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Bazid HAS, Shoeib MA, Shoeib MM, Sharaf REA, Mosatafa MI, Abd El Gayed EM. Serum lipocalin-2 levels are decreased in patients with leprosy. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2024; 90:59-63. [PMID: 36688893 DOI: 10.25259/ijdvl_116_2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae affecting the skin, peripheral nerves and mucosae. Lipocalin-2 is a key component of the immune system's antimicrobial defence - it prevents iron uptake by binding and sequestering iron-scavenging siderophores and thus inhibits bacterial growth. Aim We evaluated serum lipocalin-2 levels in leprosy patients and its relationship to the pathogenesis and prognosis of the disease. Materials and methods In this case-control study, serum lipocalin-2 levels were measured by ELISA in 20 patients with leprosy and 20 healthy controls. Results Serum levels of lipocalin-2 were significantly reduced (P < 0.001) in leprosy patients as compared to controls. The levels were significantly higher (P < 0.014) in patients with multibacillary leprosy than in those with paucibacillary leprosy. Although the levels of lipocalin-2 were higher in patients with multiple nerve involvement as compared to those with involvement of 1 or 2 nerves, the results were not statistically significant. Limitation of the study The small sample size and the lack of different ethnic groups in the study were the major limitations of this study. Conclusion The lower lipocalin-2 concentrations in leprosy patients point to the importance of the protective functions of lipocalin-2. The elevated levels of lipocalin-2 observed in leprosy patients with neural involvement may be related to the reported neurodegenerative role of lipocalin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A S Bazid
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology & STDs, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Shoeib
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology & STDs, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - May M Shoeib
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology and STDs, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Raghda E A Sharaf
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology & STDs, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Mohammed I Mosatafa
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Research Center Cairo, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Eman M Abd El Gayed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
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2
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Khor AHP, Koguchi T, Liu H, Kakuta M, Matsubara D, Wen R, Sagiya Y, Imoto S, Nakagawa H, Matsuda K, Tanikawa C. Regulation of the innate immune response and gut microbiome by p53. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:184-196. [PMID: 38050344 PMCID: PMC10823282 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 is a key tumor suppressor mutated in half of human cancers. In recent years, p53 was shown to regulate a wide variety of functions. From the transcriptome analysis of 24 tissues of irradiated mice, we identified 553 genes markedly induced by p53. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis found that the most associated biological process was innate immunity. 16S rRNA-seq analysis revealed that Akkermansia, which has anti-inflammatory properties and is involved in the regulation of intestinal barrier integrity, was decreased in p53-knockout (p53-/- ) mice after radiation. p53-/- mice were susceptible to radiation-induced GI toxicity and had a significantly shorter survival time than p53-wild-type (p53+/+ ) mice following radiation. However, administration of antibiotics resulted in a significant improvement in survival and protection against GI toxicity. Mbl2 and Lcn2, which have antimicrobial activity, were identified to be directly transactivated by p53 and secreted by liver into the circulatory system. We also found the expression of MBL2 and LCN2 was decreased in liver cancer tissues with p53 mutations compared with those without p53 mutations. These results indicate that p53 is involved in shaping the gut microbiome through its downstream targets related to the innate immune system, thus protecting the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hui Ping Khor
- Laboratory of Clinical Genome Sequencing, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of TokyoMinato City, TokyoJapan
| | - Tomoyuki Koguchi
- Department of UrologyFukushima Medical University School of MedicineFukushimaJapan
| | - Hao Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Genome Sequencing, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of TokyoMinato City, TokyoJapan
| | - Masanori Kakuta
- Department of Integrated Analytics, M&D Data Science CenterTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Daisuke Matsubara
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Ruimeng Wen
- Laboratory of Clinical Genome Sequencing, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of TokyoMinato City, TokyoJapan
| | - Yoji Sagiya
- Laboratory of Genome Technology, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoMinato City, TokyoJapan
| | - Seiya Imoto
- Division of Health Medical Intelligence, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoMinato City, TokyoJapan
| | - Hidewaki Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Cancer GenomicsRIKEN Center for Integrative Medical SciencesYokohamaJapan
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Clinical Genome Sequencing, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of TokyoMinato City, TokyoJapan
- Laboratory of Genome Technology, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoMinato City, TokyoJapan
| | - Chizu Tanikawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Genome Sequencing, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of TokyoMinato City, TokyoJapan
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3
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Saenz-Pipaon G, Jover E, van der Bent ML, Orbe J, Rodriguez JA, Fernández-Celis A, Quax PHA, Paramo JA, López-Andrés N, Martín-Ventura JL, Nossent AY, Roncal C. Role of LCN2 in a murine model of hindlimb ischemia and in peripheral artery disease patients, and its potential regulation by miR-138-5P. Atherosclerosis 2023; 385:117343. [PMID: 37871404 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a leading cause of morbimortality worldwide. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) has been associated with higher risk of amputation or mortality in PAD and might be involved in muscle regeneration. Our aim is to unravel the role of LCN2 in skeletal muscle repair and PAD. METHODS AND RESULTS WT and Lcn2-/- mice underwent hindlimb ischemia. Blood and crural muscles were analyzed at the inflammatory and regenerative phases. At day 2, Lcn2-/- male mice, but not females, showed increased blood and soleus muscle neutrophils, and elevated circulating pro-inflammatory monocytes (p < 0.05), while locally, total infiltrating macrophages were reduced (p < 0.05). Moreover, Lcn2-/- soleus displayed an elevation of Cxcl1 (p < 0.001), and Cxcr2 (p < 0.01 in males), and a decrease in Ccl5 (p < 0.05). At day 15, Lcn2 deficiency delayed muscle recovery, with higher density of regenerating myocytes (p < 0.04) and arterioles (αSMA+, p < 0.025). Reverse target prediction analysis identified miR-138-5p as a potential regulator of LCN2, showing an inverse correlation with Lcn2 mRNA in skeletal muscles (rho = -0.58, p < 0.01). In vitro, miR-138-5p mimic reduced Lcn2 expression and luciferase activity in murine macrophages (p < 0.05). Finally, in human serum miR-138-5p was inversely correlated with LCN2 (p ≤ 0.001 adjusted, n = 318), and associated with PAD (Odds ratio 0.634, p = 0.02, adjusted, PAD n = 264, control n = 54). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a possible dual role of LCN2 in acute and chronic conditions, with a probable role in restraining inflammation early after skeletal muscle ischemia, while being associated with vascular damage in PAD, and identifies miR-138-5p as one potential post-transcriptional regulator of LCN2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goren Saenz-Pipaon
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eva Jover
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - M Leontien van der Bent
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Josune Orbe
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; RICORS-ICTUS, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERCV, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaya Fernández-Celis
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Paul H A Quax
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jose A Paramo
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERCV, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Hematology Service, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Natalia López-Andrés
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Anne Yaël Nossent
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Carmen Roncal
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERCV, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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4
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Borges BM, Ramos RBC, Preite NW, Kaminski VDL, Alves de Castro P, Camacho M, Maximo MF, Fill TP, Calich VLG, Traynor AM, Sarikaya-Bayram Ö, Doyle S, Bayram Ö, de Campos CBL, Zelanis A, Goldman GH, Loures FV. Transcriptional profiling of a fungal granuloma reveals a low metabolic activity of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeasts and an actively regulated host immune response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1268959. [PMID: 37868350 PMCID: PMC10585178 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1268959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulomas are important immunological structures in the host defense against the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the main etiologic agent of Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a granulomatous systemic mycosis endemic in Latin America. We have performed transcriptional and proteomic studies of yeasts present in the pulmonary granulomas of PCM aiming to identify relevant genes and proteins that act under stressing conditions. C57BL/6 mice were infected with 1x106 yeasts and after 8- and 12-weeks of infection, granulomatous lesions were obtained for extraction of fungal and murine RNAs and fungal proteins. Dual transcriptional profiling was done comparing lung cells and P. brasiliensis yeasts from granulomas with uninfected lung cells and the original yeast suspension used in the infection, respectively. Mouse transcripts indicated a lung malfunction, with low expression of genes related to muscle contraction and organization. In addition, an increased expression of transcripts related to the activity of neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, lymphocytes as well as an elevated expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17 transcripts were observed. The increased expression of transcripts for CTLA-4, PD-1 and arginase-1, provided evidence of immune regulatory mechanisms within the granulomatous lesions. Also, our results indicate iron as a key element for the granuloma to function, where a high number of transcripts related to fungal siderophores for iron uptake was observed, a mechanism of fungal virulence not previously described in granulomas. Furthermore, transcriptomics and proteomics analyzes indicated a low fungal activity within the granuloma, as demonstrated by the decreased expression of genes and proteins related to energy metabolism and cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Montanari Borges
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Berton Correia Ramos
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Nycolas Willian Preite
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Alves de Castro
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maurício Camacho
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Taicia Pacheco Fill
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia Garcia Calich
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aimee M. Traynor
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | | | - Sean Doyle
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Özgür Bayram
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | | | - André Zelanis
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H. Goldman
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Loures
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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5
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Barclay AM, Ninaber DK, van Veen S, Hiemstra PS, Ottenhoff THM, van der Does AM, Joosten SA. Airway epithelial cells mount an early response to mycobacterial infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1253037. [PMID: 37822359 PMCID: PMC10562574 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1253037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung epithelial cells represent the first line of host defence against foreign inhaled components, including respiratory pathogens. Their responses to these exposures may direct subsequent immune activation to these pathogens. The epithelial response to mycobacterial infections is not well characterized and may provide clues to why some mycobacterial infections are cleared, while others are persistent and pathogenic. We have utilized an air-liquid interface model of human primary bronchial epithelial cells (ALI-PBEC) to investigate the epithelial response to infection with a variety of mycobacteria: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), M. bovis (BCG), M. avium, and M. smegmatis. Airway epithelial cells were found to be infected by all four species, albeit at low frequencies. The proportion of infected epithelial cells was lowest for Mtb and highest for M. avium. Differential gene expression analysis revealed a common epithelial host response to mycobacteria, including upregulation of BIRC3, S100A8 and DEFB4, and downregulation of BPIFB1 at 48 h post infection. Apical secretions contained predominantly pro-inflammatory cytokines, while basal secretions contained tissue growth factors and chemokines. Finally, we show that neutrophils were attracted to both apical and basal secretions of infected ALI-PBEC. Neutrophils were attracted in high numbers to apical secretions from PBEC infected with all mycobacteria, with the exception of secretions from M. avium-infected ALI-PBEC. Taken together, our results show that airway epithelial cells are differentially infected by mycobacteria, and react rapidly by upregulation of antimicrobials, and increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines which directly attract neutrophils. Thus, the airway epithelium may be an important immunological component in controlling and regulating mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Barclay
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dennis K. Ninaber
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Suzanne van Veen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Pieter S. Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anne M. van der Does
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Simone A. Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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6
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Singh H, Gonzalez-Juarbe N, Pieper R, Yu Y, Vashee S. Predictive biomarkers for latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023:102399. [PMID: 37648595 PMCID: PMC10891298 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a leading cause of infectious death worldwide, with almost a fourth of the world's population latently infected with its causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Current diagnostic methods are insufficient to differentiate between healthy and latently infected populations. Here, we used a machine learning approach to analyze publicly available proteomic data from saliva and serum in Ethiopia's healthy, latent TB (LTBI) and active TB (ATBI) people. Our analysis discovered a profile of six proteins, Mast Cell Expressed Membrane Protein-1, Hemopexin, Lamin A/C, Small Proline Rich Protein 2F, Immunoglobulin Kappa Variable 4-1, and Voltage Dependent Anion Channel 2 that can precisely differentiate between the healthy and latently infected populations. This data suggests that a combination of six host proteins can serve as accurate biomarkers to diagnose latent infection. This is important for populations living in high-risk areas as it may help in the surveillance and prevention of severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harinder Singh
- Infectious Diseases and Genomic Medicine Group, J Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive Suite 150, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Norberto Gonzalez-Juarbe
- Infectious Diseases and Genomic Medicine Group, J Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive Suite 150, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Rembert Pieper
- Infectious Diseases and Genomic Medicine Group, J Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive Suite 150, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Yanbao Yu
- Infectious Diseases and Genomic Medicine Group, J Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive Suite 150, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sanjay Vashee
- Infectious Diseases and Genomic Medicine Group, J Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive Suite 150, Rockville, MD, USA
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7
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Kessel JC, Weiskirchen R, Schröder SK. Expression Analysis of Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) in Reproductive and Non-Reproductive Tissues of Esr1-Deficient Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119280. [PMID: 37298232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is widely expressed in reproductive organs, but also in non-reproductive tissues of females and males. There is evidence that lipocalin 2 (LCN2), which has diverse immunological and metabolic functions, is regulated by ERα in adipose tissue. However, in many other tissues, the impact of ERα on LCN2 expression has not been studied yet. Therefore, we used an Esr1-deficient mouse strain and analyzed LCN2 expression in reproductive (ovary, testes) and non-reproductive tissues (kidney, spleen, liver, lung) of both sexes. Tissues collected from adult wild-type (WT) and Esr1-deficient animals were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and RT-qPCR for Lcn2 expression. In non-reproductive tissues, only minor genotype- or sex-specific differences in LCN2 expression were detected. In contrast, significant differences in LCN2 expression were observed in reproductive tissues. Particularly, there was a strong increase in LCN2 in Esr1-deficient ovaries when compared to WTs. In summary, we found an inverse correlation between the presence of ERα and the expression of LCN2 in testes and ovaries. Our results provide an important basis to better understand LCN2 regulation in the context of hormones and in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan C Kessel
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah K Schröder
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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8
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Faherty L, Kenny S, Cloonan SM. Iron and mitochondria in the susceptibility, pathogenesis and progression of COPD. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:219-237. [PMID: 36729089 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating lung disease characterised by airflow limitation, chronic bronchitis, emphysema and airway remodelling. Cigarette smoke is considered the primary risk factor for the development of COPD; however, genetic factors, host responses and infection also play an important role. Accumulating evidence highlights a role for iron dyshomeostasis and cellular iron accumulation in the lung as a key contributing factor in the development and pathogenesis of COPD. Recent studies have also shown that mitochondria, the central players in cellular iron utilisation, are dysfunctional in respiratory cells in individuals with COPD, with alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics driving disease progression. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the dysfunction of mitochondria and cellular iron metabolism in the lung may unveil potential novel investigational avenues and therapeutic targets to aid in the treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Faherty
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah Kenny
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suzanne M Cloonan
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, New York, NY, U.S.A
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9
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Exopolyphosphatases PPX1 and PPX2 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis regulate dormancy response and pathogenesis. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105885. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Wu Z, Shao J, Zheng J, Liu B, Li Z, Shen N. A zero-sum game or an interactive frame? Iron competition between bacteria and humans in infection war. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:1917-1926. [PMID: 35830263 PMCID: PMC9746790 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Iron is an essential trace element for both humans and bacteria. It plays a vital role in life, such as in redox reactions and electron transport. Strict regulatory mechanisms are necessary to maintain iron homeostasis because both excess and insufficient iron are harmful to life. Competition for iron is a war between humans and bacteria. To grow, reproduce, colonize, and successfully cause infection, pathogens have evolved various mechanisms for iron uptake from humans, principally Fe 3+ -siderophore and Fe 2+ -heme transport systems. Humans have many innate immune mechanisms that regulate the distribution of iron and inhibit bacterial iron uptake to help resist bacterial invasion and colonization. Meanwhile, researchers have invented detection test strips and coupled antibiotics with siderophores to create tools that take advantage of this battle for iron, to help eliminate pathogens. In this review, we summarize bacterial and human iron metabolism, competition for iron between humans and bacteria, siderophore sensors, antibiotics coupled with siderophores, and related phenomena. We also discuss how competition for iron can be used for diagnosis and treatment of infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchao Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiqi Shao
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiajia Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ning Shen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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11
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Maciag K, Raychowdhury R, Smith K, Schneider AM, Coers J, Mumbach MR, Schwartz S, Hacohen N. IRF3 inhibits IFN-γ-mediated restriction of intracellular pathogens in macrophages independently of IFNAR. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:257-271. [PMID: 34826345 PMCID: PMC9550582 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0218-069rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages use an array of innate immune sensors to detect intracellular pathogens and to tailor effective antimicrobial responses. In addition, extrinsic activation with the cytokine IFN-γ is often required as well to tip the scales of the host-pathogen balance toward pathogen restriction. However, little is known about how host-pathogen sensing impacts the antimicrobial IFN-γ-activated state. It was observed that in the absence of IRF3, a key downstream component of pathogen sensing pathways, IFN-γ-primed macrophages more efficiently restricted the intracellular bacterium Legionella pneumophila and the intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. This effect did not require IFNAR, the receptor for Type I IFNs known to be induced by IRF3, nor the sensing adaptors MyD88/TRIF, MAVS, or STING. This effect also did not involve differential activation of STAT1, the major signaling protein downstream of both Type 1 and Type 2 IFN receptors. IRF3-deficient macrophages displayed a significantly altered IFN-γ-induced gene expression program, with up-regulation of microbial restriction factors such as Nos2. Finally, we found that IFN-γ-primed but not unprimed macrophages largely excluded the activated form of IRF3 from the nucleus following bacterial infection. These data are consistent with a relationship of mutual inhibition between IRF3 and IFN-γ-activated programs, possibly as a component of a partially reversible mechanism for modulating the activity of potent innate immune effectors (such as Nos2) in the context of intracellular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Maciag
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | | - Karen Smith
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alexis M. Schneider
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jörn Coers
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | - Nir Hacohen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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12
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Grubwieser P, Hoffmann A, Hilbe R, Seifert M, Sonnweber T, Böck N, Theurl I, Weiss G, Nairz M. Airway Epithelial Cells Differentially Adapt Their Iron Metabolism to Infection With Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli In Vitro. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:875543. [PMID: 35663465 PMCID: PMC9157649 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.875543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pneumonia is often elicited by bacteria and can be associated with a severe clinical course, respiratory failure and the need for mechanical ventilation. In the alveolus, type-2-alveolar-epithelial-cells (AECII) contribute to innate immune functions. We hypothesized that AECII actively adapt cellular iron homeostasis to restrict this essential nutrient from invading pathogens - a defense strategy termed 'nutritional immunity', hitherto mainly demonstrated for myeloid cells. Methods We established an in-vitro infection model using the human AECII-like cell line A549. We infected cells with Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), two gram-negative bacteria with different modes of infection and frequent causes of hospital-acquired pneumonia. We followed the entry and intracellular growth of these gram-negative bacteria and analyzed differential gene expression and protein levels of key inflammatory and iron metabolism molecules. Results Both, K. pneumoniae and E. coli are able to invade A549 cells, whereas only K. pneumoniae is capable of proliferating intracellularly. After peak bacterial burden, the number of intracellular pathogens declines, suggesting that epithelial cells initiate antimicrobial immune effector pathways to combat bacterial proliferation. The extracellular pathogen E. coli induces an iron retention phenotype in A549 cells, mainly characterized by the downregulation of the pivotal iron exporter ferroportin, the upregulation of the iron importer transferrin-receptor-1 and corresponding induction of the iron storage protein ferritin. In contrast, cells infected with the facultative intracellular bacterium K. pneumoniae exhibit an iron export phenotype indicated by ferroportin upregulation. This differential regulation of iron homeostasis and the pathogen-specific inflammatory reaction is likely mediated by oxidative stress. Conclusion AECII-derived A549 cells show pathogen-specific innate immune functions and adapt their iron handling in response to infection. The differential regulation of iron transporters depends on the preferential intra- or extracellular localization of the pathogen and likely aims at limiting bacterial iron availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Grubwieser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Richard Hilbe
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Seifert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Sonnweber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nina Böck
- Biocenter, Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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13
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Webber T, Ronacher K, Conradie-Smit M, Kleynhans L. Interplay Between the Immune and Endocrine Systems in the Lung: Implications for TB Susceptibility. Front Immunol 2022; 13:829355. [PMID: 35273609 PMCID: PMC8901994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.829355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the endocrine system on the immune response, especially in the lung, remains poorly understood. Hormones play a crucial role in the development, homeostasis, metabolism, and response to the environment of cells and tissues. Major infectious and metabolic diseases, such as tuberculosis and diabetes, continue to converge, necessitating the development of a clearer understanding of the immune and endocrine interactions that occur in the lung. Research in bacterial respiratory infections is at a critical point, where the limitations in identifying and developing antibiotics is becoming more profound. Hormone receptors on alveolar and immune cells may provide a plethora of targets for host-directed therapy. This review discusses the interactions between the immune and endocrine systems in the lung. We describe hormone receptors currently identified in the lungs, focusing on the effect hormones have on the pulmonary immune response. Altered endocrine responses in the lung affect the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses and play a role in the response to infection in the lung. While some hormones, such as leptin, resistin and lipocalin-2 promote pro-inflammatory responses and immune cell infiltration, others including adiponectin and ghrelin reduce inflammation and promote anti-inflammatory cell responses. Furthermore, type 2 diabetes as a major endocrine disease presents with altered immune responses leading to susceptibility to lung infections, such as tuberculosis. A better understanding of these interactions will expand our knowledge of the mechanisms at play in susceptibility to infectious diseases and may reveal opportunities for the development of host-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Webber
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Katharina Ronacher
- Translational Research Institute, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Marli Conradie-Smit
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Léanie Kleynhans
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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14
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Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV), an obligatory intracellular parasite, uses host cellular molecules to complete its replication cycle and suppress immune responses. Proteasome subunit alpha type 2 (PSMA2) is a cellular protein highly expressed in IAV-infected human lung epithelial A549 cells. PSMA2 is part of the 20S proteasome complex that degrades or recycles defective proteins and involves proteolytic modification of many cellular regulatory proteins. However, the role of PSMA2 in IAV replication is not well understood. In this study, PSMA2 knockdown (KD) in A549 cells caused a significant reduction in extracellular progeny IAV, but intracellular viral protein translation and viral RNA transcription were not affected. This indicates that PSMA2 is a critical host factor for IAV maturation. To better understand the interplay between PSMA2 KD and IAV infection at the proteomic level, we used the SomaScan 1.3K version, which measures 1,307 proteins to analyze alterations induced by these treatments. We found seven cellular signaling pathways, including phospholipase C signaling, Pak signaling, and nuclear factor erythroid 2p45-related factor 2 (NRF2)-mediated oxidative stress response signaling, that were inhibited by IAV infection but significantly activated by PSMA2 KD. Further analysis of NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response signaling indicated IAV inhibits accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but ROS levels significantly increased during IAV infection in PSMA2 KD cells. However, IAV infection caused significantly higher NFR2 nuclear translocation that was inhibited in PSMA2 KD cells. This indicates that PSMA2 is required for NRF2-mediated ROS neutralization and that IAV uses PSMA2 to escape viral clearance via the NRF2-mediated cellular oxidative response. IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus (IAV) remains one of the most significant infectious agents, responsible for 3 million to 5 million illnesses each year and more than 50 million deaths during the 20th century. The cellular processes that promote and inhibit IAV infection and pathogenesis remain only partially understood. PSMA2 is a critical component of the 20S proteasome and ubiquitin-proteasome system, which is important in the replication of numerous viruses. This study examined host protein responses to IAV infection alone, PSMA2 knockdown alone, and IAV infection in the presence of PSMA2 knockdown and determined that interfering with PSMA2 function affected IAV maturation. These results help us better understand the importance of PSMA2 in IAV replication and may pave the way for designing additional IAV antivirals targeting PSMA2 or the host proteasome for the treatment of seasonal flu.
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15
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Hinman AE, Jani C, Pringle SC, Zhang WR, Jain N, Martinot AJ, Barczak AK. Mycobacterium tuberculosis canonical virulence factors interfere with a late component of the TLR2 response. eLife 2021; 10:73984. [PMID: 34755600 PMCID: PMC8610422 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
For many intracellular pathogens, the phagosome is the site of events and interactions that shape infection outcome. Phagosomal membrane damage, in particular, is proposed to benefit invading pathogens. To define the innate immune consequences of this damage, we profiled macrophage transcriptional responses to wild-type Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and mutants that fail to damage the phagosomal membrane. We identified a set of genes with enhanced expression in response to the mutants. These genes represented a late component of the TLR2-dependent transcriptional response to Mtb, distinct from an earlier component that included Tnf. Expression of the later component was inherent to TLR2 activation, dependent upon endosomal uptake, and enhanced by phagosome acidification. Canonical Mtb virulence factors that contribute to phagosomal membrane damage blunted phagosome acidification and undermined the endosome-specific response. Profiling cell survival and bacterial growth in macrophages demonstrated that the attenuation of these mutants is partially dependent upon TLR2. Further, TLR2 contributed to the attenuated phenotype of one of these mutants in a murine model of infection. These results demonstrate two distinct components of the TLR2 response and identify a component dependent upon endosomal uptake as a point where pathogenic bacteria interfere with the generation of effective inflammation. This interference promotes tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis in both macrophage and murine infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia E Hinman
- The Ragon Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, United States
| | - Charul Jani
- The Ragon Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, United States
| | - Stephanie C Pringle
- The Ragon Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, United States
| | - Wei R Zhang
- The Ragon Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, United States
| | - Neharika Jain
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Amanda J Martinot
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Amy K Barczak
- The Ragon Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, United States.,The Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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16
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Guardado S, Ojeda-Juárez D, Kaul M, Nordgren TM. Comprehensive review of lipocalin 2-mediated effects in lung inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L726-L733. [PMID: 34468208 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00080.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is an inflammatory mediator best known for its role as an innate acute-phase protein. LCN2 mediates the innate immune response to pathogens by sequestering iron, thereby inhibiting pathogen growth. Although LCN2 and its bacteriostatic properties are well studied, other LCN2 functions in the immune response to inflammatory stimuli are less well understood, such as its role as a chemoattractant and involvement in the regulation of cell migration and apoptosis. In the lungs, most studies thus far investigating the role of LCN2 in the immune response have looked at pathogenic inflammatory stimuli. Here, we compile data that explore the role of LCN2 in the immune response to various inflammatory stimuli in an effort to differentiate between protective versus detrimental roles of LCN2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Guardado
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Daniel Ojeda-Juárez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Tara M Nordgren
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
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17
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Choi JA, Cho SN, Lee J, Son SH, Nguyen DT, Lee SA, Song CH. Lipocalin 2 regulates expression of MHC class I molecules in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected dendritic cells via ROS production. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:175. [PMID: 34563261 PMCID: PMC8466733 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00686-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Iron has important roles as an essential nutrient for all life forms and as an effector of the host defense mechanism against pathogenic infection. Lipocalin 2 (LCN2), an innate immune protein, plays a crucial role in iron transport and inflammation. In the present study, we examined the role of LCN2 in immune cells during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Results We found that infection with Mtb H37Ra induced LCN2 production in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Notably, expression of MHC class I molecules was significantly reduced in LCN2−/− BMDCs during Mtb infection. The reduced expression of MHC class I molecules was associated with the formation of a peptide loading complex through LCN2-mediated reactive oxygen species production. The reduced expression of MHC class I molecules affected CD8+ T-cell proliferation in LCN2−/− mice infected with Mtb. The difference in the population of CD8+ effector T cells might affect the survival of intracellular Mtb. We also found a reduction of the inflammation response, including serum inflammatory cytokines and lung inflammation in LCN2−/− mice, compared with wild-type mice, during Mtb infection. Conclusions These data suggest that LCN2-mediated reactive oxygen species affects expression of MHC class I molecules in BMDCs, leading to lower levels of CD8+ effector T-cell proliferation during mycobacterial infection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-021-00686-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ae Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, 35015, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea.,Translational Immunology Institute, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, 34134, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Soo-Na Cho
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, 35015, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea
| | - Junghwan Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, 35015, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea.,Translational Immunology Institute, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, 34134, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Son
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, 35015, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea
| | - Doan Tam Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, 35015, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea
| | - Seong-Ahn Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, 35015, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hwa Song
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, 35015, Daejeon, South Korea. .,Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea. .,Translational Immunology Institute, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, 34134, Daejeon, South Korea.
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18
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Loss of Function of von Hippel-Lindau Trigger Lipocalin 2-Dependent Inflammatory Responses in Cultured and Primary Renal Tubular Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5571638. [PMID: 34257811 PMCID: PMC8245224 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5571638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that mutations in the tumor suppressor gene von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) can result in the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chronic inflammation and are a significant predisposing factor for the development of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). To study VHL's role in ccRCC formation, we previously developed a novel conditional knockout mouse model that mimicked the features of kidney inflammation and fibrosis that lead to cyst formation and hyperplasia. However, due to VHL's complex cellular functions, the mechanism of this phenomenon remains unclear. Here, we used the HK-2 cells and mouse primary renal tubule cells (mRTCs) carrying VHL mutations as models to study the effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of ROS accumulation. We also studied the role of lipocalin 2 (LCN2) in regulating macrophage recruitment by HK-2 cells. We measured the level of ROS in HK-2 cells in the presence or absence of LCN2 knockdown and found that the VHL mutation caused ROS overproduction, but an LCN2 knockdown could attenuate the process. VHL was also found to mediate the in vitro and in vivo expression and secretion of LCN2. Thus, VHL likely affects ROS production in an LCN2-dependent manner. Our findings also suggest that LCN2 sensitizes the inflammatory response of HK-2 cells and the chemotactic abilities of macrophage RAW264.7 cells. By demonstrating that the loss of function of von Hippel-Lindau triggers lipocalin 2-dependent inflammatory responses in cultured and primary renal tubular cells, our results offer novel insights into a potential therapeutic approach for interfering with the development of ccRCC.
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19
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Neutrophils in Tuberculosis: Cell Biology, Cellular Networking and Multitasking in Host Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094801. [PMID: 33946542 PMCID: PMC8125784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils readily infiltrate infection foci, phagocytose and usually destroy microbes. In tuberculosis (TB), a chronic pulmonary infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), neutrophils harbor bacilli, are abundant in tissue lesions, and their abundances in blood correlate with poor disease outcomes in patients. The biology of these innate immune cells in TB is complex. Neutrophils have been assigned host-beneficial as well as deleterious roles. The short lifespan of neutrophils purified from blood poses challenges to cell biology studies, leaving intracellular biological processes and the precise consequences of Mtb–neutrophil interactions ill-defined. The phenotypic heterogeneity of neutrophils, and their propensity to engage in cellular cross-talk and to exert various functions during homeostasis and disease, have recently been reported, and such observations are newly emerging in TB. Here, we review the interactions of neutrophils with Mtb, including subcellular events and cell fate upon infection, and summarize the cross-talks between neutrophils and lung-residing and -recruited cells. We highlight the roles of neutrophils in TB pathophysiology, discussing recent findings from distinct models of pulmonary TB, and emphasize technical advances that could facilitate the discovery of novel neutrophil-related disease mechanisms and enrich our knowledge of TB pathogenesis.
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20
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Sanchez-Guzman D, Boland S, Brookes O, Mc Cord C, Lai Kuen R, Sirri V, Baeza Squiban A, Devineau S. Long-term evolution of the epithelial cell secretome in preclinical 3D models of the human bronchial epithelium. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6621. [PMID: 33758289 PMCID: PMC7988136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The human bronchial epithelium is the first line of defense against atmospheric particles, pollutants, and respiratory pathogens such as the novel SARS-CoV-2. The epithelial cells form a tight barrier and secrete proteins that are major components of the mucosal immune response. Functional in vitro models of the human lung are essential for screening the epithelial response and assessing the toxicity and barrier crossing of drugs, inhaled particles, and pollutants. However, there is a lack of models to investigate the effect of chronic exposure without resorting to animal testing. Here, we developed a 3D model of the human bronchial epithelium using Calu-3 cell line and demonstrated its viability and functionality for 21 days without subculturing. We investigated the effect of reduced Fetal Bovine Serum supplementation in the basal medium and defined the minimal supplementation needed to maintain a functional epithelium, so that the amount of exogenous serum proteins could be reduced during drug testing. The long-term evolution of the epithelial cell secretome was fully characterized by quantitative mass spectrometry in two preclinical models using Calu-3 or primary NHBE cells. 408 common secreted proteins were identified while significant differences in protein abundance were observed with time, suggesting that 7-10 days are necessary to establish a mature secretome in the Calu-3 model. The associated Reactome pathways highlight the role of the secreted proteins in the immune response of the bronchial epithelium. We suggest this preclinical 3D model can be used to evaluate the long-term toxicity of drugs or particles on the human bronchial epithelium, and subsequently to investigate their effect on the epithelial cell secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonja Boland
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Oliver Brookes
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Claire Mc Cord
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, 75013, Paris, France
| | - René Lai Kuen
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Facility, US25 Inserm-3612 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Valentina Sirri
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, 75013, Paris, France
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21
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Gasterich N, Wetz S, Tillmann S, Fein L, Seifert A, Slowik A, Weiskirchen R, Zendedel A, Ludwig A, Koschmieder S, Beyer C, Clarner T. Inflammatory Responses of Astrocytes Are Independent from Lipocalin 2. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:933-942. [PMID: 32959226 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01712-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) responds to diverse neurologic injuries with a vigorous activation of astrocytes. In addition to their role in the maintenance of CNS homeostasis and neuronal function, astrocytes are thought to participate in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses in the CNS. Following antigen recognition, reactive astrocytes may participate in the initiation of innate immune responses, and modulate adaptive immune response leading to the recruitment of peripheral immune cells. Among activation, astrocytes undergo morphological changes and express several molecules, e.g., chemokines. Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is involved in the control of innate immune responses, regulation of excess iron, and reactive oxygen production. Here, we investigated the influence of LCN2 on basic astrocytic functions linked to inflammatory responses. In vitro studies revealed a similar chemokine expression pattern in wild-type and Lcn2-deficient astrocyte cultures after treatment with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Increased wound closure and morphological changes upon LPS treatment are independent of Lcn2 expression. We conclude that LCN2 is not necessary for basic astrocytic functions in the context of inflammation. However, CNS-derived LCN2 might have a regulatory effect on other cells, e.g., endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Gasterich
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sophie Wetz
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Tillmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lena Fein
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anke Seifert
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Slowik
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Adib Zendedel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim Clarner
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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22
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Li HM, Huang Q, Chen SS, Zhang GY, Shi SJ, Hua Wang, Li Y, Zhang TP. The mRNA expression of visfatin and lipocalin-2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23476. [PMID: 32681594 PMCID: PMC7676204 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this study, we aimed to assess mRNA expressions of visfatin and lipocalin‐2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Methods Overall, 79 PTB patients and 71 healthy controls were enrolled. In PBMCs, mRNA expressions of visfatin and lipocalin‐2 were detected using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR), and the diagnostic value of these adipokine mRNAs in PTB patients was calculated through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results In PBMCs from PTB patients, the visfatin mRNA level was significantly higher than in healthy controls (P < .001), with no significant association between the lipocalin‐2 mRNA level and PTB patients (P = .933). In PTB patients, lipocalin‐2 mRNA expression positively correlated with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (P = .010). However, the visfatin mRNA level was not associated with any major clinical and laboratory parameter in PTB patients. The ROC curve demonstrated that visfatin could help distinguish PTB patients from healthy controls, with an optimal cutoff value of 0.645 and a corresponding sensitivity of 79.7%. Conclusions The altered visfatin mRNA expression indicated that this adipokine might play a role in PTB and could be an auxiliary biomarker for PTB diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Miao Li
- Anhui Chest Hospital (Anhui Provincial TB Institute), Hefei, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Hefei, China
| | | | - Gen-You Zhang
- Anhui Chest Hospital (Anhui Provincial TB Institute), Hefei, China
| | - Si-Jiu Shi
- Anhui Chest Hospital (Anhui Provincial TB Institute), Hefei, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Anhui Chest Hospital (Anhui Provincial TB Institute), Hefei, China
| | - Ye Li
- Anhui Chest Hospital (Anhui Provincial TB Institute), Hefei, China
| | - Tian-Ping Zhang
- Department of Scientific Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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23
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Ramezani Kapourchali F, Glueck B, Han Y, Shapiro D, Fulmer CG, Cresci GAM. A Spore-Forming Probiotic Supplement Improves the Intestinal Immune Response and Protects the Intestinal Health During Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Colonization in Mice. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2020; 44:1428-1438. [PMID: 32495964 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around 15%-30% of patients develop recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) as conventional therapies disrupt protective gut microbiota. We tested if supplementation with a spore-forming probiotic would protect intestinal health in a mouse model of recurrent CD colonization. METHODS Methods: Female CF-1 mice were exposed to CD spores (4-log10 colony-forming units/10 μL) and then randomly assigned to receive either saline (CD-S) or probiotic (CD-PRO). Control mice received only saline (control). Following confirmation of initial CD colonization, mice were treated with vancomycin (10 days). After 5 days, mice recolonized with CD were treated again with vancomycin (10 days) and euthanized 5 days later. Fecal samples were collected at select time points for bacterial analysis. Following euthanasia, blood samples, cecum contents, and the intestine were collected for analysis. RESULTS Probiotic supplementation mitigated the antibiotic-induced changes in cecum weight (P < .001). Probiotic-supplemented mice had increased messenger RNA expression of several immune parameters, accompanied by lower serum iron levels compared with CD-S mice (P < .05). Lower expressions of TNF α and calprotectin (P ≤ .05) were observed in CD-PRO mice compared with CD-S. The probiotics also supported the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins, which were diminished in the proximal colon of CD-S mice (P < .05). CONCLUSION Mice supplemented with targeted spore-forming probiotics exhibited improved immune responses and nutrition immunity properties, which were linked with less inflammation and enhanced intestinal barrier proteins during recurrent CD colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan Glueck
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yingchun Han
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - David Shapiro
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Clifton G Fulmer
- Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Gail A M Cresci
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Center for Human Nutrition, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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24
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Jeon YJ, Jo A, Won J, Lee KM, Yoon SS, Choi JY, Kim HJ. IL-17C Protects Nasal Epithelium from Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:95-103. [PMID: 31318581 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0377oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-17 family cytokines are directly involved in host immune responses and the critical mediators for host defense against infection or inflammation. IL-17C is highly expressed in respiratory epithelium and is induced after acute bacterial lung infection. However, the definite function of IL-17C induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1 strain) is not fully understood, and our study was designed to demonstrate IL-17C-induced immune response against PAO1 infection in nasal epithelium. Passage-2 normal human nasal epithelial (NHNE) cells were infected with PAO1 and the relationship between IL-17C-related immune responses and the iron absorption of PAO1, depending on inoculation of recombinant human IL-17C (rhIL-17C), was assessed by measuring the siderophore activity of PAO1. Microarray data showed that IL-17C expression increased 34.7 times at 8 hours postinfection (hpi) in NHNE cells, and IL-17C mRNA levels increased until 48 hpi. The PAO1 colonies significantly increased from 8 hpi in NHNE cells, and siderophore activity of PAO1 was enhanced in the supernatants of PAO1-infected NHNE cells. Interestingly, PAO1 colonies were reduced in PAO1-infected NHNE cells treated with rhIL-17C, and supernatants from NHNE cells treated with rhIL-17C also exhibited decreased PAO1 colonies. We found that the siderophore activity of PAO1 was significantly reduced in the supernatants of NHNE cells treated with rhIL-17C where LCN2 expression was highly elevated. Our findings indicate that IL-17C mediates an antibacterial effect against PAO1 by inhibiting siderophore activity in nasal epithelium. We propose that IL-17C might be an efficient mediator to suppress PAO1 infection through disturbing iron absorption of PAO1 in nasal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Jin Jeon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Jo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Won
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jae Young Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Hyun Jik Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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25
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Villeret B, Solhonne B, Straube M, Lemaire F, Cazes A, Garcia-Verdugo I, Sallenave JM. Influenza A Virus Pre-Infection Exacerbates Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Mediated Lung Damage Through Increased MMP-9 Expression, Decreased Elafin Production and Tissue Resilience. Front Immunol 2020; 11:117. [PMID: 32117268 PMCID: PMC7031978 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with impaired immune responses, such as ventilated and cystic fibrosis patients are often infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.a) bacteria, and a co-infection with the Influenza virus (IAV) is often present. It has been known for many years that infection with IAV predisposes the host to secondary bacterial infections (such as Streptococcus pneumoniae or Staphylococcus aureus), and there is an abundance of mechanistic studies, including those studying the role of desensitization of TLR signaling, type I IFN- mediated impairment of neutrophil chemokines and antimicrobial production, attenuation of IL1β production etc., showing this. However, little is known about the mechanistic events underlying the potential deleterious synergy between Influenza and P.a co-infections. We demonstrate here in vitro in epithelial cells and in vivo in three independent models (two involving mice given IAV +/– P.a, and one involving mice given IAV +/– IL-1β) that IAV promotes secondary P.a-mediated lung disease or augmented IL-1β-mediated inflammation. We show that IAV-P.a-mediated deleterious responses includes increased matrix metalloprotease (MMP) activity, and MMP-9 in particular, and that the use of the MMP inhibitor improves lung resilience. Furthermore, we show that IAV post-transcriptionally inhibits the antimicrobial/anti-protease molecule elafin/trappin-2, which we have shown previously to be anti-inflammatory and to protect the host against maladaptive neutrophilic inflammation in P.a infections. Our work highlights the capacity of IAV to promote further P.a-mediated lung damage, not necessarily through its interference with host resistance to the bacterium, but by down-regulating tissue resilience to lung inflammation instead. Our study therefore suggests that restoring tissue resilience in clinical settings where IAV/P.a co-exists could prove a fruitful strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berengère Villeret
- Inserm, UMR1152, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Solhonne
- Inserm, UMR1152, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marjolène Straube
- Inserm, UMR1152, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Flora Lemaire
- Inserm, UMR1152, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Cazes
- Inserm, UMR1152, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Bichat, Service de Pneumologie A, Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Garcia-Verdugo
- Inserm, UMR1152, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Sallenave
- Inserm, UMR1152, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), Université de Paris, Paris, France
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26
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Lu F, Inoue K, Kato J, Minamishima S, Morisaki H. Functions and regulation of lipocalin-2 in gut-origin sepsis: a narrative review. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2019; 23:269. [PMID: 31375129 PMCID: PMC6679544 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2550-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (Lcn2), an innate immune protein, has come to be recognized for its roles in iron homeostasis, infection, and inflammation. In this narrative review, we provide a comprehensive description based on currently available evidence of the clinical implications of Lcn2 and its therapeutic potency in gut-origin sepsis. Lcn2 appears to mitigate gut barrier injury via maintaining homeostasis of the microbiota and exerting antioxidant strategy, as well as by deactivating macrophages and inducing immune cell apoptosis to terminate systemic hyper-inflammation. We propose that development of a therapeutic strategy targeting lipocalin-2 could be highly promising in the management of gut-origin sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglin Lu
- Keio University Graduate School of Medicine Doctoral Programs, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanoamchi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kei Inoue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanoamchi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jungo Kato
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanoamchi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shizuka Minamishima
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanoamchi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Morisaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanoamchi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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27
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Iron Supplementation Therapy, A Friend and Foe of Mycobacterial Infections? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12020075. [PMID: 31108902 PMCID: PMC6630247 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element that is required for oxygen transfer, redox, and metabolic activities in mammals and bacteria. Mycobacteria, some of the most prevalent infectious agents in the world, require iron as growth factor. Mycobacterial-infected hosts set up a series of defense mechanisms, including systemic iron restriction and cellular iron distribution, whereas mycobacteria have developed sophisticated strategies to acquire iron from their hosts and to protect themselves from iron’s harmful effects. Therefore, it is assumed that host iron and iron-binding proteins, and natural or synthetic chelators would be keys targets to inhibit mycobacterial proliferation and may have a therapeutic potential. Beyond this hypothesis, recent evidence indicates a host protective effect of iron against mycobacterial infections likely through promoting remodeled immune response. In this review, we discuss experimental procedures and clinical observations that highlight the role of the immune response against mycobacteria under various iron availability conditions. In addition, we discuss the clinical relevance of our knowledge regarding host susceptibility to mycobacteria in the context of iron availability and suggest future directions for research on the relationship between host iron and the immune response and the use of iron as a therapeutic agent.
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28
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Sarcoid-Like Granulomatous Disease: Pathologic Case Series in World Trade Center Dust Exposed Rescue and Recovery Workers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16050815. [PMID: 30845693 PMCID: PMC6427752 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoid-like granulomatous diseases (SGD) have been previously identified in cohorts of World Trade Center (WTC) dust-exposed individuals. In the present studies, we analyzed lung and/or lymph node biopsies from patients referred to our clinic with suspected WTC dust-induced lung disease to evaluate potential pathophysiologic mechanisms. Histologic sections of lung and/or lymph node samples were analyzed for markers of injury, oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and epigenetic modifications. Out of seven patients examined, we diagnosed four with SGD and two with pulmonary fibrosis; one was diagnosed later with SGD at another medical facility. Patients with SGD were predominantly white, obese men, who were less than 50 years old and never smoked. Cytochrome b5, cytokeratin 17, heme oxygenase-1, lipocalin-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase 2, tumor necrosis factor α, ADP-ribosylation factor-like GTPase 11, mannose receptor-1, galectin-3, transforming growth factor β, histone-3 and methylated histone-3 were identified in lung and lymph nodes at varying levels in all samples examined. Three of the biopsy samples with granulomas displayed peri-granulomatous fibrosis. These findings are important and suggest the potential of WTC dust-induced fibrotic sarcoid. It is likely that patient demographics and/or genetic factors influence the response to WTC dust injury and that these contribute to different pathological outcomes.
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29
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Dahl SL, Woodworth JS, Lerche CJ, Cramer EP, Nielsen PR, Moser C, Thomsen AR, Borregaard N, Cowland JB. Lipocalin-2 Functions as Inhibitor of Innate Resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2717. [PMID: 30534124 PMCID: PMC6275245 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 is a constituent of the neutrophil secondary granules and is expressed de novo by macrophages and epithelium in response to inflammation. Lipocalin-2 acts in a bacteriostatic fashion by binding iron-loaded siderophores required for bacterial growth. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) produces siderophores that can be bound by lipocalin-2. The impact of lipocalin-2 in the innate immune response toward extracellular bacteria has been established whereas the effect on intracellular bacteria, such as M.tb, is less well-described. Here we show that lipocalin-2 surprisingly confers a growth advantage on M.tb in the early stages of infection (3 weeks post-challenge). Using mixed bone marrow chimeras, we demonstrate that lipocalin-2 derived from granulocytes, but not from epithelia and macrophages, leads to increased susceptibility to M.tb infection. In contrast, lipocalin-2 is not observed to promote mycobacterial growth at later stages of M.tb infection. We demonstrate co-localization of granulocytes and mycobacteria within the nascent granulomas at week 3 post-challenge, but not in the consolidated granulomas at week 5. We hypothesize that neutrophil-derived lipocalin-2 acts to supply a source of iron to M.tb in infected macrophages within the immature granuloma, thereby facilitating mycobacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Louise Dahl
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joshua S Woodworth
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Pia Rude Nielsen
- Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Claus Moser
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Randrup Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Borregaard
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jack Bernard Cowland
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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30
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Kato S, Inui N, Hozumi H, Inoue Y, Yasui H, Karayama M, Kono M, Suzuki Y, Furuhashi K, Enomoto N, Fujisawa T, Nakamura Y, Watanabe H, Suda T. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in patients with sarcoidosis. Respir Med 2018; 138S:S20-S23. [PMID: 29373174 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a glycoprotein that is involved in the innate immune system and increased expression has been detected in diverse diseases. Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disorder and its clinical course and prognosis are changeable and highly divergent. This study aimed to examine the expression of NGAL in patients with sarcoidosis. In addition, we examined whether NGAL could serve as a marker of disease activity and prognosis. METHODS Ninety-six sarcoidosis patients were studied. Serum samples collected at the time of diagnosis were examined for NGAL by cellular enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The level of NGAL was compared with clinical, radiological and laboratory data. RESULTS Patients with sarcoidosis had significantly higher levels of NGAL (the median [interquartile range] was 35.1 ng/mL [23.5-60.8] in sarcoidosis patients versus 17.2 ng/mL [13.0-27.0] in the reference population, p < .0001). NGAL levels were not correlated with markers for disease activity. During the follow-up period, 26 patients (27.1%) deteriorated and received systemic corticosteroid therapy for organ dysfunction. In those patients, NGAL levels were significantly higher than in those who did not receive corticosteroid therapy (56.5 ng/mL [27.3-92.3] versus 34.3 ng/mL [23.0-53.0], p = .0201). Upon multivariate logistic regression analysis, elevated NGAL levels at diagnosis were associated with subsequent use of systemic corticosteroid therapy (hazard ratio, 1.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-1.31; p = .0004). CONCLUSION NGAL may be a useful marker to predict the disease course of sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinpei Kato
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Naoki Inui
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Hironao Hozumi
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Inoue
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hideki Yasui
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Masato Karayama
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Masato Kono
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yuzo Suzuki
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kazuki Furuhashi
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Enomoto
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujisawa
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yutaro Nakamura
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Takafumi Suda
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
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31
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Agoro R, Benmerzoug S, Rose S, Bouyer M, Gozzelino R, Garcia I, Ryffel B, Quesniaux VFJ, Mura C. An Iron-Rich Diet Decreases the Mycobacterial Burden and Correlates With Hepcidin Upregulation, Lower Levels of Proinflammatory Mediators, and Increased T-Cell Recruitment in a Model of Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin Infection. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:907-918. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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32
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Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), an innate immune protein, has emerged as a critical iron regulatory protein during physiological and inflammatory conditions. As a bacteriostatic factor, Lcn2 obstructs the siderophore iron-acquiring strategy of bacteria and thus inhibits bacterial growth. As part of host nutritional immunity, Lcn2 facilitates systemic, cellular, and mucosal hypoferremia during inflammation, in addition to stabilizing the siderophore-bound labile iron pool. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the interaction between Lcn2 and iron, and its effects in various inflammatory diseases. Lcn2 exerts mostly a protective role in infectious and inflammatory bowel diseases, whereas both beneficial and detrimental functions have been documented in neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndrome, renal disorders, skin disorders, and cancer. Further animal and clinical studies are necessary to unveil the multifaceted roles of Lcn2 in iron dysregulation during inflammation and to explore its therapeutic potential for treating inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xiao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802; .,Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
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33
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Ali MK, Kim RY, Karim R, Mayall JR, Martin KL, Shahandeh A, Abbasian F, Starkey MR, Loustaud-Ratti V, Johnstone D, Milward EA, Hansbro PM, Horvat JC. Role of iron in the pathogenesis of respiratory disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 88:181-195. [PMID: 28495571 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential for many biological processes, however, too much or too little iron can result in a wide variety of pathological consequences, depending on the organ system, tissue or cell type affected. In order to reduce pathogenesis, iron levels are tightly controlled in throughout the body by regulatory systems that control iron absorption, systemic transport and cellular uptake and storage. Altered iron levels and/or dysregulated homeostasis have been associated with several lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and asthma. However, the mechanisms that underpin these associations and whether iron plays a key role in the pathogenesis of lung disease are yet to be fully elucidated. Furthermore, in order to survive and replicate, pathogenic micro-organisms have evolved strategies to source host iron, including freeing iron from cells and proteins that store and transport iron. To counter these microbial strategies, mammals have evolved immune-mediated defence mechanisms that reduce iron availability to pathogens. This interplay between iron, infection and immunity has important ramifications for the pathogenesis and management of human respiratory infections and diseases. An increased understanding of the role that iron plays in the pathogenesis of lung disease and respiratory infections may help inform novel therapeutic strategies. Here we review the clinical and experimental evidence that highlights the potential importance of iron in respiratory diseases and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Khadem Ali
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Richard Y Kim
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Rafia Karim
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jemma R Mayall
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kristy L Martin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ali Shahandeh
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Firouz Abbasian
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Malcolm R Starkey
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | | | - Daniel Johnstone
- Bosch Institute and Discipline of Physiology, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Milward
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jay C Horvat
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
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Choi R, Kim K, Kim MJ, Kim SY, Kwon OJ, Jeon K, Park HY, Jeong BH, Shin SJ, Koh WJ, Lee SY. Serum inflammatory profiles in pulmonary tuberculosis and their association with treatment response. J Proteomics 2016; 149:23-30. [PMID: 27321581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate serum cytokines and natural antimicrobial peptide profiles in pulmonary tuberculosis, and compare them with levels in controls without tuberculosis, to explore the associations between these biomarkers and response to antituberculosis treatment. Serum levels of 10 biomarkers were measured using a Luminex bead array platform. Tuberculosis biosignatures were identified from the discovery cohort (n=148) and were validated in the independent cohort (n=148). Association between biosignatures and clinical outcome was investigated with negative conversion in follow-up sputum culture after 2months of treatment. Serum concentrations of eotaxin, MIP-1α, sIL-2Rα, and lipocalin 2 were significantly different between pulmonary tuberculosis patients and controls (P<0.05). Serum concentrations of eotaxin and sIL-2Rα were higher in pulmonary tuberculosis patients than in controls, while those of MIP-1α and lipocalin 2 were lower (P<0.05). Eotaxin concentrations were significantly higher in good responders to treatment (P<0.05), indicating this immunomolecule may serve as a positive predictor for therapy response in pulmonary tuberculosis. The magnitude serum eotaxin, MIP-1α, sIL-2Rα, and lipocalin 2 are important indicators for pulmonary tuberculosis. These biomarkers alone or combinatorial detections have potential applicability in monitoring tuberculosis patients during antituberculosis treatment. SIGNIFICANCE Cytokines and endogenous antimicrobial peptides represent an important part of immune system and the identification of a pattern of differentially expressed those biomarkers (a "biosignature") could help to differentiate tuberculosis infection from the non-infected state which might eventually assist case identification and accelerate access to treatment. In this direction, cytokine analysis including multiple serum biomarkers to evaluate biosignatures of pulmonary tuberculosis would provide basic knowledge to aid understanding of the pathophysiology of tuberculosis infection and for the development of future diagnostic methods, treatments, and monitoring for pulmonary tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihwa Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyunga Kim
- Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Ji Kim
- Biostatistics Team, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Su-Young Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - O Jung Kwon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyeongman Jeon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye Yun Park
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byeong-Ho Jeong
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won-Jung Koh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soo-Youn Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Dubuquoy L. Lipocalin 2 highlights the complex role of neutrophils in alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol 2016; 64:770-2. [PMID: 26812070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dubuquoy
- LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, U995, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Singh V, Yeoh BS, Chassaing B, Zhang B, Saha P, Xiao X, Awasthi D, Shashidharamurthy R, Dikshit M, Gewirtz A, Vijay-Kumar M. Microbiota-inducible Innate Immune, Siderophore Binding Protein Lipocalin 2 is Critical for Intestinal Homeostasis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:482-498.e6. [PMID: 27458605 PMCID: PMC4957954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is a multifunctional innate immune protein whose expression closely correlates with extent of intestinal inflammation. However, whether Lcn2 plays a role in the pathogenesis of gut inflammation is unknown. Herein, we investigated the extent to which Lcn2 regulates inflammation and gut bacterial dysbiosis in mouse models of IBD. METHODS Lcn2 expression was monitored in murine colitis models and upon microbiota ablation/restoration. WT and Lcn2 knockout (Lcn2KO) mice were analyzed for gut bacterial load, composition by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing and, their colitogenic potential by co-housing with Il-10KO mice. Acute (dextran sodium sulfate) and chronic (IL-10R neutralization and T-cell adoptive transfer) colitis was induced in WT and Lcn2KO mice with or without antibiotics. RESULTS Lcn2 expression was dramatically induced upon inflammation and was dependent upon presence of a gut microbiota and MyD88 signaling. Use of bone-marrow chimeric mice revealed non-immune cells are the major contributors of circulating Lcn2. Lcn2KO mice exhibited elevated levels of entA-expressing gut bacteria burden and, moreover, a broadly distinct bacterial community relative to WT littermates. Lcn2KO mice developed highly colitogenic T-cells and exhibited exacerbated colitis upon exposure to DSS or neutralization of IL-10. Such exacerbated colitis could be prevented by antibiotic treatment. Moreover, exposure to the microbiota of Lcn2KO mice, via cohousing, resulted in severe colitis in Il-10KO mice. CONCLUSION Lcn2 is a bacterially-induced, MyD88-dependent, protein that play an important role in gut homeostasis and a pivotal role upon challenge. Hence, therapeutic manipulation of Lcn2 levels may provide a strategy to help manage diseases driven by alteration of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Singh
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Benyue Zhang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Piu Saha
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Xia Xiao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Deepika Awasthi
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Madhu Dikshit
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Andrew Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania,Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Matam Vijay-Kumar, PhD, Department of Nutritional Sciences 222, Chandlee Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802. fax: (814) 863-6103.Department of Nutritional Sciences 222Chandlee LaboratoryThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania 16802
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Asimakopoulou A, Borkham-Kamphorst E, Tacke F, Weiskirchen R. Lipocalin-2 (NGAL/LCN2), a "help-me" signal in organ inflammation. Hepatology 2016; 63:669-71. [PMID: 26054053 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Asimakopoulou
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Erawan Borkham-Kamphorst
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Xu M, Feng D, Gao B. Reply. Hepatology 2016; 63:671-2. [PMID: 26053944 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjiang Xu
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Mori K, Suzuki T, Minamishima S, Igarashi T, Inoue K, Nishimura D, Seki H, Yamada T, Kosugi S, Katori N, Hashiguchi S, Morisaki H. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin regulates gut microbiota of mice. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:145-54. [PMID: 26189649 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Because neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is known to provide significant bacteriostatic effects during infectious conditions, we tested the hypothesis that this protein is up-regulated and secreted into the intraluminal cavity of the gut under critically ill conditions and is thus responsible for the regulation of bacterial overgrowth. METHODS With our institutional approval, male C57BL/6J mouse (6-7 weeks) were enrolled and applied for lipopolysaccharide or peritonitis model compared with naïve control. We assessed NGAL protein concentrations in intestinal lumen and up-regulation of NGAL expression in intestinal tissues in in vivo as well as ex vivo settings. Simultaneously, we examined the effects of NGAL protein administration on the growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in in vivo and in vitro experimental settings. The localization of NGAL in intestinal tissues and lumen was also assessed by immunohistological approach using NGAL antibody. RESULTS Both lipopolysaccharide and peritonitis insults evoked the marked up-regulation of NGAL mRNA and protein levels in gut tissues such as crypt cells. In addition, the administration of NGAL protein significantly inhibited the outgrowth of enteric E. coli under both in vitro and in vivo conditions, accompanied by histological evidence. CONCLUSION Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin protein accompanied by apparent bacteriostatic action accumulated in the intestinal wall and streamed into the mucosal layer during critically ill state, thereby possibly shaping microbiota homeostasis in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Mori
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Society of the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shizuka Minamishima
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Igarashi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Inoue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nishimura
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Seki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashige Yamada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kosugi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Katori
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saori Hashiguchi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Morisaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhou Z, Xu MJ, Gao B. Hepatocytes: a key cell type for innate immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 13:301-15. [PMID: 26685902 PMCID: PMC4856808 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes, the major parenchymal cells in the liver, play pivotal roles in metabolism, detoxification, and protein synthesis. Hepatocytes also activate innate immunity against invading microorganisms by secreting innate immunity proteins. These proteins include bactericidal proteins that directly kill bacteria, opsonins that assist in the phagocytosis of foreign bacteria, iron-sequestering proteins that block iron uptake by bacteria, several soluble factors that regulate lipopolysaccharide signaling, and the coagulation factor fibrinogen that activates innate immunity. In this review, we summarize the wide variety of innate immunity proteins produced by hepatocytes and discuss liver-enriched transcription factors (e.g. hepatocyte nuclear factors and CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins), pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g. interleukin (IL)-6, IL-22, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α), and downstream signaling pathways (e.g. signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 and nuclear factor-κB) that regulate the expression of these innate immunity proteins. We also briefly discuss the dysregulation of these innate immunity proteins in chronic liver disease, which may contribute to an increased susceptibility to bacterial infection in patients with cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhou
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ming-Jiang Xu
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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41
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Peterson RA, Gueniche A, Adam de Beaumais S, Breton L, Dalko-Csiba M, Packer NH. Sweating the small stuff: Glycoproteins in human sweat and their unexplored potential for microbial adhesion. Glycobiology 2015; 26:218-29. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Nairz M, Schroll A, Haschka D, Dichtl S, Sonnweber T, Theurl I, Theurl M, Lindner E, Demetz E, Aßhoff M, Bellmann-Weiler R, Müller R, Gerner RR, Moschen AR, Baumgartner N, Moser PL, Talasz H, Tilg H, Fang FC, Weiss G. Lipocalin-2 ensures host defense against Salmonella Typhimurium by controlling macrophage iron homeostasis and immune response. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3073-86. [PMID: 26332507 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (Lcn2) is an innate immune peptide with pleiotropic effects. Lcn2 binds iron-laden bacterial siderophores, chemo-attracts neutrophils and has immunomodulatory and apoptosis-regulating effects. In this study, we show that upon infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Lcn2 promotes iron export from Salmonella-infected macrophages, which reduces cellular iron content and enhances the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Lcn2 represses IL-10 production while augmenting Nos2, TNF-α, and IL-6 expression. Lcn2(-/-) macrophages have elevated IL-10 levels as a consequence of increased iron content. The crucial role of Lcn-2/IL-10 interactions was further demonstrated by the greater ability of Lcn2(-/-) IL-10(-/-) macrophages and mice to control intracellular Salmonella proliferation in comparison to Lcn2(-/-) counterparts. Overexpression of the iron exporter ferroportin-1 in Lcn2(-/-) macrophages represses IL-10 and restores TNF-α and IL-6 production to the levels found in wild-type macrophages, so that killing and clearance of intracellular Salmonella is promoted. Our observations suggest that Lcn2 promotes host resistance to Salmonella Typhimurium infection by binding bacterial siderophores and suppressing IL-10 production, and that both functions are linked to its ability to shuttle iron from macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Schroll
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Haschka
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefanie Dichtl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Sonnweber
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ewald Lindner
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Egon Demetz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Malte Aßhoff
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rosa Bellmann-Weiler
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raphael Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Romana R Gerner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander R Moschen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nadja Baumgartner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrizia L Moser
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heribert Talasz
- Biocenter, Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ferric C Fang
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
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Ferreira AC, Dá Mesquita S, Sousa JC, Correia-Neves M, Sousa N, Palha JA, Marques F. From the periphery to the brain: Lipocalin-2, a friend or foe? Prog Neurobiol 2015; 131:120-36. [PMID: 26159707 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is an acute-phase protein that, by binding to iron-loaded siderophores, acts as a potent bacteriostatic agent in the iron-depletion strategy of the immune system to control pathogens. The recent identification of a mammalian siderophore also suggests a physiological role for LCN2 in iron homeostasis, specifically in iron delivery to cells via a transferrin-independent mechanism. LCN2 participates, as well, in a variety of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, cell differentiation and apoptosis, and has been mostly found up-regulated in various tissues and under inflammatory states, being its expression regulated by several inducers. In the central nervous system less is known about the processes involving LCN2, namely by which cells it is produced/secreted, and its impact on cell proliferation and death, or in neuronal plasticity and behaviour. Importantly, LCN2 recently emerged as a potential clinical biomarker in multiple sclerosis and in ageing-related cognitive decline. Still, there are conflicting views on the role of LCN2 in pathophysiological processes, with some studies pointing to its neurodeleterious effects, while others indicate neuroprotection. Herein, these various perspectives are reviewed and a comprehensive and cohesive view of the general function of LCN2, particularly in the brain, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Ferreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sandro Dá Mesquita
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João C Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana A Palha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
infection of the ‘non‐classical immune cell’. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:789-95. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Abstract
Macrophages and neutrophils play a decisive role in host responses to intracellular bacteria including the agent of tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium tuberculosis as they represent the forefront of innate immune defense against bacterial invaders. At the same time, these phagocytes are also primary targets of intracellular bacteria to be abused as host cells. Their efficacy to contain and eliminate intracellular M. tuberculosis decides whether a patient initially becomes infected or not. However, when the infection becomes chronic or even latent (as in the case of TB) despite development of specific immune activation, phagocytes have also important effector functions. Macrophages have evolved a myriad of defense strategies to combat infection with intracellular bacteria such as M. tuberculosis. These include induction of toxic anti-microbial effectors such as nitric oxide and reactive oxygen intermediates, the stimulation of microbe intoxication mechanisms via acidification or metal accumulation in the phagolysosome, the restriction of the microbe's access to essential nutrients such as iron, fatty acids, or amino acids, the production of anti-microbial peptides and cytokines, along with induction of autophagy and efferocytosis to eliminate the pathogen. On the other hand, M. tuberculosis, as a prime example of a well-adapted facultative intracellular bacterium, has learned during evolution to counter-balance the host's immune defense strategies to secure survival or multiplication within this otherwise hostile environment. This review provides an overview of innate immune defense of macrophages directed against intracellular bacteria with a focus on M. tuberculosis. Gaining more insights and knowledge into this complex network of host-pathogen interaction will identify novel target sites of intervention to successfully clear infection at a time of rapidly emerging multi-resistance of M. tuberculosis against conventional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Disease, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Ulrich E Schaible
- Cellular Microbiology, Priority Area Infections, Research Center BorstelBorstel, Germany
- Department of Immunology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, UK
- German Centre of Infection Research, TTU-TBBorstel, Germany
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Nasioudis D, Witkin SS. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and innate immune responses to bacterial infections. Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 204:471-9. [PMID: 25716557 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-015-0394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), an essential component of the antimicrobial innate immune system, is present in neutrophils and multiple other tissues. It prevents iron acquisition by microorganisms by sequestering iron-loaded bacterial siderophores. NGAL also modulates neutrophil functions. Its production is inducible following Toll-like receptor 4 activation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. NGAL is employed clinically in the diagnosis of acute kidney injury and may be useful in general in the differential diagnosis of a bacterial-mediated infectious process. Elevated levels of NGAL have been detected in the blood of patients with bacterial urinary tract infection, community-acquired pneumonia, sepsis, as well as in the cerebrospinal fluid and peritoneal fluid of patients with bacterial meningitis and peritonitis. Some bacteria have developed resistance to NGAL-mediated iron sequestration by production of modified siderophores that are not recognized by NGAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Nasioudis
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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Diverse functional roles of lipocalin-2 in the central nervous system. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 49:135-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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48
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Rottenberg ME, Carow B. SOCS3 and STAT3, major controllers of the outcome of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:518-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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49
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Bacterial siderophores that evade or overwhelm lipocalin 2 induce hypoxia inducible factor 1α and proinflammatory cytokine secretion in cultured respiratory epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3826-36. [PMID: 24980968 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01849-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for many cellular processes and is required by bacteria for replication. To acquire iron from the host, pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria secrete siderophores, including enterobactin (Ent). However, Ent is bound by the host protein lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), preventing bacterial reuptake of aferric or ferric Ent. Furthermore, the combination of Ent and Lcn2 (Ent+Lcn2) leads to enhanced secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8) compared to that induced by either stimulus alone. Modified or structurally distinct siderophores, including yersiniabactin (Ybt) and glycosylated Ent (GlyEnt, or salmochelin), deliver iron to bacteria despite the presence of Lcn2. We hypothesized that the robust immune response to Ent and Lcn2 requires iron chelation rather than the Ent+Lcn2 complex itself and also can be stimulated by Lcn2-evasive siderophores. To test this hypothesis, cultured respiratory epithelial cells were stimulated with combinations of purified siderophores and Lcn2 and analyzed by gene expression microarrays, quantitative PCR, and cytokine immunoassays. Ent caused HIF-1α protein stabilization, induced the expression of genes regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), and repressed genes involved in cell cycle and DNA replication, whereas Lcn2 induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Iron chelation by excess Ent or Ybt significantly increased Lcn2-induced secretion of IL-8, IL-6, and CCL20. Stabilization of HIF-1α was sufficient to enhance Lcn2-induced IL-6 secretion. These data indicate that respiratory epithelial cells can respond to bacterial siderophores that evade or overwhelm Lcn2 binding by increasing proinflammatory cytokine production.
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Interleukin-17-induced protein lipocalin 2 is dispensable for immunity to oral candidiasis. Infect Immun 2013; 82:1030-5. [PMID: 24343647 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01389-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC; thrush) is an opportunistic fungal infection caused by the commensal microbe Candida albicans. Immunity to OPC is strongly dependent on CD4+ T cells, particularly those of the Th17 subset. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) deficiency in mice or humans leads to chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, but the specific downstream mechanisms of IL-17-mediated host defense remain unclear. Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2; 24p3; neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin [NGAL]) is an antimicrobial host defense factor produced in response to inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-17. Lcn2 plays a key role in preventing iron acquisition by bacteria that use catecholate-type siderophores, and lipocalin 2(-/-) mice are highly susceptible to infection by Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The role of Lcn2 in mediating immunity to fungi is poorly defined. Accordingly, in this study, we evaluated the role of Lcn2 in immunity to oral infection with C. albicans. Lcn2 is strongly upregulated following oral infection with C. albicans, and its expression is almost entirely abrogated in mice with defective IL-17 signaling (IL-17RA(-/-) or Act1(-/-) mice). However, Lcn2(-/-) mice were completely resistant to OPC, comparably to wild-type (WT) mice. Moreover, Lcn2 deficiency mediated protection from OPC induced by steroid immunosuppression. Therefore, despite its potent regulation during C. albicans infection, Lcn2 is not required for immunity to mucosal candidiasis.
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