1
|
Saracaloğlu A, Demiryürek Ş, Güngör K, Düzen B, Eronat Ö, Temiz E, Demiryürek AT. Expression Analysis of the Small GTP-Binding Protein Rac in Pterygium. Turk J Ophthalmol 2023; 53:343-348. [PMID: 38014881 PMCID: PMC10750086 DOI: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2023.93765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine the roles of small GTP-binding proteins Rac1, Rac2, and Rac3 expression in pterygial tissue and to compare these expressions with normal conjunctival tissue. Materials and Methods Seventy-eight patients with primary pterygium were enrolled. Healthy conjunctival graft specimens obtained during pterygium surgery were used as control tissue. The real-time polymerase chain reaction method on the BioMark HD dynamic array system was utilized in genomic mRNA for the gene expression analysis. Protein expressions were analyzed using western blot and immunohistochemical methods. Results RAC1, RAC2, and RAC3 gene expressions in pterygial tissues were not markedly elevated when compared to the control specimens (p>0.05). As a very low level of RAC1 gene expression was observed, further protein expression analysis was performed for the Rac2 and Rac3 proteins. Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis of Rac2 and Rac3 protein expression revealed no significant differences between pterygial and healthy tissues (p>0.05). Conclusion This is the first study to identify the contribution of Rac proteins in pterygium. Our results indicate that the small GTP-binding protein Rac may not be involved in pterygium pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Saracaloğlu
- Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Gaziantep, Türkiye
| | - Şeniz Demiryürek
- Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Gaziantep, Türkiye
| | - Kıvanç Güngör
- Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Gaziantep, Türkiye
| | - Betül Düzen
- Gaziantep Dr. Ersin Arslan Training and Research Hospital, Clinic Ophthalmology, Gaziantep, Türkiye
| | - Ömer Eronat
- Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Gaziantep, Türkiye
| | - Ebru Temiz
- Harran University Health Services Vocational School, Medical Promotion and Marketing, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rai SK, Singh D, Sarangi PP. Role of RhoG as a regulator of cellular functions: integrating insights on immune cell activation, migration, and functions. Inflamm Res 2023:10.1007/s00011-023-01761-9. [PMID: 37378671 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01761-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RhoG is a multifaceted member of the Rho family of small GTPases, sharing the highest sequence identity with the Rac subfamily members. It acts as a molecular switch, when activated, plays a central role in regulating the fundamental processes in immune cells, such as actin-cytoskeleton dynamics, transendothelial migration, survival, and proliferation, including immunological functions (e.g., phagocytosis and trogocytosis) during inflammatory responses. METHOD We have performed a literature review based on published original and review articles encompassing the significant effect of RhoG on immune cell functions from central databases, including PubMed and Google Scholar. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Recently published data shows that the dynamic expression of different transcription factors, non-coding RNAs, and the spatiotemporal coordination of different GEFs with their downstream effector molecules regulates the cascade of Rho signaling in immune cells. Additionally, alterations in RhoG-specific signaling can lead to physiological, pathological, and developmental adversities. Several mutations and RhoG-modulating factors are also known to pre-dispose the downstream signaling with abnormal gene expression linked to multiple diseases. This review focuses on the cellular functions of RhoG, interconnecting different signaling pathways, and speculates the importance of this small GTPase as a prospective target against several pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Kumar Rai
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Divya Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Pranita P Sarangi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Machin PA, Johnsson AKE, Massey EJ, Pantarelli C, Chetwynd SA, Chu JY, Okkenhaug H, Segonds-Pichon A, Walker S, Malliri A, Fukui Y, Welch HCE. Dock2 generates characteristic spatiotemporal patterns of Rac activity to regulate neutrophil polarisation, migration and phagocytosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1180886. [PMID: 37383235 PMCID: PMC10293741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1180886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rac-GTPases and their Rac-GEF activators play important roles in neutrophil-mediated host defence. These proteins control the adhesion molecules and cytoskeletal dynamics required for neutrophil recruitment to inflamed and infected organs, and the neutrophil effector responses that kill pathogens. Methods Here, we used live cell TIRF-FRET imaging in neutrophils from Rac-FRET reporter mice with deficiencies in the Rac-GEFs Dock2, Tiam1 or Prex1/Vav1 to evaluate if these proteins activate spatiotemporally distinct pools of Rac, and to correlate patterns of Rac activity with the neutrophil responses they control. Results All the GEFs were required for neutrophil adhesion, and Prex1/Vav1 were important during spreading and for the velocity of migration during chemotaxis. However, Dock2 emerged as the prominent regulator of neutrophil responses, as this GEF was required for neutrophil polarisation and random migration, for migration velocity during chemokinesis, for the likelihood to migrate and for the speed of migration and of turning during chemotaxis, as well as for rapid particle engulfment during phagocytosis. We identified characteristic spatiotemporal patterns of Rac activity generated by Dock2 which correlate with the importance of the Rac-GEF in these neutrophil responses. We also demonstrate a requirement for Dock2 in neutrophil recruitment during aseptic peritonitis. Discussion Collectively, our data provide a first direct comparison of the pools of Rac activity generated by different types of Rac-GEFs, and identify Dock2 as a key regulator of polarisation, migration and phagocytosis in primary neutrophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polly A. Machin
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna-Karin E. Johnsson
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ellie J. Massey
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Pantarelli
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A. Chetwynd
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Y. Chu
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hanneke Okkenhaug
- Imaging Facility, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Segonds-Pichon
- Bioinformatics Facility, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Walker
- Imaging Facility, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Angeliki Malliri
- Cell Signalling, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshinori Fukui
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Heidi C. E. Welch
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nakamura M, Hui J, Stjepić V, Parkhurst SM. Scar/WAVE has Rac GTPase-independent functions during cell wound repair. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4763. [PMID: 36959278 PMCID: PMC10036328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31973-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho family GTPases regulate both linear and branched actin dynamics by activating downstream effectors to facilitate the assembly and function of complex cellular structures such as lamellipodia and contractile actomyosin rings. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS) family proteins are downstream effectors of Rho family GTPases that usually function in a one-to-one correspondence to regulate branched actin nucleation. In particular, the WAS protein Scar/WAVE has been shown to exhibit one-to-one correspondence with Rac GTPase. Here we show that Rac and SCAR are recruited to cell wounds in the Drosophila repair model and are required for the proper formation and maintenance of the dynamic actomyosin ring formed at the wound periphery. Interestingly, we find that SCAR is recruited to wounds earlier than Rac and is still recruited to the wound periphery in the presence of a potent Rac inhibitor. We also show that while Rac is important for actin recruitment to the actomyosin ring, SCAR serves to organize the actomyosin ring and facilitate its anchoring to the overlying plasma membrane. These differing spatiotemporal recruitment patterns and wound repair phenotypes highlight the Rac-independent functions of SCAR and provide an exciting new context in which to investigate these newly uncovered SCAR functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Nakamura
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Justin Hui
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Viktor Stjepić
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Susan M Parkhurst
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Spencer WJ, Schneider NF, Lewis TR, Castillo CM, Skiba NP, Arshavsky VY. The WAVE complex drives the morphogenesis of the photoreceptor outer segment cilium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2215011120. [PMID: 36917665 PMCID: PMC10041111 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215011120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The photoreceptor outer segment is a modified cilium filled with hundreds of flattened "disc" membranes responsible for efficient light capture. To maintain photoreceptor health and functionality, outer segments are continuously renewed through the addition of new discs at their base. This process is driven by branched actin polymerization nucleated by the Arp2/3 complex. To induce actin polymerization, Arp2/3 requires a nucleation promoting factor. Here, we show that the nucleation promoting factor driving disc morphogenesis is the pentameric WAVE complex and identify all protein subunits of this complex. We further demonstrate that the knockout of one of them, WASF3, abolishes actin polymerization at the site of disc morphogenesis leading to formation of disorganized membrane lamellae emanating from the photoreceptor cilium instead of an outer segment. These data establish that, despite the intrinsic ability of photoreceptor ciliary membranes to form lamellar structures, WAVE-dependent actin polymerization is essential for organizing these membranes into a proper outer segment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J. Spencer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY13210
| | | | - Tylor R. Lewis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Carson M. Castillo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Nikolai P. Skiba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Vadim Y. Arshavsky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Raja R, Wu C, Bassoy EY, Rubino TE, Utagawa EC, Magtibay PM, Butler KA, Curtis M. PP4 inhibition sensitizes ovarian cancer to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity via STAT1 activation and inflammatory signaling. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-005026. [PMID: 36564125 PMCID: PMC9791393 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased infiltration of T cells into ovarian tumors has been repeatedly shown to be predictive of enhanced patient survival. However, despite the evidence of an active immune response in ovarian cancer (OC), the frequency of responses to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy in OC is much lower than other cancer types. Recent studies have highlighted that deficiencies in the DNA damage response (DDR) can drive increased genomic instability and tumor immunogenicity, which leads to enhanced responses to ICB. Protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) is a critical regulator of the DDR; however, its potential role in antitumor immunity is currently unknown. RESULTS Our results show that the PP4 inhibitor, fostriecin, combined with carboplatin leads to increased carboplatin sensitivity, DNA damage, and micronuclei formation. Using multiple OC cell lines, we show that PP4 inhibition or PPP4C knockdown combined with carboplatin triggers inflammatory signaling via Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) activation. This resulted in increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines: CCL5, CXCL10, and IL-6. In addition, IFNB1 expression was increased suggesting activation of the type I interferon response. Conditioned media from OC cells treated with the combination of PP4 inhibitor and carboplatin significantly increased migration of both CD8 T cell and natural killer (NK) cells over carboplatin treatment alone. Knockdown of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) in OC cells significantly abrogated the increase in CD8 T-cell migration induced by PP4 inhibition. Co-culture of NK-92 cells and OC cells with PPP4C or PPP4R3B knockdown resulted in strong induction of NK cell interferon-γ, increased degranulation, and increased NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against OC cells. Stable knockdown of PP4C in a syngeneic, immunocompetent mouse model of OC resulted in significantly reduced tumor growth in vivo. Tumors with PP4C knockdown had increased infiltration of NK cells, NK T cells, and CD4+ T cells. Addition of low dose carboplatin treatment led to increased CD8+ T-cell infiltration in PP4C knockdown tumors as compared with the untreated PP4C knockdown tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our work has identified a role for PP4 inhibition in promoting inflammatory signaling and enhanced immune cell effector function. These findings support the further investigation of PP4 inhibitors to enhance chemo-immunotherapy for OC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Remya Raja
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Christopher Wu
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Esen Yonca Bassoy
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Thomas E Rubino
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Emma C Utagawa
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Paul M Magtibay
- Department of Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Kristina A Butler
- Department of Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA,College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Marion Curtis
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA,College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA,Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zholudeva AO, Lomakina ME, Orlova EA, Wang Y, Fokin AI, Polesskaya A, Gautreau AM, Alexandrova AY. The Role of the Adapter Protein Anks1a in the Regulation of Breast Cancer Cell Motility. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:1651-1661. [PMID: 36717454 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922120203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical step in tumor progression that leads to the acquisition by cancer cells the capacity for migration using the mesenchymal motility mode regulated by the Rac→WAVE→Arp2/3 signaling pathway. Earlier it was shown that proteins interacting with Rac can regulate mesenchymal migration and thus determine the metastatic potential of the cells. The search for new regulators of cell migration is an important theoretical and practical task. The adaptor protein Anks1a is one of the proteins interacting with Rac, whose expression is altered in many types of tumors. The aim of this study was to find whether Anks1a affects the migration of cancer cells and to identify the mechanism underlying this effect. It was suggested that Anks1a can influence cancer cell migration either as a Rac1 effector or by activating human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) exchange. We investigated how upregulation and inhibition of Anks1a expression affected migration of breast cancer cells with different HER2 status. Anks1a was shown to interact with the activated form of Rac1. In the MDA-MB-231 cells (triple negative cancer), which lack HER2, Anks1a accumulated at the active cell edge, which is characterized by enrichment with active Rac1, whereas no such accumulation was observed in the HER2-overexpressing SK-BR-3 cells. Downregulation of the ANKS1a expression with esiRNA had almost no effect on the cancer cell motility, except a slight increase in the average migration rate of MDA-MB-231 cells. Among three cell lines tested, overexpression of Anks1a increased the migration rate of HER2-overexpressng SK-BR-3 cells only. We showed that Anks1a is an effector of activated Rac1, but its influence on the cell migration in this capacity was minimal, at least in the studied breast cancer cells. Anks1a affected the motility of breast cancer cells due to its involvement in the EGF receptor exchange.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna O Zholudeva
- N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Maria E Lomakina
- N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478, Russia.,CNRS UMR7654, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Evgeniya A Orlova
- N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Yanan Wang
- CNRS UMR7654, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Artem I Fokin
- CNRS UMR7654, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Anna Polesskaya
- CNRS UMR7654, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Alexis M Gautreau
- CNRS UMR7654, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kage F, Döring H, Mietkowska M, Schaks M, Grüner F, Stahnke S, Steffen A, Müsken M, Stradal TEB, Rottner K. Lamellipodia-like actin networks in cells lacking WAVE regulatory complex. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276259. [PMID: 35971979 PMCID: PMC9511706 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration frequently involves the formation of lamellipodia induced by Rac GTPases activating WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) to drive Arp2/3 complex-dependent actin assembly. Previous genome editing studies in B16-F1 melanoma cells solidified the view of an essential, linear pathway employing the aforementioned components. Here, disruption of the WRC subunit Nap1 (encoded by Nckap1) and its paralog Hem1 (encoded by Nckap1l) followed by serum and growth factor stimulation, or active GTPase expression, revealed a pathway to formation of Arp2/3 complex-dependent lamellipodia-like structures (LLS) that requires both Rac and Cdc42 GTPases, but not WRC. These phenotypes were independent of the WRC subunit eliminated and coincided with the lack of recruitment of Ena/VASP family actin polymerases. Moreover, aside from Ena/VASP proteins, LLS contained all lamellipodial regulators tested, including cortactin (also known as CTTN), the Ena/VASP ligand lamellipodin (also known as RAPH1) and FMNL subfamily formins. Rac-dependent but WRC-independent actin remodeling could also be triggered in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts by growth factor (HGF) treatment or by gram-positive Listeria monocytogenes usurping HGF receptor signaling for host cell invasion. Taken together, our studies thus establish the existence of a signaling axis to Arp2/3 complex-dependent actin remodeling at the cell periphery that operates without WRC and Ena/VASP. Summary: Rac-dependent actin remodeling can occur in the absence of WAVE regulatory complex, triggered by active Cdc42. WAVE regulatory complex-independent actin structures harbor Arp2/3 complex but not VASP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frieda Kage
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hermann Döring
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Magdalena Mietkowska
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Schaks
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Franziska Grüner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Stahnke
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anika Steffen
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mathias Müsken
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kirchenwitz M, Stahnke S, Prettin S, Borowiak M, Menke L, Sieben C, Birchmeier C, Rottner K, Stradal TEB, Steffen A. SMER28 Attenuates PI3K/mTOR Signaling by Direct Inhibition of PI3K p110 Delta. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101648. [PMID: 35626685 PMCID: PMC9140127 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SMER28 (Small molecule enhancer of Rapamycin 28) is an autophagy-inducing compound functioning by a hitherto unknown mechanism. Here, we confirm its autophagy-inducing effect by assessing classical autophagy-related parameters. Interestingly, we also discovered several additional effects of SMER28, including growth retardation and reduced G1 to S phase progression. Most strikingly, SMER28 treatment led to a complete arrest of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, and, consequently, growth factor-induced cell scattering and dorsal ruffle formation. This coincided with a dramatic reduction in phosphorylation patterns of PI3K downstream effectors. Consistently, SMER28 directly inhibited PI3Kδ and to a lesser extent p110γ. The biological relevance of our observations was underscored by SMER28 interfering with InlB-mediated host cell entry of Listeria monocytogenes, which requires signaling through the prominent receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met. This effect was signaling-specific, since entry of unrelated, gram-negative Salmonella Typhimurium was not inhibited. Lastly, in B cell lymphoma cells, which predominantly depend on tonic signaling through PI3Kδ, apoptosis upon SMER28 treatment is profound in comparison to non-hematopoietic cells. This indicates SMER28 as a possible drug candidate for the treatment of diseases that derive from aberrant PI3Kδ activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Kirchenwitz
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (M.K.); (S.S.); (S.P.); (K.R.)
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Stahnke
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (M.K.); (S.S.); (S.P.); (K.R.)
| | - Silvia Prettin
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (M.K.); (S.S.); (S.P.); (K.R.)
| | - Malgorzata Borowiak
- Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Laura Menke
- Nanoscale Infection Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (L.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Christian Sieben
- Nanoscale Infection Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (L.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Carmen Birchmeier
- Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (M.K.); (S.S.); (S.P.); (K.R.)
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia E. B. Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (M.K.); (S.S.); (S.P.); (K.R.)
- Correspondence: (T.E.B.S.); (A.S.); Tel.: +49-531-6181-2900 (T.E.B.S.); +49-531-6181-2902 (A.S.)
| | - Anika Steffen
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (M.K.); (S.S.); (S.P.); (K.R.)
- Correspondence: (T.E.B.S.); (A.S.); Tel.: +49-531-6181-2900 (T.E.B.S.); +49-531-6181-2902 (A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Reduced miR-371b-5p expression drives tumor progression via CSDE1/RAC1 regulation in triple-negative breast cancer. Oncogene 2022; 41:3151-3161. [PMID: 35490208 PMCID: PMC9135623 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer; however, specific prognostic biomarkers have not yet been developed. In this study, we identified dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) in TNBC by profiling miRNA and mRNA expression. In patients with TNBC, miR-371b-5p expression was reduced, and miR-371b-5p overexpression significantly mitigated TNBC cell growth, migration, and invasion. In addition, we found that expression of cold shock domain-containing protein E1 (CSDE1), a direct target gene of miR-371b-5p, was upregulated in TNBC cells, and inhibition of CSDE1 expression alleviated TNBC cell growth by regulating RAC1 transcription. Mechanistically, CSDE1, phosphorylated C-terminal domain (p-CTD) of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), and CDK7 form a complex, and downregulation of CSDE1 leads to weak interaction between RNAPII p-CTD and CDK7, resulting in a decrease in RNAPII p-CTD expression to reduce RAC1 transcript levels in CSDE1-deficient TNBC cells. Our data demonstrate that miR-371b-5p is a tumor-suppressive miRNA that regulates the CSDE1/Rac1 axis and could be a potential prognostic biomarker for TNBC.
Collapse
|
11
|
Rastegarpanah M, Azadmanesh K, Negahdari B, Asgari Y, Mazloomi M. Screening of candidate genes associated with high titer production of oncolytic measles virus based on systems biology approach. Virus Genes 2022; 58:270-283. [PMID: 35477822 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01902-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The number of viral particles required for oncolytic activity of measles virus (MV) can be more than a million times greater than the reported amount for vaccination. The aim of the current study is to find potential genes and signaling pathways that may be involved in the high-titer production of MV. In this study, a systems biology approach was considered including collection of gene expression profiles from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, obtaining differentially expressed genes (DEGs), performing gene ontology, functional enrichment analyses, and topological analyses on the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Then, to validate the in-silico data, total RNA was isolated from five cell lines, and full-length cDNA from template RNA was synthesized. Subsequently, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR) was employed. We identified five hub genes, including RAC1, HSP90AA1, DNM1, LTBP1, and FSTL1 associated with the enhancement in MV titer. Pathway analysis indicated enrichment in PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, axon guidance, proteoglycans in cancer, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, focal adhesion, and calcium signaling pathways. Upon verification by RT-qPCR, the relative expression of candidate genes was generally consistent with our bioinformatics analysis. Hub genes and signaling pathways may be involved in understanding the pathological mechanisms by which measles virus manipulates host factors in order to facilitate its replication. RAC1, HSP90AA1, DNM1, LTBP1, and FSTL1 genes, in combination with genetic engineering techniques, will allow the direct design of high-throughput cell lines to answer the required amounts for the oncolytic activity of MV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Rastegarpanah
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Kayhan Azadmanesh
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Yazdan Asgari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadali Mazloomi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Petersen L, Stroh S, Schöttelndreier D, Grassl GA, Rottner K, Brakebusch C, Fahrer J, Genth H. The Essential Role of Rac1 Glucosylation in Clostridioides difficile Toxin B-Induced Arrest of G1-S Transition. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:846215. [PMID: 35321078 PMCID: PMC8937036 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.846215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in humans causes pseudomembranous colitis (PMC), which is a severe pathology characterized by a loss of epithelial barrier function and massive colonic inflammation. PMC has been attributed to the action of two large protein toxins, Toxin A (TcdA) and Toxin B (TcdB). TcdA and TcdB mono-O-glucosylate and thereby inactivate a broad spectrum of Rho GTPases and (in the case of TcdA) also some Ras GTPases. Rho/Ras GTPases promote G1-S transition through the activation of components of the ERK, AKT, and WNT signaling pathways. With regard to CDI pathology, TcdB is regarded of being capable of inhibiting colonic stem cell proliferation and colonic regeneration, which is likely causative for PMC. In particular, it is still unclear, the glucosylation of which substrate Rho-GTPase is critical for TcdB-induced arrest of G1-S transition. Exploiting SV40-immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with deleted Rho subtype GTPases, evidence is provided that Rac1 (not Cdc42) positively regulates Cyclin D1, an essential factor of G1-S transition. TcdB-catalyzed Rac1 glucosylation results in Cyclin D1 suppression and arrested G1-S transition in MEFs and in human colonic epithelial cells (HCEC), Remarkably, Rac1−/− MEFs are insensitive to TcdB-induced arrest of G1-S transition, suggesting that TcdB arrests G1-S transition in a Rac1 glucosylation-dependent manner. Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) specifically expressed Cyclin D1 (neither Cyclin D2 nor Cyclin D3), which expression was suppressed upon TcdB treatment. In sum, Cyclin D1 expression in colonic cells seems to be regulated by Rho GTPases (most likely Rac1) and in turn seems to be susceptible to TcdB-induced suppression. With regard to PMC, toxin-catalyzed Rac1 glucosylation and subsequent G1-S arrest of colonic stem cells seems to be causative for decreased repair capacity of the colonic epithelium and delayed epithelial renewal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Petersen
- Institute for Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Svenja Stroh
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Guntram A. Grassl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology and DZIF partner site Hannover, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cord Brakebusch
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jörg Fahrer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Harald Genth
- Institute for Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Harald Genth,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim H, Jang S, Lee YS. The m6A(m)-independent role of FTO in regulating WNT signaling pathways. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/5/e202101250. [PMID: 35169043 PMCID: PMC8860091 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
FTO and ALKBH5 are the two enzymes responsible for mRNA demethylation. Hence, the functional study of FTO has been focused on its mechanistic role in dynamic mRNA modification, and how this post-transcriptional regulation modulates signaling pathways. Here, we report that the functional landscape of FTO is largely associated with WNT signaling pathways but in a manner that is independent of its enzymatic activity. Re-analyses of public datasets identified the bifurcation of canonical and noncanonical WNT pathways as the major role of FTO. In FTO-depleted cells, we find that the canonical WNT/β-Catenin signaling is attenuated in a non-cell autonomous manner via the up-regulation of DKK1. Simultaneously, this up-regulation of DKK1 promotes cell migration via activating the noncanonical WNT/PCP pathway. Unexpectedly, this regulation of DKK1 is independent of its RNA methylation status but operates at the transcriptional level, revealing a noncanonical function of FTO in gene regulation. In conclusion, this study places the functional context of FTO at the branch point of multiple WNT signaling pathways and extends its mechanistic role in gene regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjoon Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, Korea .,School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soohyun Jang
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, Korea.,School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Suk Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Scala M, Nishikawa M, Nagata KI, Striano P. Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Neurodevelopmental Disorders Caused by Rac GTPases Dysregulation: What's behind Neuro-RACopathies. Cells 2021; 10:3395. [PMID: 34943902 PMCID: PMC8699292 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho family guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) regulate cellular signaling and cytoskeletal dynamics, playing a pivotal role in cell adhesion, migration, and cell cycle progression. The Rac subfamily of Rho GTPases consists of three highly homologous proteins, Rac 1-3. The proper function of Rac1 and Rac3, and their correct interaction with guanine nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) are crucial for neural development. Pathogenic variants affecting these delicate biological processes are implicated in different medical conditions in humans, primarily neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). In addition to a direct deleterious effect produced by genetic variants in the RAC genes, a dysregulated GTPase activity resulting from an abnormal function of GEFs and GAPs has been involved in the pathogenesis of distinctive emerging conditions. In this study, we reviewed the current pertinent literature on Rac-related disorders with a primary neurological involvement, providing an overview of the current knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the neuro-RACopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Scala
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Masashi Nishikawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, 713-8 Kamiya, Kasugai 480-0392, Japan; (M.N.); (K.-i.N.)
| | - Koh-ichi Nagata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, 713-8 Kamiya, Kasugai 480-0392, Japan; (M.N.); (K.-i.N.)
- Department of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bock F, Elias BC, Dong X, Parekh DV, Mernaugh G, Viquez OM, Hassan A, Amara VR, Liu J, Brown KL, Terker AS, Chiusa M, Gewin LS, Fogo AB, Brakebusch CH, Pozzi A, Zent R. Rac1 promotes kidney collecting duct integrity by limiting actomyosin activity. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212704. [PMID: 34647970 PMCID: PMC8563289 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202103080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A polarized collecting duct (CD), formed from the branching ureteric bud (UB), is a prerequisite for an intact kidney. The small Rho GTPase Rac1 is critical for actin cytoskeletal regulation. We investigated the role of Rac1 in the kidney collecting system by selectively deleting it in mice at the initiation of UB development. The mice exhibited only a mild developmental phenotype; however, with aging, the CD developed a disruption of epithelial integrity and function. Despite intact integrin signaling, Rac1-null CD cells had profound adhesion and polarity abnormalities that were independent of the major downstream Rac1 effector, Pak1. These cells did however have a defect in the WAVE2–Arp2/3 actin nucleation and polymerization apparatus, resulting in actomyosin hyperactivity. The epithelial defects were reversible with direct myosin II inhibition. Furthermore, Rac1 controlled lateral membrane height and overall epithelial morphology by maintaining lateral F-actin and restricting actomyosin. Thus, Rac1 promotes CD epithelial integrity and morphology by restricting actomyosin via Arp2/3-dependent cytoskeletal branching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Bock
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Bertha C Elias
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Xinyu Dong
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Diptiben V Parekh
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Glenda Mernaugh
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Olga M Viquez
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Anjana Hassan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Venkateswara Rao Amara
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jiageng Liu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Kyle L Brown
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Andrew S Terker
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Manuel Chiusa
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, TN
| | - Leslie S Gewin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, TN.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Agnes B Fogo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Cord H Brakebusch
- Biotech Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ambra Pozzi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, TN.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Roy Zent
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, TN.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Filić V, Mijanović L, Putar D, Talajić A, Ćetković H, Weber I. Regulation of the Actin Cytoskeleton via Rho GTPase Signalling in Dictyostelium and Mammalian Cells: A Parallel Slalom. Cells 2021; 10:1592. [PMID: 34202767 PMCID: PMC8305917 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Dictyostelium amoebae and mammalian cells are endowed with an elaborate actin cytoskeleton that enables them to perform a multitude of tasks essential for survival. Although these organisms diverged more than a billion years ago, their cells share the capability of chemotactic migration, large-scale endocytosis, binary division effected by actomyosin contraction, and various types of adhesions to other cells and to the extracellular environment. The composition and dynamics of the transient actin-based structures that are engaged in these processes are also astonishingly similar in these evolutionary distant organisms. The question arises whether this remarkable resemblance in the cellular motility hardware is accompanied by a similar correspondence in matching software, the signalling networks that govern the assembly of the actin cytoskeleton. Small GTPases from the Rho family play pivotal roles in the control of the actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Indicatively, Dictyostelium matches mammals in the number of these proteins. We give an overview of the Rho signalling pathways that regulate the actin dynamics in Dictyostelium and compare them with similar signalling networks in mammals. We also provide a phylogeny of Rho GTPases in Amoebozoa, which shows a variability of the Rho inventories across different clades found also in Metazoa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Filić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.M.); (D.P.); (A.T.); (H.Ć.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Igor Weber
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.M.); (D.P.); (A.T.); (H.Ć.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Knorr J, Sharafutdinov I, Fiedler F, Soltan Esmaeili D, Rohde M, Rottner K, Backert S, Tegtmeyer N. Cortactin Is Required for Efficient FAK, Src and Abl Tyrosine Kinase Activation and Phosphorylation of Helicobacter pylori CagA. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116045. [PMID: 34205064 PMCID: PMC8199859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortactin is a well-known regulatory protein of the host actin cytoskeleton and represents an attractive target of microbial pathogens like Helicobacter pylori. H. pylori manipulates cortactin's phosphorylation status by type-IV secretion-dependent injection of its virulence protein CagA. Multiple host tyrosine kinases, like FAK, Src, and Abl, are activated during infection, but the pathway(s) involved is (are) not yet fully established. Among them, Src and Abl target CagA and stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of the latter at its EPIYA-motifs. To investigate the role of cortactin in more detail, we generated a CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of cortactin in AGS gastric epithelial cells. Surprisingly, we found that FAK, Src, and Abl kinase activities were dramatically downregulated associated with widely diminished CagA phosphorylation in cortactin knockout cells compared to the parental control. Together, we report here a yet unrecognized cortactin-dependent signaling pathway involving FAK, Src, and Abl activation, and controlling efficient phosphorylation of injected CagA during infection. Thus, the cortactin status could serve as a potential new biomarker of gastric cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Knorr
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (J.K.); (I.S.); (F.F.); (D.S.E.); (S.B.)
| | - Irshad Sharafutdinov
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (J.K.); (I.S.); (F.F.); (D.S.E.); (S.B.)
| | - Florian Fiedler
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (J.K.); (I.S.); (F.F.); (D.S.E.); (S.B.)
| | - Delara Soltan Esmaeili
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (J.K.); (I.S.); (F.F.); (D.S.E.); (S.B.)
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (J.K.); (I.S.); (F.F.); (D.S.E.); (S.B.)
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (J.K.); (I.S.); (F.F.); (D.S.E.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dong S, Wei J, Bowser RK, Chen BB, Mallampalli RK, Miao J, Ye Q, Tran KC, Zhao Y, Zhao J. SCF FBXW17 E3 ubiquitin ligase regulates FBXL19 stability and cell migration. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:326-334. [PMID: 33053230 PMCID: PMC7887023 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The Skp1-Cul1-F-box protein (SCF) E3 ligase complex is one of the largest ubiquitin E3 ligase families. FBXL19, a F-box protein in SCFFBXL19 E3 ligase complex, regulates a variety of cellular responses including cell migration. We have shown that FBXL19 is not stable and its degradation is mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, while the ubiquitin E3 ligase for FBXL19 ubiquitination and degradation has not been identified. In the study, we discovered that a new ubiquitin E3 ligase, SCFFBXW17 , ubiquitinates and induces FBXL19 degradation. Exogenous FBXW17 targets FBXL19 for its ubiquitination and degradation. Lysine 114 in FBXL19 is a potential ubiquitin acceptor site. Acetylation of FBXL19 attenuated SCFFBXW17 -mediated FBXL19 degradation. SCFFBXL19 E3 ligase reduced Rac1 levels and cell migration, while the effects were attenuated by exogenous FBXW17. Downregulation of FBXW17 attenuated lysophosphatidic acid-induced lamellipodia formation and Rac1 accumulation at migration leading edge. Taken together with our previous studies, FBXL19 is degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system and its site-specific ubiquitination is mediated by SCFFBXW17 E3 ligase, which promotes cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Dong
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis
Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jianxin Wei
- Department of Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Rachel K. Bowser
- Department of Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Bill B. Chen
- Department of Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Rama K. Mallampalli
- Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine Division, The
Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jiaxing Miao
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis
Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Qinmao Ye
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis
Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Kevin C. Tran
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis
Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Yutong Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis
Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine Division, The
Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis
Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine Division, The
Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,Address correspondence to: Jing Zhao, MD, PhD,
Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, 333 10th
Avenue, Graves Hall 2166D, Columbus, OH, United States, 43065. Tel:
614-685-0024;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dimchev V, Lahmann I, Koestler SA, Kage F, Dimchev G, Steffen A, Stradal TEB, Vauti F, Arnold HH, Rottner K. Induced Arp2/3 Complex Depletion Increases FMNL2/3 Formin Expression and Filopodia Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:634708. [PMID: 33598464 PMCID: PMC7882613 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.634708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arp2/3 complex generates branched actin filament networks operating in cell edge protrusion and vesicle trafficking. Here we employ a conditional knockout mouse model permitting tissue- or cell-type specific deletion of the murine Actr3 gene (encoding Arp3). A functional Actr3 gene appeared essential for fibroblast viability and growth. Thus, we developed cell lines for exploring the consequences of acute, tamoxifen-induced Actr3 deletion causing near-complete loss of functional Arp2/3 complex expression as well as abolished lamellipodia formation and membrane ruffling, as expected. Interestingly, Arp3-depleted cells displayed enhanced rather than reduced cell spreading, employing numerous filopodia, and showed little defects in the rates of random cell migration. However, both exploration of new space by individual cells and collective migration were clearly compromised by the incapability to efficiently maintain directionality of migration, while the principal ability to chemotax was only moderately affected. Examination of actin remodeling at the cell periphery revealed reduced actin turnover rates in Arp2/3-deficient cells, clearly deviating from previous sequestration approaches. Most surprisingly, induced removal of Arp2/3 complexes reproducibly increased FMNL formin expression, which correlated with the explosive induction of filopodia formation. Our results thus highlight both direct and indirect effects of acute Arp2/3 complex removal on actin cytoskeleton regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Dimchev
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ines Lahmann
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan A Koestler
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frieda Kage
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Georgi Dimchev
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anika Steffen
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Franz Vauti
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans-Henning Arnold
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Role of Actin Cytoskeleton in E-cadherin-Based Cell–Cell Adhesion Assembly and Maintenance. J Indian Inst Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-020-00214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
21
|
Depau L, Brunetti J, Falciani C, Mandarini E, Riolo G, Zanchi M, Karousou E, Passi A, Pini A, Bracci L. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Can Promote Opposite Effects on Adhesion and Directional Migration of Different Cancer Cells. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15997-16011. [PMID: 33284606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans take part in crucial events of cancer progression, such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell migration, and cell invasion. Through sulfated groups on their glycosaminoglycan chains, heparan sulfate proteoglycans interact with growth factors, morphogens, chemokines, and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. The amount and position of sulfated groups are highly variable, thus allowing differentiated ligand binding and activity of heparan sulfate proteoglycans. This variability and the lack of specific ligands have delayed comprehension of the molecular basis of heparan sulfate proteoglycan functions. Exploiting a tumor-targeting peptide tool that specifically recognizes sulfated glycosaminoglycans, we analyzed the role of membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the adhesion and migration of cancer cell lines. Starting from the observation that the sulfated glycosaminoglycan-specific peptide exerts a different effect on adhesion, migration, and invasiveness of different cancer cell lines, we identified and characterized three cell migration phenotypes, where different syndecans are associated with alternative signaling for directional cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Depau
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Jlenia Brunetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Falciani
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Riolo
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Marta Zanchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Evgenia Karousou
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luisa Bracci
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Papalazarou V, Swaminathan K, Jaber-Hijazi F, Spence H, Lahmann I, Nixon C, Salmeron-Sanchez M, Arnold HH, Rottner K, Machesky LM. The Arp2/3 complex is crucial for colonisation of the mouse skin by melanoblasts. Development 2020; 147:dev194555. [PMID: 33028610 PMCID: PMC7687863 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Arp2/3 complex is essential for the assembly of branched filamentous actin, but its role in physiology and development is surprisingly little understood. Melanoblasts deriving from the neural crest migrate along the developing embryo and traverse the dermis to reach the epidermis, colonising the skin and eventually homing within the hair follicles. We have previously established that Rac1 and Cdc42 direct melanoblast migration in vivo We hypothesised that the Arp2/3 complex might be the main downstream effector of these small GTPases. Arp3 depletion in the melanocyte lineage results in severe pigmentation defects in dorsal and ventral regions of the mouse skin. Arp3 null melanoblasts demonstrate proliferation and migration defects and fail to elongate as their wild-type counterparts. Conditional deletion of Arp3 in primary melanocytes causes improper proliferation, spreading, migration and adhesion to extracellular matrix. Collectively, our results suggest that the Arp2/3 complex is absolutely indispensable in the melanocyte lineage in mouse development, and indicate a significant role in developmental processes that require tight regulation of actin-mediated motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Papalazarou
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
| | - Karthic Swaminathan
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Farah Jaber-Hijazi
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Heather Spence
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ines Lahmann
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Colin Nixon
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | - Hans-Henning Arnold
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laura M Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bharat A, Angulo M, Sun H, Akbarpour M, Alberro A, Cheng Y, Shigemura M, Berdnikovs S, Welch LC, Kanter JA, Budinger GRS, Lecuona E, Sznajder JI. High CO 2 Levels Impair Lung Wound Healing. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 63:244-254. [PMID: 32275835 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0354oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed lung repair leads to alveolopleural fistulae, which are a major cause of morbidity after lung resections. We have reported that intrapleural hypercapnia is associated with delayed lung repair after lung resection. Here, we provide new evidence that hypercapnia delays wound closure of both large airway and alveolar epithelial cell monolayers because of inhibition of epithelial cell migration. Cell migration and airway epithelial wound closure were dependent on Rac1-GTPase activation, which was suppressed by hypercapnia directly through the upregulation of AMP kinase and indirectly through inhibition of injury-induced NF-κB-mediated CXCL12 (pleural CXC motif chemokine 12) release, respectively. Both these pathways were independently suppressed, because dominant negative AMP kinase rescued the effects of hypercapnia on Rac1-GTPase in uninjured resting cells, whereas proteasomal inhibition reversed the NF-κB-mediated CXCL12 release during injury. Constitutive overexpression of Rac1-GTPase rescued the effects of hypercapnia on both pathways as well as on wound healing. Similarly, exogenous recombinant CXCL12 reversed the effects of hypercapnia through Rac1-GTPase activation by its receptor, CXCR4. Moreover, CXCL12 transgenic murine recipients of orthotopic tracheal transplantation were protected from hypercapnia-induced inhibition of tracheal epithelial cell migration and wound repair. In patients undergoing lobectomy, we found inverse correlation between intrapleural carbon dioxide and pleural CXCL12 levels as well as between CXCL12 levels and alveolopleural leak. Accordingly, we provide first evidence that high carbon dioxide levels impair lung repair by inhibiting epithelial cell migration through two distinct pathways, which can be restored by recombinant CXCL12.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Bharat
- Division of Thoracic Surgery.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Martín Angulo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and.,Pathophysiology Department, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; and
| | | | | | - Andrés Alberro
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and.,Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | | | - Sergejs Berdnikovs
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lynn C Welch
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Involvement of Actin and Actin-Binding Proteins in Carcinogenesis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102245. [PMID: 33036298 PMCID: PMC7600575 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in many cellular processes while its reorganization is important in maintaining cell homeostasis. However, in the case of cancer cells, actin and ABPs (actin-binding proteins) are involved in all stages of carcinogenesis. Literature has reported that ABPs such as SATB1 (special AT-rich binding protein 1), WASP (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein), nesprin, and villin take part in the initial step of carcinogenesis by regulating oncogene expression. Additionally, changes in actin localization promote cell proliferation by inhibiting apoptosis (SATB1). In turn, migration and invasion of cancer cells are based on the formation of actin-rich protrusions (Arp2/3 complex, filamin A, fascin, α-actinin, and cofilin). Importantly, more and more scientists suggest that microfilaments together with the associated proteins mediate tumor vascularization. Hence, the presented article aims to summarize literature reports in the context of the potential role of actin and ABPs in all steps of carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
25
|
Kaplan E, Stone R, Hume PJ, Greene NP, Koronakis V. Structure of CYRI-B (FAM49B), a key regulator of cellular actin assembly. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2020; 76:1015-1024. [PMID: 33021503 PMCID: PMC7543656 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798320010906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, numerous fundamental processes are controlled by the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) that regulates cellular actin polymerization, crucial for cell motility, cell-cell adhesion and epithelial differentiation. Actin assembly is triggered by interaction of the small GTPase Rac1 with CYFIP1, a key component of the WRC. Previously known as FAM49B, CYRI-B is a protein that is highly conserved across the Eukaryota and has recently been revealed to be a key regulator of Rac1 activity. Mutation of CYRI-B or alteration of its expression therefore leads to altered actin nucleation dynamics, with impacts on lamellipodia formation, cell migration and infection by intracellular pathogens. In addition, knockdown of CYRI-B expression in cancer cell lines results in accelerated cell proliferation and invasiveness. Here, the structure of Rhincodon typus (whale shark) CYRI-B is presented, which is the first to be reported of any CYRI family member. Solved by X-ray crystallography, the structure reveals that CYRI-B comprises three distinct α-helical subdomains and is highly structurally related to a conserved domain present in CYFIP proteins. The work presented here establishes a template towards a better understanding of CYRI-B biological function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Kaplan
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Stone
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Hume
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas P. Greene
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Vassilis Koronakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tang Q, Schaks M, Koundinya N, Yang C, Pollard LW, Svitkina TM, Rottner K, Goode BL. WAVE1 and WAVE2 have distinct and overlapping roles in controlling actin assembly at the leading edge. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2168-2178. [PMID: 32697617 PMCID: PMC7550694 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-12-0705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SCAR/WAVE proteins and Arp2/3 complex assemble branched actin networks at the leading edge. Two isoforms of SCAR/WAVE, WAVE1 and WAVE2, reside at the leading edge, yet it has remained unclear whether they perform similar or distinct roles. Further, there have been conflicting reports about the Arp2/3-independent biochemical activities of WAVE1 on actin filament elongation. To investigate this in vivo, we knocked out WAVE1 and WAVE2 genes, individually and together, in B16-F1 melanoma cells. We demonstrate that WAVE1 and WAVE2 are redundant for lamellipodia formation and motility. However, there is a significant decrease in the rate of leading edge actin extension in WAVE2 KO cells, and an increase in WAVE1 KO cells. The faster rates of actin extension in WAVE1 KO cells are offset by faster retrograde flow, and therefore do not translate into faster lamellipodium protrusion. Thus, WAVE1 restricts the rate of actin extension at the leading edge, and appears to couple actin networks to the membrane to drive protrusion. Overall, these results suggest that WAVE1 and WAVE2 have redundant roles in promoting Arp2/3-dependent actin nucleation and lamellipodia formation, but distinct roles in controlling actin network extension and harnessing network growth to cell protrusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Tang
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
| | - Matthias Schaks
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Neha Koundinya
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
| | - Changsong Yang
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Tatyana M Svitkina
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bruce L Goode
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lougaris V, Baronio M, Gazzurelli L, Benvenuto A, Plebani A. RAC2 and primary human immune deficiencies. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:687-696. [PMID: 32542921 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mr0520-194rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RAC2 is a GTPase that is exclusively expressed in hematopoietic cells. Animal models have suggested important roles for RAC2 in the biology of different cell types, such as neutrophils and lymphocytes. Primary immunodeficiencies represent "experimentum naturae" and offer priceless insight on the function of the human immune system. Mutations in RAC2 have been identified in a small number of patients giving rise to different forms of primary immunodeficiencies ranging from granulocyte defects caused by dominant negative mutations to combined immunodeficiency due to dominant activating mutations. This review will focus on the clinical and immunologic phenotype of patients with germline mutations in RAC2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vassilios Lougaris
- Pediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Manuela Baronio
- Pediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Gazzurelli
- Pediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessio Benvenuto
- Pediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Plebani
- Pediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Luo Q, Wu T, Wu W, Chen G, Luo X, Jiang L, Tao H, Rong M, Kang S, Deng M. The Functional Role of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Nav1.5 in Metastatic Breast Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1111. [PMID: 32792949 PMCID: PMC7393602 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs), which are abnormally expressed in various types of cancers such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, and cervical cancer, are involved in the metastatic process of invasion and migration. Nav1.5 is a pore-forming α subunit of VGSC encoded by SCN5A. Various studies have demonstrated that Nav1.5, often as its neonatal splice form, is highly expressed in metastatic breast cancer cells. Abnormal activation and expression of Nav1.5 trigger a variety of cellular mechanisms, including changing H+ efflux, promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the expression of cysteine cathepsin, to potentiate the metastasis and invasiveness of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Here, we systematically review the latest available data on the pro-metastatic effect of Nav1.5 and its underlying mechanisms in breast cancer. We summarize the factors affecting Nav1.5 expression in breast cancer cells, and discuss the potential of Nav1.5 blockers serving as candidates for breast cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianxuan Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenfang Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gong Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huai Tao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Mingqiang Rong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuntong Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Meichun Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Quantitative Phase Imaging of Spreading Fibroblasts Identifies the Role of Focal Adhesion Kinase in the Stabilization of the Cell Rear. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081089. [PMID: 32707896 PMCID: PMC7463699 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells attaching to the extracellular matrix spontaneously acquire front-rear polarity. This self-organization process comprises spatial activation of polarity signaling networks and the establishment of a protruding cell front and a non-protruding cell rear. Cell polarization also involves the reorganization of cell mass, notably the nucleus that is positioned at the cell rear. It remains unclear, however, how these processes are regulated. Here, using coherence-controlled holographic microscopy (CCHM) for non-invasive live-cell quantitative phase imaging (QPI), we examined the role of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and its interacting partner Rack1 in dry mass distribution in spreading Rat2 fibroblasts. We found that FAK-depleted cells adopt an elongated, bipolar phenotype with a high central body mass that gradually decreases toward the ends of the elongated processes. Further characterization of spreading cells showed that FAK-depleted cells are incapable of forming a stable rear; rather, they form two distally positioned protruding regions. Continuous protrusions at opposite sides results in an elongated cell shape. In contrast, Rack1-depleted cells are round and large with the cell mass sharply dropping from the nuclear area towards the basal side. We propose that FAK and Rack1 act differently yet coordinately to establish front-rear polarity in spreading cells.
Collapse
|
30
|
Arkorful MA, Noren Hooten N, Zhang Y, Hewitt AN, Barrientos Sanchez L, Evans MK, Dluzen DF. MicroRNA-1253 Regulation of WASF2 (WAVE2) and its Relevance to Racial Health Disparities. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E572. [PMID: 32443852 PMCID: PMC7288301 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of hypertension among African Americans (AAs) in the US is among the highest of any demographic and affects over two-thirds of AA women. Previous data from our laboratory suggest substantial differential gene expression (DGE) of mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) exists within peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from AA and white women with or without hypertension. We hypothesized that DGE by race may contribute to racial differences in hypertension. In a reanalysis of our previous dataset, we found that the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein Verprolin-homologous protein 2 (WASF2 (also known as WAVE2)) is differentially expressed in AA women with hypertension, along with several other members of the actin cytoskeleton signaling pathway that plays a role in cell shape and branching of actin filaments. We performed an in silico miRNA target prediction analysis that suggested miRNA miR-1253 regulates WASF2. Transfection of miR-1253 mimics into human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) significantly repressed WASF2 mRNA and protein levels (p < 0.05), and a luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-1253 regulates the WASF2 3' UTR (p < 0.01). miR-1253 overexpression in HUVECs significantly increased HUVEC lamellipodia formation (p < 0.01), suggesting the miR-1253-WASF2 interaction may play a role in cell shape and actin cytoskeleton function. Together, we have identified novel roles for miR-1253 and WASF2 in a hypertension-related disparities context. This may ultimately lead to the discovery of additional actin-related genes which are important in the vascular-related complications of hypertension and influence the disproportionate susceptibility to hypertension among AAs in general and AA women in particular.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mercy A. Arkorful
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA;
| | - Nicole Noren Hooten
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (N.N.H.); (A.N.H.); (L.B.S.); (M.K.E.)
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA;
| | - Amirah N. Hewitt
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (N.N.H.); (A.N.H.); (L.B.S.); (M.K.E.)
| | - Lori Barrientos Sanchez
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (N.N.H.); (A.N.H.); (L.B.S.); (M.K.E.)
| | - Michele K. Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (N.N.H.); (A.N.H.); (L.B.S.); (M.K.E.)
| | - Douglas F. Dluzen
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Cell migration is an essential process, both in unicellular organisms such as amoeba and as individual or collective motility in highly developed multicellular organisms like mammals. It is controlled by a variety of activities combining protrusive and contractile forces, normally generated by actin filaments. Here, we summarize actin filament assembly and turnover processes, and how respective biochemical activities translate into different protrusion types engaged in migration. These actin-based plasma membrane protrusions include actin-related protein 2/3 complex-dependent structures such as lamellipodia and membrane ruffles, filopodia as well as plasma membrane blebs. We also address observed antagonisms between these protrusion types, and propose a model - also inspired by previous literature - in which a complex balance between specific Rho GTPase signaling pathways dictates the protrusion mechanism employed by cells. Furthermore, we revisit published work regarding the fascinating antagonism between Rac and Rho GTPases, and how this intricate signaling network can define cell behavior and modes of migration. Finally, we discuss how the assembly of actin filament networks can feed back onto their regulators, as exemplified for the lamellipodial factor WAVE regulatory complex, tightly controlling accumulation of this complex at specific subcellular locations as well as its turnover.
Collapse
|
32
|
Damiano-Guercio J, Kurzawa L, Mueller J, Dimchev G, Schaks M, Nemethova M, Pokrant T, Brühmann S, Linkner J, Blanchoin L, Sixt M, Rottner K, Faix J. Loss of Ena/VASP interferes with lamellipodium architecture, motility and integrin-dependent adhesion. eLife 2020; 9:55351. [PMID: 32391788 PMCID: PMC7239657 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration entails networks and bundles of actin filaments termed lamellipodia and microspikes or filopodia, respectively, as well as focal adhesions, all of which recruit Ena/VASP family members hitherto thought to antagonize efficient cell motility. However, we find these proteins to act as positive regulators of migration in different murine cell lines. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated loss of Ena/VASP proteins reduced lamellipodial actin assembly and perturbed lamellipodial architecture, as evidenced by changed network geometry as well as reduction of filament length and number that was accompanied by abnormal Arp2/3 complex and heterodimeric capping protein accumulation. Loss of Ena/VASP function also abolished the formation of microspikes normally embedded in lamellipodia, but not of filopodia capable of emanating without lamellipodia. Ena/VASP-deficiency also impaired integrin-mediated adhesion accompanied by reduced traction forces exerted through these structures. Our data thus uncover novel Ena/VASP functions of these actin polymerases that are fully consistent with their promotion of cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laëtitia Kurzawa
- CytoMorphoLab, Laboratoire de Physiologie cellulaire et Végétale, Interdisciplinary ResearchInstitute of Grenoble, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble-Alpes University, Grenoble, France.,CytomorphoLab, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie, UMRS1160, INSERM/AP-HP/UniversitéParis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Jan Mueller
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Georgi Dimchev
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Schaks
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maria Nemethova
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Pokrant
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Brühmann
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Joern Linkner
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- CytoMorphoLab, Laboratoire de Physiologie cellulaire et Végétale, Interdisciplinary ResearchInstitute of Grenoble, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble-Alpes University, Grenoble, France.,CytomorphoLab, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie, UMRS1160, INSERM/AP-HP/UniversitéParis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan Faix
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dimchev G, Amiri B, Humphries AC, Schaks M, Dimchev V, Stradal TEB, Faix J, Krause M, Way M, Falcke M, Rottner K. Lamellipodin tunes cell migration by stabilizing protrusions and promoting adhesion formation. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs239020. [PMID: 32094266 PMCID: PMC7157940 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.239020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient migration on adhesive surfaces involves the protrusion of lamellipodial actin networks and their subsequent stabilization by nascent adhesions. The actin-binding protein lamellipodin (Lpd) is thought to play a critical role in lamellipodium protrusion, by delivering Ena/VASP proteins onto the growing plus ends of actin filaments and by interacting with the WAVE regulatory complex, an activator of the Arp2/3 complex, at the leading edge. Using B16-F1 melanoma cell lines, we demonstrate that genetic ablation of Lpd compromises protrusion efficiency and coincident cell migration without altering essential parameters of lamellipodia, including their maximal rate of forward advancement and actin polymerization. We also confirmed lamellipodia and migration phenotypes with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Lpd knockout Rat2 fibroblasts, excluding cell type-specific effects. Moreover, computer-aided analysis of cell-edge morphodynamics on B16-F1 cell lamellipodia revealed that loss of Lpd correlates with reduced temporal protrusion maintenance as a prerequisite of nascent adhesion formation. We conclude that Lpd optimizes protrusion and nascent adhesion formation by counteracting frequent, chaotic retraction and membrane ruffling.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Dimchev
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffen Strasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Behnam Amiri
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ashley C Humphries
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Matthias Schaks
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffen Strasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Vanessa Dimchev
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffen Strasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffen Strasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan Faix
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Krause
- Randall Centre of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Michael Way
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Martin Falcke
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Humboldt University, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffen Strasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
McGowan SE, Lansakara TI, McCoy DM, Zhu L, Tivanski AV. Platelet-derived Growth Factor-α and Neuropilin-1 Mediate Lung Fibroblast Response to Rigid Collagen Fibers. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:454-465. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0173oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E. McGowan
- Department of Veterans Affairs Research Service, and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, and
| | | | - Diann M. McCoy
- Department of Veterans Affairs Research Service, and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, and
| | - Lien Zhu
- Department of Veterans Affairs Research Service, and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, and
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
IODVA1, a guanidinobenzimidazole derivative, targets Rac activity and Ras-driven cancer models. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229801. [PMID: 32163428 PMCID: PMC7067412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis and preliminary characterization of IODVA1, a potent small molecule that is active in xenograft mouse models of Ras-driven lung and breast cancers. In an effort to inhibit oncogenic Ras signaling, we combined in silico screening with inhibition of proliferation and colony formation of Ras-driven cells. NSC124205 fulfilled all criteria. HPLC analysis revealed that NSC124205 was a mixture of at least three compounds, from which IODVA1 was determined to be the active component. IODVA1 decreased 2D and 3D cell proliferation, cell spreading and ruffle and lamellipodia formation through downregulation of Rac activity. IODVA1 significantly impaired xenograft tumor growth of Ras-driven cancer cells with no observable toxicity. Immuno-histochemistry analysis of tumor sections suggests that cell death occurs by increased apoptosis. Our data suggest that IODVA1 targets Rac signaling to induce death of Ras-transformed cells. Therefore, IODVA1 holds promise as an anti-tumor therapeutic agent.
Collapse
|
36
|
The Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor P-Rex1 as a potential drug target for cancer metastasis and inflammatory diseases. Pharmacol Res 2020; 153:104676. [PMID: 32006571 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3)-dependent Rac exchanger 1 (P-Rex1) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rac small GTPases and the Rac-related GTPase RhoG. P-Rex1 plays an important role in cell migration and relays intracellular signals generated through activation of G protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. Studies of mouse models have found that P-Rex1 expression and activation is associated with tumor cell migration, brain development and pathological changes such as lung edema. Since its initial discovery, P-Rex1 has been known for its large size and multiple activation mechanisms that involve not only PIP3 but also the βγ subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins and a regulatory subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent kinase, PKA RIα. At the core of the GEF activity is the tandem Dbl homology domain and the pleckstrin homology domain (DH/PH domains) that are masked until activation signals unwind the P-Rex1 structure. Understanding the activation mechanisms will help designing therapeutics that target P-Rex1 for cancer and other diseases.
Collapse
|
37
|
Mierke CT, Puder S, Aermes C, Fischer T, Kunschmann T. Effect of PAK Inhibition on Cell Mechanics Depends on Rac1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:13. [PMID: 32047750 PMCID: PMC6997127 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides biochemical and molecular regulation, the migration and invasion of cells is controlled by the environmental mechanics and cellular mechanics. Hence, the mechanical phenotype of cells, such as fibroblasts, seems to be crucial for the migratory capacity in confined 3D extracellular matrices. Recently, we have shown that the migratory and invasive capacity of mouse embryonic fibroblasts depends on the expression of the Rho-GTPase Rac1, similarly it has been demonstrated that the Rho-GTPase Cdc42 affects cell motility. The p21-activated kinase (PAK) is an effector down-stream target of both Rho-GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42, and it can activate via the LIM kinase-1 its down-stream target cofilin and subsequently support the cell migration and invasion through the polymerization of actin filaments. Since Rac1 deficient cells become mechanically softer than controls, we investigated the effect of group I PAKs and PAK1 inhibition on cell mechanics in the presence and absence of Rac1. Therefore, we determined whether mouse embryonic fibroblasts, in which Rac1 was knocked-out, and control cells, displayed cell mechanical alterations after treatment with group I PAKs or PAK1 inhibitors using a magnetic tweezer (adhesive cell state) and an optical cell stretcher (non-adhesive cell state). In fact, we found that group I PAKs and Pak1 inhibition decreased the stiffness and the Young’s modulus of fibroblasts in the presence of Rac1 independent of their adhesive state. However, in the absence of Rac1 the effect was abolished in the adhesive cell state for both inhibitors and in their non-adhesive state, the effect was abolished for the FRAX597 inhibitor, but not for the IPA3 inhibitor. The migration and invasion were additionally reduced by both PAK inhibitors in the presence of Rac1. In the absence of Rac1, only FRAX597 inhibitor reduced their invasiveness, whereas IPA3 had no effect. These findings indicate that group I PAKs and PAK1 inhibition is solely possible in the presence of Rac1 highlighting Rac1/PAK I (PAK1, 2, and 3) as major players in cell mechanics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Puder
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Aermes
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tony Fischer
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tom Kunschmann
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Graber K, Khan F, Glück B, Weigel C, Marzo S, Doshi H, Ehrhardt C, Heller R, Gräler M, Henke A. The role of sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in HSV-1-infected human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Virus Res 2020; 276:197835. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
39
|
Abstract
Actin polymerization is essential for cells to migrate, as well as for various cell biological processes such as cytokinesis and vesicle traffic. This brief review describes the mechanisms underlying its different roles and recent advances in our understanding. Actin usually requires "nuclei"-preformed actin filaments-to start polymerizing, but, once initiated, polymerization continues constitutively. The field therefore has a strong focus on nucleators, in particular the Arp2/3 complex and formins. These have different functions, are controlled by contrasting mechanisms, and generate alternate geometries of actin networks. The Arp2/3 complex functions only when activated by nucleation-promoting factors such as WASP, Scar/WAVE, WASH, and WHAMM and when binding to a pre-existing filament. Formins can be individually active but are usually autoinhibited. Each is controlled by different mechanisms and is involved in different biological roles. We also describe the processes leading to actin disassembly and their regulation and conclude with four questions whose answers are important for understanding actin dynamics but are currently unanswered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Buracco
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Sophie Claydon
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Robert Insall
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, G61 1BD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mehidi A, Rossier O, Schaks M, Chazeau A, Binamé F, Remorino A, Coppey M, Karatas Z, Sibarita JB, Rottner K, Moreau V, Giannone G. Transient Activations of Rac1 at the Lamellipodium Tip Trigger Membrane Protrusion. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2852-2866.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
41
|
Schaks M, Döring H, Kage F, Steffen A, Klünemann T, Blankenfeldt W, Stradal T, Rottner K. RhoG and Cdc42 can contribute to Rac-dependent lamellipodia formation through WAVE regulatory complex-binding. Small GTPases 2019; 12:122-132. [PMID: 31451035 PMCID: PMC7849749 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2019.1657755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration frequently involves the formation of lamellipodial protrusions, the initiation of which requires Rac GTPases signalling to heteropentameric WAVE regulatory complex (WRC). While Rac-related RhoG and Cdc42 can potently stimulate lamellipodium formation, so far presumed to occur by upstream signalling to Rac activation, we show here that the latter can be bypassed by RhoG and Cdc42 given that WRC has been artificially activated. This evidence arises from generation of B16-F1 cells simultaneously lacking both Rac GTPases and WRC, followed by reconstitution of lamellipodia formation with specific Rho-GTPase and differentially active WRC variant combinations. We conclude that formation of canonical lamellipodia requires WRC activation through Rac, but can possibly be tuned, in addition, by WRC interactions with RhoG and Cdc42.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schaks
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Braunschweig, Germany.,Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hermann Döring
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Braunschweig, Germany.,Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frieda Kage
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Braunschweig, Germany.,Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anika Steffen
- Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Klünemann
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia Stradal
- Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Braunschweig, Germany.,Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
ELMO Domain Containing 1 (ELMOD1) Gene Mutation Is Associated with Mental Retardation and Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 69:312-315. [PMID: 31327155 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01359-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
ELMO domain containing 1 (ELMOD1) encodes a protein with GTPase-activating functions. Previous studies have confirmed its overexpression in brain tissues. Although no previous study has reported mutations in this gene in human subjects, spontaneous inactivating mutations in the mouse homolog of this gene have been associated with deafness and balance problems. In the current study, we have performed whole exome sequencing (WES) in a patient with intellectual disability. We found a novel mutation in ELMOD1 gene (c.571delG, p.D191MfsTer25) in the proband and two other affected cases in the family. Segregation analysis showed that parents carried the mutation in the heterozygote state. Consequently, the current study reports the first case of mutation in ELMOD1 in human subjects and demonstrates the significant difference in the phenotypes associated with ELMOD1 mutations in humans and mice.
Collapse
|
43
|
Song CH, Joo HM, Han SH, Kim JI, Nam SY, Kim JY. Low-dose ionizing radiation attenuates mast cell migration through suppression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression by Nr4a2. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:1498-1506. [PMID: 31287373 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1642535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate whether low-dose ionizing radiation attenuates mast cell migration by modulating migration-associated signaling pathways and the expression of chemotactic cytokines.Materials and methods: IgE-sensitized RBL-2H3 mast cells were exposed with ionizing radiation at 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, or 0.5 Gy using a 137Cs γ-irradiator and stimulated with 2,4-dinitrophenol-human serum albumin. Cell migration was determined using a transwell assay system, F-actin distribution using Alex Fluor 488-conjugated phalloidin, expression of various signaling proteins by Western blotting, mRNA expression by RT-PCR.Results: Low-dose ionizing radiation significantly suppressed mast cell migration induced by IgE-mediated mast cell activation. Furthermore, low-dose ionizing radiation altered cell morphology, as reflected by changes in F-actin distribution, and inhibited the activation of PI3K, Btk, Rac1, and Cdc42. These effects were mediated by Nr4a2, an immune-modulating factor. Knockdown of Nr4a2 reduced mast cell migration, inhibited the PI3K and Btk signaling pathways, and reduced expression of the chemotactic cytokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). We further demonstrated that direct blockade of MCP-1 using neutralizing antibodies inhibits mast cell migration.Conclusion: Low-dose ionizing radiation inhibits mast cell migration through the regulation production of MCP-1 by Nr4a2 in the activated mast cell system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hee Song
- Low-dose Radiation Research Team, Radiation Health Institute, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Mi Joo
- Low-dose Radiation Research Team, Radiation Health Institute, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hyun Han
- Low-dose Radiation Research Team, Radiation Health Institute, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-In Kim
- Radiation Emergency Medical Team, Radiation Health Institute, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Young Nam
- Low-dose Radiation Research Team, Radiation Health Institute, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Low-dose Radiation Research Team, Radiation Health Institute, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kunschmann T, Puder S, Fischer T, Steffen A, Rottner K, Mierke CT. The Small GTPase Rac1 Increases Cell Surface Stiffness and Enhances 3D Migration Into Extracellular Matrices. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7675. [PMID: 31118438 PMCID: PMC6531482 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43975-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane ruffling and lamellipodia formation promote the motility of adherent cells in two-dimensional motility assays by mechano-sensing of the microenvironment and initiation of focal adhesions towards their surroundings. Lamellipodium formation is stimulated by small Rho GTPases of the Rac subfamily, since genetic removal of these GTPases abolishes lamellipodium assembly. The relevance of lamellipodial or invadopodial structures for facilitating cellular mechanics and 3D cell motility is still unclear. Here, we hypothesized that Rac1 affects cell mechanics and facilitates 3D invasion. Thus, we explored whether fibroblasts that are genetically deficient for Rac1 (lacking Rac2 and Rac3) harbor altered mechanical properties, such as cellular deformability, intercellular adhesion forces and force exertion, and exhibit alterations in 3D motility. Rac1 knockout and control cells were analyzed for changes in deformability by applying an external force using an optical stretcher. Five Rac1 knockout cell lines were pronouncedly more deformable than Rac1 control cells upon stress application. Using AFM, we found that cell-cell adhesion forces are increased in Rac1 knockout compared to Rac1-expressing fibroblasts. Since mechanical deformability, cell-cell adhesion strength and 3D motility may be functionally connected, we investigated whether increased deformability of Rac1 knockout cells correlates with changes in 3D motility. All five Rac1 knockout clones displayed much lower 3D motility than Rac1-expressing controls. Moreover, force exertion was reduced in Rac1 knockout cells, as assessed by 3D fiber displacement analysis. Interference with cellular stiffness through blocking of actin polymerization by Latrunculin A could not further reduce invasion of Rac1 knockout cells. In contrast, Rac1-expressing controls treated with Latrunculin A were again more deformable and less invasive, suggesting actin polymerization is a major determinant of observed Rac1-dependent effects. Together, we propose that regulation of 3D motility by Rac1 partly involves cellular mechanics such as deformability and exertion of forces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kunschmann
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, Linnestr. 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Puder
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, Linnestr. 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tony Fischer
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, Linnestr. 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anika Steffen
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Claudia Tanja Mierke
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, Linnestr. 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sousa-Squiavinato ACM, Rocha MR, Barcellos-de-Souza P, de Souza WF, Morgado-Diaz JA. Cofilin-1 signaling mediates epithelial-mesenchymal transition by promoting actin cytoskeleton reorganization and cell-cell adhesion regulation in colorectal cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:418-429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
46
|
Jafari A, Isa A, Chen L, Ditzel N, Zaher W, Harkness L, Johnsen HE, Abdallah BM, Clausen C, Kassem M. TAFA2 Induces Skeletal (Stromal) Stem Cell Migration Through Activation of Rac1-p38 Signaling. Stem Cells 2018; 37:407-416. [PMID: 30485583 PMCID: PMC7379704 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms regulating recruitment of human skeletal (stromal or mesenchymal) stem cells (hMSC) to sites of tissue injury is a prerequisite for their successful use in cell replacement therapy. Chemokine‐like protein TAFA2 is a recently discovered neurokine involved in neuronal cell migration and neurite outgrowth. Here, we demonstrate a possible role for TAFA2 in regulating recruitment of hMSC to bone fracture sites. TAFA2 increased the in vitro trans‐well migration and motility of hMSC in a dose‐dependent fashion and induced significant morphological changes including formation of lamellipodia as revealed by high‐content‐image analysis at single‐cell level. Mechanistic studies revealed that TAFA2 enhanced hMSC migration through activation of the Rac1‐p38 pathway. In addition, TAFA2 enhanced hMSC proliferation, whereas differentiation of hMSC toward osteoblast and adipocyte lineages was not altered. in vivo studies demonstrated transient upregulation of TAFA2 gene expression during the inflammatory phase of fracture healing in a closed femoral fracture model in mice, and a similar pattern was observed in serum levels of TAFA2 in patients after hip fracture. Finally, interleukin‐1β was found as an upstream regulator of TAFA2 expression. Our findings demonstrate that TAFA2 enhances hMSC migration and recruitment and thus is relevant for regenerative medicine applications. Stem Cells2019;37:407–416
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Jafari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Adiba Isa
- Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Li Chen
- Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Nicholas Ditzel
- Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Walid Zaher
- Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Linda Harkness
- Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hans E Johnsen
- Department of Haematology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Basem M Abdallah
- Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Moustapha Kassem
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Schaks M, Singh SP, Kage F, Thomason P, Klünemann T, Steffen A, Blankenfeldt W, Stradal TE, Insall RH, Rottner K. Distinct Interaction Sites of Rac GTPase with WAVE Regulatory Complex Have Non-redundant Functions in Vivo. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3674-3684.e6. [PMID: 30393033 PMCID: PMC6264382 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration often involves the formation of sheet-like lamellipodia generated by branched actin filaments. The branches are initiated when Arp2/3 complex [1] is activated by WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) downstream of small GTPases of the Rac family [2]. Recent structural studies defined two independent Rac binding sites on WRC within the Sra-1/PIR121 subunit of the pentameric WRC [3, 4], but the functions of these sites in vivo have remained unknown. Here we dissect the mechanism of WRC activation and the in vivo relevance of distinct Rac binding sites on Sra-1, using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene disruption of Sra-1 and its paralog PIR121 in murine B16-F1 cells combined with Sra-1 mutant rescue. We show that the A site, positioned adjacent to the binding region of WAVE-WCA mediating actin and Arp2/3 complex binding, is the main site for allosteric activation of WRC. In contrast, the D site toward the C terminus is dispensable for WRC activation but required for optimal lamellipodium morphology and function. These results were confirmed in evolutionarily distant Dictyostelium cells. Moreover, the phenotype seen in D site mutants was recapitulated in Rac1 E31 and F37 mutants; we conclude these residues are important for Rac-D site interaction. Finally, constitutively activated WRC was able to induce lamellipodia even after both Rac interaction sites were lost, showing that Rac interaction is not essential for membrane recruitment. Our data establish that physical interaction with Rac is required for WRC activation, in particular through the A site, but is not mandatory for WRC accumulation in the lamellipodium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schaks
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Shashi P Singh
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Frieda Kage
- Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Thomason
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Thomas Klünemann
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anika Steffen
- Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia E Stradal
- Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Robert H Insall
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Peng JX, Liang SY, Li L. sFRP1 exerts effects on gastric cancer cells through GSK3β/Rac1‑mediated restraint of TGFβ/Smad3 signaling. Oncol Rep 2018; 41:224-234. [PMID: 30542739 PMCID: PMC6278527 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (sFRP1) is an inhibitor of canonical Wnt signaling; however, previous studies have determined a tumor-promoting function of sFRP1 in a number of different cancer types. A previous study demonstrated that sFRP1 overexpression was associated with an aggressive phenotype and the activation of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling. sFRP1 overexpression and sFRP1 knockdown cell models were established. Immunoblotting was conducted to examine the protein levels of the associated molecules. Immunofluorescence staining followed by confocal microscopy was performed to visualize the cytoskeleton alterations and subcellular localization of key proteins. sFRP1 overexpression restored glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) activity, which activated Rac family small GTPase 1 (Rac1). GSK3β and Rac1 mediated the effect of sFRP1 on the positive regulation of cell growth and migration/invasion. Inhibition of GSK3β or Rac1 abolished the regulation of sFRP1 on TGFβ/SMAD family member 3 (Smad3) signaling and the aggressive phenotype; however, GSK3β or Rac1 overexpression increased cell migration/invasion and restrained Smad3 activity by preventing its nuclear translocation and limiting its transcriptional activity. The present study demonstrated a tumor-promoting function of sFRP1-overexpression by selectively activating TGFβ signaling in gastric cancer cells. GSK3β and Rac1 serve an important function in mediating the sFRP1-induced malignant alterations and signaling changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Xiang Peng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Shun-Yu Liang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangzhou First Municipal People's Hospital, Affiliated Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Assembling actin filaments for protrusion. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 56:53-63. [PMID: 30278304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration entails a plethora of activities combining the productive exertion of protrusive and contractile forces to allow cells to push and squeeze themselves through cell clumps, interstitial tissues or tissue borders. All these activities require the generation and turnover of actin filaments that arrange into specific, subcellular structures. The most prominent structures mediating the protrusion at the leading edges of cells include lamellipodia and filopodia as well as plasma membrane blebs. Moreover, in cells migrating on planar substratum, mechanical support is being provided by an additional, more proximally located structure termed the lamella. Here, we systematically dissect the literature concerning the mechanisms driving actin filament nucleation and elongation in the best-studied protrusive structure, the lamellipodium. Recent work has shed light on open questions in lamellipodium protrusion, including the relative contributions of nucleation versus elongation to the assembly of both individual filaments and the lamellipodial network as a whole. However, much remains to be learned concerning the specificity and relevance of individual factors, their cooperation and their site-specific functions relative to the importance of global actin monomer and filament homeostasis.
Collapse
|
50
|
Fort L, Batista JM, Thomason PA, Spence HJ, Whitelaw JA, Tweedy L, Greaves J, Martin KJ, Anderson KI, Brown P, Lilla S, Neilson MP, Tafelmeyer P, Zanivan S, Ismail S, Bryant DM, Tomkinson NCO, Chamberlain LH, Mastick GS, Insall RH, Machesky LM. Fam49/CYRI interacts with Rac1 and locally suppresses protrusions. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:1159-1171. [PMID: 30250061 PMCID: PMC6863750 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Actin-based protrusions are reinforced through positive feedback, but it is unclear what restricts their size, or limits positive signals when they retract or split. We identify an evolutionarily conserved regulator of actin-based protrusion: CYRI (CYFIP-related Rac interactor) also known as Fam49 (family of unknown function 49). CYRI binds activated Rac1 via a domain of unknown function (DUF1394) shared with CYFIP, defining DUF1394 as a Rac1-binding module. CYRI-depleted cells have broad lamellipodia enriched in Scar/WAVE, but reduced protrusion-retraction dynamics. Pseudopods induced by optogenetic Rac1 activation in CYRI-depleted cells are larger and longer lived. Conversely, CYRI overexpression suppresses recruitment of active Scar/WAVE to the cell edge, resulting in short-lived, unproductive protrusions. CYRI thus focuses protrusion signals and regulates pseudopod complexity by inhibiting Scar/WAVE-induced actin polymerization. It thus behaves like a 'local inhibitor' as predicted in widely accepted mathematical models, but not previously identified in cells. CYRI therefore regulates chemotaxis, cell migration and epithelial polarization by controlling the polarity and plasticity of protrusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loic Fort
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - José Miguel Batista
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer Greaves
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Kurt I Anderson
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shehab Ismail
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - David M Bryant
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicholas C O Tomkinson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Luke H Chamberlain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Robert H Insall
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.
- University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Laura M Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.
- University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK.
| |
Collapse
|