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Dalal K, Yang W, Tian E, Chernish A, McCluggage P, Lara AJ, Ten Hagen KG, Tabak LA. In vivo mapping of the mouse Galnt3-specific O-glycoproteome. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107628. [PMID: 39098533 PMCID: PMC11402288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine polypeptide:N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GalNAc-T) family of enzymes initiates O-linked glycosylation by catalyzing the addition of the first GalNAc sugar to serine or threonine on proteins destined to be membrane-bound or secreted. Defects in individual isoforms of the GalNAc-T family can lead to certain congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG). The polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3 (GALNT)3-CDG, is caused by mutations in GALNT3, resulting in hyperphosphatemic familial tumoral calcinosis due to impaired glycosylation of the phosphate-regulating hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) within osteocytes of the bone. Patients with hyperphosphatemia present altered bone density, abnormal tooth structure, and calcified masses throughout the body. It is therefore important to identify all potential substrates of GalNAc-T3 throughout the body to understand the complex disease phenotypes. Here, we compared the Galnt3-/- mouse model, which partially phenocopies GALNT3-CDG, with WT mice and used a multicomponent approach using chemoenzymatic conditions, a product-dependent method constructed using EThcD triggered scans in a mass spectrometry workflow, quantitative O-glycoproteomics, and global proteomics to identify 663 Galnt3-specific O-glycosites from 269 glycoproteins across multiple tissues. Consistent with the mouse and human phenotypes, functional networks of glycoproteins that contain GalNAc-T3-specific O-glycosites involved in skeletal morphology, mineral level maintenance, and hemostasis were identified. This library of in vivo GalNAc-T3-specific substrate proteins and O-glycosites will serve as a valuable resource to understand the functional implications of O-glycosylation and to unravel the underlying causes of complex human GALNT3-CDG phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruti Dalal
- Biological Chemistry Section and Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Weiming Yang
- Biological Chemistry Section and Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - E Tian
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aliona Chernish
- Biological Chemistry Section and Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peggy McCluggage
- Biological Chemistry Section and Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander J Lara
- Biological Chemistry Section and Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly G Ten Hagen
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lawrence A Tabak
- Biological Chemistry Section and Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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2
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Koh NYY, Miszkiewicz JJ, Fac ML, Wee NKY, Sims NA. Preclinical Rodent Models for Human Bone Disease, Including a Focus on Cortical Bone. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:493-520. [PMID: 38315213 PMCID: PMC11244217 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Preclinical models (typically ovariectomized rats and genetically altered mice) have underpinned much of what we know about skeletal biology. They have been pivotal for developing therapies for osteoporosis and monogenic skeletal conditions, including osteogenesis imperfecta, achondroplasia, hypophosphatasia, and craniodysplasias. Further therapeutic advances, particularly to improve cortical strength, require improved understanding and more rigorous use and reporting. We describe here how trabecular and cortical bone structure develop, are maintained, and degenerate with aging in mice, rats, and humans, and how cortical bone structure is changed in some preclinical models of endocrine conditions (eg, postmenopausal osteoporosis, chronic kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism, diabetes). We provide examples of preclinical models used to identify and test current therapies for osteoporosis, and discuss common concerns raised when comparing rodent preclinical models to the human skeleton. We focus especially on cortical bone, because it differs between small and larger mammals in its organizational structure. We discuss mechanisms common to mouse and human controlling cortical bone strength and structure, including recent examples revealing genetic contributors to cortical porosity and osteocyte network configurations during growth, maturity, and aging. We conclude with guidelines for clear reporting on mouse models with a goal for better consistency in the use and interpretation of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Y Y Koh
- Bone Cell Biology & Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Justyna J Miszkiewicz
- School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Vertebrate Evolution Development and Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mary Louise Fac
- Bone Cell Biology & Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Natalie K Y Wee
- Bone Cell Biology & Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- Bone Cell Biology & Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
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3
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Monteiro-Cardoso VF, Giordano F. Emerging functions of the mitochondria-ER-lipid droplet three-way junction in coordinating lipid transfer, metabolism, and storage in cells. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:1252-1273. [PMID: 38774950 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, we have witnessed a growing appreciation for the importance of membrane contact sites (CS) in facilitating direct communication between organelles. CS are tiny regions where the membranes of two organelles meet but do not fuse and allow the transfer of metabolites between organelles, playing crucial roles in the coordination of cellular metabolic activities. The significant advancements in imaging techniques and molecular and cell biology research have revealed that CS are more complex than what originally thought, and as they are extremely dynamic, they can remodel their shape, composition, and functions in accordance with metabolic and environmental changes and can occur between more than two organelles. Here, we describe how recent studies led to the identification of a three-way mitochondria-ER-lipid droplet CS and discuss the emerging functions of these contacts in maintaining lipid storage, homeostasis, and balance. We also summarize the properties and functions of key protein components localized at the mitochondria-ER-lipid droplet interface, with a special focus on lipid transfer proteins. Understanding tripartite CS is essential for unraveling the complexities of inter-organelle communication and cooperation within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Filipa Monteiro-Cardoso
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- Inserm U1280, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Francesca Giordano
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- Inserm U1280, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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4
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Martínez D, Nualart D, Loncoman C, Opazo JC, Zabala K, Morera FJ, Mardones GA, Vargas-Chacoff L. Discovery of BbX transcription factor in the patagonian blennie: Exploring expression changes following combined bacterial and thermal stress exposure. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 149:105056. [PMID: 37730191 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
High-Mobility Group (HMG) proteins are involved in different processes such as transcription, replication, DNA repair, and immune response. The role of HMG proteins in the immune response of fish has been studied mainly for HMGB1, where its expression can be induced by the stimulation of viral/bacterial PAMPs and can act as a proinflammatory mediator and as a global regulator of transcription in response to temperature. However, for BbX this role remains to be discovered. In this work, we identified the BbX of E. maclovinus and evaluated the temporal expression levels after simultaneous challenge with P. salmonis and thermal stress. Phylogenetic analysis does not significantly deviate from the expected organismal relationships suggesting orthologous relationships and that BbX was present in the common ancestor of the group. BbX mRNA expression levels were very high in the intestinal tissue of E. maclovinus (foregut, midgut, and hindgut). Nevertheless, the protein levels analyzed by WB showed the highest levels of BbX protein in the liver (constitutive expression). On the other hand, the mRNA expression levels of BbX in the liver of E. maclovinus injected with P. salmonis and subjected to thermal stress showed an increase at days 16 and 20 in all treatments applied at 12 °C and 18 °C. Meanwhile, the protein levels quantified by WB showed a statistically significant increase in the HMG-Bbx at all experimental times (4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 dpi). However, at 4 dpi the HMG-Bbx protein levels were much higher than the other days evaluated. The results suggest that BbX protein may be implicated in the response mechanism to temperature and bacterial stimulation in the foregut, midgut, hindgut, and liver, according to our findings at the level of mRNA and protein. Furthermore, our WB analysis suggests an effect of P. salmonis on the expression of this protein that can be observed in condition C+ 12 °C compared to C- 12 °C. Then, there is an effect of temperature that can be evidenced in the condition AM 18 °C and SM 18 °C, compared to AB 18 °C and SB 18 °C at 4, 8, and 12 dpi. We found not differences in the levels of this protein if the thermal stress is achieved through acclimatization or shock. More research is necessary to clarify the importance of this type of HMG in the immune response and thermal tolerance in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danixa Martínez
- Laboratorio Institucional de Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias de La Naturaleza, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Daniela Nualart
- Escuela de Graduados, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de La Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems, BASE, University Austral of Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos Loncoman
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Laboratorio de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Virología y Biotecnología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan C Opazo
- Integrative Biology Group, Valdivia, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Valdivia, Chile; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Kattina Zabala
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Francisco J Morera
- Integrative Biology Group, Valdivia, Chile; Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo A Mardones
- Integrative Biology Group, Valdivia, Chile; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems, BASE, University Austral of Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile; Integrative Biology Group, Valdivia, Chile.
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5
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Huang M, Liu Y, Lu X. Genomic Basis of Adaptive Divergence in Leg Length between Ground- and Tree-Dwelling Species within a Bird Family. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad166. [PMID: 37708414 PMCID: PMC10516731 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hind limbs of tetrapods vary greatly in length and the variability can be associated with locomotor adaptation. Although the phenotypic evolution has been well documented, the underlying genetic basis remains poorly understood. We address this issue by integrating comparative genomics and functional prediction with a study system consisting of ground-dwelling, long-legged and tree-dwelling, short-legged species within the avian family Paridae. Genome-wide divergence and phenotypic correlation analyses jointly identified five highly divergent genomic regions that are significantly related with the difference in leg length between these two groups. Gene annotation for these regions detected three genes involved in skeletal development, that is, PTPA, BRINP1, and MIGA2, with the first one being under the strongest selection. Furthermore, four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding region of PTPA can well distinguish the two groups with distinct leg length. Among the four SNPs, one is non-synonymous mutation, and according to the prediction for protein structure and function, it can affect the 3D structure of the encoded protein by altering the corresponding amino acid's position. The alleles of PTPA were found in all sequenced species of the orders Palaeognathae and Psittaciformes, which typically take a ground locomotion style. A whole-genome scanning across bird species uncovered that the four SNPs are more likely to be present in resident passerines with increased leg length/wing length ratios (a proxy of leg-dependent locomotion efficiency). Our findings provide insight into the molecular evolution of locomotion performance based on leg morphology in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Huang
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanrui Liu
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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6
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Zhou S, Sosina OA, Bovijn J, Laurent L, Sharma V, Akbari P, Forgetta V, Jiang L, Kosmicki JA, Banerjee N, Morris JA, Oerton E, Jones M, LeBlanc MG, Idone V, Overton JD, Reid JG, Cantor M, Abecasis GR, Goltzman D, Greenwood CMT, Langenberg C, Baras A, Economides AN, Ferreira MAR, Hatsell S, Ohlsson C, Richards JB, Lotta LA. Converging evidence from exome sequencing and common variants implicates target genes for osteoporosis. Nat Genet 2023; 55:1277-1287. [PMID: 37558884 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we leveraged the combined evidence of rare coding variants and common alleles to identify therapeutic targets for osteoporosis. We undertook a large-scale multiancestry exome-wide association study for estimated bone mineral density, which showed that the burden of rare coding alleles in 19 genes was associated with estimated bone mineral density (P < 3.6 × 10-7). These genes were highly enriched for a set of known causal genes for osteoporosis (65-fold; P = 2.5 × 10-5). Exome-wide significant genes had 96-fold increased odds of being the top ranked effector gene at a given GWAS locus (P = 1.8 × 10-10). By integrating proteomics Mendelian randomization evidence, we prioritized CD109 (cluster of differentiation 109) as a gene for which heterozygous loss of function is associated with higher bone density. CRISPR-Cas9 editing of CD109 in SaOS-2 osteoblast-like cell lines showed that partial CD109 knockdown led to increased mineralization. This study demonstrates that the convergence of common and rare variants, proteomics and CRISPR can highlight new bone biology to guide therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Zhou
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Olukayode A Sosina
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Jonas Bovijn
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Laetitia Laurent
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vasundhara Sharma
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Parsa Akbari
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Vincenzo Forgetta
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Five Prime Sciences Inc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lai Jiang
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jack A Kosmicki
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Nilanjana Banerjee
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | - Erin Oerton
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcus Jones
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Michelle G LeBlanc
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | - John D Overton
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Reid
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Michael Cantor
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - David Goltzman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Celia M T Greenwood
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aris Baras
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Aris N Economides
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Manuel A R Ferreira
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre of Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J Brent Richards
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
- Five Prime Sciences Inc, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Luca A Lotta
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
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Lindberg FA, Nordenankar K, Forsberg EC, Fredriksson R. SLC38A10 Deficiency in Mice Affects Plasma Levels of Threonine and Histidine in Males but Not in Females: A Preliminary Characterization Study of SLC38A10−/− Mice. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040835. [PMID: 37107593 PMCID: PMC10138244 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Solute carriers belong to the biggest group of transporters in the human genome, but more knowledge is needed to fully understand their function and possible role as therapeutic targets. SLC38A10, a poorly characterized solute carrier, is preliminary characterized here. By using a knockout mouse model, we studied the biological effects of SLC38A10 deficiency in vivo. We performed a transcriptomic analysis of the whole brain and found seven differentially expressed genes in SLC38A10-deficient mice (Gm48159, Nr4a1, Tuba1c, Lrrc56, mt-Tp, Hbb-bt and Snord116/9). By measuring amino acids in plasma, we found lower levels of threonine and histidine in knockout males, whereas no amino acid levels were affected in females, suggesting that SLC38A10−/− might affect sexes differently. Using RT-qPCR, we investigated the effect of SLC38A10 deficiency on mRNA expression of other SLC38 members, Mtor and Rps6kb1 in the brain, liver, lung, muscle, and kidney, but no differences were found. Relative telomere length measurement was also taken, as a marker for cellular age, but no differences were found between the genotypes. We conclude that SLC38A10 might be important for keeping amino acid homeostasis in plasma, at least in males, but no major effects were seen on transcriptomic expression or telomere length in the whole brain.
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Lindberg FA, Roman E, Fredriksson R. Behavioral profiling of SLC38A10 knockout mice using the multivariate concentric square field TM test. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:987037. [PMID: 36620864 PMCID: PMC9815452 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.987037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction SLC38A10 is a gene that encodes the SLC38A10 protein, also known as SNAT10. The SLC38 family is evolutionary old, and SLC38A10 is one of the oldest members of the family. It is ubiquitously expressed, and its substrates are glutamine, glutamate, alanine, aspartate, and serine. However, little is known about its biological importance. Methods In the current study, an SLC38A10 knockout mouse was run in the multivariate concentric square field TM (MCSF) test. The MCSF test gives the mouse a choice of areas to explore; sheltered areas, elevated and illuminated areas, or open spaces, and a behavioral profile is obtained. The multivariate data obtained were analyzed (i) for each parameter, (ii) parameters grouped into functional categories, and (iii) with a principal component analysis. Results In the trend analysis, knockout mice had a decreased exploratory behavior compared to controls but did not show a distinct grouping in the principal component analysis. Discussion There was not a pronounced difference in the behavioral profile in SLC38A10 knockout mice compared to their wild-type controls, although subtle alterations in zones associated with exploratory behavior and risk assessment in female and male knockout mice, respectively, could be observed. These results imply that a loss of function of the SLC38A10 protein in mice does not drastically alter behavior in the MSCF test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida A. Lindberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden,*Correspondence: Frida A. Lindberg,
| | - Erika Roman
- Neuropharmacology and Addiction, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden,Division of Anatomy and Physiology, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Fredriksson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Lindberg FA, Nordenankar K, Fredriksson R. SLC38A10 Knockout Mice Display a Decreased Body Weight and an Increased Risk-Taking Behavior in the Open Field Test. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:840987. [PMID: 35677577 PMCID: PMC9169716 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.840987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier 38 family (SLC38) is a family of 11 members. The most common substrate among these are alanine and glutamine, and members are present in a wide range of tissues with important functions for several biological processes, such as liver and brain function. Some of these transporters are better characterized than others and, in this paper, a behavioral characterization of SLC38A10−/− mice was carried out. A battery of tests for general activity, emotionality, motor function, and spatial memory was used. Among these tests, the elevated plus maze, Y-maze, marble burying and challenging beam walk have not been tested on the SLC38A10−/− mice previously, while the open field and the rotarod tests have been performed by the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC). Unlike the results from IMPC, the results from this study showed that SLC38A10−/− mice spend less time in the wall zone in the open field test than WT mice, implying that SLC38A10-deficient mice have an increased explorative behavior, which suggests an important function of SLC38A10 in brain. The present study also confirmed IMPC's data regarding rotarod performance and weight, showing that SLC38A10−/− mice do not have an affected motor coordination impairment and have a lower body weight than both SLC38A10+/− and SLC38A10+/+ mice. These results imply that a complete deficiency of the SLC38A10 protein might affect body weight homeostasis, but the underlying mechanisms needs to be studied further.
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Abstract
Understanding the properties of bone is of both fundamental and clinical relevance. The basis of bone’s quality and mechanical resilience lies in its nanoscale building blocks (i.e., mineral, collagen, non-collagenous proteins, and water) and their complex interactions across length scales. Although the structure–mechanical property relationship in healthy bone tissue is relatively well characterized, not much is known about the molecular-level origin of impaired mechanics and higher fracture risks in skeletal disorders such as osteoporosis or Paget’s disease. Alterations in the ultrastructure, chemistry, and nano-/micromechanics of bone tissue in such a diverse group of diseased states have only been briefly explored. Recent research is uncovering the effects of several non-collagenous bone matrix proteins, whose deficiencies or mutations are, to some extent, implicated in bone diseases, on bone matrix quality and mechanics. Herein, we review existing studies on ultrastructural imaging—with a focus on electron microscopy—and chemical, mechanical analysis of pathological bone tissues. The nanometric details offered by these reports, from studying knockout mice models to characterizing exact disease phenotypes, can provide key insights into various bone pathologies and facilitate the development of new treatments.
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11
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Foessl I, Bassett JHD, Bjørnerem Å, Busse B, Calado Â, Chavassieux P, Christou M, Douni E, Fiedler IAK, Fonseca JE, Hassler E, Högler W, Kague E, Karasik D, Khashayar P, Langdahl BL, Leitch VD, Lopes P, Markozannes G, McGuigan FEA, Medina-Gomez C, Ntzani E, Oei L, Ohlsson C, Szulc P, Tobias JH, Trajanoska K, Tuzun Ş, Valjevac A, van Rietbergen B, Williams GR, Zekic T, Rivadeneira F, Obermayer-Pietsch B. Bone Phenotyping Approaches in Human, Mice and Zebrafish - Expert Overview of the EU Cost Action GEMSTONE ("GEnomics of MusculoSkeletal traits TranslatiOnal NEtwork"). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:720728. [PMID: 34925226 PMCID: PMC8672201 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.720728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A synoptic overview of scientific methods applied in bone and associated research fields across species has yet to be published. Experts from the EU Cost Action GEMSTONE ("GEnomics of MusculoSkeletal Traits translational Network") Working Group 2 present an overview of the routine techniques as well as clinical and research approaches employed to characterize bone phenotypes in humans and selected animal models (mice and zebrafish) of health and disease. The goal is consolidation of knowledge and a map for future research. This expert paper provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art technologies to investigate bone properties in humans and animals - including their strengths and weaknesses. New research methodologies are outlined and future strategies are discussed to combine phenotypic with rapidly developing -omics data in order to advance musculoskeletal research and move towards "personalised medicine".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Foessl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Endocrine Lab Platform, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - J. H. Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Åshild Bjørnerem
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian Research Centre for Women’s Health, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ângelo Calado
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Maria Christou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Eleni Douni
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Vari, Greece
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Imke A. K. Fiedler
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - João Eurico Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eva Hassler
- Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Högler
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Erika Kague
- The School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David Karasik
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Patricia Khashayar
- Center for Microsystems Technology, Imec and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bente L. Langdahl
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Victoria D. Leitch
- Innovative Manufacturing Cooperative Research Centre, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Philippe Lopes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Georgios Markozannes
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | | | - Evangelia Ntzani
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Center for Research Synthesis in Health, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Ling Oei
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pawel Szulc
- INSERM UMR 1033, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jonathan H. Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Katerina Trajanoska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Şansın Tuzun
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Department, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Amina Valjevac
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Bert van Rietbergen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tatjana Zekic
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Endocrine Lab Platform, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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12
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Yang L, Wang Y, Sun N, Chen J, He S. Genomic and functional evidence reveals convergent evolution in fishes on the Tibetan Plateau. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:5752-5764. [PMID: 34516715 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-altitude environments are strong drivers of adaptive evolution in endemic organisms. However, little is known about the genetic mechanisms of convergent adaptation among different lineages, especially in fishes. There are three independent fish groups on the Tibetan Plateau: Tibetan Loaches, Schizothoracine fishes and Glyptosternoid fishes; all are well adapted to the harsh environmental conditions. They represent an excellent example of convergent evolution but with an unclear genetic basis. We used comparative genomic analyses between Tibetan fishes and fishes from low altitudes and detected genomic signatures of convergent evolution in fishes on the Tibetan Plateau. The Tibetan fishes exhibited genome-wide accelerated evolution in comparison with a control set of fishes from low altitudes. A total of 368 positively selected genes were identified in Tibetan fishes, which were enriched in functional categories related to energy metabolism and hypoxia response. Widespread parallel amino acid substitutions were detected among the Tibetan fishes and a subset of these substitutions occurred in positively selected genes associated with high-altitude adaptation. Functional assays suggested that von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumour suppressor genes from Tibetan fishes enhance hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) activity convergently under hypoxia compared to low-altitude fishes. The results provide genomic and functional evidence supporting convergent genetic mechanisms for high-altitude adaptation in fishes on the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liandong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Engineering Research Center for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Hanjiang River Basin, College of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China.,Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Engineering Research Center for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Hanjiang River Basin, College of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shunping He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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13
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Abstract
This review describes results obtained with tissue from prior studies of equine and human osteoarthritis (OA). The main methods considered are scanning electron microscopy, novel methods in light microscopy and X-ray Micro-tomography. The same samples have been re-utilised in several ways. The tissues described are hyaline articular cartilage (HAC; or substitutes), with its deep layer, articular calcified cartilage (ACC), whose deep surface is resorbed in cutting cone events to allow the deposition of subchondral bone (SCB). Multiple tidemarks are normal. Turnover at the osteochondral (ACC-HAC-SCB) junction is downregulated by overload exercise, conversely, during rest periods. Consequent lack of support predisposes to microfracture of the ACC-SCB plate, in the resorption-related repair phase of which the plate is further undermined to form sink holes. The following characteristics contribute to the OA scenario: penetrating resorption canals and local loss of ACC; cracking of ACC and SCB; sealing of cracks with High-Density Mineral Infill (HDMI); extrusion of HDMI into HAC to form High-Density Mineral Protrusions (HDMP) in HAC which may fragment and contribute to its destruction; SCB marrow space infilling and densification with (at first) woven bone; disruption, fibrillation and loss of HAC; eburnation; repair with abnormal tissues including fibrocartilage and woven bone; attachment of Sharpey fibres to SCB trabeculae and adipocyte-moulded extensions to trabeculae (excrescences).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Boyde
- Dental Physical Sciences Imaging Unit, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Campus, London, E1 4NS, UK.
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14
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Youlten SE, Kemp JP, Logan JG, Ghirardello EJ, Sergio CM, Dack MRG, Guilfoyle SE, Leitch VD, Butterfield NC, Komla-Ebri D, Chai RC, Corr AP, Smith JT, Mohanty ST, Morris JA, McDonald MM, Quinn JMW, McGlade AR, Bartonicek N, Jansson M, Hatzikotoulas K, Irving MD, Beleza-Meireles A, Rivadeneira F, Duncan E, Richards JB, Adams DJ, Lelliott CJ, Brink R, Phan TG, Eisman JA, Evans DM, Zeggini E, Baldock PA, Bassett JHD, Williams GR, Croucher PI. Osteocyte transcriptome mapping identifies a molecular landscape controlling skeletal homeostasis and susceptibility to skeletal disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2444. [PMID: 33953184 PMCID: PMC8100170 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes are master regulators of the skeleton. We mapped the transcriptome of osteocytes from different skeletal sites, across age and sexes in mice to reveal genes and molecular programs that control this complex cellular-network. We define an osteocyte transcriptome signature of 1239 genes that distinguishes osteocytes from other cells. 77% have no previously known role in the skeleton and are enriched for genes regulating neuronal network formation, suggesting this programme is important in osteocyte communication. We evaluated 19 skeletal parameters in 733 knockout mouse lines and reveal 26 osteocyte transcriptome signature genes that control bone structure and function. We showed osteocyte transcriptome signature genes are enriched for human orthologs that cause monogenic skeletal disorders (P = 2.4 × 10-22) and are associated with the polygenic diseases osteoporosis (P = 1.8 × 10-13) and osteoarthritis (P = 1.6 × 10-7). Thus, we reveal the molecular landscape that regulates osteocyte network formation and function and establish the importance of osteocytes in human skeletal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Youlten
- Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John P Kemp
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, UQ, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - John G Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elena J Ghirardello
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Claudio M Sergio
- Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael R G Dack
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Siobhan E Guilfoyle
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Victoria D Leitch
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- RMIT Centre for Additive Manufacturing, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, UK
| | - Natalie C Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Davide Komla-Ebri
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ryan C Chai
- Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander P Corr
- Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - James T Smith
- Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Sindhu T Mohanty
- Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John A Morris
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle M McDonald
- Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julian M W Quinn
- Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amelia R McGlade
- Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nenad Bartonicek
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matt Jansson
- Viapath Genetics Laboratory, Viapath Analytics LLP, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Konstantinos Hatzikotoulas
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Melita D Irving
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Emma Duncan
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Australian Translational Genomics Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - J Brent Richards
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Robert Brink
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Division of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Division of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John A Eisman
- Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine Sydney, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, UQ, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Paul A Baldock
- Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Peter I Croucher
- Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia.
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15
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McDonald MM, Khoo WH, Ng PY, Xiao Y, Zamerli J, Thatcher P, Kyaw W, Pathmanandavel K, Grootveld AK, Moran I, Butt D, Nguyen A, Corr A, Warren S, Biro M, Butterfield NC, Guilfoyle SE, Komla-Ebri D, Dack MRG, Dewhurst HF, Logan JG, Li Y, Mohanty ST, Byrne N, Terry RL, Simic MK, Chai R, Quinn JMW, Youlten SE, Pettitt JA, Abi-Hanna D, Jain R, Weninger W, Lundberg M, Sun S, Ebetino FH, Timpson P, Lee WM, Baldock PA, Rogers MJ, Brink R, Williams GR, Bassett JHD, Kemp JP, Pavlos NJ, Croucher PI, Phan TG. Osteoclasts recycle via osteomorphs during RANKL-stimulated bone resorption. Cell 2021; 184:1330-1347.e13. [PMID: 33636130 PMCID: PMC7938889 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are large multinucleated bone-resorbing cells formed by the fusion of monocyte/macrophage-derived precursors that are thought to undergo apoptosis once resorption is complete. Here, by intravital imaging, we reveal that RANKL-stimulated osteoclasts have an alternative cell fate in which they fission into daughter cells called osteomorphs. Inhibiting RANKL blocked this cellular recycling and resulted in osteomorph accumulation. Single-cell RNA sequencing showed that osteomorphs are transcriptionally distinct from osteoclasts and macrophages and express a number of non-canonical osteoclast genes that are associated with structural and functional bone phenotypes when deleted in mice. Furthermore, genetic variation in human orthologs of osteomorph genes causes monogenic skeletal disorders and associates with bone mineral density, a polygenetic skeletal trait. Thus, osteoclasts recycle via osteomorphs, a cell type involved in the regulation of bone resorption that may be targeted for the treatment of skeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M McDonald
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Weng Hua Khoo
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Pei Ying Ng
- Bone Biology & Disease Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Ya Xiao
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jad Zamerli
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Thatcher
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wunna Kyaw
- Immunology Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Abigail K Grootveld
- Immunology Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Imogen Moran
- Immunology Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Danyal Butt
- Immunology Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Akira Nguyen
- Immunology Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander Corr
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean Warren
- Cancer, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maté Biro
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Natalie C Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Siobhan E Guilfoyle
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Davide Komla-Ebri
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael R G Dack
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah F Dewhurst
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John G Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yongxiao Li
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sindhu T Mohanty
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Niall Byrne
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachael L Terry
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marija K Simic
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ryan Chai
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julian M W Quinn
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott E Youlten
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica A Pettitt
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Abi-Hanna
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rohit Jain
- Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mischa Lundberg
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Transformational Bioinformatics, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Paul Timpson
- Cancer, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Woei Ming Lee
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Paul A Baldock
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael J Rogers
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert Brink
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia; Immunology Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John P Kemp
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nathan J Pavlos
- Bone Biology & Disease Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Peter I Croucher
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia; Immunology Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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16
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Tobias JH, Duncan EL, Kague E, Hammond CL, Gregson CL, Bassett D, Williams GR, Min JL, Gaunt TR, Karasik D, Ohlsson C, Rivadeneira F, Edwards JR, Hannan FM, Kemp JP, Gilbert SJ, Alonso N, Hassan N, Compston JE, Ralston SH. Opportunities and Challenges in Functional Genomics Research in Osteoporosis: Report From a Workshop Held by the Causes Working Group of the Osteoporosis and Bone Research Academy of the Royal Osteoporosis Society on October 5th 2020. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 11:630875. [PMID: 33658983 PMCID: PMC7917291 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.630875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery that sclerostin is the defective protein underlying the rare heritable bone mass disorder, sclerosteosis, ultimately led to development of anti-sclerostin antibodies as a new treatment for osteoporosis. In the era of large scale GWAS, many additional genetic signals associated with bone mass and related traits have since been reported. However, how best to interrogate these signals in order to identify the underlying gene responsible for these genetic associations, a prerequisite for identifying drug targets for further treatments, remains a challenge. The resources available for supporting functional genomics research continues to expand, exemplified by "multi-omics" database resources, with improved availability of datasets derived from bone tissues. These databases provide information about potential molecular mediators such as mRNA expression, protein expression, and DNA methylation levels, which can be interrogated to map genetic signals to specific genes based on identification of causal pathways between the genetic signal and the phenotype being studied. Functional evaluation of potential causative genes has been facilitated by characterization of the "osteocyte signature", by broad phenotyping of knockout mice with deletions of over 7,000 genes, in which more detailed skeletal phenotyping is currently being undertaken, and by development of zebrafish as a highly efficient additional in vivo model for functional studies of the skeleton. Looking to the future, this expanding repertoire of tools offers the hope of accurately defining the major genetic signals which contribute to osteoporosis. This may in turn lead to the identification of additional therapeutic targets, and ultimately new treatments for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H. Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L. Duncan
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erika Kague
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Chrissy L. Hammond
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Celia L. Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Josine L. Min
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tom R. Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David Karasik
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - James R. Edwards
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fadil M. Hannan
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Kemp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Sophie J. Gilbert
- Biomechanics and Bioengineering Centre Versus Arthritis, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nerea Alonso
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neelam Hassan
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Juliet E. Compston
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart H. Ralston
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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17
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Butterfield NC, Curry KF, Steinberg J, Dewhurst H, Komla-Ebri D, Mannan NS, Adoum AT, Leitch VD, Logan JG, Waung JA, Ghirardello E, Southam L, Youlten SE, Wilkinson JM, McAninch EA, Vancollie VE, Kussy F, White JK, Lelliott CJ, Adams DJ, Jacques R, Bianco AC, Boyde A, Zeggini E, Croucher PI, Williams GR, Bassett JHD. Accelerating functional gene discovery in osteoarthritis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:467. [PMID: 33473114 PMCID: PMC7817695 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20761-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis causes debilitating pain and disability, resulting in a considerable socioeconomic burden, yet no drugs are available that prevent disease onset or progression. Here, we develop, validate and use rapid-throughput imaging techniques to identify abnormal joint phenotypes in randomly selected mutant mice generated by the International Knockout Mouse Consortium. We identify 14 genes with functional involvement in osteoarthritis pathogenesis, including the homeobox gene Pitx1, and functionally characterize 6 candidate human osteoarthritis genes in mouse models. We demonstrate sensitivity of the methods by identifying age-related degenerative joint damage in wild-type mice. Finally, we phenotype previously generated mutant mice with an osteoarthritis-associated polymorphism in the Dio2 gene by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and demonstrate a protective role in disease onset with public health implications. We hope this expanding resource of mutant mice will accelerate functional gene discovery in osteoarthritis and offer drug discovery opportunities for this common, incapacitating chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Katherine F Curry
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Julia Steinberg
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Hannah Dewhurst
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Davide Komla-Ebri
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Naila S Mannan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Anne-Tounsia Adoum
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Victoria D Leitch
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - John G Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Julian A Waung
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Elena Ghirardello
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Lorraine Southam
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Scott E Youlten
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - J Mark Wilkinson
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
- Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing and Sheffield Healthy Lifespan Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Elizabeth A McAninch
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | | | - Fiona Kussy
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jacqueline K White
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | | | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Richard Jacques
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Alan Boyde
- Dental Physical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Peter I Croucher
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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18
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Swan AL, Schütt C, Rozman J, del Mar Muñiz Moreno M, Brandmaier S, Simon M, Leuchtenberger S, Griffiths M, Brommage R, Keskivali-Bond P, Grallert H, Werner T, Teperino R, Becker L, Miller G, Moshiri A, Seavitt JR, Cissell DD, Meehan TF, Acar EF, Lelliott CJ, Flenniken AM, Champy MF, Sorg T, Ayadi A, Braun RE, Cater H, Dickinson ME, Flicek P, Gallegos J, Ghirardello EJ, Heaney JD, Jacquot S, Lally C, Logan JG, Teboul L, Mason J, Spielmann N, McKerlie C, Murray SA, Nutter LMJ, Odfalk KF, Parkinson H, Prochazka J, Reynolds CL, Selloum M, Spoutil F, Svenson KL, Vales TS, Wells SE, White JK, Sedlacek R, Wurst W, Lloyd KCK, Croucher PI, Fuchs H, Williams GR, Bassett JHD, Gailus-Durner V, Herault Y, Mallon AM, Brown SDM, Mayer-Kuckuk P, Hrabe de Angelis M. Mouse mutant phenotyping at scale reveals novel genes controlling bone mineral density. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009190. [PMID: 33370286 PMCID: PMC7822523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic landscape of diseases associated with changes in bone mineral density (BMD), such as osteoporosis, is only partially understood. Here, we explored data from 3,823 mutant mouse strains for BMD, a measure that is frequently altered in a range of bone pathologies, including osteoporosis. A total of 200 genes were found to significantly affect BMD. This pool of BMD genes comprised 141 genes with previously unknown functions in bone biology and was complementary to pools derived from recent human studies. Nineteen of the 141 genes also caused skeletal abnormalities. Examination of the BMD genes in osteoclasts and osteoblasts underscored BMD pathways, including vesicle transport, in these cells and together with in silico bone turnover studies resulted in the prioritization of candidate genes for further investigation. Overall, the results add novel pathophysiological and molecular insight into bone health and disease. Patients affected by osteoporosis frequently present with decreased BMD and increased fracture risk. Genes are known to control the onset and progression of bone diseases such as osteoporosis. Therefore, we aimed to identify osteoporosis-related genes using BMD measures obtained from a large pool of mutant mice genetically modified for deletion of individual genes (knockout mice). In a collaborative endeavor involving several research sites world-wide, we generated and phenotyped 3,823 knockout mice and identified 200 genes which regulated BMD. Of the 200 BMD genes, 141 genes were previously not known to affect BMD. The discovery and study of novel BMD genes will help to better understand the causes and therapeutic options for patients with low BMD. In the long run, this will improve the clinical management of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Swan
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Schütt
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan Rozman
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Czech Center for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences,Vestec, Czech Republic
| | | | - Stefan Brandmaier
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michelle Simon
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stefanie Leuchtenberger
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mark Griffiths
- Mouse Informatics Group, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Brommage
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Piia Keskivali-Bond
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Harald Grallert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Werner
- Internal Medicine Nephrology and Center for Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Raffaele Teperino
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lore Becker
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gregor Miller
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ala Moshiri
- University of California-Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Seavitt
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Derek D. Cissell
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Terrence F. Meehan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Elif F. Acar
- The Center for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Statistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Ann M. Flenniken
- The Center for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie-France Champy
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, IGBMC, PHENOMIN-ICS, Illkirch, France
| | - Tania Sorg
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, IGBMC, PHENOMIN-ICS, Illkirch, France
| | - Abdel Ayadi
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, IGBMC, PHENOMIN-ICS, Illkirch, France
| | - Robert E. Braun
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Heather Cater
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mary E. Dickinson
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Departments of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston,Texas, United States of America
| | - Paul Flicek
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Gallegos
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elena J. Ghirardello
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason D. Heaney
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sylvie Jacquot
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, IGBMC, PHENOMIN-ICS, Illkirch, France
| | - Connor Lally
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - John G. Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia Teboul
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Mason
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Spielmann
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Colin McKerlie
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen A. Murray
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Lauryl M. J. Nutter
- The Center for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristian F. Odfalk
- Advanced Technologies Cores, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston Texas, United States of America
| | - Helen Parkinson
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Prochazka
- Czech Center for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences,Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Corey L. Reynolds
- Departments of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston,Texas, United States of America
| | - Mohammed Selloum
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, IGBMC, PHENOMIN-ICS, Illkirch, France
| | - Frantisek Spoutil
- Czech Center for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences,Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Karen L. Svenson
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Taylor S. Vales
- Advanced Technologies Cores, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston Texas, United States of America
| | - Sara E. Wells
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline K. White
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Czech Center for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences,Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Developmental Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences (SoLS), Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Deutsches Institut für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - K. C. Kent Lloyd
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Mouse Biology Program, University of California Davis
| | - Peter I. Croucher
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - J. H. Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Gailus-Durner
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yann Herault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, IGBMC, PHENOMIN-ICS, Illkirch, France
| | - Ann-Marie Mallon
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Steve D. M. Brown
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Mayer-Kuckuk
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences (SoLS), Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- * E-mail:
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19
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Michaud SA, Pětrošová H, Jackson AM, McGuire JC, Sinclair NJ, Ganguly M, Flenniken AM, Nutter LMJ, McKerlie C, Schibli D, Smith D, Borchers CH. Process and Workflow for Preparation of Disparate Mouse Tissues for Proteomic Analysis. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:305-316. [PMID: 33151080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of homogenization strategy and protein precipitation on downstream protein quantitation using multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS). Our objective was to develop a workflow capable of processing disparate tissue types with high throughput, minimal variability, and maximum purity. Similar abundances of endogenous proteins were measured in nine different mouse tissues regardless of the homogenization method used; however, protein precipitation had strong positive effects on several targets. The best throughput was achieved by lyophilizing tissues to dryness, followed by homogenization via bead-beating without sample buffer. Finally, the effect of tissue perfusion prior to dissection and collection was explored in 20 mouse tissues. MRM-MS showed decreased abundances of blood-related proteins in perfused tissues; however, complete removal was not achieved. Concentrations of nonblood proteins were largely unchanged, although significantly higher variances were observed for proteins from the perfused lung, indicating that perfusion may not be suitable for this organ. We present a simple yet effective tissue processing workflow consisting of harvest of fresh nonperfused tissue, novel lyophilization and homogenization by bead-beating, and protein precipitation. This workflow can be applied to a range of mouse tissues with the advantages of simplicity, minimal manual manipulation of samples, use of commonly available equipment, and high sample quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Michaud
- University of Victoria-Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Victoria V8Z 7X8, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Helena Pětrošová
- University of Victoria-Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Victoria V8Z 7X8, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Angela M Jackson
- University of Victoria-Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Victoria V8Z 7X8, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jamie C McGuire
- University of Victoria-Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Victoria V8Z 7X8, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Sinclair
- University of Victoria-Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Victoria V8Z 7X8, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Milan Ganguly
- The Center for Phenogenomics, Toronto M5T 3H7, Ontario, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ann M Flenniken
- The Center for Phenogenomics, Toronto M5T 3H7, Ontario, Canada.,Sinai Health Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto M5G 1X5, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauryl M J Nutter
- The Center for Phenogenomics, Toronto M5T 3H7, Ontario, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin McKerlie
- The Center for Phenogenomics, Toronto M5T 3H7, Ontario, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Schibli
- University of Victoria-Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Victoria V8Z 7X8, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Derek Smith
- University of Victoria-Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Victoria V8Z 7X8, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christoph H Borchers
- University of Victoria-Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Victoria V8Z 7X8, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Data Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel Street, Moscow 143026, Russia.,Segal Cancer Proteomics Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3T 1E2, Quebec, Canada.,Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3T 1E2, Quebec, Canada
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20
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Abstract
The phenotypic trait of high bone mass (HBM) is an excellent example of the nexus between common and rare disease genetics. HBM may arise from carriage of many 'high bone mineral density [BMD]'-associated alleles, and certainly the genetic architecture of individuals with HBM is enriched with high BMD variants identified through genome-wide association studies of BMD. HBM may also arise as a monogenic skeletal disorder, due to abnormalities in bone formation, bone resorption, and/or bone turnover. Individuals with monogenic disorders of HBM usually, though not invariably, have other skeletal abnormalities (such as mandible enlargement) and thus are best regarded as having a skeletal dysplasia rather than just isolated high BMD. A binary etiological division of HBM into polygenic vs. monogenic, however, would be excessively simplistic: the phenotype of individuals carrying rare variants of large effect can still be modified by their common variant polygenic background, and by the environment. HBM disorders-whether predominantly polygenic or monogenic in origin-are not only interesting clinically and genetically: they provide insights into bone processes that can be exploited therapeutically, with benefits both for individuals with these rare bone disorders and importantly for the many people affected by the commonest bone disease worldwide-i.e., osteoporosis. In this review we detail the genetic architecture of HBM; we provide a conceptual framework for considering HBM in the clinical context; and we discuss monogenic and polygenic causes of HBM with particular emphasis on anabolic causes of HBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia L. Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L. Duncan
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Monzem S, Ballester RY, Javaheri B, Poulet B, Sônego DA, Pitsillides AA, Souza RL. Long-term bisphosphonate treatment coupled with ovariectomy in mice provokes deleterious effects on femoral neck fracture pattern and modifies tibial shape. Bone Jt Open 2020; 1:512-519. [PMID: 33215149 PMCID: PMC7659644 DOI: 10.1302/2633-1462.19.bjo-2020-0117.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The processes linking long-term bisphosphonate treatment to atypical fracture remain elusive. To establish a means of exploring this link, we have examined how long-term bisphosphonate treatment with prior ovariectomy modifies femur fracture behaviour and tibia mass and shape in murine bones. Methods Three groups (seven per group) of 12-week-old mice were: 1) ovariectomized and 20 weeks thereafter treated weekly for 24 weeks with 100 μm/kg subcutaneous ibandronate (OVX+IBN); 2) ovariectomized (OVX); or 3) sham-operated (SHAM). Quantitative fracture analysis generated biomechanical properties for the femoral neck. Tibiae were microCT scanned and trabecular (proximal metaphysis) and cortical parameters along almost its whole length measured. Results Fracture analyses revealed that OVX+IBN significantly reduced yield displacement (vs SHAM/OVX) and resilience, and increased stiffness (vs SHAM). OVX+IBN elevated tibial trabecular parameters and also increased cortical cross-sectional area and second moment of area around minor axis, and diminished ellipticity proximally. Conclusion These data indicate that combined ovariectomy and bisphosphonate generates cortical changes linked with greater bone brittleness and modified fracture characteristics, which may provide a basis in mice for interrogating the mechanisms and genetics of atypical fracture aetiology.Cite this article: Bone Joint Open 2020;1-9:512-519.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Monzem
- Veterinary College, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil.,The Skeletal Biology Group - Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Rafael Y Ballester
- Biomaterials and Oral Biology Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Behzad Javaheri
- The Skeletal Biology Group - Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Blandine Poulet
- Musculoskeletal Biology group, University of Liverpool Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dábila A Sônego
- Veterinary College, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Andrew A Pitsillides
- The Skeletal Biology Group - Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Roberto L Souza
- Veterinary College, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil
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22
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Bolger MW, Romanowicz GE, Kohn DH. Advancements in composition and structural characterization of bone to inform mechanical outcomes and modelling. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 11:76-84. [PMID: 32864522 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in imaging, computing, microscopy, chromatography, spectroscopy and biological manipulations of animal models, have allowed for a more thorough examination of the hierarchical structure and composition of the skeleton. The ability to map cellular and molecular changes to nano-scale chemical composition changes (mineral, collagen cross-links) and structural changes (porosity, lacuno-canalicular network) to whole bone mechanics is at the forefront of an exciting era of discovery. In addition, there is increasing ability to genetically mimic phenotypes of human disease in animal models to study these structural and compositional changes. Combined, these recent developments have increased the ability to understand perturbations at multiple length scales to better realize the structure-function relationship in bone and inform biomechanical models. The intent of this review is to describe the multiple scales at which bone can characterized, highlighting new techniques such that structural, compositional, and biological changes can be incorporated into biomechanical modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan W Bolger
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Genevieve E Romanowicz
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - David H Kohn
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA
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23
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Pereira M, Ko JH, Logan J, Protheroe H, Kim KB, Tan ALM, Croucher PI, Park KS, Rotival M, Petretto E, Bassett JD, Williams GR, Behmoaras J. A trans-eQTL network regulates osteoclast multinucleation and bone mass. eLife 2020; 9:55549. [PMID: 32553114 PMCID: PMC7351491 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional characterisation of cell-type-specific regulatory networks is key to establish a causal link between genetic variation and phenotype. The osteoclast offers a unique model for interrogating the contribution of co-regulated genes to in vivo phenotype as its multinucleation and resorption activities determine quantifiable skeletal traits. Here we took advantage of a trans-regulated gene network (MMnet, macrophage multinucleation network) which we found to be significantly enriched for GWAS variants associated with bone-related phenotypes. We found that the network hub gene Bcat1 and seven other co-regulated MMnet genes out of 13, regulate bone function. Specifically, global (Pik3cb-/-, Atp8b2+/-, Igsf8-/-, Eml1-/-, Appl2-/-, Deptor-/-) and myeloid-specific Slc40a1 knockout mice displayed abnormal bone phenotypes. We report opposing effects of MMnet genes on bone mass in mice and osteoclast multinucleation/resorption in humans with strong correlation between the two. These results identify MMnet as a functionally conserved network that regulates osteoclast multinucleation and bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pereira
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeong-Hun Ko
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley Protheroe
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kee-Beom Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, United States
| | | | - Peter I Croucher
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of NewSouth Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kwon-Sik Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Maxime Rotival
- Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 2000, Paris, France
| | | | - Jh Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacques Behmoaras
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Ihn HJ, Kim JA, Lim J, Nam SH, Hwang SH, Kim YK, Kim JY, Kim JE, Cho ES, Jiang R, Park EK. Bobby sox homolog regulates tooth root formation through modulation of dentin sialophosphoprotein. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:480-488. [PMID: 32537777 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tooth root development occurs through the interaction of multiple growth factors and transcription factors expressed in Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) and dental mesenchyme. Previously, we demonstrated that bobby sox homolog (Bbx) regulates odontoblast differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells. Here, we generated Bbx knockout (Bbx-/- ) mice to address the functional role of Bbx in tooth formation. During tooth development, Bbx was expressed in both dental epithelium and mesenchyme. However, molar and incisor morphology in Bbx-/- mice at postnatal Day 0 (P0) exhibited no prominent abnormalities compared with their wild-type (Bbx+/+ ) littermates. Until P28, the crown morphology in Bbx-/- mice was not distinctively different from Bbx+/+ littermates. Meanwhile, the length of the mandibular base in Bbx-/- mice was notably less at P28. Compared with Bbx+/+ mice, the mesial and distal root lengths of the first molar were reduced by 21.33% and 16.28% at P14 and 16.28% and 16.24% at P28, respectively, in Bbx-/- mice. The second molar of Bbx-/- mice also showed 10.16% and 6.4% reductions at P28 in the mesial and distal lengths, compared with Bbx+/+ mice, respectively. The gene expression analysis during early tooth root formation (P13) showed that the expression of dentin sialophosphoprotein (Dspp) was significantly decreased in Bbx-/- mice. Collectively, our data suggest that Bbx participates in tooth root formation and might be associated with the regulation of Dspp expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jung Ihn
- Institute for Hard Tissue and Biotooth Regeneration, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Ang Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Institute for Hard Tissue and Biotooth Regeneration, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Lim
- Department of Oral Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Institute for Hard Tissue and Biotooth Regeneration, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyeon Nam
- Department of Oral Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Institute for Hard Tissue and Biotooth Regeneration, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hyeon Hwang
- Department of Oral Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Institute for Hard Tissue and Biotooth Regeneration, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyung Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Sic Cho
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Rulang Jiang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Eui Kyun Park
- Department of Oral Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Institute for Hard Tissue and Biotooth Regeneration, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bohnert
- Institute of Cell Dynamics and Imaging, University of Münster
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003—CiM), University of Münster
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26
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Joustra SD, Roelfsema F, van Trotsenburg ASP, Schneider HJ, Kosilek RP, Kroon HM, Logan JG, Butterfield NC, Zhou X, Toufaily C, Bak B, Turgeon MO, Brûlé E, Steyn FJ, Gurnell M, Koulouri O, Le Tissier P, Fontanaud P, Duncan Bassett JH, Williams GR, Oostdijk W, Wit JM, Pereira AM, Biermasz NR, Bernard DJ, Schoenmakers N. IGSF1 Deficiency Results in Human and Murine Somatotrope Neurosecretory Hyperfunction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5606971. [PMID: 31650157 PMCID: PMC7108761 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The X-linked immunoglobulin superfamily, member 1 (IGSF1), gene is highly expressed in the hypothalamus and in pituitary cells of the POU1F1 lineage. Human loss-of-function mutations in IGSF1 cause central hypothyroidism, hypoprolactinemia, and macroorchidism. Additionally, most affected adults exhibit higher than average IGF-1 levels and anecdotal reports describe acromegaloid features in older subjects. However, somatotrope function has not yet been formally evaluated in this condition. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the role of IGSF1 in human and murine somatotrope function. PATIENTS, DESIGN, AND SETTING We evaluated 21 adult males harboring hemizygous IGSF1 loss-of-function mutations for features of GH excess, in an academic clinical setting. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We compared biochemical and tissue markers of GH excess in patients and controls, including 24-hour GH profile studies in 7 patients. Parallel studies were undertaken in male Igsf1-deficient mice and wild-type littermates. RESULTS IGSF1-deficient adult male patients demonstrated acromegaloid facial features with increased head circumference as well as increased finger soft-tissue thickness. Median serum IGF-1 concentrations were elevated, and 24-hour GH profile studies confirmed 2- to 3-fold increased median basal, pulsatile, and total GH secretion. Male Igsf1-deficient mice also demonstrated features of GH excess with increased lean mass, organ size, and skeletal dimensions and elevated mean circulating IGF-1 and pituitary GH levels. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate somatotrope neurosecretory hyperfunction in IGSF1-deficient humans and mice. These observations define a hitherto uncharacterized role for IGSF1 in somatotropes and indicate that patients with IGSF1 mutations should be evaluated for long-term consequences of increased GH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd D Joustra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Nadia Schoenmakers, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ UK. E-mail:
| | - Ferdinand Roelfsema
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - A S Paul van Trotsenburg
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Pediatric Endocrinology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Harald J Schneider
- Department of Endocrinology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert P Kosilek
- Department of Endocrinology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Herman M Kroon
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - John G Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Natalie C Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology & Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chirine Toufaily
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology & Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Beata Bak
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology & Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc-Olivier Turgeon
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology & Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emilie Brûlé
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology & Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frederik J Steyn
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark Gurnell
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Olympia Koulouri
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Paul Le Tissier
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pierre Fontanaud
- CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, INSERM, and Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Wilma Oostdijk
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jan M Wit
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alberto M Pereira
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Nienke R Biermasz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Bernard
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology & Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nadia Schoenmakers
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ UK
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27
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Lu L, Huang J, Xu F, Xiao Z, Wang J, Zhang B, David NV, Arends D, Gu W, Ackert-Bicknell C, Sabik OL, Farber CR, Quarles LD, Williams RW. Genetic Dissection of Femoral and Tibial Microarchitecture. JBMR Plus 2019; 3:e10241. [PMID: 31844829 PMCID: PMC6894729 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the genetic control of bone strength has relied mainly on estimates of bone mineral density. Here we have mapped genetic factors that influence femoral and tibial microarchitecture using high‐resolution x‐ray computed tomography (8‐μm isotropic voxels) across a family of 61 BXD strains of mice, roughly 10 isogenic cases per strain and balanced by sex. We computed heritabilities for 25 cortical and trabecular traits. Males and females have well‐matched heritabilities, ranging from 0.25 to 0.75. We mapped 16 genetic loci most of which were detected only in females. There is also a bias in favor of loci that control cortical rather than trabecular bone. To evaluate candidate genes, we combined well‐established gene ontologies with bone transcriptome data to compute bone‐enrichment scores for all protein‐coding genes. We aligned candidates with those of human genome‐wide association studies. A subset of 50 strong candidates fell into three categories: (1) experimentally validated genes already known to modulate bone function (Adamts4, Ddr2, Darc, Adam12, Fkbp10, E2f6, Adam17, Grem2, Ifi204); (2) candidates without any experimentally validated function in bone (eg, Greb1, Ifi202b), but linked to skeletal phenotypes in human cohorts; and (3) candidates that have high bone‐enrichment scores, but for which there is not yet any functional link to bone biology or skeletal system disease (including Ifi202b, Ly9, Ifi205, Mgmt, F2rl1, Iqgap2). Our results highlight contrasting genetic architecture between sexes and among major bone compartments. The alignment of murine and human data facilitates function analysis and should prove of value for preclinical testing of molecular control of bone structure. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis TN USA
| | - Jinsong Huang
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis TN USA
| | - Fuyi Xu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis TN USA
| | - Zhousheng Xiao
- Department of Medicine University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis TN USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX USA
| | - Nicolae Valentin David
- Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL USA
| | - Danny Arends
- Breeding Biology and Molecular Animal Breeding Humboldt University Berlin Germany
| | - Weikuan Gu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis TN USA
| | | | - Olivia L Sabik
- Center for Public Health Genomics University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
| | - Charles R Farber
- Center for Public Health Genomics University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
| | - Leigh Darryl Quarles
- Department of Medicine University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis TN USA
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis TN USA
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28
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MIGA2 Links Mitochondria, the ER, and Lipid Droplets and Promotes De Novo Lipogenesis in Adipocytes. Mol Cell 2019; 76:811-825.e14. [PMID: 31628041 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Physical contact between organelles is vital to the function of eukaryotic cells. Lipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic organelles specialized in lipid storage that interact physically with mitochondria in several cell types. The mechanisms coupling these organelles are, however, poorly understood, and the cell-biological function of their interaction remains largely unknown. Here, we discover in adipocytes that the outer mitochondrial membrane protein MIGA2 links mitochondria to LDs. We identify an amphipathic LD-targeting motif and reveal that MIGA2 binds to the membrane proteins VAP-A or VAP-B in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We find that in adipocytes MIGA2 is involved in promoting triglyceride (TAG) synthesis from non-lipid precursors. Our data indicate that MIGA2 links reactions of de novo lipogenesis in mitochondria to TAG production in the ER, thereby facilitating efficient lipid storage in LDs. Based on its presence in many tissues, MIGA2 is likely critical for lipid and energy homeostasis in a wide spectrum of cell types.
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29
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Youlten SE, Baldock PA. Using mouse genetics to understand human skeletal disease. Bone 2019; 126:27-36. [PMID: 30776501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Technological advances have enabled the study of the human genome in incredible detail with relative ease. However, our ability to interpret the functional significance of the millions of genetic variants present within each individual is limited. As a result, the confident assignment of disease-causing variant calls remains a significant challenge. Here we explore how mouse genetics can help address this deficit in functional genomic understanding. Underpinned by marked genetic correspondence, skeletal biology shows inter-species similarities which provide important opportunities to use data from mouse models to direct research into the genetic basis of skeletal pathophysiology. In this article we outline critical resources that may be used to establish genotype/phenotype relationships in skeletal tissue, identify genes with established skeletal effects and define the transcriptome of critical skeletal cell types. Finally, we outline how these mouse resources might be utilized to progress from a list of human sequence variants toward plausible gene candidates that contribute to skeletal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Youlten
- Division of Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| | - Paul A Baldock
- Division of Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia; University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
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30
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Mármol-Sánchez E, Quintanilla R, Cardoso TF, Jordana Vidal J, Amills M. Polymorphisms of the cryptochrome 2 and mitoguardin 2 genes are associated with the variation of lipid-related traits in Duroc pigs. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9025. [PMID: 31227735 PMCID: PMC6588565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45108-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic factors determining the phenotypic variation of porcine fatness phenotypes are still largely unknown. We investigated whether the polymorphism of eight genes (MIGA2, CRY2, NPAS2, CIART, ARNTL2, PER1, PER2 and PCK1), which display differential expression in the skeletal muscle of fasted and fed sows, is associated with the variation of lipid and mRNA expression phenotypes in Duroc pigs. The performance of an association analysis with the GEMMA software demonstrated that the rs330779504 SNP in the MIGA2 gene is associated with LDL concentration at 190 days (LDL2, corrected P-value = 0.057). Moreover, the rs320439526 SNP of the CRY2 gene displayed a significant association with stearic acid content in the longissimus dorsi muscle (LD C18:0, corrected P-value = 0.015). Both SNPs were also associated with the mRNA levels of the corresponding genes in the gluteus medius skeletal muscle. From a biological perspective these results are meaningful because MIGA2 protein plays an essential role in mitochondrial fusion, a process tightly connected with the energy status of the cell, while CRY2 is a fundamental component of the circadian clock. However, inclusion of these two SNPs in chromosome-wide association analyses demonstrated that they are not located at the peaks of significance for the two traits under study (LDL2 for rs330779504 and LD C18:0 for rs320439526), thus implying that these two SNPs do not have causal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Mármol-Sánchez
- Department of Animal Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Raquel Quintanilla
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Programme, Institute for Research and Technology in Food and Agriculture (IRTA), Torre Marimon, Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Taina F Cardoso
- Department of Animal Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia, D. F., Brazil
| | - Jordi Jordana Vidal
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marcel Amills
- Department of Animal Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain. .,Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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31
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Beck‐Cormier S, Lelliott CJ, Logan JG, Lafont DT, Merametdjian L, Leitch VD, Butterfield NC, Protheroe HJ, Croucher PI, Baldock PA, Gaultier‐Lintia A, Maugars Y, Nicolas G, Banse C, Normant S, Magne N, Gérardin E, Bon N, Sourice S, Guicheux J, Beck L, Williams GR, Bassett JHD. Slc20a2, Encoding the Phosphate Transporter PiT2, Is an Important Genetic Determinant of Bone Quality and Strength. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:1101-1114. [PMID: 30721528 PMCID: PMC6618161 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) and fragility fracture and affects over 200 million people worldwide. Bone quality describes the material properties that contribute to strength independently of BMD, and its quantitative analysis is a major priority in osteoporosis research. Tissue mineralization is a fundamental process requiring calcium and phosphate transporters. Here we identify impaired bone quality and strength in Slc20a2-/- mice lacking the phosphate transporter SLC20A2. Juveniles had abnormal endochondral and intramembranous ossification, decreased mineral accrual, and short stature. Adults exhibited only small reductions in bone mass and mineralization but a profound impairment of bone strength. Bone quality was severely impaired in Slc20a2-/- mice: yield load (-2.3 SD), maximum load (-1.7 SD), and stiffness (-2.7 SD) were all below values predicted from their bone mineral content as determined in a cohort of 320 wild-type controls. These studies identify Slc20a2 as a physiological regulator of tissue mineralization and highlight its critical role in the determination of bone quality and strength. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Beck‐Cormier
- INSERM, UMR 1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), Université de Nantes, École Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'AlimentationNantes‐Atlantique (ONIRIS)NantesFrance
- Université de NantesUnité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) OdontologieNantesFrance
| | | | - John G Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Laure Merametdjian
- INSERM, UMR 1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), Université de Nantes, École Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'AlimentationNantes‐Atlantique (ONIRIS)NantesFrance
- Université de NantesUnité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) OdontologieNantesFrance
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) NantesPôles Hospitalo‐Universitaires (PHU4) ‐ Ostéo‐articulaire ‐ Tête et Cou ‐ Odontologie ‐ Neurochirurgie ‐ Neuro‐traumatologie (OTONN)NantesFrance
| | - Victoria D Leitch
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Natalie C Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Hayley J Protheroe
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Peter I Croucher
- The Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydneyNSWAustralia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New South Wales (UNSW) AustraliaSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Paul A Baldock
- The Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydneyNSWAustralia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New South Wales (UNSW) AustraliaSydneyNSWAustralia
| | | | - Yves Maugars
- INSERM, UMR 1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), Université de Nantes, École Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'AlimentationNantes‐Atlantique (ONIRIS)NantesFrance
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) NantesPôles Hospitalo‐Universitaires (PHU4) ‐ Ostéo‐articulaire ‐ Tête et Cou ‐ Odontologie ‐ Neurochirurgie ‐ Neuro‐traumatologie (OTONN)NantesFrance
| | - Gael Nicolas
- INSERM U1245Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN)RouenFrance
- Department of GeneticsRouen University HospitalRouenFrance
- Centre National de Référence pour les Malades Alzheimer Jeunes (CNR‐MAJ)Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized MedicineRouenFrance
| | | | | | - Nicolas Magne
- Department of NeuroradiologyRouen University HospitalRouenFrance
| | | | - Nina Bon
- INSERM, UMR 1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), Université de Nantes, École Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'AlimentationNantes‐Atlantique (ONIRIS)NantesFrance
- Université de NantesUnité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) OdontologieNantesFrance
| | - Sophie Sourice
- INSERM, UMR 1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), Université de Nantes, École Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'AlimentationNantes‐Atlantique (ONIRIS)NantesFrance
- Université de NantesUnité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) OdontologieNantesFrance
| | - Jérôme Guicheux
- INSERM, UMR 1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), Université de Nantes, École Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'AlimentationNantes‐Atlantique (ONIRIS)NantesFrance
- Université de NantesUnité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) OdontologieNantesFrance
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) NantesPôles Hospitalo‐Universitaires (PHU4) ‐ Ostéo‐articulaire ‐ Tête et Cou ‐ Odontologie ‐ Neurochirurgie ‐ Neuro‐traumatologie (OTONN)NantesFrance
| | - Laurent Beck
- INSERM, UMR 1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), Université de Nantes, École Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'AlimentationNantes‐Atlantique (ONIRIS)NantesFrance
- Université de NantesUnité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) OdontologieNantesFrance
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
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32
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Brommage R, Powell DR, Vogel P. Predicting human disease mutations and identifying drug targets from mouse gene knockout phenotyping campaigns. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm038224. [PMID: 31064765 PMCID: PMC6550044 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.038224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two large-scale mouse gene knockout phenotyping campaigns have provided extensive data on the functions of thousands of mammalian genes. The ongoing International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC), with the goal of examining all ∼20,000 mouse genes, has examined 5115 genes since 2011, and phenotypic data from several analyses are available on the IMPC website (www.mousephenotype.org). Mutant mice having at least one human genetic disease-associated phenotype are available for 185 IMPC genes. Lexicon Pharmaceuticals' Genome5000™ campaign performed similar analyses between 2000 and the end of 2008 focusing on the druggable genome, including enzymes, receptors, transporters, channels and secreted proteins. Mutants (4654 genes, with 3762 viable adult homozygous lines) with therapeutically interesting phenotypes were studied extensively. Importantly, phenotypes for 29 Lexicon mouse gene knockouts were published prior to observations of similar phenotypes resulting from homologous mutations in human genetic disorders. Knockout mouse phenotypes for an additional 30 genes mimicked previously published human genetic disorders. Several of these models have helped develop effective treatments for human diseases. For example, studying Tph1 knockout mice (lacking peripheral serotonin) aided the development of telotristat ethyl, an approved treatment for carcinoid syndrome. Sglt1 (also known as Slc5a1) and Sglt2 (also known as Slc5a2) knockout mice were employed to develop sotagliflozin, a dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor having success in clinical trials for diabetes. Clinical trials evaluating inhibitors of AAK1 (neuropathic pain) and SGLT1 (diabetes) are underway. The research community can take advantage of these unbiased analyses of gene function in mice, including the minimally studied 'ignorome' genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Brommage
- Department of Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA
| | - David R Powell
- Department of Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Pathology, MS 250, Room C5036A, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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33
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Jo S, Fonseca TL, Bocco BMLC, Fernandes GW, McAninch EA, Bolin AP, Da Conceição RR, Werneck-de-Castro JP, Ignacio DL, Egri P, Németh D, Fekete C, Bernardi MM, Leitch VD, Mannan NS, Curry KF, Butterfield NC, Bassett JD, Williams GR, Gereben B, Ribeiro MO, Bianco AC. Type 2 deiodinase polymorphism causes ER stress and hypothyroidism in the brain. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:230-245. [PMID: 30352046 PMCID: PMC6307951 DOI: 10.1172/jci123176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Levothyroxine (LT4) is a form of thyroid hormone used to treat hypothyroidism. In the brain, T4 is converted to the active form T3 by type 2 deiodinase (D2). Thus, it is intriguing that carriers of the Thr92Ala polymorphism in the D2 gene (DIO2) exhibit clinical improvement when liothyronine (LT3) is added to LT4 therapy. Here, we report that D2 is a cargo protein in ER Golgi intermediary compartment (ERGIC) vesicles, recycling between ER and Golgi. The Thr92-to-Ala substitution (Ala92-D2) caused ER stress and activated the unfolded protein response (UPR). Ala92-D2 accumulated in the trans-Golgi and generated less T3, which was restored by eliminating ER stress with the chemical chaperone 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA). An Ala92-Dio2 polymorphism-carrying mouse exhibited UPR and hypothyroidism in distinct brain areas. The mouse refrained from physical activity, slept more, and required additional time to memorize objects. Enhancing T3 signaling in the brain with LT3 improved cognition, whereas restoring proteostasis with 4-PBA eliminated the Ala92-Dio2 phenotype. In contrast, primary hypothyroidism intensified the Ala92-Dio2 phenotype, with only partial response to LT4 therapy. Disruption of cellular proteostasis and reduced Ala92-D2 activity may explain the failure of LT4 therapy in carriers of Thr92Ala-DIO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungro Jo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tatiana L. Fonseca
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Barbara M. L. C. Bocco
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gustavo W. Fernandes
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. McAninch
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anaysa P. Bolin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Science Institute, University of São Paulo, and
| | - Rodrigo R. Da Conceição
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Daniele L. Ignacio
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Péter Egri
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Németh
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Fekete
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maria Martha Bernardi
- Graduate Program of Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Graduate Program of Dentistry, Universidade Paulista, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Victoria D. Leitch
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Naila S. Mannan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine F. Curry
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie C. Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J.H. Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miriam O. Ribeiro
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center of Biological Science and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio C. Bianco
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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34
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Abstract
This chapter describes methods for preparing samples of bone and bone cells for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Backscattered electron (BSE) imaging is by far the most useful in the bone field, followed by secondary electrons (SE) and the energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analytical modes. Samples may have 3D detail in a 3D surface, or be topography-free, polished or micromilled, resin-embedded block surfaces, or resin casts of space compartments surrounded by bone matrix. Methods for cells include fixation, drying, looking at undersides of bone cells, and metallic conductive coating. Maceration with alkaline bacterial pronase, hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium or potassium hydroxide to remove cells and unmineralized matrix is described in detail. Attention is given especially to methods for 3D BSE SEM imaging of bone samples. Recommendations are made for the types of resin embedding for BSE SEM imaging. Correlated confocal and SEM imaging of PMMA embedded bone requires the use of glycerol to coverslip. Cathodoluminescence (CL) mode SEM imaging is an alternative for visualizing fluorescent mineralizing front labels such as calcein and tetracyclines. Making spatial casts from PMMA or other resin-embedded samples is an important use of this material. Correlation with other imaging means, including microradiography and microtomography is important. Shipping wet bone samples between labs is best done in glycerol. Control of the vacuum pressure in the SEM sample chamber (now generally available) can be used to eliminate "charging" problems which were common, for example, with large, complex, cancellous bone samples.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone and Bones/diagnostic imaging
- Bone and Bones/ultrastructure
- Cells, Cultured
- Histocytological Preparation Techniques/instrumentation
- Histocytological Preparation Techniques/methods
- Humans
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional/instrumentation
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods
- Microradiography/instrumentation
- Microradiography/methods
- Microscopy, Confocal/instrumentation
- Microscopy, Confocal/methods
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning/instrumentation
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning/methods
- Microscopy, Fluorescence/instrumentation
- Microscopy, Fluorescence/methods
- Multimodal Imaging/instrumentation
- Multimodal Imaging/methods
- Osteoclasts
- Osteocytes
- Software
- X-Ray Microtomography/instrumentation
- X-Ray Microtomography/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Boyde
- Dental Physical Sciences, Biophysics Section, Oral Growth and Development, Dental Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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35
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Maynard RD, Ackert-Bicknell CL. Mouse Models and Online Resources for Functional Analysis of Osteoporosis Genome-Wide Association Studies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:277. [PMID: 31133984 PMCID: PMC6515928 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a complex genetic disease in which the number of loci associated with the bone mineral density, a clinical risk factor for fracture, has increased at an exponential rate in the last decade. The identification of the causative variants and candidate genes underlying these loci has not been able to keep pace with the rate of locus discovery. A large number of tools and data resources have been built around the use of the mouse as model of human genetic disease. Herein, we describe resources available for functional validation of human Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) loci using mouse models. We specifically focus on large-scale phenotyping efforts focused on bone relevant phenotypes and repositories of genotype-phenotype data that exist for transgenic and mutant mice, which can be readily mined as a first step toward more targeted efforts designed to deeply characterize the role of a gene in bone biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Maynard
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Cheryl L. Ackert-Bicknell
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Cheryl L. Ackert-Bicknell
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36
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Rowe DW, Adams DJ, Hong SH, Zhang C, Shin DG, Renata Rydzik C, Chen L, Wu Z, Garland G, Godfrey DA, Sundberg JP, Ackert-Bicknell C. Screening Gene Knockout Mice for Variation in Bone Mass: Analysis by μCT and Histomorphometry. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2018; 16:77-94. [PMID: 29508144 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-018-0421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The international mouse phenotyping consortium (IMPC) is producing defined gene knockout mouse lines. Here, a phenotyping program is presented that is based on micro-computed tomography (μCT) assessment of distal femur and vertebra. Lines with significant variation undergo a computer-based bone histomorphometric analysis. RECENT FINDINGS Of the 220 lines examined to date, approximately 15% have a significant variation (high or low) by μCT, most of which are not identified by the IMPC screen. Significant dimorphism between the sexes and bone compartments adds to the complexity of the skeletal findings. The μCT information that is posted at www.bonebase.org can group KOMP lines with similar morphological features. The histological data is presented in a graphic form that associates the cellular features with a specific anatomic group. The web portal presents a bone-centric view appropriate for the skeletal biologist/clinician to organize and understand the large number of genes that can influence skeletal health. Cataloging the relative severity of each variant is the first step towards compiling the dataset necessary to appreciate the full polygenic basis of degenerative bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Rowe
- Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Biomaterials and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
| | - Douglas J Adams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Seung-Hyun Hong
- Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Caibin Zhang
- Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Biomaterials and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Dong-Guk Shin
- Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - C Renata Rydzik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Biomaterials and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Zhihua Wu
- Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Biomaterials and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | | | - Dana A Godfrey
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | | | - Cheryl Ackert-Bicknell
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
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37
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Boyde A. Evaluation of laser ablation microtomy for correlative microscopy of hard tissues. J Microsc 2018; 271:17-30. [PMID: 29485196 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Laser ablation machining or microtomy (LAM) is a relatively new approach to producing slide mounted sections of translucent materials. We evaluated the method with a variety of problems from the bone, joint and dental tissues fields where we require thin undecalcified and undistorted sections for correlative light microscopy (LM) and backscattered electron scanning electron microscopy (BSE SEM). All samples were embedded in poly-methylmethacrlate (PMMA) and flat block surfaces had been previously studied by BSE-SEM and confocal scanning light microscopy (CSLM). Most were also studied by X-yay microtomography (XMT). The block surface is stuck to a glass slide with cyanoacrylate adhesive. Setting the section thickness and levelling uses inbuilt optical coherence tomographic imaging. Tight focusing of near-infrared laser radiation in the sectioning plane gives extreme intensities causing photodisruption of material at the focal point. The laser beam is moved by a fast scanner to write a cutting line, which is simultaneously moved by an XY positioning unit to create a sectioning plane. The block is thereby released from the slide, leaving the section stuck to the slide. Light, wet polishing on the finest grade (4000 grit) silicon carbide polishing paper is used to remove a 1-2 μm thick damaged layer at the surface of the section. Sections produced by laser cutting are fine in quality and superior to those produced by mechanical cutting and can be thinner than the 'voxel' in most laboratory X-ray microtomography systems. The present extensive pilot studies have shown that it works to produce samples which we can study by both light and electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boyde
- Dental Physical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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38
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Kemp JP, Morris JA, Medina-Gomez C, Forgetta V, Warrington NM, Youlten SE, Zheng J, Gregson CL, Grundberg E, Trajanoska K, Logan JG, Pollard AS, Sparkes PC, Ghirardello EJ, Allen R, Leitch VD, Butterfield NC, Komla-Ebri D, Adoum AT, Curry KF, White JK, Kussy F, Greenlaw KM, Xu C, Harvey NC, Cooper C, Adams DJ, Greenwood CMT, Maurano MT, Kaptoge S, Rivadeneira F, Tobias JH, Croucher PI, Ackert-Bicknell CL, Bassett JHD, Williams GR, Richards JB, Evans DM. Identification of 153 new loci associated with heel bone mineral density and functional involvement of GPC6 in osteoporosis. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1468-1475. [PMID: 28869591 PMCID: PMC5621629 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common disease diagnosed primarily by measurement of bone mineral density (BMD). We undertook a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 142,487 individuals from the UK Biobank to identify loci associated with BMD as estimated by quantitative ultrasound of the heel. We identified 307 conditionally independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that attained genome-wide significance at 203 loci, explaining approximately 12% of the phenotypic variance. These included 153 previously unreported loci, and several rare variants with large effect sizes. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we undertook (1) bioinformatic, functional genomic annotation and human osteoblast expression studies; (2) gene-function prediction; (3) skeletal phenotyping of 120 knockout mice with deletions of genes adjacent to lead independent SNPs; and (4) analysis of gene expression in mouse osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. The results implicate GPC6 as a novel determinant of BMD, and also identify abnormal skeletal phenotypes in knockout mice associated with a further 100 prioritized genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Kemp
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK
| | - John A Morris
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Forgetta
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicole M Warrington
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Scott E Youlten
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jie Zheng
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Celia L Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Elin Grundberg
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Katerina Trajanoska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John G Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea S Pollard
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Penny C Sparkes
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elena J Ghirardello
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Allen
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Victoria D Leitch
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Natalie C Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Davide Komla-Ebri
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anne-Tounsia Adoum
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Katharine F Curry
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jacqueline K White
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Fiona Kussy
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Keelin M Greenlaw
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Changjiang Xu
- Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomedical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nicholas C Harvey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Celia MT Greenwood
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Matthew T Maurano
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen Kaptoge
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts’ Causeway, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan H Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Peter I Croucher
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2015, Australia
| | - Cheryl L Ackert-Bicknell
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - JH Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J Brent Richards
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK
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Kurogi S, Sekimoto T, Funamoto T, Ota T, Nakamura S, Nagai T, Nakahara M, Yoshinobu K, Araki K, Araki M, Chosa E. Development of an efficient screening system to identify novel bone metabolism-related genes using the exchangeable gene trap mutagenesis mouse models. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40692. [PMID: 28106071 PMCID: PMC5247747 DOI: 10.1038/srep40692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous genetic studies on bone metabolism, understanding of the specific mechanisms is lacking. We developed an efficient screening system to identify novel genes involved in bone metabolism using mutant mouse strains registered with the Exchangeable Gene Trap Clones (EGTC) database. From 1278 trap clones in the EGTC database, 52 candidate lines were selected in the first screening, determined based on "EST profile", "X-gal", "Related article", and "Novel gene". For the second screening, bone morphometric analysis, biomechanical strength analysis, bone X-gal staining, etc. were performed on candidate lines. Forty-two male trap lines (80.8%) showed abnormalities with either bone morphometric analysis or biomechanical strength analysis. In the screening process, X-gal staining was significantly efficient (P = 0.0057). As examples, Lbr and Nedd4 trap lines selected using the screening system showed significant bone decrease and fragility, suggesting a relationship with osteoblast differentiation. This screening system using EGTC mouse lines is extremely efficient for identifying novel genes involved in bone metabolism. The gene trap lines identified as abnormal using this screening approach are highly likely to trap important genes for bone metabolism. These selected trap mice will be valuable for use as novel bio-resources in bone research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syuji Kurogi
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Sekimoto
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Taro Funamoto
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tomomi Ota
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Shihoko Nakamura
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takuya Nagai
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Mai Nakahara
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yoshinobu
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Kimi Araki
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Masatake Araki
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Etsuo Chosa
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Japan
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Freudenthal B, Logan J, Croucher PI, Williams GR, Bassett JHD. Rapid phenotyping of knockout mice to identify genetic determinants of bone strength. J Endocrinol 2016; 231:R31-46. [PMID: 27535945 PMCID: PMC5064764 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The genetic determinants of osteoporosis remain poorly understood, and there is a large unmet need for new treatments in our ageing society. Thus, new approaches for gene discovery in skeletal disease are required to complement the current genome-wide association studies in human populations. The International Knockout Mouse Consortium (IKMC) and the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC) provide such an opportunity. The IKMC generates knockout mice representing each of the known protein-coding genes in C57BL/6 mice and, as part of the IMPC initiative, the Origins of Bone and Cartilage Disease project identifies mutants with significant outlier skeletal phenotypes. This initiative will add value to data from large human cohorts and provide a new understanding of bone and cartilage pathophysiology, ultimately leading to the identification of novel drug targets for the treatment of skeletal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Freudenthal
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter I Croucher
- Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Machado JP, Johnson WE, Gilbert MTP, Zhang G, Jarvis ED, O'Brien SJ, Antunes A. Bone-associated gene evolution and the origin of flight in birds. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:371. [PMID: 27193938 PMCID: PMC4870793 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2681-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bones have been subjected to considerable selective pressure throughout vertebrate evolution, such as occurred during the adaptations associated with the development of powered flight. Powered flight evolved independently in two extant clades of vertebrates, birds and bats. While this trait provided advantages such as in aerial foraging habits, escape from predators or long-distance travels, it also imposed great challenges, namely in the bone structure. RESULTS We performed comparative genomic analyses of 89 bone-associated genes from 47 avian genomes (including 45 new), 39 mammalian, and 20 reptilian genomes, and demonstrate that birds, after correcting for multiple testing, have an almost two-fold increase in the number of bone-associated genes with evidence of positive selection (~52.8 %) compared with mammals (~30.3 %). Most of the positive-selected genes in birds are linked with bone regulation and remodeling and thirteen have been linked with functional pathways relevant to powered flight, including bone metabolism, bone fusion, muscle development and hyperglycemia levels. Genes encoding proteins involved in bone resorption, such as TPP1, had a high number of sites under Darwinian selection in birds. CONCLUSIONS Patterns of positive selection observed in bird ossification genes suggest that there was a period of intense selective pressure to improve flight efficiency that was closely linked with constraints on body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Machado
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
- Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Warren E Johnson
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Volgade 5-7, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guojie Zhang
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzen, 518083, China
- Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, Universitetsparken 15, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erich D Jarvis
- Department of Neurobiology Box 3209, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Stephen J O'Brien
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199004, Russia
- Oceanographic Center, 8000 N. Ocean Drive, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, FL, 33004, USA
| | - Agostinho Antunes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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42
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Bai J, Tian X, Zhao X, Liu W, Duan X, Shang W, Fan HY, Tong C. Mitoguardin Regulates Mitochondrial Fusion through MitoPLD and Is Required for Neuronal Homeostasis. Mol Cell 2016; 61:111-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Miszkiewicz JJ, Mahoney P. Ancient Human Bone Microstructure in Medieval England: Comparisons between Two Socio-Economic Groups. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 299:42-59. [PMID: 26480030 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the links between bone microstructure and human lifestyle is critical for clinical and anthropological research into skeletal growth and adaptation. The present study is the first to report correspondence between socio-economic status and variation in bone microstructure in ancient humans. Products of femoral cortical remodeling were assessed using histological methods in a large human medieval sample (N = 450) which represented two distinct socio-economic groups. Osteonal parameters were recorded in posterior midshaft femoral sections from adult males (N = 233) and females (N = 217). Using univariate and multivariate statistics, intact, fragmentary, and osteon population densities, Haversian canal area and diameter, and osteon area were compared between the two groups, accounting for sex, age, and estimated femoral robusticity. The size of osteons and their Haversian canals, as well as osteon density, varied significantly between the socio-economic groups, although minor inconsistencies were observed in females. Variation in microstructure was consistent with historical textual evidence that describes differences in mechanical loading and nutrition between the two groups. Results demonstrate that aspects of ancient human lifestyle can be inferred from bone microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna J Miszkiewicz
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Mahoney
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by bone mass reductions and heightened fracture risk; its global prevalence rates are projected to increase precipitously over the next few decades. Evolutionary and life-history perspectives have proven valuable for offering a different lens with which to consider the etiologies of common chronic diseases, and in this review, these approaches are applied to osteoporosis. Although there are many perspectives on human susceptibility to bone loss, this article explores the most prominent and empirically studied theories. Osteoporosis is considered within the context of theories on aging (e.g., antagonistic pleiotropy, disposable soma) and mismatch theory. Female vulnerability is considered within a separate evolutionary framework and has been articulated as a trade-off between reproduction and skeletal health. Recent advancements in bone imaging techniques for skeletal and living human and nonhuman primate populations (i.e., CT scans, ultrasonometry) have facilitated huge strides in contextualizing osteoporosis within evolutionary theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia C. Madimenos
- Department of Anthropology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367
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Bassett JHD, van der Spek A, Logan JG, Gogakos A, Bagchi-Chakraborty J, Williams AJ, Murphy E, van Zeijl C, Down J, Croucher PI, Boyde A, Boelen A, Williams GR. Thyrostimulin Regulates Osteoblastic Bone Formation During Early Skeletal Development. Endocrinology 2015; 156:3098-113. [PMID: 26018249 PMCID: PMC4541616 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ancestral glycoprotein hormone thyrostimulin is a heterodimer of unique glycoprotein hormone subunit alpha (GPA)2 and glycoprotein hormone subunit beta (GPB)5 subunits with high affinity for the TSH receptor. Transgenic overexpression of GPB5 in mice results in cranial abnormalities, but the role of thyrostimulin in bone remains unknown. We hypothesized that thyrostimulin exerts paracrine actions in bone and determined: 1) GPA2 and GPB5 expression in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, 2) the skeletal consequences of thyrostimulin deficiency in GPB5 knockout (KO) mice, and 3) osteoblast and osteoclast responses to thyrostimulin treatment. Gpa2 and Gpb5 expression was identified in the newborn skeleton but declined rapidly thereafter. GPA2 and GPB5 mRNAs were also expressed in primary osteoblasts and osteoclasts at varying concentrations. Juvenile thyrostimulin-deficient mice had increased bone volume and mineralization as a result of increased osteoblastic bone formation. However, thyrostimulin failed to induce a canonical cAMP response or activate the noncanonical Akt, ERK, or mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38) signaling pathways in primary calvarial or bone marrow stromal cell-derived osteoblasts. Furthermore, thyrostimulin did not directly inhibit osteoblast proliferation, differentiation or mineralization in vitro. These studies identify thyrostimulin as a negative but indirect regulator of osteoblastic bone formation during skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (J.H.D.B., J.G.L., A.G., J.B.C., E.M., G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology (A.v.d.S., C.v.Z., A.Boe.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Bone Biology Program (J.D., P.I.C.), Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010 Australia; and Centre for Oral Growth and Development (A.Boy.), Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 4NS United Kingdom
| | - Anne van der Spek
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (J.H.D.B., J.G.L., A.G., J.B.C., E.M., G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology (A.v.d.S., C.v.Z., A.Boe.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Bone Biology Program (J.D., P.I.C.), Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010 Australia; and Centre for Oral Growth and Development (A.Boy.), Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 4NS United Kingdom
| | - John G Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (J.H.D.B., J.G.L., A.G., J.B.C., E.M., G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology (A.v.d.S., C.v.Z., A.Boe.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Bone Biology Program (J.D., P.I.C.), Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010 Australia; and Centre for Oral Growth and Development (A.Boy.), Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 4NS United Kingdom
| | - Apostolos Gogakos
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (J.H.D.B., J.G.L., A.G., J.B.C., E.M., G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology (A.v.d.S., C.v.Z., A.Boe.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Bone Biology Program (J.D., P.I.C.), Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010 Australia; and Centre for Oral Growth and Development (A.Boy.), Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 4NS United Kingdom
| | - Jayashree Bagchi-Chakraborty
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (J.H.D.B., J.G.L., A.G., J.B.C., E.M., G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology (A.v.d.S., C.v.Z., A.Boe.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Bone Biology Program (J.D., P.I.C.), Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010 Australia; and Centre for Oral Growth and Development (A.Boy.), Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 4NS United Kingdom
| | | | - Elaine Murphy
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (J.H.D.B., J.G.L., A.G., J.B.C., E.M., G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology (A.v.d.S., C.v.Z., A.Boe.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Bone Biology Program (J.D., P.I.C.), Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010 Australia; and Centre for Oral Growth and Development (A.Boy.), Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 4NS United Kingdom
| | - Clementine van Zeijl
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (J.H.D.B., J.G.L., A.G., J.B.C., E.M., G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology (A.v.d.S., C.v.Z., A.Boe.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Bone Biology Program (J.D., P.I.C.), Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010 Australia; and Centre for Oral Growth and Development (A.Boy.), Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 4NS United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Down
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (J.H.D.B., J.G.L., A.G., J.B.C., E.M., G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology (A.v.d.S., C.v.Z., A.Boe.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Bone Biology Program (J.D., P.I.C.), Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010 Australia; and Centre for Oral Growth and Development (A.Boy.), Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 4NS United Kingdom
| | - Peter I Croucher
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (J.H.D.B., J.G.L., A.G., J.B.C., E.M., G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology (A.v.d.S., C.v.Z., A.Boe.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Bone Biology Program (J.D., P.I.C.), Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010 Australia; and Centre for Oral Growth and Development (A.Boy.), Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 4NS United Kingdom
| | - Alan Boyde
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (J.H.D.B., J.G.L., A.G., J.B.C., E.M., G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology (A.v.d.S., C.v.Z., A.Boe.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Bone Biology Program (J.D., P.I.C.), Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010 Australia; and Centre for Oral Growth and Development (A.Boy.), Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 4NS United Kingdom
| | - Anita Boelen
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (J.H.D.B., J.G.L., A.G., J.B.C., E.M., G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology (A.v.d.S., C.v.Z., A.Boe.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Bone Biology Program (J.D., P.I.C.), Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010 Australia; and Centre for Oral Growth and Development (A.Boy.), Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 4NS United Kingdom
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (J.H.D.B., J.G.L., A.G., J.B.C., E.M., G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology (A.v.d.S., C.v.Z., A.Boe.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Bone Biology Program (J.D., P.I.C.), Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010 Australia; and Centre for Oral Growth and Development (A.Boy.), Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 4NS United Kingdom
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Tuck E, Estabel J, Oellrich A, Maguire AK, Adissu HA, Souter L, Siragher E, Lillistone C, Green AL, Wardle-Jones H, Carragher DM, Karp NA, Smedley D, Adams NC, Bussell JN, Adams DJ, Ramírez-Solis R, Steel KP, Galli A, White JK. A gene expression resource generated by genome-wide lacZ profiling in the mouse. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:1467-78. [PMID: 26398943 PMCID: PMC4631787 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.021238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the expression profile of a gene is a critical piece of information required to build an understanding of the normal and essential functions of that gene and any role it may play in the development or progression of disease. High-throughput, large-scale efforts are on-going internationally to characterise reporter-tagged knockout mouse lines. As part of that effort, we report an open access adult mouse expression resource, in which the expression profile of 424 genes has been assessed in up to 47 different organs, tissues and sub-structures using a lacZ reporter gene. Many specific and informative expression patterns were noted. Expression was most commonly observed in the testis and brain and was most restricted in white adipose tissue and mammary gland. Over half of the assessed genes presented with an absent or localised expression pattern (categorised as 0-10 positive structures). A link between complexity of expression profile and viability of homozygous null animals was observed; inactivation of genes expressed in ≥ 21 structures was more likely to result in reduced viability by postnatal day 14 compared with more restricted expression profiles. For validation purposes, this mouse expression resource was compared with Bgee, a federated composite of RNA-based expression data sets. Strong agreement was observed, indicating a high degree of specificity in our data. Furthermore, there were 1207 observations of expression of a particular gene in an anatomical structure where Bgee had no data, indicating a large amount of novelty in our data set. Examples of expression data corroborating and extending genotype-phenotype associations and supporting disease gene candidacy are presented to demonstrate the potential of this powerful resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Tuck
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jeanne Estabel
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Anika Oellrich
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Hibret A Adissu
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Canada M5T 3H7
| | - Luke Souter
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Emma Siragher
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Angela L Green
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | | | - Natasha A Karp
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Damian Smedley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Niels C Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - James N Bussell
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Karen P Steel
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Antonella Galli
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
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Eppig JT, Richardson JE, Kadin JA, Ringwald M, Blake JA, Bult CJ. Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI): reflecting on 25 years. Mamm Genome 2015; 26:272-84. [PMID: 26238262 PMCID: PMC4534491 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-015-9589-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
From its inception in 1989, the mission of the Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI) resource remains to integrate genetic, genomic, and biological data about the laboratory mouse to facilitate the study of human health and disease. This mission is ever more feasible as the revolution in genetics knowledge, the ability to sequence genomes, and the ability to specifically manipulate mammalian genomes are now at our fingertips. Through major paradigm shifts in biological research and computer technologies, MGI has adapted and evolved to become an integral part of the larger global bioinformatics infrastructure and honed its ability to provide authoritative reference datasets used and incorporated by many other established bioinformatics resources. Here, we review some of the major changes in research approaches over that last quarter century, how these changes are reflected in the MGI resource you use today, and what may be around the next corner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janan T. Eppig
- Mouse Genome Informatics, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA
| | - Joel E. Richardson
- Mouse Genome Informatics, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA
| | - James A. Kadin
- Mouse Genome Informatics, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA
| | - Martin Ringwald
- Mouse Genome Informatics, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA
| | - Judith A. Blake
- Mouse Genome Informatics, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA
| | - Carol J. Bult
- Mouse Genome Informatics, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA
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48
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Analysis of mammalian gene function through broad-based phenotypic screens across a consortium of mouse clinics. Nat Genet 2015. [PMID: 26214591 PMCID: PMC4564951 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The function of the majority of genes in the mouse and human genomes remains unknown. The mouse embryonic stem cell knockout resource provides a basis for the characterization of relationships between genes and phenotypes. The EUMODIC consortium developed and validated robust methodologies for the broad-based phenotyping of knockouts through a pipeline comprising 20 disease-oriented platforms. We developed new statistical methods for pipeline design and data analysis aimed at detecting reproducible phenotypes with high power. We acquired phenotype data from 449 mutant alleles, representing 320 unique genes, of which half had no previous functional annotation. We captured data from over 27,000 mice, finding that 83% of the mutant lines are phenodeviant, with 65% demonstrating pleiotropy. Surprisingly, we found significant differences in phenotype annotation according to zygosity. New phenotypes were uncovered for many genes with previously unknown function, providing a powerful basis for hypothesis generation and further investigation in diverse systems.
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Comparison between quantitative X-ray imaging, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and microCT in the assessment of bone mineral density in disuse-induced bone loss. JOURNAL OF MUSCULOSKELETAL & NEURONAL INTERACTIONS 2015; 15:42-52. [PMID: 25730651 PMCID: PMC5123607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We recently introduced a new methodology called quantitative X-ray imaging (qXRI) to investigate bone mineral density in isolated rodent bones. The aims of the present study were to compare DXA and microCT with qXRI in a rat model of disuse osteoporosis. METHODS Fourteen Copenhagen rats were injected with a single dose of botulinum toxin (BTX - 2 UI) in the right Mus quadriceps femoris. The left hindlimb serves as control. Areal BMD and vBMD were determined with a Hologic Discovery-W device and a Skyscan 1172 microcomputed tomograph (microCT). Absorbing material density (AMD) was determined on digitized X-ray images obtained with a Faxitron M020 device. RESULTS All three methods highlighted significant lower values for aBMD, vBMD and AMD in trabecular and cortical bone in the BTX-injected side. In trabecular bone, aBMD, vBMD and AMD were significantly correlated with BV/TV. In cortical bone, only aBMD and vBMD were significantly correlated with cortical bone mass On the other hand, only AMD was significantly correlated with the mechanical parameters bending strength and bending modulus. CONCLUSIONS qXRI is a rapid and cheap method to assess trabecular bone mass in isolated rodent bones and can be used as a surrogate for the densitometry of small animals.
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Martin TJ, Sims NA. Calcitonin physiology, saved by a lysophospholipid. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:212-5. [PMID: 25581311 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T John Martin
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
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