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Karnchaisri K, Day NPJ, Dondorp AM, Malaivijitnond S, Imwong M. Prevalence and genetic diversity of simian malaria in wild macaque populations across Thailand: Implications for human health. Acta Trop 2024; 254:107187. [PMID: 38518834 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Over the past year, P. falciparum infections have declined in Thailand, yet nonhuman primate malaria infections have correspondingly increased, including Plasmodium knowlesi and P. cynomolgi. Nevertheless, little is known about simian malaria in its natural macaque hosts, Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis. This study aims to address several research questions, including the prevalence and distribution of simian malaria in these two Thai wild macaque species, variations in infection between different macaque species and between M. fascicularis subspecies, and the genetic composition of these pathogens. Blood samples were collected from 82 M. mulatta and 690 M. fascicularis across 15 locations in Thailand, as well as two locations in Vietnam and Myanmar. We employed quantitative real-time PCR targeting the Plasmodium genus-specific 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene to detect malaria infection, with a limit of detection set at 1,215.98 parasites per mL. We genotyped eight microsatellite markers, and the P. cynomolgi dihydrofolate reductase gene (DHFR) was sequenced (N = 29). In total, 100 of 772 samples (13 %) tested positive for malaria, including 45 (13 %) for P. cynomolgi, 37 (13 %) for P. inui, 16 (5 %) for P. coatneyi, and 2 (0.25 %) for Hepatocystis sp. in Saraburi, central and Ranong, southern Thailand. Notably, simian malaria infection was observed exclusively in M. fascicularis and not in M. mulatta (P = 0.0002). Particularly, P. cynomolgi was detected in 21.7 % (45/207) of M. f. fascicularis living in Wat Tham Phrapothisat, Saraburi Province. The infection with simian malaria was statistically different between M. fascicularis and M. mulatta (P = 0.0002) but not within M. fascicularis subspecies (P = 0.78). A haplotype network analysis revealed that P. cynomolgi shares a lineage with reference strains obtained from macaques. No mutation in the predicted binding pocket of PcyDHFR to pyrimethamine was observed. This study reveals a significant prevalence of simian malaria infection in M. fascicularis. The clonal genotypes of P. cynomolgi suggest in-reservoir breeding. These findings raise concerns about the potential spread of nonhuman primate malaria to humans and underscore the need for preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriangkrai Karnchaisri
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nicholas P J Day
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Arjen M Dondorp
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Suchinda Malaivijitnond
- National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi 18110, Thailand; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Mallika Imwong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Johnson E, Sunil Kumar Sharma R, Ruiz Cuenca P, Byrne I, Salgado-Lynn M, Suraya Shahar Z, Col Lin L, Zulkifli N, Dilaila Mohd Saidi N, Drakeley C, Matthiopoulos J, Nelli L, Fornace K. Landscape drives zoonotic malaria prevalence in non-human primates. eLife 2024; 12:RP88616. [PMID: 38753426 PMCID: PMC11098556 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic disease dynamics in wildlife hosts are rarely quantified at macroecological scales due to the lack of systematic surveys. Non-human primates (NHPs) host Plasmodium knowlesi, a zoonotic malaria of public health concern and the main barrier to malaria elimination in Southeast Asia. Understanding of regional P. knowlesi infection dynamics in wildlife is limited. Here, we systematically assemble reports of NHP P. knowlesi and investigate geographic determinants of prevalence in reservoir species. Meta-analysis of 6322 NHPs from 148 sites reveals that prevalence is heterogeneous across Southeast Asia, with low overall prevalence and high estimates for Malaysian Borneo. We find that regions exhibiting higher prevalence in NHPs overlap with human infection hotspots. In wildlife and humans, parasite transmission is linked to land conversion and fragmentation. By assembling remote sensing data and fitting statistical models to prevalence at multiple spatial scales, we identify novel relationships between P. knowlesi in NHPs and forest fragmentation. This suggests that higher prevalence may be contingent on habitat complexity, which would begin to explain observed geographic variation in parasite burden. These findings address critical gaps in understanding regional P. knowlesi epidemiology and indicate that prevalence in simian reservoirs may be a key spatial driver of human spillover risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Johnson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Pablo Ruiz Cuenca
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
- Lancaster University, BailriggLancasterUnited Kingdom
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Isabel Byrne
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Milena Salgado-Lynn
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
- Wildlife Health, Genetic and Forensic Laboratory, Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma MuisKota KinabaluMalaysia
- Danau Girang Field Centre, Sabah Wildlife DepartmentKinabalu SabahMalaysia
| | | | - Lee Col Lin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSelangorMalaysia
| | - Norhadila Zulkifli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSelangorMalaysia
| | | | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jason Matthiopoulos
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Luca Nelli
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Kimberly Fornace
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
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Saepuloh U, Rosmanah L, Novita R, Ayuningsih ED, Soviana S, Hadi UK, Darusman HS. Molecular detection and identification of Plasmodium spp. isolated from captive-bred cynomolgus monkeys in Bogor, Indonesia. Vet World 2024; 17:337-343. [PMID: 38595655 PMCID: PMC11000485 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.337-343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Asian macaques are natural hosts of several Plasmodium species. Some monkey malaria parasites may infect humans and cause zoonotic infections. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of monkey malaria parasites in Bogor, Indonesia, based on molecular detection and identification, particularly in cynomolgus monkeys, which have a wide geographic distribution and share extensive habitats with humans. These data are needed to evaluate the status of simian malaria among macaques in Bogor and to study the potential risks to human health. These updated data will provide sufficient information for implementing malaria control strategies in the future and for developing a potential malaria vaccine using monkeys as an animal model. Materials and Methods Blood samples of 274 cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were collected and identified using microscopy. DNA was extracted from positive blood samples and analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) target gene using consensus primers for Plasmodium species. The PCR-positive samples were then nucleotide-sequenced using commercial sequencing services, analyzed using the BioEdit program, and aligned using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool from the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using MEGA 11.0 and the neighbor-joining (NJ) method to determine the kinship of Plasmodium. Bootstrapping was performed using 500 replicates to assess the robustness of tree topologies. Results Thirty-eight of the 274 microscopically positive samples for Plasmodium spp. were also positive using PCR, resulting in a 1640 bp amplicon. Further, analysis using nucleotide sequencing confirmed that these positive samples were Plasmodium inui with more than 99% nucleotide identity compared to GenBank sequences. Phylogenetic tree analysis of the SSU rRNA partial gene showed that all our isolates clustered and were closely related to a P. inui strain isolated from cynomolgus macaques in South China in 2011. Conclusion P. inui is the predominant malaria parasite in cynomolgus monkeys from Bogor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uus Saepuloh
- Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Lodaya II/5, Bogor, 16151, Indonesia
| | - Lis Rosmanah
- Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Lodaya II/5, Bogor, 16151, Indonesia
| | - Risqa Novita
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Genomic Building, Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Bogor No. 490, Cibinong, 16915 Indonesia
- Primatology Study Program, Graduate School of IPB University, Jl. Lodaya II/5, Bogor, 16151, Indonesia
| | - Ellis Dwi Ayuningsih
- Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Lodaya II/5, Bogor, 16151, Indonesia
| | - Susi Soviana
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Agatis, Dramaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Upik Kesumawati Hadi
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Agatis, Dramaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Huda Shalahudin Darusman
- Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Lodaya II/5, Bogor, 16151, Indonesia
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Agatis, Dramaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
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Sa-Ngamuang C, Lawpoolsri S, Su Yin M, Barkowsky T, Cui L, Prachumsri J, Haddawy P. Assessment of malaria risk in Southeast Asia: a systematic review. Malar J 2023; 22:339. [PMID: 37940923 PMCID: PMC10631000 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04772-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several countries in Southeast Asia are nearing malaria elimination, yet eradication remains elusive. This is largely due to the challenge of focusing elimination efforts, an area where risk prediction can play an essential supporting role. Despite its importance, there is no standard numerical method to quantify the risk of malaria infection. Thus, there is a need for a consolidated view of existing definitions of risk and factors considered in assessing risk to analyse the merits of risk prediction models. This systematic review examines studies of the risk of malaria in Southeast Asia with regard to their suitability in addressing the challenges of malaria elimination in low transmission areas. METHODS A search of four electronic databases over 2010-2020 retrieved 1297 articles, of which 25 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In each study, examined factors included the definition of the risk and indicators of malaria transmission used, the environmental and climatic factors associated with the risk, the statistical models used, the spatial and temporal granularity, and how the relationship between environment, climate, and risk is quantified. RESULTS This review found variation in the definition of risk used, as well as the environmental and climatic factors in the reviewed articles. GLM was widely adopted as the analysis technique relating environmental and climatic factors to malaria risk. Most of the studies were carried out in either a cross-sectional design or case-control studies, and most utilized the odds ratio to report the relationship between exposure to risk and malaria prevalence. CONCLUSIONS Adopting a standardized definition of malaria risk would help in comparing and sharing results, as would a clear description of the definition and method of collection of the environmental and climatic variables used. Further issues that need to be more fully addressed include detection of asymptomatic cases and considerations of human mobility. Many of the findings of this study are applicable to other low-transmission settings and could serve as a guideline for further studies of malaria in other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitawat Sa-Ngamuang
- Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Saranath Lawpoolsri
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Myat Su Yin
- Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Thomas Barkowsky
- Bremen Spatial Cognition Center (BSCC), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Liwang Cui
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Jetsumon Prachumsri
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peter Haddawy
- Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
- Bremen Spatial Cognition Center (BSCC), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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Pramasivan S, Ngui R, Jeyaprakasam NK, Low VL, Liew JWK, Vythilingam I. Spatial analyses of Plasmodium knowlesi vectors with reference to control interventions in Malaysia. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:355. [PMID: 37814287 PMCID: PMC10563288 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05984-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria parasites such as Plasmodium knowlesi, P. inui, and P. cynomolgi are spread from macaques to humans through the Leucosphyrus Group of Anopheles mosquitoes. It is crucial to know the distribution of these vectors to implement effective control measures for malaria elimination. Plasmodium knowlesi is the most predominant zoonotic malaria parasite infecting humans in Malaysia. METHODS Vector data from various sources were used to create distribution maps from 1957 to 2021. A predictive statistical model utilizing logistic regression was developed using significant environmental factors. Interpolation maps were created using the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method and overlaid with the corresponding environmental variables. RESULTS Based on the IDW analysis, high vector abundances were found in the southwestern part of Sarawak, the northern region of Pahang and the northwestern part of Sabah. However, most parts of Johor, Sabah, Perlis, Penang, Kelantan and Terengganu had low vector abundance. The accuracy test indicated that the model predicted sampling and non-sampling areas with 75.3% overall accuracy. The selected environmental variables were entered into the regression model based on their significant values. In addition to the presence of water bodies, elevation, temperature, forest loss and forest cover were included in the final model since these were significantly correlated. Anopheles mosquitoes were mainly distributed in Peninsular Malaysia (Titiwangsa range, central and northern parts), Sabah (Kudat, West Coast, Interior and Tawau division) and Sarawak (Kapit, Miri, and Limbang). The predicted Anopheles mosquito density was lower in the southern part of Peninsular Malaysia, the Sandakan Division of Sabah and the western region of Sarawak. CONCLUSION The study offers insight into the distribution of the Leucosphyrus Group of Anopheles mosquitoes in Malaysia. Additionally, the accompanying predictive vector map correlates well with cases of P. knowlesi malaria. This research is crucial in informing and supporting future efforts by healthcare professionals to develop effective malaria control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandthya Pramasivan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Romano Ngui
- Department of ParaClinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Nantha Kumar Jeyaprakasam
- Biomedical Science Program, Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Van Lun Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Phasomkusolsil S, Tawong J, Monkanna N, Kornkan T, Jitbantrengphan T, Chaiyasab M, Pongda N, Kamram T, Lindroth EJ. The effects of human and rhesus macaque blood meal sources on mosquito reproduction and adult survival under laboratory conditions. Exp Parasitol 2023; 253:108591. [PMID: 37558194 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Mass rearing of mosquitoes as required to fulfil research studies is a technically challenging endeavor. Blood meal source has been recognized as a key consideration in mass rearing of mosquitoes that affects colony health and fecundity. Four species of laboratory-colonized mosquitoes from the Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate - Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS); Anopheles cracens, An. dirus, An. minimus and An. sawadwongporni were fed blood meals from human and rhesus macaque sources using an artificial membrane feeder. The effects of different blood meal sources were evaluated concerning blood-feeding, survival and reproduction (fecundity and hatching rates). Adult survival was monitored at days 7, 14 and 21 post blood-feeding. Although the mosquitoes fed on human blood exhibited higher rates of engorgement, there were no significant differences in blood-feeding rates in An. cracens (P = 0.08) and An. dirus (P = 0.91) between rhesus macaque and human blood sources. Twenty-one days post-feeding, no significant differences were observed in the survival rates of mosquitoes fed on human versus rhesus macaque blood. Except for An. dirus, which had better survival rates with human blood (97.5%) than after feeding on rhesus macaque blood (95.4%). All mosquito species fed on human blood produced significantly more eggs when compared to those fed on rhesus macaque blood. However, there was no statistical difference in hatching rates between blood sources, except for An. dirus, which had better hatching rates with human blood. These results indicate that human and rhesus macaque blood may be a viable alternative for maintaining Anopheles mosquitoes in colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriporn Phasomkusolsil
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Jaruwan Tawong
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Nantaporn Monkanna
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Tanaporn Kornkan
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Thanin Jitbantrengphan
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Marisa Chaiyasab
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Natchanida Pongda
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Thinadda Kamram
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Erica J Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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Mewara A, Sreenivasan P, Khurana S. Primate malaria of human importance. Trop Parasitol 2023; 13:73-83. [PMID: 37860614 PMCID: PMC10583777 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_79_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primate (NHP) malaria poses a major threat to the malaria control programs. The last two decades have witnessed a paradigm shift in our understanding of the malaria caused by species other than the traditionally known human Plasmodium species - Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale. The emergence of the malaria parasite of long-tailed macaque monkeys, Plasmodium knowlesi, as the fifth malaria species of humans has made the scientific community consider the risk of other zoonotic malaria, such as Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium simium, Plasmodium inui, and others, to humans. The development of knowledge about P. knowlesi as a pathogen which was earlier only known to experimentally cause malaria in humans and rarely cause natural infection, toward its acknowledgment as a significant cause of human malaria and a threat of malaria control programs has been made possible by the use of advanced molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction and gene sequencing. This review explores the various aspects of NHP malaria, and the association of various factors with their emergence and potential to cause human malaria which are important to understand to be able to control these emerging infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mewara
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Priya Sreenivasan
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sumeeta Khurana
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Pramasivan S, Low VL, Jeyaprakasam NK, Liew JWK, Ngui R, Vythilingam I. Cryptic Diversity and Demographic Expansion of Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria Vectors in Malaysia. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1369. [PMID: 37510274 PMCID: PMC10378955 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Malaysia is considered free of human malaria, there has been a growing number of Plasmodium knowlesi cases. This alarming trend highlighted the need for our understanding of this parasite and its associated vectors, especially considering the role of genetic diversity in the adaptation and evolution among vectors in endemic areas, which is currently a significant knowledge gap in their fundamental biology. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of Anopheles balabacensis, Anopheles cracens, Anopheles introlatus, and Anopheles latens-the vectors for P. knowlesi malaria in Malaysia. Based on cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) markers, the genealogic networks of An. latens showed a separation of the haplotypes between Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysia Borneo, forming two distinct clusters. Additionally, the genetic distances between these clusters were high (2.3-5.2% for CO1) and (2.3-4.7% for ITS2), indicating the likely presence of two distinct species or cryptic species within An. latens. In contrast, no distinct clusters were observed in An. cracens, An. balabacensis, or An. introlatus, implying a lack of pronounced genetic differentiation among their populations. It is worth noting that there were varying levels of polymorphism observed across the different subpopulations, highlighting some levels of genetic variation within these mosquito species. Nevertheless, further analyses revealed that all four species have undergone demographic expansion, suggesting population growth and potential range expansion for these vectors in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandthya Pramasivan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Van Lun Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Nantha Kumar Jeyaprakasam
- Biomedical Science Program, Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Jonathan Wee Kent Liew
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore 569874, Singapore
| | - Romano Ngui
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Malaria Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan 94300, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Turkiewicz A, Manko E, Oresegun DR, Nolder D, Spadar A, Sutherland CJ, Cox-Singh J, Moon RW, Lau YL, Campino S, Clark TG. Population genetic analysis of Plasmodium knowlesi reveals differential selection and exchange events between Borneo and Peninsular sub-populations. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2142. [PMID: 36750737 PMCID: PMC9905552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi parasite is a growing public health concern in Southeast Asia, especially in Malaysia, where elimination of P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria has been the focus of control efforts. Understanding of the genetic diversity of P. knowlesi parasites can provide insights into its evolution, population structure, diagnostics, transmission dynamics, and the emergence of drug resistance. Previous work has revealed that P. knowlesi fall into three main sub-populations distinguished by a combination of geographical location and macaque host (Macaca fascicularis and M. nemestrina). It has been shown that Malaysian Borneo groups display profound heterogeneity with long regions of high or low divergence resulting in mosaic patterns between sub-populations, with some evidence of chromosomal-segment exchanges. However, the genetic structure of non-Borneo sub-populations is less clear. By gathering one of the largest collections of P. knowlesi whole-genome sequencing data, we studied structural genomic changes across sub-populations, with the analysis revealing differences in Borneo clusters linked to mosquito-related stages of the parasite cycle, in contrast to differences in host-related stages for the Peninsular group. Our work identifies new genetic exchange events, including introgressions between Malaysian Peninsular and M. nemestrina-associated clusters on various chromosomes, including in parasite invasion genes (DBP[Formula: see text], NBPX[Formula: see text] and NBPX[Formula: see text]), and important proteins expressed in the vertebrate parasite stages. Recombination events appear to have occurred between the Peninsular and M. fascicularis-associated groups, including in the DBP[Formula: see text] and DBP[Formula: see text] invasion associated genes. Overall, our work finds that genetic exchange events have occurred among the recognised contemporary groups of P. knowlesi parasites during their evolutionary history, leading to apparent mosaicism between these sub-populations. These findings generate new hypotheses relevant to parasite evolutionary biology and P. knowlesi epidemiology, which can inform malaria control approaches to containing the impact of zoonotic malaria on human communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Turkiewicz
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Emilia Manko
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Damiola R Oresegun
- Division of Infection, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Debbie Nolder
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- UK Health Security Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Anton Spadar
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Colin J Sutherland
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- UK Health Security Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Janet Cox-Singh
- Division of Infection, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Robert W Moon
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | | | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Taane G Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
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10
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Sam J, Shamsusah NA, Ali AH, Hod R, Hassan MR, Agustar HK. Prevalence of simian malaria among macaques in Malaysia (2000–2021): A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010527. [PMID: 35849568 PMCID: PMC9292078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of Malaysia to eliminate malaria nationwide by 2020 seems need to be prolonged. Whilst Malaysia has successfully eliminated human malaria transmission, simian malaria parasites such as Plasmodium knowlesi, P. cynomolgi, P. inui and P. cynomolgi are the emerging cause of malaria in humans. The epidemiological study of simian malaria in primates provides useful information in identifying the risk of human-macaques Plasmodium infection. Methodology/Principal findings This study was performed to gather all available data in terms of simian malaria epidemiology study among macaques in Malaysia over the last two decades. This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines to select appropriate articles as references. Data searches were performed through international databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, CrossRef, Scopus, Web of Science and Science Direct for original articles published from 2000 until 2021. The review identified seven simian malaria epidemiology studies in Malaysia over the 20-year study period. Most studies were conducted in Peninsular Malaysia (5/7; 71%) followed by East Malaysia (2/7; 29%). All studies showed positive detection of Plasmodium parasites in macaques. The most prevalent Plasmodium species in macaques was P. inui (49.27%) and the least prevalent was P. fieldi (4.76%). The prevalence of simian malaria was higher in East Malaysia compared to Peninsular Malaysia. The mono, dual and triple infection types were the most common among macaques. Conclusion/Significance The non-human primates like macaques are the reservoir of simian plasmodium in Malaysia. Hence, the study of host epidemiology is an important insight to public health management as there is a high occurrence of simian malaria in Malaysia. The right measurement can be taken as well to prevent the transmission of simian malaria from macaques to humans. Macaques are the most abundant primates in south east Asia including Malaysia. Due to deforestation, macaques came closer to human settlements searching for food. Macaques like the long-tailed and pig-tailed harbouring several Plasmodium species that can cause zoonotic malaria in humans. Close contact of human and macaques cause zoonotic transmission of simian malaria. The simian plasmodium such as P. knowlesi, P. inui and P. cynomolgi have been found infecting humans in Malaysia; mainly in East Malaysia (Borneo). Zoonotic malaria poses great risk to public health as prolonged in treatment often lead to fatal outcomes. Hence the knowledge of prevalence and diversity is important to access, this can therefore enlighten the authorities to plan a control strategy that will minimize the zoonotic transmission between non-human primate host to human. This systematic review has summarised all publish data of macaques-plasmodium infection from the year 2000–2021 by using PRISMA guidelines. Our result showed that P. inui (49.27%) is the most prevalent Plasmodium species found in macaques, followed by P. cynomolgi (33.05%) and P. knowlesi (26.86%). Simian plasmodium prevalent was also found higher in East Malaysia (97.0%) compared to Peninsular Malaysia (45.18%). The significant increase of simian malaria incidences in human have jeopardized the national malaria elimination programme. Hence, this study provides a compact insight into the plasmodium epidemiology of macaques in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeeca Sam
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nadia Aqilla Shamsusah
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amatul Hamizah Ali
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rozita Hod
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (HKA); (RH)
| | - Mohd Rohaizat Hassan
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hani Kartini Agustar
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (HKA); (RH)
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11
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Non-Human Primate Malaria Infections: A Review on the Epidemiology in Malaysia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137888. [PMID: 35805545 PMCID: PMC9265734 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Malaria remains a public health problem in many parts of the world, including Malaysia. Although Malaysia has been recognized as one of the countries free from indigenous human malaria since 2018, the rising trend of zoonotic malaria, particularly Plasmodium knowlesi cases, poses a threat to public health and is of great concern to the country’s healthcare system. We reviewed previously scattered information on zoonotic malaria infections in both Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo to determine the epidemiology and distribution of emerging zoonotic malaria infections. Given the high prevalence of zoonotic malaria in Malaysia, efforts should be made to detect zoonotic malaria in humans, mosquito vectors, and natural hosts to ensure the success of the National Malaria Elimination Strategic Plan.
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12
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Ooi CH, Phang WK, Liew JWK, Atroosh WM, Lau YL. Epidemiology of indigenous Plasmodium knowlesi infection in Sarawak, 2011-2019. Trop Med Int Health 2022; 27:705-718. [PMID: 35716113 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize the state-wide epidemiology of indigenous knowlesi malaria in Sarawak from 2011-2019. METHODS Longitudinal retrospective study based on Sarawak knowlesi malaria surveillance data recorded 2011-2019. Only indigenous cases were included and information extracted for analysis comprised age, sex, occupation, ethnicity, case severity, hospital admission, and parasite density. RESULTS Over the 9 years 8473 indigenous knowlesi malaria cases were recorded. Age group 40 to 49 years, males, plantation workers, and Iban communities recorded the highest percentage of cases in each demographic variable. Most of the cases were uncomplicated (85.9%) and 89.5% of the total cases were reported with ≤20,000 parasites/μL of blood. Age group and ethnic group are associated with severity of knowlesi malaria in Sarawak. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that the age group 60+ years had the highest odds of developing severe knowlesi malaria compared to other age groups (AOR 2.48; 95% CI 1.22, 5.02; p=0.012). Bidayuh patients were more likely to develop severe knowlesi malaria than Ibans, the largest ethnic group among knowlesi malaria patients (AOR 1.97; 95% CI 1.31, 2.97; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS Identification of risk groups is important for the implementation of prevention programs and treatments targeting at specific group to combat knowlesi malaria effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choo Huck Ooi
- Vector Borne Disease Section, Sarawak Health Department, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Wei Kit Phang
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jonathan Wee Kent Liew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Currenly Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore
| | - Wahib M Atroosh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Aden, Aden, Yemen
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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13
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Yusuf NM, Zulkefli J, Jiram AI, Vythilingam I, Hisam S, Devi R, Salehhuddin A, Ali NM, Isa M, Alias N, Ogu salim N, Aziz AA, Sulaiman LH. Plasmodium spp. in macaques, Macaca fascicularis, in Malaysia, and their potential role in zoonotic malaria transmission. Parasite 2022; 29:32. [PMID: 35674419 PMCID: PMC9175634 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macaques, Macaca fascicularis, are a known reservoir of Plasmodium knowlesi, the agent of simian malaria which is the predominant zoonotic species affecting humans in Malaysia and other Southeast Asian countries. Recently, a naturally acquired human infection of another simian malaria parasite, P. cynomolgi has been reported. Thus, it is crucial to study the distribution of simian Plasmodium infections with particular attention to the macaques. Four hundred and nineteen (419) long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were trapped in selected areas where human cases of P. knowlesi and P. cynomolgi have been reported. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted to identify the Plasmodium spp., and circumsporozoite protein (CSP) genes of P. knowlesi samples were sequenced. Plasmodium cynomolgi infection was shown to be the most prevalent among the macaque population (68.4%). Although 50.6% of analyzed samples contained single infections either with P. knowlesi, P. cynomolgi, P. inui, P. coatneyi, or P. fieldi, mixed infections with double, triple, quadruple, and all 5 species were also detected. Infection with P. cynomolgi and P. knowlesi were the highest among Malaysian macaques in areas where humans and macaques are in close contact. The risk of zoonotic infection in these areas needs to be addressed since the number of zoonotic malaria cases is on the rise. With the elimination of human malaria, the risk of humans being infected with simian malaria is very high and steps should be taken to mitigate this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorazian Md Yusuf
- Parasitology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Block C3 & C7, Level 2, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Ministry of Health Malaysia No. 1 Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, Bandar Setia Alam 40170 Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
- Corresponding author: ,
| | - Jannah Zulkefli
- Parasitology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Block C3 & C7, Level 2, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Ministry of Health Malaysia No. 1 Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, Bandar Setia Alam 40170 Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
| | - Adela Ida Jiram
- Parasitology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Block C3 & C7, Level 2, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Ministry of Health Malaysia No. 1 Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, Bandar Setia Alam 40170 Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Parasitology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Block C3 & C7, Level 2, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Ministry of Health Malaysia No. 1 Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, Bandar Setia Alam 40170 Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Shamilah Hisam
- Parasitology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Block C3 & C7, Level 2, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Ministry of Health Malaysia No. 1 Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, Bandar Setia Alam 40170 Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
| | - Renuka Devi
- Parasitology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Block C3 & C7, Level 2, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Ministry of Health Malaysia No. 1 Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, Bandar Setia Alam 40170 Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
| | - Afiqah Salehhuddin
- Parasitology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Block C3 & C7, Level 2, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Ministry of Health Malaysia No. 1 Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, Bandar Setia Alam 40170 Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
| | - Nurulshuhada Md Ali
- Parasitology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Block C3 & C7, Level 2, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Ministry of Health Malaysia No. 1 Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, Bandar Setia Alam 40170 Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
| | - Maccallyster Isa
- Parasitology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Block C3 & C7, Level 2, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Ministry of Health Malaysia No. 1 Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, Bandar Setia Alam 40170 Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
| | - Norwahida Alias
- Parasitology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Block C3 & C7, Level 2, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Ministry of Health Malaysia No. 1 Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, Bandar Setia Alam 40170 Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
| | - Nurhainis Ogu salim
- Parasitology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Block C3 & C7, Level 2, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Ministry of Health Malaysia No. 1 Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, Bandar Setia Alam 40170 Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
| | - Adli Abd Aziz
- Parasitology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Block C3 & C7, Level 2, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Ministry of Health Malaysia No. 1 Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, Bandar Setia Alam 40170 Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
- School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Negeri Sembilan Kampus Kuala Pilah, Pekan Parit Tinggi 72000 Kuala Pilah Negeri Sembilan Malaysia
| | - Lokman Hakim Sulaiman
- Parasitology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Block C3 & C7, Level 2, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Ministry of Health Malaysia No. 1 Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, Bandar Setia Alam 40170 Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
- Centre for Environmental and Population Health, Institute for Research, Development, and Innovation, and Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, International Medical University No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil 57000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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14
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Brown R, Salgado-Lynn M, Jumail A, Jalius C, Chua TH, Vythilingam I, Ferguson HM. Exposure of Primate Reservoir Hosts to Mosquito Vectors in Malaysian Borneo. ECOHEALTH 2022; 19:233-245. [PMID: 35553290 PMCID: PMC9276546 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01586-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Several vector-borne pathogens of primates have potential for human spillover. An example is the simian malaria Plasmodium knowlesi which is now a major public health problem in Malaysia. Characterization of exposure to mosquito vectors is essential for assessment of the force of infection within wild simian populations, however few methods exist to do so. Here we demonstrate the use of thermal imaging and mosquito magnet independence traps (MMIT) to assess the abundance, diversity and infection rates in mosquitoes host seeking near long-tailed macaque (Macaca fasicularis) sleeping sites in the Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Malaysian Borneo. The primary Plasmodium knowlesi vector, Anopheles balabacensis, was trapped at higher abundance near sleeping sites than control trees. Although none of the An. balabacensis collected (n = 15) were positive for P. knowlesi by PCR screening, two were infected with another simian malaria Plasmodium inui. Analysis of macaque stools from sleeping sites confirmed a high prevalence of Plasmodium infection, suspected to be P. inui. Recently, natural transmission of P. inui has been detected in humans and An. cracens in Peninsular Malaysia. The presence of P. inui in An. balabacensis here and previously in human-biting collections highlight its potential for spillover from macaques to humans in Sabah. We advocate the use of MMITs for non-invasive sampling of mosquito vectors that host seek on wild simian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Brown
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Milena Salgado-Lynn
- Danau Girang Field Centre C/O Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma Muis, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- School of Biosciences and Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Wildlife Health, Genetic and Forensic Laboratory, Kampung Potuki, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Amaziasizamoria Jumail
- Danau Girang Field Centre C/O Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma Muis, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Cyrlen Jalius
- Wildlife Health, Genetic and Forensic Laboratory, Kampung Potuki, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Tock-Hing Chua
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Heather M Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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15
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Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) Tests for Identifying Protozoan and Bacterial Pathogens in Infectious Diseases
. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12051286. [PMID: 35626441 PMCID: PMC9141552 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12051286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosing and treating many infectious diseases depends on correctly identifying the causative pathogen. Characterization of pathogen-specific nucleic acid sequences by PCR is the most sensitive and specific method available for this purpose, although it is restricted to laboratories that have the necessary infrastructure and finance. Microscopy, rapid immunochromatographic tests for antigens, and immunoassays for detecting pathogen-specific antibodies are alternative and useful diagnostic methods with different advantages and disadvantages. Detection of ribosomal RNA molecules in the cytoplasm of bacterial and protozoan pathogens by fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) using sequence-specific fluorescently labelled DNA probes, is cheaper than PCR and requires minimal equipment and infrastructure. A LED light source attached to most laboratory light microscopes can be used in place of a fluorescence microscope with a UV lamp for FISH. A FISH test hybridization can be completed in 30 min at 37 °C and the whole test in less than two hours. FISH tests can therefore be rapidly performed in both well-equipped and poorly-resourced laboratories. Highly sensitive and specific FISH tests for identifying many bacterial and protozoan pathogens that cause disease in humans, livestock and pets are reviewed, with particular reference to parasites causing malaria and babesiosis, and mycobacteria responsible for tuberculosis.
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16
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Fuehrer HP, Campino S, Sutherland CJ. The primate malaria parasites Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium brasilianum and Plasmodium ovale spp.: genomic insights into distribution, dispersal and host transitions. Malar J 2022; 21:138. [PMID: 35505317 PMCID: PMC9066925 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During the twentieth century, there was an explosion in understanding of the malaria parasites infecting humans and wild primates. This was built on three main data sources: from detailed descriptive morphology, from observational histories of induced infections in captive primates, syphilis patients, prison inmates and volunteers, and from clinical and epidemiological studies in the field. All three were wholly dependent on parasitological information from blood-film microscopy, and The Primate Malarias” by Coatney and colleagues (1971) provides an overview of this knowledge available at that time. Here, 50 years on, a perspective from the third decade of the twenty-first century is presented on two pairs of primate malaria parasite species. Included is a near-exhaustive summary of the recent and current geographical distribution for each of these four species, and of the underlying molecular and genomic evidence for each. The important role of host transitions in the radiation of Plasmodium spp. is discussed, as are any implications for the desired elimination of all malaria species in human populations. Two important questions are posed, requiring further work on these often ignored taxa. Is Plasmodium brasilianum, circulating among wild simian hosts in the Americas, a distinct species from Plasmodium malariae? Can new insights into the genomic differences between Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri be linked to any important differences in parasite morphology, cell biology or clinical and epidemiological features?
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Fuehrer
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susana Campino
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Colin J Sutherland
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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17
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Escalante AA, Cepeda AS, Pacheco MA. Why Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are so different? A tale of two clades and their species diversities. Malar J 2022; 21:139. [PMID: 35505356 PMCID: PMC9066883 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The global malaria burden sometimes obscures that the genus Plasmodium comprises diverse clades with lineages that independently gave origin to the extant human parasites. Indeed, the differences between the human malaria parasites were highlighted in the classical taxonomy by dividing them into two subgenera, the subgenus Plasmodium, which included all the human parasites but Plasmodium falciparum that was placed in its separate subgenus, Laverania. Here, the evolution of Plasmodium in primates will be discussed in terms of their species diversity and some of their distinct phenotypes, putative molecular adaptations, and host–parasite biocenosis. Thus, in addition to a current phylogeny using genome-level data, some specific molecular features will be discussed as examples of how these parasites have diverged. The two subgenera of malaria parasites found in primates, Plasmodium and Laverania, reflect extant monophyletic groups that originated in Africa. However, the subgenus Plasmodium involves species in Southeast Asia that were likely the result of adaptive radiation. Such events led to the Plasmodium vivax lineage. Although the Laverania species, including P. falciparum, has been considered to share “avian characteristics,” molecular traits that were likely in the common ancestor of primate and avian parasites are sometimes kept in the Plasmodium subgenus while being lost in Laverania. Assessing how molecular traits in the primate malaria clades originated is a fundamental science problem that will likely provide new targets for interventions. However, given that the genus Plasmodium is paraphyletic (some descendant groups are in other genera), understanding the evolution of malaria parasites will benefit from studying “non-Plasmodium” Haemosporida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananias A Escalante
- Biology Department/Institute of Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine [iGEM], Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122-1801, USA.
| | - Axl S Cepeda
- Biology Department/Institute of Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine [iGEM], Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122-1801, USA
| | - M Andreína Pacheco
- Biology Department/Institute of Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine [iGEM], Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122-1801, USA
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18
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Lee WC, Cheong FW, Amir A, Lai MY, Tan JH, Phang WK, Shahari S, Lau YL. Plasmodium knowlesi: the game changer for malaria eradication. Malar J 2022; 21:140. [PMID: 35505339 PMCID: PMC9066973 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi is a zoonotic malaria parasite that has gained increasing medical interest over the past two decades. This zoonotic parasitic infection is prevalent in Southeast Asia and causes many cases with fulminant pathology. Despite several biogeographical restrictions that limit its distribution, knowlesi malaria cases have been reported in different parts of the world due to travelling and tourism activities. Here, breakthroughs and key information generated from recent (over the past five years, but not limited to) studies conducted on P. knowlesi were reviewed, and the knowledge gap in various research aspects that need to be filled was discussed. Besides, challenges and strategies required to control and eradicate human malaria with this emerging and potentially fatal zoonosis were described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenn-Chyau Lee
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fei Wen Cheong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amirah Amir
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Meng Yee Lai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jia Hui Tan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei Kit Phang
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shahhaziq Shahari
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee-Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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19
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van de Straat B, Sebayang B, Grigg MJ, Staunton K, Garjito TA, Vythilingam I, Russell TL, Burkot TR. Zoonotic malaria transmission and land use change in Southeast Asia: what is known about the vectors. Malar J 2022; 21:109. [PMID: 35361218 PMCID: PMC8974233 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic Plasmodium infections in humans in many Southeast Asian countries have been increasing, including in countries approaching elimination of human-only malaria transmission. Most simian malarias in humans are caused by Plasmodium knowlesi, but recent research shows that humans are at risk of many different simian Plasmodium species. In Southeast Asia, simian Plasmodium species are mainly transmitted by mosquitoes in the Anopheles leucosphyrus and Anopheles dirus complexes. Although there is some evidence of species outside the Leucosphyrus Group transmitting simian Plasmodium species, these await confirmation of transmission to humans. The vectors of monkey malarias are mostly found in forests and forest fringes, where they readily bite long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques (the natural reservoir hosts) and humans. How changing land-uses influence zoonotic malaria vectors is still poorly understood. Fragmentation of forests from logging, agriculture and other human activities is associated with increased zoonotic Plasmodium vector exposure. This is thought to occur through altered macaque and mosquito distributions and behaviours, and importantly, increased proximity of humans, macaques, and mosquito vectors. Underlying the increase in vector densities is the issue that the land-use change and human activities create more oviposition sites and, in correlation, increases availably of human blood hosts. The current understanding of zoonotic malaria vector species is largely based on a small number of studies in geographically restricted areas. What is known about the vectors is limited: the data is strongest for distribution and density with only weak evidence for a limited number of species in the Leucosphyrus Group for resting habits, insecticide resistance, blood feeding habits and larval habitats. More data are needed on vector diversity and bionomics in additional geographic areas to understand both the impacts on transmission of anthropogenic land-use change and how this significant disease in humans might be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram van de Straat
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia.
| | - Boni Sebayang
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Matthew J Grigg
- Menzies School of Health Research & Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Australia
| | - Kyran Staunton
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Triwibowo Ambar Garjito
- Institute for Vector and Reservoir Control Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research and Development (NIHRD), The Ministry of Health of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tanya L Russell
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Thomas R Burkot
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
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20
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Ruiz Cuenca P, Key S, Lindblade KA, Vythilingam I, Drakeley C, Fornace K. Is there evidence of sustained human-mosquito-human transmission of the zoonotic malaria Plasmodium knowlesi? A systematic literature review. Malar J 2022; 21:89. [PMID: 35300703 PMCID: PMC8929260 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04110-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The zoonotic malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi has emerged across Southeast Asia and is now the main cause of malaria in humans in Malaysia. A critical priority for P. knowlesi surveillance and control is understanding whether transmission is entirely zoonotic or is also occurring through human-mosquito-human transmission. Methods A systematic literature review was performed to evaluate existing evidence which refutes or supports the occurrence of sustained human-mosquito-human transmission of P. knowlesi. Possible evidence categories and study types which would support or refute non-zoonotic transmission were identified and ranked. A literature search was conducted on Medline, EMBASE and Web of Science using a broad search strategy to identify any possible published literature. Results were synthesized using the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) framework, using vote counting to combine the evidence within specific categories. Results Of an initial 7,299 studies screened, 131 studies were included within this review: 87 studies of P. knowlesi prevalence in humans, 14 studies in non-human primates, 13 studies in mosquitoes, and 29 studies with direct evidence refuting or supporting non-zoonotic transmission. Overall, the evidence showed that human-mosquito-human transmission is biologically possible, but there is limited evidence of widespread occurrence in endemic areas. Specific areas of research were identified that require further attention, notably quantitative analyses of potential transmission dynamics, epidemiological and entomological surveys, and ecological studies into the sylvatic cycle of the disease. Conclusion There are key questions about P. knowlesi that remain within the areas of research that require more attention. These questions have significant implications for malaria elimination and eradication programs. This paper considers limited but varied research and provides a methodological framework for assessing the likelihood of different transmission patterns for emerging zoonotic diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04110-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ruiz Cuenca
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics (CHICAS), Lancaster University Medical School, Lancaster, UK. .,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Stephanie Key
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kim A Lindblade
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kimberly Fornace
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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21
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Multiplex PCR Assay for the Identification of Four Species of the Anopheles Leucosphyrus Sub-Group in Malaysia. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020195. [PMID: 35206768 PMCID: PMC8878329 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Plasmodium parasites cause malaria. The bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes, known as “malaria vectors,” transmit the parasites to people. To prevent the spread of malaria, precise mosquito species identification is essential. This study aims to develop a quick and accurate method for identifying the Anopheles species (An. introlatus, An. latens, An. cracens, and An. balabacensis), which have been incriminated as vectors for simian malaria in Malaysia. Overall, six primers targeting the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of each species were designed for this assay. This study is helpful for the researchers or vector-related field workers to correctly identify the mosquitoes for control activities. Abstract The Leucosphyrus Group of mosquitoes are the major simian malaria vectors in Malaysia. Accurate species identification is required to help in curbing the spread of simian malaria. The aim of the study is to provide an accurate molecular method for identifying the four important Anopheles vector species found in Malaysia. Mosquito specimens were collected from various localities in Malaysia, where simian malaria cases were reported. DNA from 122 mosquito specimens was tested to develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The specificity of this assay was tested against other mosquito species. Molecular identification of the species was further confirmed by analysing the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) DNA region of the specimens. Anopheles balabacensis and An. latens showed two distinct clades in the phylogenetic tree. The multiplex PCR assay was developed based on the ITS2 region for the identification of Anopheles introlatus (298–299 bp), Anopheles latens (197–198 bp), Anopheles cracens (421–426 bp), and Anopheles balabacensis (224–228 bp). This method will be useful to accurately identify the major Anopheles Leucosphyrus Group species in Malaysia, which are difficult to identify morphologically, to determine the correct vector as well as its geographical distribution.
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22
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Voinson M, Nunn CL, Goldberg A. Primate malarias as a model for cross-species parasite transmission. eLife 2022; 11:e69628. [PMID: 35086643 PMCID: PMC8798051 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites regularly switch into new host species, representing a disease burden and conservation risk to the hosts. The distribution of these parasites also gives insight into characteristics of ecological networks and genetic mechanisms of host-parasite interactions. Some parasites are shared across many species, whereas others tend to be restricted to hosts from a single species. Understanding the mechanisms producing this distribution of host specificity can enable more effective interventions and potentially identify genetic targets for vaccines or therapies. As ecological connections between human and local animal populations increase, the risk to human and wildlife health from novel parasites also increases. Which of these parasites will fizzle out and which have the potential to become widespread in humans? We consider the case of primate malarias, caused by Plasmodium parasites, to investigate the interacting ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that put human and nonhuman primates at risk for infection. Plasmodium host switching from nonhuman primates to humans led to ancient introductions of the most common malaria-causing agents in humans today, and new parasite switching is a growing threat, especially in Asia and South America. Based on a wild host-Plasmodium occurrence database, we highlight geographic areas of concern and potential areas to target further sampling. We also discuss methodological developments that will facilitate clinical and field-based interventions to improve human and wildlife health based on this eco-evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Voinson
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Charles L Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
- Duke Global Health, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Amy Goldberg
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
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23
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Peterson MS, Joyner CJ, Brady JA, Wood JS, Cabrera-Mora M, Saney CL, Fonseca LL, Cheng WT, Jiang J, Lapp SA, Soderberg SR, Nural MV, Humphrey JC, Hankus A, Machiah D, Karpuzoglu E, DeBarry JD, Tirouvanziam R, Kissinger JC, Moreno A, Gumber S, Voit EO, Gutiérrez JB, Cordy RJ, Galinski MR. Clinical recovery of Macaca fascicularis infected with Plasmodium knowlesi. Malar J 2021; 20:486. [PMID: 34969401 PMCID: PMC8719393 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03925-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kra monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), a natural host of Plasmodium knowlesi, control parasitaemia caused by this parasite species and escape death without treatment. Knowledge of the disease progression and resilience in kra monkeys will aid the effective use of this species to study mechanisms of resilience to malaria. This longitudinal study aimed to define clinical, physiological and pathological changes in kra monkeys infected with P. knowlesi, which could explain their resilient phenotype. METHODS Kra monkeys (n = 15, male, young adults) were infected intravenously with cryopreserved P. knowlesi sporozoites and the resulting parasitaemias were monitored daily. Complete blood counts, reticulocyte counts, blood chemistry and physiological telemetry data (n = 7) were acquired as described prior to infection to establish baseline values and then daily after inoculation for up to 50 days. Bone marrow aspirates, plasma samples, and 22 tissue samples were collected at specific time points to evaluate longitudinal clinical, physiological and pathological effects of P. knowlesi infections during acute and chronic infections. RESULTS As expected, the kra monkeys controlled acute infections and remained with low-level, persistent parasitaemias without anti-malarial intervention. Unexpectedly, early in the infection, fevers developed, which ultimately returned to baseline, as well as mild to moderate thrombocytopenia, and moderate to severe anaemia. Mathematical modelling and the reticulocyte production index indicated that the anaemia was largely due to the removal of uninfected erythrocytes and not impaired production of erythrocytes. Mild tissue damage was observed, and tissue parasite load was associated with tissue damage even though parasite accumulation in the tissues was generally low. CONCLUSIONS Kra monkeys experimentally infected with P. knowlesi sporozoites presented with multiple clinical signs of malaria that varied in severity among individuals. Overall, the animals shared common mechanisms of resilience characterized by controlling parasitaemia 3-5 days after patency, and controlling fever, coupled with physiological and bone marrow responses to compensate for anaemia. Together, these responses likely minimized tissue damage while supporting the establishment of chronic infections, which may be important for transmission in natural endemic settings. These results provide new foundational insights into malaria pathogenesis and resilience in kra monkeys, which may improve understanding of human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko S Peterson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chester J Joyner
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jessica A Brady
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jennifer S Wood
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Monica Cabrera-Mora
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Celia L Saney
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Luis L Fonseca
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wayne T Cheng
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jianlin Jiang
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stacey A Lapp
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie R Soderberg
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mustafa V Nural
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jay C Humphrey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Allison Hankus
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- The MITRE Corporation, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deepa Machiah
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ebru Karpuzoglu
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jeremy D DeBarry
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Topical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Jessica C Kissinger
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Alberto Moreno
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Pathology, Drug Safety, and DMPK, Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Inc., Athens, GA, USA
| | - Eberhard O Voit
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Juan B Gutiérrez
- Department of Mathematics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Regina Joice Cordy
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mary R Galinski
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Pramasivan S, Ngui R, Jeyaprakasam NK, Liew JWK, Low VL, Mohamed Hassan N, Wan Sulaiman WY, Jaraee R, Abdul Rahman R, Jelip J, Vythilingam I. Spatial distribution of Plasmodium knowlesi cases and their vectors in Johor, Malaysia: in light of human malaria elimination. Malar J 2021; 20:426. [PMID: 34715864 PMCID: PMC8555301 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03963-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium knowlesi, a simian malaria parasite infection, increases as Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections decrease in Johor, Malaysia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the distribution of vectors involved in knowlesi malaria transmission in Johor. This finding is vital in estimating hotspot areas for targeted control strategies. Methods Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from the location where P. knowlesi cases were reported. Cases of knowlesi malaria from 2011 to 2019 in Johor were analyzed. Internal transcribed spacers 2 (ITS2) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes were used to identify the Leucosphyrus Group of Anopheles mosquitoes. In addition, spatial analysis was carried out on the knowlesi cases and vectors in Johor. Results One hundred and eighty-nine cases of P. knowlesi were reported in Johor over 10 years. Young adults between the ages of 20–39 years comprised 65% of the cases. Most infected individuals were involved in agriculture and army-related occupations (22% and 32%, respectively). Four hundred and eighteen Leucosphyrus Group Anopheles mosquitoes were captured during the study. Anopheles introlatus was the predominant species, followed by Anopheles latens. Spatial analysis by Kriging interpolation found that hotspot regions of P. knowlesi overlapped or were close to the areas where An. introlatus and An. latens were found. A significantly high number of vectors and P. knowlesi cases were found near the road within 0–5 km. Conclusions This study describes the distribution of P. knowlesi cases and Anopheles species in malaria-endemic transmission areas in Johor. Geospatial analysis is a valuable tool for studying the relationship between vectors and P. knowlesi cases. This study further supports that the Leucosphyrus Group of mosquitoes might be involved in transmitting knowlesi malaria cases in Johor. These findings may provide initial evidence to prioritize diseases and vector surveillance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03963-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandthya Pramasivan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Romano Ngui
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Malaria Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | | | - Jonathan Wee Kent Liew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Van Lun Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norzihan Mohamed Hassan
- Entomology & Pest Sector, Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | | | - Ropiah Jaraee
- Entomology & Pest Unit, Johor State Health District Department, Johor, Malaysia
| | | | - Jenarun Jelip
- Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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25
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Cuenca PR, Key S, Jumail A, Surendra H, Ferguson HM, Drakeley CJ, Fornace K. Epidemiology of the zoonotic malaria Plasmodium knowlesi in changing landscapes. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2021; 113:225-286. [PMID: 34620384 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Within the past two decades, incidence of human cases of the zoonotic malaria Plasmodium knowlesi has increased markedly. P. knowlesi is now the most common cause of human malaria in Malaysia and threatens to undermine malaria control programmes across Southeast Asia. The emergence of zoonotic malaria corresponds to a period of rapid deforestation within this region. These environmental changes impact the distribution and behaviour of the simian hosts, mosquito vector species and human populations, creating new opportunities for P. knowlesi transmission. Here, we review how landscape changes can drive zoonotic disease emergence, examine the extent and causes of these changes across Southeast and identify how these mechanisms may be impacting P. knowlesi dynamics. We review the current spatial epidemiology of reported P. knowlesi infections in people and assess how these demographic and environmental changes may lead to changes in transmission patterns. Finally, we identify opportunities to improve P. knowlesi surveillance and develop targeted ecological interventions within these landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ruiz Cuenca
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Key
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Henry Surendra
- Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Heather M Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J Drakeley
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberly Fornace
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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26
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Vythilingam I, Chua TH, Liew JWK, Manin BO, Ferguson HM. The vectors of Plasmodium knowlesi and other simian malarias Southeast Asia: challenges in malaria elimination. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2021; 113:131-189. [PMID: 34620382 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi, a simian malaria parasite of great public health concern has been reported from most countries in Southeast Asia and exported to various countries around the world. Currently P. knowlesi is the predominant species infecting humans in Malaysia. Besides this species, other simian malaria parasites such as P. cynomolgi and P. inui are also infecting humans in the region. The vectors of P. knowlesi and other Asian simian malarias belong to the Leucosphyrus Group of Anopheles mosquitoes which are generally forest dwelling species. Continual deforestation has resulted in these species moving into forest fringes, farms, plantations and human settlements along with their macaque hosts. Limited studies have shown that mosquito vectors are attracted to both humans and macaque hosts, preferring to bite outdoors and in the early part of the night. We here review the current status of simian malaria vectors and their parasites, knowledge of vector competence from experimental infections and discuss possible vector control measures. The challenges encountered in simian malaria elimination are also discussed. We highlight key knowledge gaps on vector distribution and ecology that may impede effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Tock Hing Chua
- Department of Pathobiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sabah Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Jonathan Wee Kent Liew
- Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Benny O Manin
- Department of Pathobiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sabah Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Heather M Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Molecular epidemiology and population genomics of Plasmodium knowlesi. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2021; 113:191-223. [PMID: 34620383 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular epidemiology has been central to uncovering P. knowlesi as an important cause of human malaria in Southeast Asia, and to understanding the complex nature of this zoonosis. Species-specific parasite detection and characterization of sequences were vital to show that P. knowlesi was distinct from the human parasite species that had been presumed to cause all malaria. With established sensitive and specific molecular detection tools, surveys subsequently indicated the distribution of P. knowlesi infections in humans, wild primate reservoir host species, and mosquito vector species. The importance of studying P. knowlesi genetic polymorphism was indicated initially by analysing a few nuclear gene loci as well as the mitochondrial genome, and subsequently by multi-locus microsatellite analyses and whole-genome sequencing. Different human infections generally have unrelated P. knowlesi genotypes, acquired from the diverse local parasite reservoirs in macaques. However, individual human infections are usually less genetically complex than those of wild macaques which experience more frequent superinfection with different P. knowlesi genotypes. Multi-locus analyses have revealed deep population subdivisions within P. knowlesi, which are structured both geographically and in relation to different macaque reservoir host species. Simplified genotypic discrimination assays now enable efficient large-scale surveillance of the sympatric P. knowlesi subpopulations within Malaysian Borneo. The whole-genome sequence analyses have also identified loci under recent positive natural selection in the P. knowlesi genome, with evidence that different loci are affected in different populations. These provide a foundation to understand recent adaptation of the zoonotic parasite populations, and to track and interpret future changes as they emerge.
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28
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Chin AZ, Avoi R, Atil A, Awang Lukman K, Syed Abdul Rahim SS, Ibrahim MY, Ahmed K, Jeffree MS. Risk factor of plasmodium knowlesi infection in Sabah Borneo Malaysia, 2020: A population-based case-control study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257104. [PMID: 34506556 PMCID: PMC8432820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Malaysian state of Sabah, P. knowlesi notifications increased from 2% (59/2,741) of total malaria notifications in 2004 to 98% (2030/2,078) in 2017. There was a gap regarding P. knowlesi acquisition risk factors related to practice specifically in working age group. The main objective of this study was to identify the risk factors for acquiring P. knowlesi infection in Sabah among the working age group. METHODS AND METHODS This retrospective population-based case-control study was conducted in Ranau district to assess sociodemographic, behavioural and medical history risk factors using a pretested questionnaire. The data were entered and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23. Bivariate analysis was conducted using binary logistic regression whereas multivariate analysis was conducted using multivariable logistic regression. We set a statistical significance at p-value less than or equal to 0.05. RESULTS A total of 266 cases and 532 controls were included in the study. Male gender (AOR = 2.71; 95% CI: 1.63-4.50), spending overnight in forest (AOR = 1.92; 95% CI: 1.20-3.06), not using mosquito repellent (AOR = 2.49; 95% CI: 1.36-4.56) and history of previous malaria infection (AOR = 49.34; 95% CI: 39.09-78.32) were found to be independent predictors of P. knowlesi infection. CONCLUSIONS This study showed the need to strengthen the strategies in preventing and controlling P. knowlesi infection specifically in changing the practice of spending overnight in forest and increasing the usage of personal mosquito repellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Zefong Chin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Richard Avoi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Azman Atil
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khamisah Awang Lukman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Syed Sharizman Syed Abdul Rahim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yusof Ibrahim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Kamruddin Ahmed
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Saffree Jeffree
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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Malijan RPB, Mechan F, Braganza JC, Valle KMR, Salazar FV, Torno MM, Aure WE, Bacay BA, Espino FE, Torr SJ, Fornace KM, Drakeley C, Ferguson HM. The seasonal dynamics and biting behavior of potential Anopheles vectors of Plasmodium knowlesi in Palawan, Philippines. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:357. [PMID: 34233742 PMCID: PMC8261946 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04853-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A small number of human cases of the zoonotic malaria Plasmodium knowlesi have been reported in Palawan Island, the Philippines. Identification of potential vector species and their bionomics is crucial for understanding human exposure risk in this setting. Here, we combined longitudinal surveillance with a trap-evaluation study to address knowledge gaps about the ecology and potential for zoonotic spillover of this macaque malaria in Palawan Island. METHODS The abundance, diversity and biting behavior of human-biting Anopheles mosquitoes were assessed through monthly outdoor human landing catches (HLC) in three ecotypes representing different land use (forest edge, forest and agricultural area) across 8 months. Additionally, the host preference and biting activity of potential Anopheles vectors were assessed through comparison of their abundance and capture time in traps baited with humans (HLC, human-baited electrocuting net-HEN) or macaques (monkey-baited trap-MBT, monkey-baited electrocuting net-MEN). All female Anopheles mosquitoes were tested for the presence of Plasmodium parasites by PCR. RESULTS Previously incriminated vectors Anopheles balabacensis and An. flavirostris accounted for > 95% of anophelines caught in longitudinal surveillance. However, human biting densities were relatively low (An. balabacensis: 0.34-1.20 per night, An. flavirostris: 0-2 bites per night). Biting densities of An. balabacensis were highest in the forest edge, while An. flavirostris was most abundant in the agricultural area. The abundance of An. balabacensis and An. flavirostris was significantly higher in HLC than in MBT. None of the 357 female Anopheles mosquitoes tested for Plasmodium infection were positive. CONCLUSIONS The relatively low density and lack of malaria infection in Anopheles mosquitoes sampled here indicates that exposure to P. knowlesi in this setting is considerably lower than in neighboring countries (i.e. Malaysia), where it is now the primary cause of malaria in humans. Although anophelines had lower abundance in MBTs than in HLCs, An. balabacensis and An. flavirostris were caught by both methods, suggesting they could act as bridge vectors between humans and macaques. These species bite primarily outdoors during the early evening, confirming that insecticide-treated nets are unlikely to provide protection against P. knowlesi vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Paul B Malijan
- Department of Medical Entomology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, 1781, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Frank Mechan
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5Q4, UK
| | - Jessie C Braganza
- Department of Medical Entomology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, 1781, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Kristelle Mae R Valle
- Department of Medical Entomology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, 1781, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Ferdinand V Salazar
- Department of Medical Entomology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, 1781, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Majhalia M Torno
- Department of Medical Entomology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, 1781, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines.,Taxonomy & Pesticide Efficacy Branch, Vector Biology & Control Division, Environment Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Wilfredo E Aure
- Department of Medical Entomology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, 1781, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Brian A Bacay
- Department of Medical Entomology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, 1781, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Fe Esperanza Espino
- Department of Parasitology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, 1781, Muntinlupa City, Ma, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Stephen J Torr
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5Q4, UK
| | - Kimberly M Fornace
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Heather M Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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Hocking SE, Divis PCS, Kadir KA, Singh B, Conway DJ. Population Genomic Structure and Recent Evolution of Plasmodium knowlesi, Peninsular Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:1749-1758. [PMID: 32687018 PMCID: PMC7392424 DOI: 10.3201/eid2608.190864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most malaria in Malaysia is caused by Plasmodium knowlesi parasites through zoonotic infection from macaque reservoir hosts. We obtained genome sequences from 28 clinical infections in Peninsular Malaysia to clarify the emerging parasite population structure and test for evidence of recent adaptation. The parasites all belonged to a major genetic population of P. knowlesi (cluster 3) with high genomewide divergence from populations occurring in Borneo (clusters 1 and 2). We also observed unexpected local genetic subdivision; most parasites belonged to 2 subpopulations sharing a high level of diversity except at particular genomic regions, the largest being a region of chromosome 12, which showed evidence of recent directional selection. Surprisingly, we observed a third subpopulation comprising P. knowlesi infections that were almost identical to each other throughout much of the genome, indicating separately maintained transmission and recent genetic isolation. Each subpopulation could evolve and present a broader health challenge in Asia.
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New vectors that are early feeders for Plasmodium knowlesi and other simian malaria parasites in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7739. [PMID: 33833272 PMCID: PMC8032675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi is the main cause of malaria in Sarawak, where studies on vectors of P. knowlesi have been conducted in only two districts. Anopheles balabacensis and An. donaldi were incriminated as vectors in Lawas and An. latens in Kapit. We studied a third location in Sarawak, Betong, where of 2169 mosquitoes collected over 36 days using human-landing catches, 169 (7.8%) were Anopheles spp. PCR and phylogenetic analyses identified P. knowlesi and/or P. cynomolgi, P. fieldi, P. inui, P. coatneyi and possibly novel Plasmodium spp. in salivary glands of An. latens and An. introlatus from the Leucosphyrus Group and in An. collessi and An. roperi from the Umbrosus Group. Phylogenetic analyses of cytochrome oxidase subunit I sequences indicated three P. knowlesi-positive An. introlatus had been misidentified morphologically as An. latens, while An. collessi and An. roperi could not be delineated using the region sequenced. Almost all vectors from the Leucosphyrus Group were biting after 1800 h but those belonging to the Umbrosus Group were also biting between 0700 and 1100 h. Our study incriminated new vectors of knowlesi malaria in Sarawak and underscores the importance of including entomological studies during the daytime to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the transmission dynamics of malaria.
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Jeyaprakasam NK, Pramasivan S, Liew JWK, Van Low L, Wan-Sulaiman WY, Ngui R, Jelip J, Vythilingam I. Evaluation of Mosquito Magnet and other collection tools for Anopheles mosquito vectors of simian malaria. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:184. [PMID: 33794965 PMCID: PMC8015311 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04689-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vector surveillance is essential in determining the geographical distribution of mosquito vectors and understanding the dynamics of malaria transmission. With the elimination of human malaria cases, knowlesi malaria cases in humans are increasing in Malaysia. This necessitates intensive vector studies using safer trapping methods which are both field efficient and able to attract the local vector populations. Thus, this study evaluated the potential of Mosquito Magnet as a collection tool for Anopheles mosquito vectors of simian malaria along with other known collection methods. Methods A randomized 4 × 4 Latin square designed experiment was conducted to compare the efficiency of the Mosquito Magnet against three other common trapping methods: human landing catch (HLC), CDC light trap and human baited trap (HBT). The experiment was conducted over six replicates where sampling within each replicate was carried out for 4 consecutive nights. An additional 4 nights of sampling was used to further evaluate the Mosquito Magnet against the “gold standard” HLC. The abundance of Anopheles sampled by different methods was compared and evaluated with focus on the Anopheles from the Leucosphyrus group, the vectors of knowlesi malaria. Results The Latin square designed experiment showed HLC caught the greatest number of Anopheles mosquitoes (n = 321) compared to the HBT (n = 87), Mosquito Magnet (n = 58) and CDC light trap (n = 13). The GLMM analysis showed that the HLC method caught significantly more Anopheles mosquitoes compared to Mosquito Magnet (P = 0.049). However, there was no significant difference in mean nightly catch of Anopheles mosquitoes between Mosquito Magnet and the other two trapping methods, HBT (P = 0.646) and CDC light traps (P = 0.197). The mean nightly catch for both An. introlatus (9.33 ± 4.341) and An. cracens (4.00 ± 2.273) caught using HLC was higher than that of Mosquito Magnet, though the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). This is in contrast to the mean nightly catch of An. sinensis (15.75 ± 5.640) and An. maculatus (15.78 ± 3.479) where HLC showed significantly more mosquito catches compared to Mosquito Magnet (P < 0.05). Conclusions Mosquito Magnet has a promising ability to catch An. introlatus and An. cracens, the important vectors of knowlesi and other simian malarias in Peninsular Malaysia. The ability of Mosquito Magnet to catch some of the Anopheles mosquito species is comparable to HLC and makes it an ethical and safer alternative. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04689-3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandthya Pramasivan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jonathan Wee Kent Liew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lun Van Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan-Yusoff Wan-Sulaiman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Romano Ngui
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jenarun Jelip
- Division of Disease Control, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Medeiros-Sousa AR, Laporta GZ, Coutinho RM, Mucci LF, Marrelli MT. A mathematical model for zoonotic transmission of malaria in the Atlantic Forest: Exploring the effects of variations in vector abundance and acrodendrophily. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008736. [PMID: 33591994 PMCID: PMC7909691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission foci of autochthonous malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax-like parasites have frequently been reported in the Atlantic Forest in Southeastern and Southern Brazil. Evidence suggests that malaria is a zoonosis in these areas as human infections by simian Plasmodium species have been detected, and the main vector of malaria in the Atlantic Forest, Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii, can blood feed on human and simian hosts. In view of the lack of models that seek to predict the dynamics of zoonotic transmission in this part of the Atlantic Forest, the present study proposes a new deterministic mathematical model that includes a transmission compartment for non-human primates and parameters that take into account vector displacement between the upper and lower forest strata. The effects of variations in the abundance and acrodendrophily of An. cruzii on the prevalence of infected humans in the study area and the basic reproduction number (R0) for malaria were analyzed. The model parameters are based on the literature and fitting of the empirical data. Simulations performed with the model indicate that (1) an increase in the abundance of the vector in relation to the total number of blood-seeking mosquitoes leads to an asymptotic increase in both the proportion of infected individuals at steady state and R0; (2) the proportion of infected humans at steady state is higher when displacement of the vector mosquito between the forest strata increases; and (3) in most scenarios, Plasmodium transmission cannot be sustained only between mosquitoes and humans, which implies that non-human primates play an important role in maintaining the transmission cycle. The proposed model contributes to a better understanding of the dynamics of malaria transmission in the Atlantic Forest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Zorello Laporta
- Graduate Research and Innovation Program, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC (FMABC), Santo André, Brazil
| | - Renato Mendes Coutinho
- Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition (CMCC), Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Luis Filipe Mucci
- Superintendency for the Control of Endemic Diseases, State Health Secretariat, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro Toledo Marrelli
- Epidemiology Department, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sato S. Plasmodium-a brief introduction to the parasites causing human malaria and their basic biology. J Physiol Anthropol 2021; 40:1. [PMID: 33413683 PMCID: PMC7792015 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-020-00251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most devastating infectious diseases of humans. It is problematic clinically and economically as it prevails in poorer countries and regions, strongly hindering socioeconomic development. The causative agents of malaria are unicellular protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium. These parasites infect not only humans but also other vertebrates, from reptiles and birds to mammals. To date, over 200 species of Plasmodium have been formally described, and each species infects a certain range of hosts. Plasmodium species that naturally infect humans and cause malaria in large areas of the world are limited to five—P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale and P. knowlesi. The first four are specific for humans, while P. knowlesi is naturally maintained in macaque monkeys and causes zoonotic malaria widely in South East Asia. Transmission of Plasmodium species between vertebrate hosts depends on an insect vector, which is usually the mosquito. The vector is not just a carrier but the definitive host, where sexual reproduction of Plasmodium species occurs, and the parasite’s development in the insect is essential for transmission to the next vertebrate host. The range of insect species that can support the critical development of Plasmodium depends on the individual parasite species, but all five Plasmodium species causing malaria in humans are transmitted exclusively by anopheline mosquitoes. Plasmodium species have remarkable genetic flexibility which lets them adapt to alterations in the environment, giving them the potential to quickly develop resistance to therapeutics such as antimalarials and to change host specificity. In this article, selected topics involving the Plasmodium species that cause malaria in humans are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeharu Sato
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. .,Department of Pathobiology and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
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Li MI, Mailepessov D, Vythilingam I, Lee V, Lam P, Ng LC, Tan CH. Prevalence of simian malaria parasites in macaques of Singapore. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009110. [PMID: 33493205 PMCID: PMC7861519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi is a simian malaria parasite currently recognized as the fifth causative agent of human malaria. Recently, naturally acquired P. cynomolgi infection in humans was also detected in Southeast Asia. The main reservoir of both parasites is the long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques, which are indigenous in this region. Due to increased urbanization and changes in land use, there has been greater proximity and interaction between the long-tailed macaques and the general population in Singapore. As such, this study aims to determine the prevalence of simian malaria parasites in local macaques to assess the risk of zoonosis to the general human population. Screening for the presence of malaria parasites was conducted on blood samples from 660 peridomestic macaques collected between Jan 2008 and Mar 2017, and 379 wild macaques collected between Mar 2009 and Mar 2017, using a Pan-Plasmodium-genus specific PCR. Positive samples were then screened using a simian Plasmodium species-specific nested PCR assay to identify the species of parasites (P. knowlesi, P. coatneyi, P. fieldi, P. cynomolgi, and P. inui) present. All the peridomestic macaques sampled were tested negative for malaria, while 80.5% of the 379 wild macaques were infected. All five simian Plasmodium species were detected; P. cynomolgi being the most prevalent (71.5%), followed by P. knowlesi (47.5%), P. inui (42.0%), P. fieldi (32.5%), and P. coatneyi (28.5%). Co-infection with multiple species of Plasmodium parasites was also observed. The study revealed that Singapore's wild long-tailed macaques are natural hosts of the five simian malaria parasite species, while no malaria was detected in all peridomestic macaques tested. Therefore, the risk of simian malaria transmission to the general human population is concluded to be low. However, this can be better demonstrated with the incrimination of the vectors of simian malaria parasites in Singapore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizhi Irene Li
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore
| | - Diyar Mailepessov
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vernon Lee
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patrick Lam
- Biodefence Centre, Force Medical Protection Command, Headquarters Medical Corps, Singapore Armed Forces, Singapore
| | - Lee Ching Ng
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Cheong Huat Tan
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore
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Su XZ, Wu J. Zoonotic Transmissions and Host Switches of Malaria Parasites. ZOONOSES (BURLINGTON, MASS.) 2021; 1. [PMID: 35282332 DOI: 10.15212/zoonoses-2021-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a deadly disease that affects the health of hundreds of millions of people annually. There are five Plasmodium parasite species that can naturally infect humans, including Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium knowlesi. Some of the parasites can also infect various non-human primates. Parasites mainly infecting monkeys such as Plasmodium cynomolgi (in fact P. knowlesi was considered as a parasite of monkeys for years) can also be transmitted to human hosts. Recently, many new Plasmodium species were discovered in African apes, and it is possible that some of the parasites can be transmitted to humans in the future. Here, we searched PubMed and the internet via Google and selected articles concerning zoonotic transmission and evolution of selected malaria parasite species. We reviewed the current advances in the relevant topics emphasizing on transmissions of malaria parasites between humans and non-human primates. We also briefly discuss the transmissions of some avian malaria parasites between wild birds and domestic fowls. Zoonotic malaria transmissions are widespread, which poses a threat to public health. More studies on parasite species identification in non-human primates, transmission, and evolution are needed to reduce or prevent transmission of malaria parasites from non-human primates to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Zhuan Su
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA
| | - Jian Wu
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA
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Phang WK, Hamid MHA, Jelip J, Mudin RN, Chuang TW, Lau YL, Fong MY. Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Plasmodium knowlesi Infection in Peninsular Malaysia, 2011 to 2018. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249271. [PMID: 33322414 PMCID: PMC7764745 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The life-threatening zoonotic malaria cases caused by Plasmodium knowlesi in Malaysia has recently been reported to be the highest among all malaria cases; however, previous studies have mainly focused on the transmission of P. knowlesi in Malaysian Borneo (East Malaysia). This study aimed to describe the transmission patterns of P. knowlesi infection in Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia). The spatial distribution of P. knowlesi was mapped across Peninsular Malaysia using Geographic Information System techniques. Local indicators of spatial associations were used to evaluate spatial patterns of P. knowlesi incidence. Seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average models were utilized to analyze the monthly incidence of knowlesi malaria in the hotspot region from 2012 to 2017 and to forecast subsequent incidence in 2018. Spatial analysis revealed that hotspots were clustered in the central-northern region of Peninsular Malaysia. Time series analysis revealed the strong seasonality of transmission from January to March. This study provides fundamental information on the spatial distribution and temporal dynamic of P. knowlesi in Peninsular Malaysia from 2011 to 2018. Current control policy should consider different strategies to prevent the transmission of both human and zoonotic malaria, particularly in the hotspot region, to ensure a successful elimination of malaria in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Kit Phang
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (W.K.P.); (Y.L.L.); (M.Y.F.)
| | - Mohd Hafizi Abdul Hamid
- Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya 62000, Malaysia; (M.H.A.H.); (J.J.); (R.N.M.)
| | - Jenarun Jelip
- Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya 62000, Malaysia; (M.H.A.H.); (J.J.); (R.N.M.)
| | - Rose Nani Mudin
- Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya 62000, Malaysia; (M.H.A.H.); (J.J.); (R.N.M.)
| | - Ting-Wu Chuang
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-27361661
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (W.K.P.); (Y.L.L.); (M.Y.F.)
| | - Mun Yik Fong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (W.K.P.); (Y.L.L.); (M.Y.F.)
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Scott J. Proposed Integrated Control of Zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi in Southeast Asia Using Themes of One Health. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:E175. [PMID: 33233871 PMCID: PMC7709578 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5040175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic malaria, Plasmodium knowlesi, threatens the global progression of malaria elimination. Southeast Asian regions are fronting increased zoonotic malaria rates despite the control measures currently implemented-conventional measures to control human-malaria neglect P. knowlesi's residual transmission between the natural macaque host and vector. Initiatives to control P. knowlesi should adopt themes of the One Health approach, which details that the management of an infectious disease agent should be scrutinized at the human-animal-ecosystem interface. This review describes factors that have conceivably permitted the emergence and increased transmission rates of P. knowlesi to humans, from the understanding of genetic exchange events between subpopulations of P. knowlesi to the downstream effects of environmental disruption and simian and vector behavioral adaptations. These factors are considered to advise an integrative control strategy that aligns with the One Health approach. It is proposed that surveillance systems address the geographical distribution and transmission clusters of P. knowlesi and enforce ecological regulations that limit forest conversion and promote ecosystem regeneration. Furthermore, combining individual protective measures, mosquito-based feeding trapping tools and biocontrol strategies in synergy with current control methods may reduce mosquito population density or transmission capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Scott
- College of Public Health and Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia
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Rahim MAFA, Munajat MB, Idris ZM. Malaria distribution and performance of malaria diagnostic methods in Malaysia (1980-2019): a systematic review. Malar J 2020; 19:395. [PMID: 33160393 PMCID: PMC7649001 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaysia has already achieved remarkable accomplishments in reaching zero indigenous human malaria cases in 2018. Prompt malaria diagnosis, surveillance and treatment played a key role in the country's elimination success. Looking at the dynamics of malaria distribution during the last decades might provide important information regarding the potential challenges of such an elimination strategy. This study was performed to gather all data available in term of prevalence or incidence on Plasmodium infections in Malaysia over the last four decades. METHODS A systematic review of the published English literature was conducted to identify malaria distribution from 1980 to June 2019 in Malaysia. Two investigators independently extracted data from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Elsevier databases for original papers. RESULTS The review identified 46 epidemiological studies in Malaysia over the 39-year study period, on which sufficient information was available. The majority of studies were conducted in Malaysia Borneo (31/46; 67.4%), followed by Peninsular Malaysia (13/46; 28.3%) and in both areas (2/46; 4.3%). More than half of all studies (28/46; 60.9%) were assessed by both microscopy and PCR. Furthermore, there was a clear trend of decreases of all human malaria species with increasing Plasmodium knowlesi incidence rate throughout the year of sampling period. The summary estimates of sensitivity were higher for P. knowlesi than other Plasmodium species for both microscopy and PCR. Nevertheless, the specificities of summary estimates were similar for microscopy (40-43%), but varied for PCR (2-34%). CONCLUSIONS This study outlined the epidemiological changes in Plasmodium species distribution in Malaysia. Malaria cases shifted from predominantly caused by human malaria parasites to simian malaria parasites, which accounted for the majority of indigenous cases particularly in Malaysia Borneo. Therefore, malaria case notification and prompt malaria diagnosis in regions where health services are limited in Malaysia should be strengthened and reinforced to achieving the final goal of malaria elimination in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Amirul Fitri A Rahim
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Bakhtiar Munajat
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zulkarnain Md Idris
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Amir A, Shahari S, Liew JWK, de Silva JR, Khan MB, Lai MY, Snounou G, Abdullah ML, Gani M, Rovie-Ryan JJ, Lau YL. Natural Plasmodium infection in wild macaques of three states in peninsular Malaysia. Acta Trop 2020; 211:105596. [PMID: 32589995 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic cases of Plasmodium knowlesi account for most malaria cases in Malaysia, and humans infected with P. cynomolgi, another parasite of macaques have recently been reported in Sarawak. To date the epidemiology of malaria in its natural Macaca reservoir hosts remains little investigated. In this study we surveyed the prevalence of simian malaria in wild macaques of three states in Peninsular Malaysia, namely Pahang, Perak and Johor using blood samples from 103 wild macaques (collected by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia) subjected to microscopic examination and nested PCR targeting the Plasmodium small subunit ribosomal RNA gene. As expected, PCR analysis yielded significantly higher prevalence (64/103) as compared to microscopic examination (27/103). No relationship between the age and/or sex of the macaques with the parasitaemia and the Plasmodium species infecting the macaques could be identified. Wild macaques in Pahang had the highest prevalence of Plasmodium parasites (89.7%), followed by those of Perak (69.2%) and Johor (28.9%). Plasmodium inui and P. cynomolgi were the two most prevalent species infecting the macaques from all three states. Half of the macaques (33/64) harboured two or more Plasmodium species. These data provide a baseline survey, which should be extended by further longitudinal investigations that should be associated with studies on the bionomics of the anopheline vectors. This information will allow an accurate evaluation of the risk of zoonotic transmission to humans, and to elaborate effective strategies to control simian malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirah Amir
- Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shahhaziq Shahari
- Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jonathan Wee Kent Liew
- Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jeremy Ryan de Silva
- Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Behram Khan
- Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Meng Yee Lai
- Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Georges Snounou
- CEA-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA) IDMIT Department IBFJ DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Mohd Lutfi Abdullah
- National Wildlife Forensic Laboratory, Ex-situ Conservation Division Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia, 56100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Millawati Gani
- National Wildlife Forensic Laboratory, Ex-situ Conservation Division Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia, 56100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jeffrine J Rovie-Ryan
- National Wildlife Forensic Laboratory, Ex-situ Conservation Division Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia, 56100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee-Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Chong ETJ, Neoh JWF, Lau TY, Lim YAL, Chai HC, Chua KH, Lee PC. Genetic diversity of circumsporozoite protein in Plasmodium knowlesi isolates from Malaysian Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia. Malar J 2020; 19:377. [PMID: 33092594 PMCID: PMC7579551 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03451-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the genetic diversity of candidate genes for malaria vaccines such as circumsporozoite protein (csp) may enhance the development of vaccines for treating Plasmodium knowlesi. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate the genetic diversity of non-repeat regions of csp in P. knowlesi from Malaysian Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia. Methods A total of 46 csp genes were subjected to polymerase chain reaction amplification. The genes were obtained from P. knowlesi isolates collected from different divisions of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, and Peninsular Malaysia. The targeted gene fragments were cloned into a commercial vector and sequenced, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed while incorporating 168 csp sequences retrieved from the GenBank database. The genetic diversity and natural evolution of the csp sequences were analysed using MEGA6 and DnaSP ver. 5.10.01. A genealogical network of the csp haplotypes was generated using NETWORK ver. 4.6.1.3. Results The phylogenetic analysis revealed indistinguishable clusters of P. knowlesi isolates across different geographic regions, including Malaysian Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia. Nucleotide analysis showed that the csp non-repeat regions of zoonotic P. knowlesi isolates obtained in this study underwent purifying selection with population expansion, which was supported by extensive haplotype sharing observed between humans and macaques. Novel variations were observed in the C-terminal non-repeat region of csp. Conclusions The csp non-repeat regions are relatively conserved and there is no distinct cluster of P. knowlesi isolates from Malaysian Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia. Distinctive variation data obtained in the C-terminal non-repeat region of csp could be beneficial for the design and development of vaccines to treat P. knowlesi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tzyy Jiann Chong
- Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Joveen Wan Fen Neoh
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Tiek Ying Lau
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne Ai-Lian Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hwa Chia Chai
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kek Heng Chua
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ping-Chin Lee
- Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
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New vectors in northern Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, for the zoonotic malaria parasite, Plasmodium knowlesi. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:472. [PMID: 32933567 PMCID: PMC7490903 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04345-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium knowlesi is a significant cause of human malaria in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Only one study has been previously undertaken in Sarawak to identify vectors of P. knowlesi, where Anopheles latens was incriminated as the vector in Kapit, central Sarawak. A study was therefore undertaken to identify malaria vectors in a different location in Sarawak. Methods Mosquitoes found landing on humans and resting on leaves over a 5-day period at two sites in the Lawas District of northern Sarawak were collected and identified. DNA samples extracted from salivary glands of Anopheles mosquitoes were subjected to nested PCR malaria-detection assays. The small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene of Plasmodium was sequenced, and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene of the mosquitoes were sequenced from the Plasmodium-positive samples for phylogenetic analysis. Results Totals of 65 anophelines and 127 culicines were collected. By PCR, 6 An. balabacensis and 5 An. donaldi were found to have single P. knowlesi infections while 3 other An. balabacensis had either single, double or triple infections with P. inui, P. fieldi, P. cynomolgi and P. knowlesi. Phylogenetic analysis of the Plasmodium SSU rRNA gene confirmed 3 An. donaldi and 3 An. balabacensis with single P. knowlesi infections, while 3 other An. balabacensis had two or more Plasmodium species of P. inui, P. knowlesi, P. cynomolgi and some species of Plasmodium that could not be conclusively identified. Phylogenies inferred from the ITS2 and/or cox1 sequences of An. balabacensis and An. donaldi indicate that they are genetically indistinguishable from An. balabacensis and An. donaldi, respectively, found in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Conclusions Previously An. latens was identified as the vector for P. knowlesi in Kapit, central Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, and now An. balabacensis and An. donaldi have been incriminated as vectors for zoonotic malaria in Lawas, northern Sarawak. ![]()
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Brown R, Chua TH, Fornace K, Drakeley C, Vythilingam I, Ferguson HM. Human exposure to zoonotic malaria vectors in village, farm and forest habitats in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008617. [PMID: 32886679 PMCID: PMC7497982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic malaria parasite, Plasmodium knowlesi, is now a substantial public health problem in Malaysian Borneo. Current understanding of P. knowlesi vector bionomics and ecology in Sabah comes from a few studies near the epicentre of human cases in one district, Kudat. These have incriminated Anopheles balabacensis as the primary vector, and suggest that human exposure to vector biting is peri-domestic as well as in forest environments. To address the limited understanding of vector ecology and human exposure risk outside of Kudat, we performed wider scale surveillance across four districts in Sabah with confirmed transmission to investigate spatial heterogeneity in vector abundance, diversity and infection rate. Entomological surveillance was carried out six months after a cross-sectional survey of P. knowlesi prevalence in humans throughout the study area; providing an opportunity to investigate associations between entomological indicators and infection. Human-landing catches were performed in peri-domestic, farm and forest sites in 11 villages (3-4 per district) and paired with estimates of human P. knowlesi exposure based on sero-prevalence. Anopheles balabacensis was present in all districts but only 6/11 villages. The mean density of An. balabacensis was relatively low, but significantly higher in farm (0.094/night) and forest (0.082/night) than peri-domestic areas (0.007/night). Only one An. balabacensis (n = 32) was infected with P. knowlesi. Plasmodium knowlesi sero-positivity in people was not associated with An. balabacensis density at the village-level however post hoc analyses indicated the study had limited power to detect a statistical association due low vector density. Wider scale sampling revealed substantial heterogeneity in vector density and distribution between villages and districts. Vector-habitat associations predicted from this larger-scale surveillance differed from those inferred from smaller-scale studies in Kudat; highlighting the importance of local ecological context. Findings highlight potential trade-offs between maximizing temporal versus spatial breadth when designing entomological surveillance; and provide baseline entomological and epidemiological data to inform future studies of entomological risk factors for human P. knowlesi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Brown
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Tock H. Chua
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Kimberly Fornace
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Heather M. Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Indoor and outdoor residual spraying of a novel formulation of deltamethrin K-Othrine® (Polyzone) for the control of simian malaria in Sabah, Malaysia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230860. [PMID: 32413033 PMCID: PMC7228059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2000, human malaria cases in Malaysia were rapidly reduced with the use of insecticides in Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) and Long-Lasting Insecticide Net (LLIN). Unfortunately, monkey malaria in humans has shown an increase especially in Sabah and Sarawak. The insecticide currently used in IRS is deltamethrin K-Othrine® WG 250 wettable granule, targeting mosquitoes that rest and feed indoor. In Sabah, the primary vector for knowlesi malaria is An. balabacensis a species known to bite outdoor. This study evaluates an alternative method, the Outdoor Residual Spray (ORS) using a novel formulation of deltamethrin K-Othrine® (PolyZone) to examine it suitability to control knowlesi malaria vector in Sabah, compared to the current method. The study was performed at seven villages in Sabah having similar type of houses (wood, bamboo and concrete). Houses were sprayed with deltamethrin K-Othrine® (PolyZone) at two different dosages, 25 mg/m2 and 30 mg/m2 and deltamethrin K-Othrine® WG 250 wettable granule at 25 mg/m2, sprayed indoor and outdoor. Residual activity on different walls was assessed using standard cone bioassay techniques. For larval surveillances, potential breeding sites were surveyed. Larvae were collected and identified, pre and post spraying. Adult survey was done using Human Landing Catch (HLC) performed outdoor and indoor. Detection of malaria parasite in adults was conducted via microscopy and molecular methods. Deltamethrin K-Othrine® (PolyZone) showed higher efficacy when sprayed outdoor. The efficacy was found varied when sprayed on different types of wall surfaces. Deltamethrin K-Othrine® (PolyZone) at 25 mg/m2 was the most effective with regards to ability to high mortality and effective knock down (KD). The vector population was reduced significantly post-spraying and reduction in breeding sites as well. The number of simian malaria infected vector, human and simian malaria transmission were also greatly reduced.
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Mueller R, Reddy V, Nchinda AT, Mebrahtu F, Taylor D, Lawrence N, Tanner L, Barnabe M, Eyermann CJ, Zou B, Kondreddi RR, Lakshminarayana SB, Rottmann M, Street LJ, Chibale K. Lerisetron Analogues with Antimalarial Properties: Synthesis, Structure-Activity Relationship Studies, and Biological Assessment. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:6967-6982. [PMID: 32258933 PMCID: PMC7114883 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A phenotypic whole cell high-throughput screen against the asexual blood and liver stages of the malaria parasite identified a benzimidazole chemical series. Among the hits were the antiemetic benzimidazole drug Lerisetron 1 (IC50 NF54 = 0.81 μM) and its methyl-substituted analogue 2 (IC50 NF54 = 0.098 μM). A medicinal chemistry hit to lead effort led to the identification of chloro-substituted analogue 3 with high potency against the drug-sensitive NF54 (IC50 NF54 = 0.062 μM) and multidrug-resistant K1 (IC50 K1 = 0.054 μM) strains of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Compounds 2 and 3 gratifyingly showed in vivo efficacy in both Plasmodium berghei and P. falciparum mouse models of malaria. Cardiotoxicity risk as expressed in strong inhibition of the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) potassium channel was identified as a major liability to address. This led to the synthesis and biological assessment of around 60 analogues from which several compounds with improved antiplasmodial potency, relative to the lead compound 3, were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Mueller
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Virsinha Reddy
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Aloysius T. Nchinda
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Fanuel Mebrahtu
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Dale Taylor
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Department of Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Nina Lawrence
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Department of Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Lloyd Tanner
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Department of Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Marine Barnabe
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Department of Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Charles J. Eyermann
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Bin Zou
- Shanghai
Blueray Biopharma Co. LTD, Block 3, 576 Libing Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201301, China
| | - Ravinder R. Kondreddi
- PJS
Pharma Pvt. Ltd., Plot
No. 103/1, Phase II, IDA Cherlapally, Hyderabad 500051, India
| | - Suresh B. Lakshminarayana
- Novartis
Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Matthias Rottmann
- Department
of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University
of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leslie J. Street
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South
African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research
Unit, Department of Chemistry & Institute of Infectious Disease
and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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Mark-release-recapture studies reveal preferred spatial and temporal behaviors of Anopheles barbirostris in West Sulawesi, Indonesia. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:385. [PMID: 31370906 PMCID: PMC6676633 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3640-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population density, dispersion patterns, flight distances, and survival rate of vector mosquitoes are all contributors to vectorial capacity that may be estimated in a single experimental method: mark-release-recapture (MRR). In this study, these key parameters were measured for mosquito populations in Karama, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. METHODS Two mark-release-recapture (MRR) experiments were carried out in Karama village to characterize seasonality differences, if any: wet season (December 2013, MRR1) and dry season (May 2014, MRR2). For both experiments, mosquitoes were marked according to release site/date and were released on four consecutive nights. Four sampling methodologies were utilized to enable recapture: human landing catches (HLCs), kelambu traps and barrier screens. RESULTS 98.7% of all catches were molecularly confirmed as Anopheles barbirostris. During the wet season, An. barbirostris demonstrated no preference toward endophagy. In the dry season, An. barbirostris demonstrated an endophagic preference. The duration of the feeding cycle for An. barbirostris was determined to be 5 days during the wet season and 3.7 days during the dry season, though an anomaly likely caused the wet season feeding cycle to be overestimated. The largest percentages of recaptured mosquitoes were collected in a single site during both seasons. The only significant relationship with mosquito dispersal was site of release and recapture. Finally, dispersal rates of An. barbirostris frequently ranged up to 800 m (the maximum measurable distance in this study) within a single day of release. CONCLUSIONS This study estimated key vector parameters for An. barbirostris an understudied species complex, in Karama, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. Despite the length of the feeding cycle, the high indoor biting rates demonstrated by An. barbirostris in Karama suggest that the use of IRSs and LLINs, especially during the dry season, would have a substantial impact on the panmictic An. barbirostris population.
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Chua TH, Manin BO, Vythilingam I, Fornace K, Drakeley CJ. Effect of different habitat types on abundance and biting times of Anopheles balabacensis Baisas (Diptera: Culicidae) in Kudat district of Sabah, Malaysia. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:364. [PMID: 31345256 PMCID: PMC6659233 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the effect of five common habitat types on the diversity and abundance of Anopheles spp. and on the biting rate and time of Anopheles balabacensis (currently the only known vector for Plasmodium knowlesi in Sabah) at Paradason village, Kudat, Sabah. The habitats were forest edge, playground area, longhouse, oil palm plantation and shrub-bushes area. Sampling of Anopheles was done monthly using the human landing catch method in all habitat types for 14 months (October 2013 to December 2014, excluding June 2014). The Anopheles species were morphologically identified and subjected to PCR assay for the detection of Plasmodium parasites. Generalised linear mixed models (GLMM) were applied to test the variation in abundance and biting rates of An. balabacensis in different habitat types. RESULTS A total of 1599 Anopheles specimens were collected in the village, of which about 90% were An. balabacensis. Anopheles balabacensis was present throughout the year and was the dominant Anopheles species in all habitat types. The shrub bushes habitat had the highest Anopheles species diversity while forest edge had the greatest number of Anopheles individuals caught. GLMM analysis indicated that An. balabacensis abundance was not affected by the type of habitats, and it was more active during the early and late night compared to predawn and dawn. PCR assay showed that 1.61% of the tested An. balabacensis were positive for malaria parasites, most of which were caught in oil palm estates and infected with one to two Plasmodium species. CONCLUSIONS The identification of infected vectors in a range of habitats, including agricultural and farming areas, illustrates the potential for humans to be exposed to P. knowlesi outside forested areas. This finding contributes to a growing body of evidence implicating environmental changes due to deforestation, expansion of agricultural and farming areas, and development of human settlements near to forest fringes in the emergence of P. knowlesi in Sabah.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tock H Chua
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Benny O Manin
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kimberly Fornace
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Chris J Drakeley
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Benavente ED, Gomes AR, De Silva JR, Grigg M, Walker H, Barber BE, William T, Yeo TW, de Sessions PF, Ramaprasad A, Ibrahim A, Charleston J, Hibberd ML, Pain A, Moon RW, Auburn S, Ling LY, Anstey NM, Clark TG, Campino S. Whole genome sequencing of amplified Plasmodium knowlesi DNA from unprocessed blood reveals genetic exchange events between Malaysian Peninsular and Borneo subpopulations. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9873. [PMID: 31285495 PMCID: PMC6614422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi parasite is the most common cause of human malaria in Malaysia. Genetic analysis has shown that the parasites are divided into three subpopulations according to their geographic origin (Peninsular or Borneo) and, in Borneo, their macaque host (Macaca fascicularis or M. nemestrina). Whilst evidence suggests that genetic exchange events have occurred between the two Borneo subpopulations, the picture is unclear in less studied Peninsular strains. One difficulty is that P. knowlesi infected individuals tend to present with low parasitaemia leading to samples with insufficient DNA for whole genome sequencing. Here, using a parasite selective whole genome amplification approach on unprocessed blood samples, we were able to analyse recent genomes sourced from both Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. The analysis provides evidence that recombination events are present in the Peninsular Malaysia parasite subpopulation, which have acquired fragments of the M. nemestrina associated subpopulation genotype, including the DBPβ and NBPXa erythrocyte invasion genes. The NBPXb invasion gene has also been exchanged within the macaque host-associated subpopulations of Malaysian Borneo. Our work provides strong evidence that exchange events are far more ubiquitous than expected and should be taken into consideration when studying the highly complex P. knowlesi population structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Diez Benavente
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Rita Gomes
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Matthew Grigg
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Harriet Walker
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bridget E Barber
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, 88300, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Timothy William
- Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, 88300, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Clinical Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 88300, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Jesselton Medical Centre, 88300, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Tsin Wen Yeo
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | | | - Abhinay Ramaprasad
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amy Ibrahim
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Charleston
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin L Hibberd
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Genomics Institute, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Arnab Pain
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert W Moon
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Auburn
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | | | - Nicholas M Anstey
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Taane G Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. .,Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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49
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Zaw MT, Lin Z. Human Plasmodium knowlesi infections in South-East Asian countries. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2019; 52:679-684. [PMID: 31320238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi is now regarded as the fifth malaria parasite causing human malaria as it is widely distributed in South-East Asian countries especially east Malaysia where two Malaysian states namely Sabah and Sarawak are situated. In 2004, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was applied for diagnosing knowlesi malaria in the Kapit Division of Sarawak, Malaysia, so that human P. knowlesi infections could be detected correctly while blood film microscopy diagnosed incorrectly as Plasmodium malariae. This parasite is transmitted from simian hosts to humans via Anopheles vectors. Indonesia is the another country in South East Asia where knowlesi malaria is moderately prevalent. In the last decade, Sarawak and Sabah, the two states of east Malaysia became the target of P. knowlesi research due to prevalence of cases with occasional fatal infections. The host species of P. knowlesi are three macaque species namely Macaca fascicularis, Macaca nemestrina and Macaca leonina while the vector species are the Leucosphyrus Complex and the Dirus Complex of the Leucophyrus Group of Anopheles mosquitoes. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) are non-existent for knowlesi malaria although timely treatment is necessary for preventing complications, fatality and drug resistance. Development of RDT is essential in dealing with P. knowlesi infections in poor rural healthcare services. Genetic studies of the parasite on possibility of human-to-human transmission of P. knowlesi were recommended for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myo Thura Zaw
- Department of Pathobiological and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah.
| | - Zaw Lin
- Department of Pathobiological and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah
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50
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Tananchai C, Manguin S, Bangs MJ, Chareonviriyaphap T. Malaria Vectors and Species Complexes in Thailand: Implications for Vector Control. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:544-558. [PMID: 31182384 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There are seven Anopheles species incriminated as important (primary) malaria vectors in Thailand. These vectors belong to species complexes or are in closely related groups that are difficult to separate morphologically. Precise species identification, using molecular methods, enables control operations to target only important vectors and to increase understanding of their specific ecological requirements, bionomic characteristics, and behavioral traits. This review focuses on adult mosquito behavior, vector transmission capacity, and geographical distribution of malaria vectors in Thailand identified using genetic and molecular identification methods between 1994 and 2019. A better understanding of Anopheles biodiversity, biology, behavior, vector capacity, and distribution in Thailand and neighboring countries in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) will facilitate more effective and efficient vector-control strategies and consequently contribute to a further decrease in the malaria burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatchai Tananchai
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Sylvie Manguin
- HydroSciences Montpellier (UMR-HSM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement France (IRD), CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael J Bangs
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Public Health and Malaria Control Department, PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Jl. Kertajasa, Kuala Kencana, Papua 99920, Indonesia
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