel Ledizet
- L Diagnostics, 300 George Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Raymond A. Koski
- L Diagnostics, 300 George Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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26
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Kathaperumal K, Park SU, McDonough S, Stehman S, Akey B, Huntley J, Wong S, Chang CF, Chang YF. Vaccination with recombinant Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins induces differential immune responses and protects calves against infection by oral challenge. Vaccine 2008; 26:1652-63. [PMID: 18304707 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the in vitro cellular immune responses to recombinant antigens (rAgs) of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Here we report the differential immune responses and protective efficacy of four rAgs of MAP (85A, 85B, 85C, and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) used with two adjuvants (monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) containing synthetic trehalose dicorynomycolate, cell wall skeleton (MPLA) and bovine IL-12), against MAP challenge in calves. Group I was administered the four rAgs with MPLA and IL-12. Group II was administered the four rAgs and MPLA. Group III received MPLA and IL-12, and Group IV MPLA. rAgs induced significant lymphoproliferative responses in vaccinated animals (Groups I and II). All the rAgs induced significant IFN-gamma production from 11 to 23 wk after primary vaccination (APV), except for SOD. Significant increases were noted in CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), CD21(+), CD25(+), and gammadelta(+) cells against all four rAgs in vaccinated animals. rAg-specific expression of IL-2, IL-12p40, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha was significantly higher in the two vaccinated groups. Culture results found 4/8 animals in Group I, 3/8 animals in Group II, and 3/4 animals in Groups III and IV were positive for MAP in one or more tissues. Among the seven positive animals in Groups I and II, all but one had had <10CFU. Isolation was confined to one tissue in these animals, except in one animal in which MAP was isolated from two tissues. In the control groups (III and IV), MAP was cultured from up to five different tissues with >250CFU. Preliminary data from this study indicates that all four rAgs induced a good Th1 response and conferred protection against MAP infection in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumanan Kathaperumal
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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27
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Go YY, Wong SJ, Branscum AJ, Demarest VL, Shuck KM, Vickers ML, Zhang J, McCollum WH, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UBR. Development of a fluorescent-microsphere immunoassay for detection of antibodies specific to equine arteritis virus and comparison with the virus neutralization test. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:76-87. [PMID: 18032597 PMCID: PMC2223870 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00388-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The development and validation of a microsphere immunoassay (MIA) to detect equine antibodies to the major structural proteins of equine arteritis virus (EAV) are described. The assay development process was based on the cloning and expression of genes for full-length individual major structural proteins (GP5 amino acids 1 to 255 [GP5(1-255)], M(1-162), and N(1-110)), as well as partial sequences of these structural proteins (GP5(1-116), GP5(75-112), GP5(55-98), M(88-162), and N(1-69)) that constituted putative antigenic regions. Purified recombinant viral proteins expressed in Escherichia coli were covalently bound to fluorescent polystyrene microspheres and analyzed with the Luminex xMap 100 instrument. Of the eight recombinant proteins, the highest concordance with the virus neutralization test (VNT) results was obtained with the partial GP5(55-98) protein. The MIA was validated by testing a total of 2,500 equine serum samples previously characterized by the VNT. With the use of an optimal median fluorescence intensity cutoff value of 992, the sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 92.6% and 92.9%, respectively. The GP5(55-98) MIA and VNT outcomes correlated significantly (r = 0.84; P < 0.0001). Although the GP5(55-98) MIA is less sensitive than the standard VNT, it has the potential to provide a rapid, convenient, and more economical test for screening equine sera for the presence of antibodies to EAV, with the VNT then being used as a confirmatory assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Young Go
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
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28
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Perkins J, Parida S, Clavijo A. Use of a standardized bovine serum panel to evaluate a multiplexed nonstructural protein antibody assay for serological surveillance of foot-and-mouth disease. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:1472-82. [PMID: 17913861 PMCID: PMC2168180 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00227-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Liquid array technology has previously been used to show proof of principle of a multiplexed nonstructural protein serological assay to differentiate foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected and vaccinated animals. The current multiplexed assay consists of synthetically produced peptide signatures 3A, 3B, and 3D and the recombinant protein signature 3ABC in combination with four controls. To determine the diagnostic specificity of each signature in the multiplex, the assay was evaluated against a naive population (n = 104) and a vaccinated population (n = 94). Subsequently, the multiplexed assay was assessed by using a panel of bovine sera generated by the World Reference Laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease in Pirbright, United Kingdom. This serum panel has been used to assess the performance of other singleplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based nonstructural protein antibody assays. The 3ABC signature in the multiplexed assay showed performance comparable to that of a commercially available nonstructural protein 3ABC ELISA (Cedi test), and additional information pertaining to the relative diagnostic sensitivity of each signature in the multiplex was acquired in one experiment. The encouraging results of the evaluation of the multiplexed assay against a panel of diagnostically relevant samples promote further assay development and optimization to generate an assay for routine use in foot-and-mouth disease serological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Perkins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA.
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29
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Gardner IA, Wong SJ, Ferraro GL, Balasuriya UB, Hullinger PJ, Wilson WD, Shi PY, MacLachlan NJ. Incidence and effects of West Nile virus infection in vaccinated and unvaccinated horses in California. Vet Res 2007; 38:109-16. [PMID: 17274156 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A prospective cohort study was used to estimate the incidence of West Nile virus (WNV) infection in a group of unvaccinated horses (n = 37) in California and compare the effects of natural WNV infection in these unvaccinated horses to a group of co-mingled vaccinated horses (n = 155). Horses initially were vaccinated with either inactivated whole virus (n = 87) or canarypox recombinant (n = 68) WNV vaccines during 2003 or 2004, prior to emergence of WNV in the region. Unvaccinated horses were serologically tested for antibodies to WNV by microsphere immunoassay incorporating recombinant WNV E protein (rE MIA) in December 2003, December 2004, and every two months thereafter until November 2005. Clinical neurologic disease attributable to WNV infection (West Nile disease (WND)) developed in 2 (5.4%) of 37 unvaccinated horses and in 0 of 155 vaccinated horses. One affected horse died. Twenty one (67.7%) of 31 unvaccinated horses that were seronegative to WNV in December, 2004 seroconverted to WNV before the end of the study in November, 2005. Findings from the study indicate that currently-available commercial vaccines are effective in preventing WND and their use is financially justified because clinical disease only occurred in unvaccinated horses and the mean cost of each clinical case of WND was approximately 45 times the cost of a 2-dose WNV vaccination program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Gardner
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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30
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MacLachlan NJ, Balasuriya UB, Davis NL, Collier M, Johnston RE, Ferraro GL, Guthrie AJ. Experiences with new generation vaccines against equine viral arteritis, West Nile disease and African horse sickness. Vaccine 2007; 25:5577-82. [PMID: 17267078 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Viral diseases constitute an ever growing threat to the horse industry worldwide because of the rapid movement of large numbers of horses for competition and breeding. A number of different types of vaccines are available for protective immunization of horses against viral diseases. Traditional inactivated and live-attenuated (modified live virus, MLV) virus vaccines remain popular and efficacious but recombinant vaccines are increasingly being developed and used, in part because of the perceived deficiencies of some existing products. New generation vaccines include MLVs with deletions and/or mutations of critical genes, subunit vaccines that incorporate immunogenic proteins (or portions thereof) or expression vectors that produce these proteins as immunogens, and DNA vaccines. New generation vaccines have been developed for several viral diseases of horses. We recently have developed an alphavirus replicon-vectored equine arteritis virus (EAV) vaccine, and evaluated a commercial canary pox virus-vectored vaccine for West Nile disease. The success of these new-generation vaccines has catalyzed efforts to develop improved vaccines for the prevention of African horse sickness, a disease of emerging global significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N James MacLachlan
- Equine Viral Disease Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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