1
|
Mahadev Bhat S, Creighton CC, Sieck GC. TNFα-mediated subcellular heterogeneity of succinate dehydrogenase activity in human airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2025; 328:L792-L808. [PMID: 40266735 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00396.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2025] [Accepted: 04/13/2025] [Indexed: 04/25/2025] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, which mediates acute inflammatory effects in response to allergens, pollutants, and respiratory infections. Previously, we reported that TNFα increased maximum O2 consumption rate (OCR) and mitochondrial volume density (MVD) in human airway smooth muscle (hASM) cells. However, TNFα decreased maximum OCR when normalized to mitochondrial volume. In addition, TNFα altered mitochondrial distribution and motility within hASM cells. Although high-resolution respirometry is valuable for assessing mitochondrial function, it overlooks mitochondrial structural and functional heterogeneity within cells. Therefore, a direct measurement of cellular mitochondrial function provides valuable information. Previously, we developed a confocal-based quantitative histochemical technique to determine the maximum velocity of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) reaction (SDHmax) in single cells and observed that cellular SDHmax corresponds with MVD. Therefore, we hypothesized that TNFα decreases SDHmax per mitochondrion in hASM cells. The hASM cells were treated with TNFα (20 ng/mL, 6 h, and 24 h) or untreated (time-matched control). Using three-dimensional (3-D) confocal imaging of labeled mitochondria and a concentric shell method for analysis, we quantified MVD, mitochondrial complexity index (MCI) and SDHmax relative to the nuclear membrane. Within each shell, SDHmax and MVD peaked in the perinuclear compartments and decreased toward the distal compartments of the cell. When normalized to mitochondrial volume, SDHmax decreased in the perinuclear compartments compared with distal compartments. TNFα caused a significant shift in mitochondrial morphometry and function compared to control. In conclusion, mitochondria within individual cells exhibit distinct morphological and functional heterogeneity, which is disrupted during acute inflammation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mitochondria show context-specific heterogeneity in their morphometry. Previously, we reported that acute TNFα exposure increased O2 consumption rate (OCR) and mitochondrial volume density, but decreased OCR per mitochondrion. TNFα also altered mitochondrial distribution and motility. To assess TNFα-mediated subcellular mitochondrial structural and functional heterogeneity, we used a confocal-based quantitative histochemical technique to determine the maximum velocity of succinate dehydrogenase reaction. Our findings highlight that mitochondria within cells exhibit functional heterogeneity, which is disrupted during inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Mahadev Bhat
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | | | - Gary C Sieck
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Doerksen AH, Herath NN, Sanders SS. Fat traffic control: S-acylation in axonal transport. Mol Pharmacol 2025; 107:100039. [PMID: 40349611 DOI: 10.1016/j.molpha.2025.100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2025] [Accepted: 04/09/2025] [Indexed: 05/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Neuronal axons serve as a conduit for the coordinated transport of essential molecular cargo between structurally and functionally distinct subcellular compartments via axonal molecular machinery. Long-distance, efficient axonal transport of membrane-bound organelles enables signal transduction and neuronal homeostasis. Efficient axonal transport is conducted by dynein and kinesin ATPase motors that use a local ATP supply from metabolic enzymes tethered to transport vesicles. Molecular motor adaptor proteins promote the processive motility and cargo selectivity of fast axonal transport. Axonal transport impairments are directly causative or associated with many neurodegenerative diseases and neuropathologies. Cargo specificity, cargo-adaptor proteins, and posttranslational modifications of cargo, adaptor proteins, microtubules, or the motor protein subunits all contribute to the precise regulation of vesicular transit. One posttranslational lipid modification that is particularly important in neurons in regulating protein trafficking, protein-protein interactions, and protein association with lipid membranes is S-acylation. Interestingly, many fast axonal transport cargos, cytoskeletal-associated proteins, motor protein subunits, and adaptors are S-acylated to modulate axonal transport. Here, we review the established regulatory role of S-acylation in fast axonal transport and provide evidence for a broader role of S-acylation in regulating the motor-cargo complex machinery, adaptor proteins, and metabolic enzymes from low-throughput studies and S-acyl-proteomic data sets. We propose that S-acylation regulates fast axonal transport and vesicular motility through localization of the proteins required for the motile cargo-complex machinery and relate how perturbed S-acylation contributes to transport impairments in neurological disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review investigates the regulatory role of S-acylation in fast axonal transport and its connection to neurological diseases, with a focus on the emerging connections between S-acylation and the molecular motors, adaptor proteins, and metabolic enzymes that make up the trafficking machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia H Doerksen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nisandi N Herath
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaun S Sanders
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Denley MCS, Straub MS, Marcionelli G, Güra MA, Penton D, Delvendahl I, Poms M, Vekeriotaite B, Cherkaoui S, Conte F, von Meyenn F, Froese DS, Baumgartner MR. Mitochondrial dysfunction drives a neuronal exhaustion phenotype in methylmalonic aciduria. Commun Biol 2025; 8:410. [PMID: 40069408 PMCID: PMC11897345 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-025-07828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2025] [Indexed: 03/15/2025] Open
Abstract
Methylmalonic aciduria (MMA) is an inborn error of metabolism resulting in loss of function of the enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MMUT). Despite acute and persistent neurological symptoms, the pathogenesis of MMA in the central nervous system is poorly understood, which has contributed to a dearth of effective brain specific treatments. Here we utilised patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and in vitro differentiation to generate a human neuronal model of MMA. We reveal strong evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction caused by deficiency of MMUT in patient neurons. By employing patch-clamp electrophysiology, targeted metabolomics, and bulk transcriptomics, we expose an altered state of excitability, which is exacerbated by application of dimethyl-2-oxoglutarate, and we suggest may be connected to metabolic rewiring. Our work provides first evidence of mitochondrial driven neuronal dysfunction in MMA, which through our comprehensive characterisation of this paradigmatic model, enables first steps to identifying effective therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C S Denley
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8032, Switzerland
| | - Monique S Straub
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8032, Switzerland
| | - Giulio Marcionelli
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8032, Switzerland
| | - Miriam A Güra
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8032, Switzerland
| | - David Penton
- Electrophysiology Core Facility, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Igor Delvendahl
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Martin Poms
- Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8032, Switzerland
| | - Beata Vekeriotaite
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Epigenetics, Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8603, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Cherkaoui
- Pediatric Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8032, Switzerland
| | - Federica Conte
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, Netherlands
| | - Ferdinand von Meyenn
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Epigenetics, Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8603, Switzerland
| | - D Sean Froese
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8032, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias R Baumgartner
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8032, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Z, Xu A, Bai Y, Chen Y, Cates K, Kerr C, Bermudez A, Susanto TT, Wysong K, García Marqués FJ, Nolan GP, Pitteri S, Barna M. A subcellular map of translational machinery composition and regulation at the single-molecule level. Science 2025; 387:eadn2623. [PMID: 40048539 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn2623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2024] [Accepted: 12/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2025]
Abstract
Millions of ribosomes are packed within mammalian cells, yet we lack tools to visualize them in toto and characterize their subcellular composition. In this study, we present ribosome expansion microscopy (RiboExM) to visualize individual ribosomes and an optogenetic proximity-labeling technique (ALIBi) to probe their composition. We generated a super-resolution ribosomal map, revealing subcellular translational hotspots and enrichment of 60S subunits near polysomes at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We found that Lsg1 tethers 60S to the ER and regulates translation of select proteins. Additionally, we discovered ribosome heterogeneity at mitochondria guiding translation of metabolism-related transcripts. Lastly, we visualized ribosomes in neurons, revealing a dynamic switch between monosomes and polysomes in neuronal translation. Together, these approaches enable exploration of ribosomal localization and composition at unprecedented resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Adele Xu
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yunhao Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kitra Cates
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Craig Kerr
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Abel Bermudez
- Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Kelsie Wysong
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Garry P Nolan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sharon Pitteri
- Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maria Barna
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lopes C. Imaging Mitochondrial Axonal Transport in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons. Methods Mol Biol 2025; 2878:201-209. [PMID: 39546263 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4264-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2024]
Abstract
Neuronal mitochondria are essential organelles to maintain synaptic activity due to the high calcium buffering capacity and ATP production. In neurons, mitochondria transport occurs along the microtubules mediated by motor proteins, kinesins and dynein, to drive mitochondria toward the synapses. Disruption of axonal transport is an early pathogenic event in neurodegenerative disorders and growing evidence supports that it may precede neurodegeneration. Here, we describe a method to label mitochondria with fluorescent proteins to monitor their movement along the axons in hiPSC-derived medium spiny neuron-like cells. We also included a detailed protocol for differentiation of hiPSC that produces electrophysiologically mature GABAergic striatal neurons with low amount of glial population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Lopes
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Ageing (MIA), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Venneman T, Vanden Berghe P. Neuronal activity inhibits mitochondrial transport only in synaptically connected segments of the axon. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1509283. [PMID: 39698051 PMCID: PMC11652138 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1509283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2024] [Accepted: 11/21/2024] [Indexed: 12/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to their large scale and uniquely branched architecture, neurons critically rely on active transport of mitochondria in order to match energy production and calcium buffering to local demand. Consequently, defective mitochondrial trafficking is implicated in various neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. A key signal regulating mitochondrial transport is intracellular calcium. Elevated Ca2+ levels have been demonstrated to inhibit mitochondrial transport in many cell types, including neurons. However, it is currently unclear to what extent calcium-signaling regulates axonal mitochondrial transport during realistic neuronal activity patterns. We created a robust pipeline to quantify with high spatial resolution, absolute Ca2+ concentrations. This allows us to monitor Ca2+ dynamics with pixel precision in the axon and other neuronal compartments. We found that axonal calcium levels scale with firing frequency in the range of 0.1-1 μM, whereas KCl-induced depolarization generated levels almost a magnitude higher. As expected, prolonged KCl-induced depolarization did inhibit axonal mitochondrial transport in primary hippocampal neurons. However, physiologically relevant neuronal activity patterns only inhibited mitochondrial transport in axonal segments which made connections to a target neuron. In "non-connecting" axonal segments, we were unable to trigger this inhibitory mechanism using realistic firing patterns. Thus, we confirm that neuronal activity can indeed regulate axonal mitochondrial transport, and reveal a spatial pattern to this regulation which went previously undetected. Together, these findings indicate a potent, but localized role for activity-related calcium fluctuations in the regulation of axonal mitochondrial transport.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ye F, Wei C, Wu A. The potential mechanism of mitochondrial homeostasis in postoperative neurocognitive disorders: an in-depth review. Ann Med 2024; 56:2411012. [PMID: 39450938 PMCID: PMC11514427 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2411012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Postoperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) are the most common neurological disorders following surgery and anaesthesia before and within 12 months after surgery, with a high prevalence in the geriatric population. PND can severely deteriorate the quality of life of patients, especially among the elderly, mainly manifested as memory loss, attention, decline and language comprehension disorders, mostly in elderly patients, with an incidence as high as 31%. Previous studies have also raised the possibility of accelerated cognitive decline and underlying neuropathological processes associated with diseases that affect cognitive performance (e.g. Alzheimer's dementia) for reasons related to anaesthesia and surgery. Currently, most research on PND has focused on various molecular pathways, especially in the geriatric population. The various hypotheses that have been proposed regarding the mechanisms imply peripheral neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial homeostasis, synaptic function, autophagy disorder, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, the microbiota-gut-brain axis and lack of neurotrophic support. However, the underlying pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms of PND have not yet been uncovered. Recent research has focused on mitochondrial homeostasis. In this paper, we present a review of various studies to better understand and characterize the mechanisms of associated cognitive dysfunction. As the biochemical basis of PND becomes more clearly defined, future treatments based on mitochondrial homeostasis modulation can prove to be very promising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Changwei Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Anshi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cicali KA, Tapia-Rojas C. Synaptic mitochondria: A crucial factor in the aged hippocampus. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 101:102524. [PMID: 39369797 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2024] [Revised: 09/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Aging is a multifaceted biological process characterized by progressive molecular and cellular damage accumulation. The brain hippocampus undergoes functional deterioration with age, caused by cellular deficits, decreased synaptic communication, and neuronal death, ultimately leading to memory impairment. One of the factors contributing to this dysfunction is the loss of mitochondrial function. In neurons, mitochondria are categorized into synaptic and non-synaptic pools based on their location. Synaptic mitochondria, situated at the synapses, play a crucial role in maintaining neuronal function and synaptic plasticity, whereas non-synaptic mitochondria are distributed throughout other neuronal compartments, supporting overall cellular metabolism and energy supply. The proper function of synaptic mitochondria is essential for synaptic transmission as they provide the energy required and regulate calcium homeostasis at the communication sites between neurons. Maintaining the structure and functionality of synaptic mitochondria involves intricate processes, including mitochondrial dynamics such as fission, fusion, transport, and quality control mechanisms. These processes ensure that mitochondria remain functional, replace damaged organelles, and sustain cellular homeostasis at synapses. Notably, deficiencies in these mechanisms have been increasingly associated with aging and the onset of age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Synaptic mitochondria from the hippocampus are particularly vulnerable to age-related changes, including alterations in morphology and a decline in functionality, which significantly contribute to decreased synaptic activity during aging. This review comprehensively explores the critical roles that mitochondrial dynamics and quality control mechanisms play in preserving synaptic activity and neuronal function. It emphasizes the emerging evidence linking the deterioration of synaptic mitochondria to the aging process and the development of neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting the importance of these organelles from hippocampal neurons as potential therapeutic targets for mitigating cognitive decline and synaptic degeneration associated with aging. The novelty of this review lies in its focus on the unique vulnerability of hippocampal synaptic mitochondria to aging, underscoring their importance in maintaining brain function across the lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina A Cicali
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580702, Chile; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Lota 2465, Santiago 7510157, Chile
| | - Cheril Tapia-Rojas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580702, Chile; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Lota 2465, Santiago 7510157, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kuznetsov AV. Effects of Time-Dependent Adenosine Triphosphate Consumption Caused by Neuron Firing on Adenosine Triphosphate Concentrations in Synaptic Boutons Containing and Lacking a Stationary Mitochondrion. J Biomech Eng 2024; 146:111002. [PMID: 38888293 DOI: 10.1115/1.4065743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The precise mechanism behind the supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to approximately half of the presynaptic release sites in axons that lack a stationary mitochondrion is not fully understood. This paper presents a mathematical model designed to simulate the transient ATP concentration in presynaptic en passant boutons. The model is utilized to investigate how the ATP concentration responds to increased ATP demand during neuronal firing in boutons with a stationary mitochondrion and those without one. The analysis suggests that neuron firing may cause oscillations in the ATP concentrations, with peak-to-peak amplitudes ranging from 0.06% to 5% of their average values. However, this does not deplete boutons lacking a mitochondrion of ATP; for physiologically relevant values of model parameters, their concentration remains approximately 3.75 times higher than the minimum concentration required for synaptic activity. The variance in average ATP concentrations between boutons containing a stationary mitochondrion and those lacking one ranges from 0.3% to 0.8%, contingent on the distance between the boutons. The model indicates that diffusion-driven ATP transport is rapid enough to adequately supply ATP molecules to boutons lacking a stationary mitochondrion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Kuznetsov
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7910
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Reshetniak S, Bogaciu CA, Bonn S, Brose N, Cooper BH, D'Este E, Fauth M, Fernández-Busnadiego R, Fiosins M, Fischer A, Georgiev SV, Jakobs S, Klumpp S, Köster S, Lange F, Lipstein N, Macarrón-Palacios V, Milovanovic D, Moser T, Müller M, Opazo F, Outeiro TF, Pape C, Priesemann V, Rehling P, Salditt T, Schlüter O, Simeth N, Steinem C, Tchumatchenko T, Tetzlaff C, Tirard M, Urlaub H, Wichmann C, Wolf F, Rizzoli SO. The synaptic vesicle cluster as a controller of pre- and postsynaptic structure and function. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 39367860 DOI: 10.1113/jp286400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The synaptic vesicle cluster (SVC) is an essential component of chemical synapses, which provides neurotransmitter-loaded vesicles during synaptic activity, at the same time as also controlling the local concentrations of numerous exo- and endocytosis cofactors. In addition, the SVC hosts molecules that participate in other aspects of synaptic function, from cytoskeletal components to adhesion proteins, and affects the location and function of organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. We argue here that these features extend the functional involvement of the SVC in synapse formation, signalling and plasticity, as well as synapse stabilization and metabolism. We also propose that changes in the size of the SVC coalesce with changes in the postsynaptic compartment, supporting the interplay between pre- and postsynaptic dynamics. Thereby, the SVC could be seen as an 'all-in-one' regulator of synaptic structure and function, which should be investigated in more detail, to reveal molecular mechanisms that control synaptic function and heterogeneity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofiia Reshetniak
- Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology and Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN) Center, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cristian A Bogaciu
- Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology and Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN) Center, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bonn
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nils Brose
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin H Cooper
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elisa D'Este
- Optical Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Fauth
- Georg-August-University Göttingen, Faculty of Physics, Institute for the Dynamics of Complex Systems, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rubén Fernández-Busnadiego
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maksims Fiosins
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Svilen V Georgiev
- Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology and Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN) Center, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Jakobs
- Research Group Structure and Dynamics of Mitochondria, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Klumpp
- Theoretical Biophysics Group, Institute for the Dynamics of Complex Systems, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Köster
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Felix Lange
- Research Group Structure and Dynamics of Mitochondria, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Noa Lipstein
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Dragomir Milovanovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Moser
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Müller
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Felipe Opazo
- Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology and Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN) Center, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Constantin Pape
- Institute of Computer Science, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Viola Priesemann
- Georg-August-University Göttingen, Faculty of Physics, Institute for the Dynamics of Complex Systems, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, Göttingen, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg 17, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Rehling
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Salditt
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Schlüter
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nadja Simeth
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Steinem
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tatjana Tchumatchenko
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Tetzlaff
- Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology and Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN) Center, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marilyn Tirard
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Wichmann
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN) Center, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fred Wolf
- Max-Planck-Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen and Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silvio O Rizzoli
- Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology and Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN) Center, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Serangeli I, Diamanti T, De Jaco A, Miranda E. Role of mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contacts in neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric conditions. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 60:5040-5068. [PMID: 39099373 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contacts (MERCs) mediate a close and continuous communication between both organelles that is essential for the transfer of calcium and lipids to mitochondria, necessary for cellular signalling and metabolic pathways. Their structural and molecular characterisation has shown the involvement of many proteins that bridge the membranes of the two organelles and maintain the structural stability and function of these contacts. The crosstalk between the two organelles is fundamental for proper neuronal function and is now recognised as a component of many neurological disorders. In fact, an increasing proportion of MERC proteins take part in the molecular and cellular basis of pathologies affecting the nervous system. Here we review the alterations in MERCs that have been reported for these pathologies, from neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders to neurodegenerative diseases. Although mitochondrial abnormalities in these debilitating conditions have been extensively attributed to the high energy demand of neurons, a distinct role for MERCs is emerging as a new field of research. Understanding the molecular details of such alterations may open the way to new paths of therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Serangeli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tamara Diamanti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella De Jaco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Miranda
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sayehmiri F, Motamedi F, Batool Z, Naderi N, Shaerzadeh F, Zoghi A, Rezaei O, Khodagholi F, Pourbadie HG. Mitochondrial plasticity and synaptic plasticity crosstalk; in health and Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14897. [PMID: 39097920 PMCID: PMC11298206 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is believed to underlie the cellular and molecular basis of memory formation. Mitochondria are one of the main organelles involved in metabolism and energy maintenance as plastic organelles that change morphologically and functionally in response to cellular needs and regulate synaptic function and plasticity through multiple mechanisms, including ATP generation, calcium homeostasis, and biogenesis. An increased neuronal activity enhances synaptic efficiency, during which mitochondria's spatial distribution and morphology change significantly. These organelles build up in the pre-and postsynaptic zones to produce ATP, which is necessary for several synaptic processes like neurotransmitter release and recycling. Mitochondria also regulate calcium homeostasis by buffering intracellular calcium, which ensures proper synaptic activity. Furthermore, mitochondria in the presynaptic terminal have distinct morphological properties compared to dendritic or postsynaptic mitochondria. This specialization enables precise control of synaptic activity and plasticity. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to synaptic failure in many neurodegenerative disorders, like Alzheimer's disease (AD). In AD, malfunctioning mitochondria cause delays in synaptic vesicle release and recycling, ionic gradient imbalances, and mostly synaptic failure. This review emphasizes mitochondrial plasticity's contribution to synaptic function. It also explores the profound effect of mitochondrial malfunction on neurodegenerative disorders, focusing on AD, and provides an overview of how they sustain cellular health under normal conditions and how their malfunction contributes to neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting their potential as a therapeutic target for such conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sayehmiri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Fereshteh Motamedi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Faculty of MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Zehra Batool
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological SciencesUniversity of KarachiKarachiPakistan
| | - Nima Naderi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of PharmacyShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | - Anahita Zoghi
- Department of Neurology, Loghman Hakim HospitalShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Omidvar Rezaei
- Skull Base Research CenterLoghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cong J, Li JY, Zou W. Mechanism and treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage focus on mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1423132. [PMID: 39156127 PMCID: PMC11328408 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1423132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common subtype of stroke, characterized by high mortality and a poor prognosis. Despite various treatment methods, there has been limited improvement in the prognosis of ICH over the past decades. Therefore, it is imperative to identify a feasible treatment strategy for ICH. Mitochondria are organelles present in most eukaryotic cells and serve as the primary sites for aerobic respiration and energy production. Under unfavorable cellular conditions, mitochondria can induce changes in permeability through the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), ultimately leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and contributing to various diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that mPTP plays a role in the pathological processes associated with several neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, ischemic stroke and ischemia-reperfusion injury, among others. However, there is limited research on mPTP involvement specifically in ICH. Therefore, this study comprehensively examines the pathological processes associated with mPTP in terms of oxidative stress, apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and other related mechanisms to elucidate the potential mechanism underlying mPTP involvement in ICH. This research aims to provide novel insights for the treatment of secondary injury after ICH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cong
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jing-Yi Li
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Zou
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Clinical Integrated of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Heilong Jiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Daga P, Thurakkal B, Rawal S, Das T. Matrix stiffening promotes perinuclear clustering of mitochondria. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar91. [PMID: 38758658 PMCID: PMC11244172 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-04-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanical cues from the tissue microenvironment, such as the stiffness of the extracellular matrix, modulate cellular forms and functions. As numerous studies have shown, this modulation depends on the stiffness-dependent remodeling of cytoskeletal elements. In contrast, very little is known about how the intracellular organelles such as mitochondria respond to matrix stiffness and whether their form, function, and localization change accordingly. Here, we performed an extensive quantitative characterization of mitochondrial morphology, subcellular localization, dynamics, and membrane tension on soft and stiff matrices. This characterization revealed that while matrix stiffness affected all these aspects, matrix stiffening most distinctively led to an increased perinuclear clustering of mitochondria. Subsequently, we could identify the matrix stiffness-sensitive perinuclear localization of filamin as the key factor dictating this perinuclear clustering. The perinuclear and peripheral mitochondrial populations differed in their motility on soft matrix but surprisingly they did not show any difference on stiff matrix. Finally, perinuclear mitochondrial clustering appeared to be crucial for the nuclear localization of RUNX2 and hence for priming human mesenchymal stem cells towards osteogenesis on a stiff matrix. Taken together, we elucidate a dependence of mitochondrial localization on matrix stiffness, which possibly enables a cell to adapt to its microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Daga
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad (TIFRH), Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Basil Thurakkal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad (TIFRH), Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Simran Rawal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad (TIFRH), Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Tamal Das
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad (TIFRH), Hyderabad 500 046, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Soares R, Lourenço DM, Mota IF, Sebastião AM, Xapelli S, Morais VA. Lineage-specific changes in mitochondrial properties during neural stem cell differentiation. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302473. [PMID: 38664022 PMCID: PMC11045976 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in discrete regions of the adult mammalian brain where they can differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Several studies suggest that mitochondria have a major role in regulating NSC fate. Here, we evaluated mitochondrial properties throughout NSC differentiation and in lineage-specific cells. For this, we used the neurosphere assay model to isolate, expand, and differentiate mouse subventricular zone postnatal NSCs. We found that the levels of proteins involved in mitochondrial fusion (Mitofusin [Mfn] 1 and Mfn 2) increased, whereas proteins involved in fission (dynamin-related protein 1 [DRP1]) decreased along differentiation. Importantly, changes in mitochondrial dynamics correlated with distinct patterns of mitochondrial morphology in each lineage. Particularly, we found that the number of branched and unbranched mitochondria increased during astroglial and neuronal differentiation, whereas the area occupied by mitochondrial structures significantly reduced with oligodendrocyte maturation. In addition, comparing the three lineages, neurons revealed to be the most energetically flexible, whereas astrocytes presented the highest ATP content. Our work identified putative mitochondrial targets to enhance lineage-directed differentiation of mouse subventricular zone-derived NSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Soares
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular | João Lobo Antunes (iMM|JLA), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diogo M Lourenço
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular | João Lobo Antunes (iMM|JLA), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isa F Mota
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular | João Lobo Antunes (iMM|JLA), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular | João Lobo Antunes (iMM|JLA), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular | João Lobo Antunes (iMM|JLA), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vanessa A Morais
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular | João Lobo Antunes (iMM|JLA), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bouin A, Wu G, Koyuncu OO, Ye Q, Kim KY, Wu MY, Tong L, Chen L, Phan S, Mackey MR, Ramachandra R, Ellisman MH, Holmes TC, Semler BL, Xu X. New rabies viral resources for multi-scale neural circuit mapping. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1951-1967. [PMID: 38355784 PMCID: PMC11322437 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Comparisons and linkage between multiple imaging scales are essential for neural circuit connectomics. Here, we report 20 new recombinant rabies virus (RV) vectors that we have developed for multi-scale and multi-modal neural circuit mapping tools. Our new RV tools for mesoscale imaging express a range of improved fluorescent proteins. Further refinements target specific neuronal subcellular locations of interest. We demonstrate the discovery power of these new tools including the detection of detailed microstructural changes of rabies-labeled neurons in aging and Alzheimer's disease mouse models, live imaging of neuronal activities using calcium indicators, and automated measurement of infected neurons. RVs that encode GFP and ferritin as electron microscopy (EM) and fluorescence microscopy reporters are used for dual EM and mesoscale imaging. These new viral variants significantly expand the scale and power of rabies virus-mediated neural labeling and circuit mapping across multiple imaging scales in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Bouin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ginny Wu
- Department Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Orkide O Koyuncu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Qiao Ye
- Department Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Keun-Young Kim
- The National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research (NCMIR) and the Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Michele Y Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Liqi Tong
- Department Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Lujia Chen
- Department Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Sebastien Phan
- The National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research (NCMIR) and the Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mason R Mackey
- The National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research (NCMIR) and the Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ranjan Ramachandra
- The National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research (NCMIR) and the Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mark H Ellisman
- The National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research (NCMIR) and the Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Todd C Holmes
- Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- The Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Bert L Semler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- The Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Xiangmin Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- The Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gauberg J, Moreno KB, Jayaraman K, Abumeri S, Jenkins S, Salazar AM, Meharena HS, Glasgow SM. Spinal motor neuron development and metabolism are transcriptionally regulated by Nuclear Factor IA. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.26.600888. [PMID: 38979382 PMCID: PMC11230388 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.26.600888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Neural circuits governing all motor behaviors in vertebrates rely on the proper development of motor neurons and their precise targeting of limb muscles. Transcription factors are essential for motor neuron development, regulating their specification, migration, and axonal targeting. While transcriptional regulation of the early stages of motor neuron specification is well-established, much less is known about the role of transcription factors in the later stages of maturation and terminal arborization. Defining the molecular mechanisms of these later stages is critical for elucidating how motor circuits are constructed. Here, we demonstrate that the transcription factor Nuclear Factor-IA (NFIA) is required for motor neuron positioning, axonal branching, and neuromuscular junction formation. Moreover, we find that NFIA is required for proper mitochondrial function and ATP production, providing a new and important link between transcription factors and metabolism during motor neuron development. Together, these findings underscore the critical role of NFIA in instructing the assembly of spinal circuits for movement.
Collapse
|
18
|
Mahadev Bhat S, Sieck GC. Heterogeneous distribution of mitochondria and succinate dehydrogenase activity in human airway smooth muscle cells. FASEB Bioadv 2024; 6:159-176. [PMID: 38846375 PMCID: PMC11150758 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2024-00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is a key mitochondrial enzyme involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, where it facilitates the oxidation of succinate to fumarate, and is coupled to the reduction of ubiquinone in the electron transport chain as Complex II. Previously, we developed a confocal-based quantitative histochemical technique to determine the maximum velocity of the SDH reaction (SDHmax) in single cells and observed that SDHmax corresponds with mitochondrial volume density. In addition, mitochondrial volume and motility varied within different compartments of human airway smooth muscle (hASM) cells. Therefore, we hypothesize that the SDH activity varies relative to the intracellular mitochondrial volume within hASM cells. Using 3D confocal imaging of labeled mitochondria and a concentric shell method for analysis, we quantified mitochondrial volume density, mitochondrial complexity index, and SDHmax relative to the distance from the nuclear membrane. The mitochondria within individual hASM cells were more filamentous in the immediate perinuclear region and were more fragmented in the distal parts of the cell. Within each shell, SDHmax also corresponded to mitochondrial volume density, where both peaked in the perinuclear region and decreased in more distal parts of the cell. Additionally, when normalized to mitochondrial volume, SDHmax was lower in the perinuclear region when compared to the distal parts of the cell. In summary, our results demonstrate that SDHmax measures differences in SDH activity within different cellular compartments. Importantly, our data indicate that mitochondria within individual cells are morphologically heterogeneous, and their distribution varies substantially within different cellular compartments, with distinct functional properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Mahadev Bhat
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Gary C. Sieck
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Myeong J, Stunault MI, Klyachko VA, Ashrafi G. Metabolic regulation of single synaptic vesicle exo- and endocytosis in hippocampal synapses. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114218. [PMID: 38758651 PMCID: PMC11221188 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucose has long been considered a primary energy source for synaptic function. However, it remains unclear to what extent alternative fuels, such as lactate/pyruvate, contribute to powering synaptic transmission. By detecting individual release events in hippocampal synapses, we find that mitochondrial ATP production regulates basal vesicle release probability and release location within the active zone (AZ), evoked by single action potentials. Mitochondrial inhibition shifts vesicle release closer to the AZ center and alters the efficiency of vesicle retrieval by increasing the occurrence of ultrafast endocytosis. Furthermore, we uncover that terminals can use oxidative fuels to maintain the vesicle cycle during trains of activity. Mitochondria are sparsely distributed along hippocampal axons, and we find that terminals containing mitochondria display enhanced vesicle release and reuptake during high-frequency trains. Our findings suggest that mitochondria not only regulate several fundamental features of synaptic transmission but may also contribute to modulation of short-term synaptic plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jongyun Myeong
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marion I Stunault
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Vitaly A Klyachko
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Ghazaleh Ashrafi
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pavlowsky A, Comyn T, Minatchy J, Geny D, Bun P, Danglot L, Preat T, Plaçais PY. Spaced training activates Miro/Milton-dependent mitochondrial dynamics in neuronal axons to sustain long-term memory. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1904-1917.e6. [PMID: 38642548 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Neurons have differential and fluctuating energy needs across distinct cellular compartments, shaped by brain electrochemical activity associated with cognition. In vitro studies show that mitochondria transport from soma to axons is key to maintaining neuronal energy homeostasis. Nevertheless, whether the spatial distribution of neuronal mitochondria is dynamically adjusted in vivo in an experience-dependent manner remains unknown. In Drosophila, associative long-term memory (LTM) formation is initiated by an early and persistent upregulation of mitochondrial pyruvate flux in the axonal compartment of neurons in the mushroom body (MB). Through behavior experiments, super-resolution analysis of mitochondria morphology in the neuronal soma and in vivo mitochondrial fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) measurements in the axons, we show that LTM induction, contrary to shorter-lived memories, is sustained by the departure of some mitochondria from MB neuronal soma and increased mitochondrial dynamics in the axonal compartment. Accordingly, impairing mitochondrial dynamics abolished the increased pyruvate consumption, specifically after spaced training and in the MB axonal compartment, thereby preventing LTM formation. Our results thus promote reorganization of the mitochondrial network in neurons as an integral step in elaborating high-order cognitive processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pavlowsky
- Energy & Memory, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Typhaine Comyn
- Energy & Memory, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Julia Minatchy
- Energy & Memory, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - David Geny
- Université de Paris, NeurImag Imaging Facility, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bun
- Université de Paris, NeurImag Imaging Facility, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Lydia Danglot
- Université de Paris, NeurImag Imaging Facility, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Preat
- Energy & Memory, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Pierre-Yves Plaçais
- Energy & Memory, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shatalina E, Whitehurst TS, Onwordi EC, Gilbert BJ, Rizzo G, Whittington A, Mansur A, Tsukada H, Marques TR, Natesan S, Rabiner EA, Wall MB, Howes OD. Mitochondrial complex I density is associated with IQ and cognition in cognitively healthy adults: an in vivo [ 18F]BCPP-EF PET study. EJNMMI Res 2024; 14:41. [PMID: 38632153 PMCID: PMC11024075 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-024-01099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial function plays a key role in regulating neurotransmission and may contribute to general intelligence. Mitochondrial complex I (MC-I) is the largest enzyme of the respiratory chain. Recently, it has become possible to measure MC-I distribution in vivo, using a novel positron emission tomography tracer [18F]BCPP-EF, thus, we set out to investigate the association between MC-I distribution and measures of cognitive function in the living healthy brain. RESULTS Analyses were performed in a voxel-wise manner and identified significant associations between [18F]BCPP-EF DVRCS-1 in the precentral gyrus and parietal lobes and WAIS-IV predicted IQ, WAIS-IV arithmetic and WAIS-IV symbol-digit substitution scores (voxel-wise Pearson's correlation coefficients transformed to Z-scores, thresholded at Z = 2.3 family-wise cluster correction at p < 0.05, n = 16). Arithmetic scores were associated with middle frontal and post-central gyri tracer uptake, symbol-digit substitution scores were associated with precentral gyrus tracer uptake. RAVLT recognition scores were associated with [18F]BCPP-EF DVRCS-1 in the middle frontal gyrus, post-central gyrus, occipital and parietal regions (n = 20). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings support the theory that mitochondrial function may contribute to general intelligence and indicate that interindividual differences in MC-I should be a key consideration for research into mitochondrial dysfunction in conditions with cognitive impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Shatalina
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), Kings College London, London, UK.
| | - Thomas S Whitehurst
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Ellis Chika Onwordi
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), Kings College London, London, UK
- Centre for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tiago Reis Marques
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), Kings College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sridhar Natesan
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Eugenii A Rabiner
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), Kings College London, London, UK
- Invicro, London, UK
| | - Matthew B Wall
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Invicro, London, UK
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), Kings College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nakamura E, Aoki T, Endo Y, Kazmi J, Hagiwara J, Kuschner CE, Yin T, Kim J, Becker LB, Hayashida K. Organ-Specific Mitochondrial Alterations Following Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Post-Cardiac Arrest Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:477. [PMID: 38672748 PMCID: PMC11050834 DOI: 10.3390/life14040477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction, which is triggered by systemic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury and affects various organs, is a key factor in the development of post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS). Current research on PCAS primarily addresses generalized mitochondrial responses, resulting in a knowledge gap regarding organ-specific mitochondrial dynamics. This review focuses on the organ-specific mitochondrial responses to IR injury, particularly examining the brain, heart, and kidneys, to highlight potential therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction to enhance outcomes post-IR injury. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a narrative review examining recent advancements in mitochondrial research related to IR injury. Mitochondrial responses to IR injury exhibit considerable variation across different organ systems, influenced by unique mitochondrial structures, bioenergetics, and antioxidative capacities. Each organ demonstrates distinct mitochondrial behaviors that have evolved to fulfill specific metabolic and functional needs. For example, cerebral mitochondria display dynamic responses that can be both protective and detrimental to neuronal activity and function during ischemic events. Cardiac mitochondria show vulnerability to IR-induced oxidative stress, while renal mitochondria exhibit a unique pattern of fission and fusion, closely linked to their susceptibility to acute kidney injury. This organ-specific heterogeneity in mitochondrial responses requires the development of tailored interventions. Progress in mitochondrial medicine, especially in the realms of genomics and metabolomics, is paving the way for innovative strategies to combat mitochondrial dysfunction. Emerging techniques such as mitochondrial transplantation hold the potential to revolutionize the management of IR injury in resuscitation science. CONCLUSIONS The investigation into organ-specific mitochondrial responses to IR injury is pivotal in the realm of resuscitation research, particularly within the context of PCAS. This nuanced understanding holds the promise of revolutionizing PCAS management, addressing the unique mitochondrial dysfunctions observed in critical organs affected by IR injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Nakamura
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (E.N.); (T.A.); (Y.E.); (J.K.); (J.H.); (C.E.K.); (T.Y.); (J.K.); (L.B.B.)
| | - Tomoaki Aoki
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (E.N.); (T.A.); (Y.E.); (J.K.); (J.H.); (C.E.K.); (T.Y.); (J.K.); (L.B.B.)
| | - Yusuke Endo
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (E.N.); (T.A.); (Y.E.); (J.K.); (J.H.); (C.E.K.); (T.Y.); (J.K.); (L.B.B.)
| | - Jacob Kazmi
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (E.N.); (T.A.); (Y.E.); (J.K.); (J.H.); (C.E.K.); (T.Y.); (J.K.); (L.B.B.)
| | - Jun Hagiwara
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (E.N.); (T.A.); (Y.E.); (J.K.); (J.H.); (C.E.K.); (T.Y.); (J.K.); (L.B.B.)
| | - Cyrus E. Kuschner
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (E.N.); (T.A.); (Y.E.); (J.K.); (J.H.); (C.E.K.); (T.Y.); (J.K.); (L.B.B.)
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Tai Yin
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (E.N.); (T.A.); (Y.E.); (J.K.); (J.H.); (C.E.K.); (T.Y.); (J.K.); (L.B.B.)
| | - Junhwan Kim
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (E.N.); (T.A.); (Y.E.); (J.K.); (J.H.); (C.E.K.); (T.Y.); (J.K.); (L.B.B.)
| | - Lance B. Becker
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (E.N.); (T.A.); (Y.E.); (J.K.); (J.H.); (C.E.K.); (T.Y.); (J.K.); (L.B.B.)
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Kei Hayashida
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (E.N.); (T.A.); (Y.E.); (J.K.); (J.H.); (C.E.K.); (T.Y.); (J.K.); (L.B.B.)
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Vaglio-Garro A, Kozlov AV, Smirnova YD, Weidinger A. Pathological Interplay between Inflammation and Mitochondria Aggravates Glutamate Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2276. [PMID: 38396952 PMCID: PMC10889519 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and glutamate toxicity are associated with neural disorders, including brain trauma. A review of the literature suggests that toxic and transmission actions of neuronal glutamate are spatially and functionally separated. The transmission pathway utilizes synaptic GluN2A receptors, rapidly released pool of glutamate, evoked release of glutamate mediated by Synaptotagmin 1 and the amount of extracellular glutamate regulated by astrocytes. The toxic pathway utilizes extrasynaptic GluN2B receptors and a cytoplasmic pool of glutamate, which results from the spontaneous release of glutamate mediated by Synaptotagmin 7 and the neuronal 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDHC), a tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzyme. Additionally, the inhibition of OGDHC observed upon neuro-inflammation is due to an excessive release of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species by immune cells. The loss of OGDHC inhibits uptake of glutamate by mitochondria, thus facilitating its extracellular accumulation and stimulating toxic glutamate pathway without affecting transmission. High levels of extracellular glutamate lead to dysregulation of intracellular redox homeostasis and cause ferroptosis, excitotoxicity, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The latter affects the transmission pathway demanding high-energy supply and leading to cell death. Mitochondria aggravate glutamate toxicity due to impairments in the TCA cycle and become a victim of glutamate toxicity, which disrupts oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, therapies targeting the TCA cycle in neurological disorders may be more efficient than attempting to preserve mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Vaglio-Garro
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.); (Y.D.S.); (A.W.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrey V. Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.); (Y.D.S.); (A.W.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yuliya D. Smirnova
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.); (Y.D.S.); (A.W.)
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Adelheid Weidinger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.); (Y.D.S.); (A.W.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hintze A, Lange F, Steyer AM, Anstatt J, Möbius W, Jakobs S, Wichmann C. Developmental changes of the mitochondria in the murine anteroventral cochlear nucleus. iScience 2024; 27:108700. [PMID: 38213623 PMCID: PMC10783593 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are key organelles to provide ATP for synaptic transmission. This study aims to unravel the structural adaptation of mitochondria to an increase in presynaptic energy demand and upon the functional impairment of the auditory system. We use the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) of wild-type and congenital deaf mice before and after hearing onset as a model system for presynaptic states of lower and higher energy demands. We combine focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy and electron tomography to investigate mitochondrial morphology. We found a larger volume of synaptic boutons and mitochondria after hearing onset with a higher crista membrane density. In deaf animals lacking otoferlin, we observed a shallow increase of mitochondrial volumes toward adulthood in endbulbs, while in wild-type animals mitochondria further enlarged. We propose that in the AVCN, presynaptic mitochondria undergo major structural changes likely to serve higher energy demands upon the onset of hearing and further maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anika Hintze
- Molecular Architecture of Synapses Group, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience, InnerEarLab and Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Felix Lange
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna M. Steyer
- Multiscale Bioimaging Cluster of Excellence (MBExC), University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Electron Microscopy-City Campus, Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jannis Anstatt
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Multiscale Bioimaging Cluster of Excellence (MBExC), University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Electron Microscopy-City Campus, Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Jakobs
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Multiscale Bioimaging Cluster of Excellence (MBExC), University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Translational Neuroinflammation and Automated Microscopy, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Wichmann
- Molecular Architecture of Synapses Group, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience, InnerEarLab and Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Multiscale Bioimaging Cluster of Excellence (MBExC), University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wankhede NL, Kale MB, Umare MD, Lokhande S, Upaganlawar AB, Wal P, Taksande BG, Umekar MJ, Khandige PS, Singh B, Sadananda V, Ramniwas S, Behl T. Revisiting the Mitochondrial Function and Communication in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:902-911. [PMID: 38482626 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128286655240304070740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are distinguished by the progressive loss of anatomically or physiologically relevant neural systems. Atypical mitochondrial morphology and metabolic malfunction are found in many neurodegenerative disorders. Alteration in mitochondrial function can occur as a result of aberrant mitochondrial DNA, altered nuclear enzymes that interact with mitochondria actively or passively, or due to unexplained reasons. Mitochondria are intimately linked to the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and ER-mitochondrial communication governs several of the physiological functions and procedures that are disrupted in neurodegenerative disorders. Numerous researchers have associated these disorders with ER-mitochondrial interaction disturbance. In addition, aberrant mitochondrial DNA mutation and increased ROS production resulting in ionic imbalance and leading to functional and structural alterations in the brain as well as cellular damage may have an essential role in disease progression via mitochondrial malfunction. In this review, we explored the evidence highlighting the role of mitochondrial alterations in neurodegenerative pathways in most serious ailments, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitu L Wankhede
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee 441002, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mayur B Kale
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee 441002, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mohit D Umare
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee 441002, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanket Lokhande
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee 441002, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aman B Upaganlawar
- SNJB's Shriman Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy, Neminagar, Chandawad 423101, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pranay Wal
- Department of Pharmacy, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, NH-19, Bhauti Road, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Brijesh G Taksande
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee 441002, Maharashtra, India
| | - Milind J Umekar
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee 441002, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasanna Shama Khandige
- Department of Conservative, Dentistry and Endodontics, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhupendra Singh
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
- Department of Pharmacy, S.N. Medical College, Agra, India
| | - Vandana Sadananda
- Department of Conservative, Dentistry and Endodontics, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Seema Ramniwas
- University Centre for Research and Development, University of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Amity School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amity University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Thomas CI, Ryan MA, Kamasawa N, Scholl B. Postsynaptic mitochondria are positioned to support functional diversity of dendritic spines. eLife 2023; 12:RP89682. [PMID: 38059805 PMCID: PMC10703439 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Postsynaptic mitochondria are critical for the development, plasticity, and maintenance of synaptic inputs. However, their relationship to synaptic structure and functional activity is unknown. We examined a correlative dataset from ferret visual cortex with in vivo two-photon calcium imaging of dendritic spines during visual stimulation and electron microscopy reconstructions of spine ultrastructure, investigating mitochondrial abundance near functionally and structurally characterized spines. Surprisingly, we found no correlation to structural measures of synaptic strength. Instead, we found that mitochondria are positioned near spines with orientation preferences that are dissimilar to the somatic preference. Additionally, we found that mitochondria are positioned near groups of spines with heterogeneous orientation preferences. For a subset of spines with a mitochondrion in the head or neck, synapses were larger and exhibited greater selectivity to visual stimuli than those without a mitochondrion. Our data suggest mitochondria are not necessarily positioned to support the energy needs of strong spines, but rather support the structurally and functionally diverse inputs innervating the basal dendrites of cortical neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connon I Thomas
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Max Planck WayJupiterUnited States
| | - Melissa A Ryan
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Max Planck WayJupiterUnited States
| | - Naomi Kamasawa
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Max Planck WayJupiterUnited States
| | - Benjamin Scholl
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nusir A, Sinclair P, Kabbani N. Mitochondrial Proteomes in Neural Cells: A Systematic Review. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1638. [PMID: 38002320 PMCID: PMC10669788 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are ancient endosymbiotic double membrane organelles that support a wide range of eukaryotic cell functions through energy, metabolism, and cellular control. There are over 1000 known proteins that either reside within the mitochondria or are transiently associated with it. These mitochondrial proteins represent a functional subcellular protein network (mtProteome) that is encoded by mitochondrial and nuclear genomes and significantly varies between cell types and conditions. In neurons, the high metabolic demand and differential energy requirements at the synapses are met by specific modifications to the mtProteome, resulting in alterations in the expression and functional properties of the proteins involved in energy production and quality control, including fission and fusion. The composition of mtProteomes also impacts the localization of mitochondria in axons and dendrites with a growing number of neurodegenerative diseases associated with changes in mitochondrial proteins. This review summarizes the findings on the composition and properties of mtProteomes important for mitochondrial energy production, calcium and lipid signaling, and quality control in neural cells. We highlight strategies in mass spectrometry (MS) proteomic analysis of mtProteomes from cultured cells and tissue. The research into mtProteome composition and function provides opportunities in biomarker discovery and drug development for the treatment of metabolic and neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Nusir
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA;
| | - Patricia Sinclair
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA;
| | - Nadine Kabbani
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA;
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Myeong J, Stunault MI, Klyachko VA, Ashrafi G. Metabolic Regulation of Single Synaptic Vesicle Exo- and Endocytosis in Hippocampal Synapses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.08.566236. [PMID: 37986894 PMCID: PMC10659320 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.08.566236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Glucose has long been considered a primary source of energy for synaptic function. However, it remains unclear under what conditions alternative fuels, such as lactate/pyruvate, contribute to powering synaptic transmission. By detecting individual release events in cultured hippocampal synapses, we found that mitochondrial ATP production from oxidation of lactate/pyruvate regulates basal vesicle release probability and release location within the active zone (AZ) evoked by single action potentials (APs). Mitochondrial inhibition shifted vesicle release closer to the AZ center, suggesting that the energetic barrier for vesicle release is lower in the AZ center that the periphery. Mitochondrial inhibition also altered the efficiency of single AP evoked vesicle retrieval by increasing occurrence of ultrafast endocytosis, while inhibition of glycolysis had no effect. Mitochondria are sparsely distributed along hippocampal axons and we found that nerve terminals containing mitochondria displayed enhanced vesicle release and reuptake during high-frequency trains, irrespective of whether neurons were supplied with glucose or lactate. Thus, synaptic terminals can entirely bypass glycolysis to robustly maintain the vesicle cycle using oxidative fuels in the absence of glucose. These observations further suggest that mitochondrial metabolic function not only regulates several fundamental features of synaptic transmission but may also contribute to modulation of short-term synaptic plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jongyun Myeong
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63132, United States
| | - Marion I Stunault
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63132, United States
| | - Vitaly A Klyachko
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63132, United States
| | - Ghazaleh Ashrafi
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63132, United States
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63132, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Olesen MA, Quintanilla RA. Pathological Impact of Tau Proteolytical Process on Neuronal and Mitochondrial Function: a Crucial Role in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5691-5707. [PMID: 37332018 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Tau protein plays a pivotal role in the central nervous system (CNS), participating in microtubule stability, axonal transport, and synaptic communication. Research interest has focused on studying the role of post-translational tau modifications in mitochondrial failure, oxidative damage, and synaptic impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Soluble tau forms produced by its pathological cleaved induced by caspases could lead to neuronal injury contributing to oxidative damage and cognitive decline in AD. For example, the presence of tau cleaved by caspase-3 has been suggested as a relevant factor in AD and is considered a previous event before neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formation.Interestingly, we and others have shown that caspase-cleaved tau in N- or C- terminal sites induce mitochondrial bioenergetics defects, axonal transport impairment, neuronal injury, and cognitive decline in neuronal cells and murine models. All these abnormalities are considered relevant in the early neurodegenerative manifestations such as memory and cognitive failure reported in AD. Therefore, in this review, we will discuss for the first time the importance of truncated tau by caspases activation in the pathogenesis of AD and how its negative actions could impact neuronal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margrethe A Olesen
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, 5to Piso, San Miguel, 8910060, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Quintanilla
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, 5to Piso, San Miguel, 8910060, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Seo BJ, Na SB, Choi J, Ahn B, Habib O, Park C, Hong K, Do JT. Metabolic and cell cycle shift induced by the deletion of Dnm1l attenuates the dissolution of pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:302. [PMID: 37747543 PMCID: PMC11073397 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are versatile organelles that continuously change their morphology via fission and fusion. However, the detailed functions of mitochondrial dynamics-related genes in pluripotent stem cells remain largely unclear. Here, we aimed to determine the effects on energy metabolism and differentiation ability of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) following deletion of the mitochondrial fission-related gene Dnml1. Resultant Dnm1l-/- ESCs maintained major pluripotency characteristics. However, Dnm1l-/- ESCs showed several phenotypic changes, including the inhibition of differentiation ability (dissolution of pluripotency). Notably, Dnm1l-/- ESCs maintained the expression of the pluripotency marker Oct4 and undifferentiated colony types upon differentiation induction. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that the most frequently differentially expressed genes were enriched in the glutathione metabolic pathway. Our data suggested that differentiation inhibition of Dnm1l-/- ESCs was primarily due to metabolic shift from glycolysis to OXPHOS, G2/M phase retardation, and high level of Nanog and 2-cell-specific gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bong Jong Seo
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bin Na
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhyuk Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongyong Ahn
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Omer Habib
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Thomas CI, Ryan MA, Kamasawa N, Scholl B. Postsynaptic mitochondria are positioned to support functional diversity of dendritic spines. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.14.549063. [PMID: 37502969 PMCID: PMC10370038 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.14.549063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Postsynaptic mitochondria are critical to the development, plasticity, and maintenance of synaptic inputs. However, their relationship to synaptic structure and functional activity is unknown. We examined a correlative dataset from ferret visual cortex with in vivo two-photon calcium imaging of dendritic spines during visual stimulation and electron microscopy (EM) reconstructions of spine ultrastructure, investigating mitochondrial abundance near functionally- and structurally-characterized spines. Surprisingly, we found no correlation to structural measures of synaptic strength. Instead, we found that mitochondria are positioned near spines with orientation preferences that are dissimilar to the somatic preference. Additionally, we found that mitochondria are positioned near groups of spines with heterogeneous orientation preferences. For a subset of spines with mitochondrion in the head or neck, synapses were larger and exhibited greater selectivity to visual stimuli than those without a mitochondrion. Our data suggest mitochondria are not necessarily positioned to support the energy needs of strong spines, but rather support the structurally and functionally diverse inputs innervating the basal dendrites of cortical neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connon I. Thomas
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, 1 Max Planck Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Melissa A. Ryan
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, 1 Max Planck Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
- Present Address: Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Naomi Kamasawa
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, 1 Max Planck Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Benjamin Scholl
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 415 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Atkinson KC, Osunde M, Tiwari-Woodruff SK. The complexities of investigating mitochondria dynamics in multiple sclerosis and mouse models of MS. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1144896. [PMID: 37559701 PMCID: PMC10409489 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1144896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating, degenerating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that is accompanied by mitochondria energy production failure. A loss of myelin paired with a deficit in energy production can contribute to further neurodegeneration and disability in patients in MS. Mitochondria are essential organelles that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via oxidative phosphorylation in all cells in the CNS, including neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and immune cells. In the context of demyelinating diseases, mitochondria have been shown to alter their morphology and undergo an initial increase in metabolic demand. This is followed by mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency and abnormalities in mitochondrial transport that contribute to progressive neurodegeneration and irreversible disability. The current methodologies to study mitochondria are limiting and are capable of providing only a partial snapshot of the true mitochondria activity at a particular timepoint during disease. Mitochondrial functional studies are mostly performed in cell culture or whole brain tissue, which prevents understanding of mitochondrial pathology in distinct cell types in vivo. A true understanding of cell-specific mitochondrial pathophysiology of MS in mouse models is required. Cell-specific mitochondria morphology, mitochondria motility, and ATP production studies in animal models of MS will help us understand the role of mitochondria in the normal and diseased CNS. In this review, we present currently used methods to investigate mitochondria function in MS mouse models and discuss the current advantages and caveats with using each technique. In addition, we present recently developed mitochondria transgenic mouse lines expressing Cre under the control of CNS specific promoters to relate mitochondria to disease in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seema K. Tiwari-Woodruff
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li S, Sheng ZH. Oligodendrocyte-derived transcellular signaling regulates axonal energy metabolism. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 80:102722. [PMID: 37028201 PMCID: PMC10225329 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The unique morphology and functionality of central nervous system (CNS) neurons necessitate specialized mechanisms to maintain energy metabolism throughout long axons and extensive terminals. Oligodendrocytes (OLs) enwrap CNS axons with myelin sheaths in a multilamellar fashion. Apart from their well-established function in action potential propagation, OLs also provide intercellular metabolic support to axons by transferring energy metabolites and delivering exosomes consisting of proteins, lipids, and RNAs. OL-derived metabolic support is crucial for the maintenance of axonal integrity; its dysfunction has emerged as an important player in neurological disorders that are associated with axonal energy deficits and degeneration. In this review, we discuss recent advances in how these transcellular signaling pathways maintain axonal energy metabolism in health and neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunan Li
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA. https://twitter.com/@sunan_li
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kuznetsov IA, Kuznetsov AV. ATP diffusional gradients are sufficient to maintain bioenergetic homeostasis in synaptic boutons lacking mitochondria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2023; 39:e3696. [PMID: 36872253 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous work on mitochondrial distribution in axons has shown that approximately half of the presynaptic release sites do not contain mitochondria, raising the question of how the boutons that do not contain mitochondria are supplied with ATP. Here, we develop and apply a mathematical model to study this question. Specifically, we investigate whether diffusive transport of ATP is sufficient to support the exocytic functionality in synaptic boutons which lack mitochondria. Our results demonstrate that the difference in ATP concentration between a bouton containing a mitochondrion and a neighboring bouton lacking a mitochondrion is only approximately 0.4%, which is still 3.75 times larger than the ATP concentration minimally required to support synaptic vesicle release. This work therefore suggests that passive diffusion of ATP is sufficient to maintain the functionality of boutons which do not contain mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Kuznetsov
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrey V Kuznetsov
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Dai Y, Wang H, Lian A, Li J, Zhao G, Hu S, Li B. A comprehensive perspective of Huntington's disease and mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrion 2023; 70:8-19. [PMID: 36906250 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease. It is caused by the expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat sequence in the HTT gene. HD mainly manifests as involuntary dance-like movements and severe mental disorders. As it progresses, patients lose the ability to speak, think, and even swallow. Although the pathogenesis is unclear, studies have found that mitochondrial dysfunctions occupy an important position in the pathogenesis of HD. Based on the latest research advances, this review sorts out and discusses the role of mitochondrial dysfunction on HD in terms of bioenergetics, abnormal autophagy, and abnormal mitochondrial membranes. This review provides researchers with a more complete perspective on the mechanisms underlying the relationship between mitochondrial dysregulation and HD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghong Dai
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haonan Wang
- Department of Physical Education and Research, Central South University, 932 Lushan South Rd., Changsha, China
| | - Aojie Lian
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Prevention and Treatment, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Jinchen Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guihu Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shenghui Hu
- The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, China
| | - Bin Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pannoni K, Gil D, Cawley M, Alsalman M, Campbell L, Farris S. Layer-specific mitochondrial diversity across hippocampal CA2 dendrites. Hippocampus 2023; 33:182-196. [PMID: 36762797 PMCID: PMC9974919 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
CA2 is an understudied subregion of the hippocampus that is critical for social memory. Previous studies identified multiple components of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) complex as selectively enriched in CA2. The MCU complex regulates calcium entry into mitochondria, which in turn regulates mitochondrial transport and localization to active synapses. We found that MCU is strikingly enriched in CA2 distal apical dendrites, precisely where CA2 neurons receive entorhinal cortical input carrying social information. Furthermore, MCU-enriched mitochondria in CA2 distal dendrites are larger compared to mitochondria in CA2 proximal apical dendrites and neighboring CA1 apical dendrites, which was confirmed in CA2 with genetically labeled mitochondria and electron microscopy. MCU overexpression in neighboring CA1 led to a preferential localization of MCU in the proximal dendrites of CA1 compared to the distal dendrites, an effect not seen in CA2. Our findings demonstrate that mitochondria are molecularly and structurally diverse across hippocampal cell types and circuits, and suggest that MCU can be differentially localized within dendrites, possibly to meet local energy demands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katy Pannoni
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Daniela Gil
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Mikel Cawley
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Mayd Alsalman
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Logan Campbell
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Shannon Farris
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dihydromyricetin ameliorates social isolation-induced anxiety by modulating mitochondrial function, antioxidant enzymes, and BDNF. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 21:100499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
|
38
|
Green A, Hossain T, Eckmann DM. Mitochondrial dynamics involves molecular and mechanical events in motility, fusion and fission. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1010232. [PMID: 36340034 PMCID: PMC9626967 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1010232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are cell organelles that play pivotal roles in maintaining cell survival, cellular metabolic homeostasis, and cell death. Mitochondria are highly dynamic entities which undergo fusion and fission, and have been shown to be very motile in vivo in neurons and in vitro in multiple cell lines. Fusion and fission are essential for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis through control of morphology, content exchange, inheritance of mitochondria, maintenance of mitochondrial DNA, and removal of damaged mitochondria by autophagy. Mitochondrial motility occurs through mechanical and molecular mechanisms which translocate mitochondria to sites of high energy demand. Motility also plays an important role in intracellular signaling. Here, we review key features that mediate mitochondrial dynamics and explore methods to advance the study of mitochondrial motility as well as mitochondrial dynamics-related diseases and mitochondrial-targeted therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Green
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Tanvir Hossain
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - David M. Eckmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Center for Medical and Engineering Innovation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: David M. Eckmann,
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Otero PA, Fricklas G, Nigam A, Lizama BN, Wills ZP, Johnson JW, Chu CT. Endogenous PTEN-Induced Kinase 1 Regulates Dendritic Architecture and Spinogenesis. J Neurosci 2022; 42:7848-7860. [PMID: 36414008 PMCID: PMC9581559 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0785-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) contribute to autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease with cognitive and neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Disturbances in dendritic and spine architecture are hallmarks of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric conditions, but little is known of the impact of PINK1 on these structures. We used Pink1 -/- mice to study the role of endogenous PINK1 in regulating dendritic architecture, spine density, and spine maturation. Pink1 -/- cortical neurons of unknown sex showed decreased dendritic arborization, affecting both apical and basal arbors. Dendritic simplification in Pink1 -/- neurons was primarily driven by diminished branching with smaller effects on branch lengths. Pink1 -/- neurons showed reduced spine density with a shift in morphology to favor filopodia at the expense of mushroom spines. Electrophysiology revealed significant reductions in miniature EPSC (mEPSC) frequency in Pink1 -/- neurons, consistent with the observation of decreased spine numbers. Transfecting with human PINK1 rescued changes in dendritic architecture, in thin, stubby, and mushroom spine densities, and in mEPSC frequency. Diminished spine density was also observed in Golgi-Cox stained adult male Pink1 -/- brains. Western blot study of Pink1 -/- brains of either sex revealed reduced phosphorylation of NSFL1 cofactor p47, an indirect target of PINK1. Transfection of Pink1 -/- neurons with a phosphomimetic p47 plasmid rescued dendritic branching and thin/stubby spine density with a partial rescue of mushroom spines, implicating a role for PINK1-regulated p47 phosphorylation in dendrite and spine development. These findings suggest that PINK1-dependent synaptodendritic alterations may contribute to the risk of cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric pathologies observed in PINK1-mutated families.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Loss of PINK1 function has been implicated in both familial and sporadic neurodegenerative diseases. Yet surprisingly little is known of the impact of PINK1 loss on the fine structure of neurons. Neurons receive excitatory synaptic signals along a complex network of projections that form the dendritic tree, largely at tiny protrusions called dendritic spines. We studied cortical neurons and brain tissues from mice lacking PINK1. We discovered that PINK1 deficiency causes striking simplification of dendritic architecture associated with reduced synaptic input and decreased spine density and maturation. These changes are reversed by reintroducing human PINK1 or one of its downstream mediators into PINK1-deficient mouse neurons, indicating a conserved function, whose loss may contribute to neurodegenerative processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Anthony Otero
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Gabriella Fricklas
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Aparna Nigam
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Britney N Lizama
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Zachary P Wills
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Jon W Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Charleen T Chu
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pozo Devoto VM, Onyango IG, Stokin GB. Mitochondrial behavior when things go wrong in the axon. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:959598. [PMID: 35990893 PMCID: PMC9389222 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.959598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal homeostasis is maintained by processes that include cytoskeletal regulation, cargo transport, synaptic activity, ionic balance, and energy supply. Several of these processes involve mitochondria to varying degrees. As a transportable powerplant, the mitochondria deliver ATP and Ca2+-buffering capabilities and require fusion/fission to maintain proper functioning. Taking into consideration the long distances that need to be covered by mitochondria in the axons, their transport, distribution, fusion/fission, and health are of cardinal importance. However, axonal homeostasis is disrupted in several disorders of the nervous system, or by traumatic brain injury (TBI), where the external insult is translated into physical forces that damage nervous tissue including axons. The degree of damage varies and can disconnect the axon into two segments and/or generate axonal swellings in addition to cytoskeletal changes, membrane leakage, and changes in ionic composition. Cytoskeletal changes and increased intra-axonal Ca2+ levels are the main factors that challenge mitochondrial homeostasis. On the other hand, a proper function and distribution of mitochondria can determine the recovery or regeneration of the axonal physiological state. Here, we discuss the current knowledge regarding mitochondrial transport, fusion/fission, and Ca2+ regulation under axonal physiological or pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victorio M. Pozo Devoto
- Translational Neuroscience and Ageing Program, Centre for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Isaac G. Onyango
- Translational Neuroscience and Ageing Program, Centre for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Gorazd B. Stokin
- Translational Neuroscience and Ageing Program, Centre for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
- Division of Neurology, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Neurosciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pekkurnaz G, Wang X. Mitochondrial heterogeneity and homeostasis through the lens of a neuron. Nat Metab 2022; 4:802-812. [PMID: 35817853 PMCID: PMC11151822 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00594-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are vital organelles with distinct morphological features and functional properties. The dynamic network of mitochondria undergoes structural and functional adaptations in response to cell-type-specific metabolic demands. Even within the same cell, mitochondria can display wide diversity and separate into functionally distinct subpopulations. Mitochondrial heterogeneity supports unique subcellular functions and is crucial to polarized cells, such as neurons. The spatiotemporal metabolic burden within the complex shape of a neuron requires precisely localized mitochondria. By travelling great lengths throughout neurons and experiencing bouts of immobility, mitochondria meet distant local fuel demands. Understanding mitochondrial heterogeneity and homeostasis mechanisms in neurons provides a framework to probe their significance to many other cell types. Here, we put forth an outline of the multifaceted role of mitochondria in regulating neuronal physiology and cellular functions more broadly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gulcin Pekkurnaz
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Xinnan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cheng XT, Huang N, Sheng ZH. Programming axonal mitochondrial maintenance and bioenergetics in neurodegeneration and regeneration. Neuron 2022; 110:1899-1923. [PMID: 35429433 PMCID: PMC9233091 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria generate ATP essential for neuronal growth, function, and regeneration. Due to their polarized structures, neurons face exceptional challenges to deliver mitochondria to and maintain energy homeostasis throughout long axons and terminal branches where energy is in high demand. Chronic mitochondrial dysfunction accompanied by bioenergetic failure is a pathological hallmark of major neurodegenerative diseases. Brain injury triggers acute mitochondrial damage and a local energy crisis that accelerates neuron death. Thus, mitochondrial maintenance defects and axonal energy deficits emerge as central problems in neurodegenerative disorders and brain injury. Recent studies have started to uncover the intrinsic mechanisms that neurons adopt to maintain (or reprogram) axonal mitochondrial density and integrity, and their bioenergetic capacity, upon sensing energy stress. In this review, we discuss recent advances in how neurons maintain a healthy pool of axonal mitochondria, as well as potential therapeutic strategies that target bioenergetic restoration to power neuronal survival, function, and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Tang Cheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA
| | - Ning Huang
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhang D, He Y, Wang J, Wu L, Liu B, Cai S, Li Y, Yan W, Yang Z, Qu J. Mitochondrial structural variations in the process of mitophagy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202200006. [PMID: 35072357 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrion is one of significant organelles inside cells because it serves as a hub for energy management and intracellular signaling. Internal/external damages on mitochondria would lead to mitochondrial stresses with the malfunctions, accompanying with the changes of morphological structure and abnormal local environments (pH values). Mitophagy is capable of degradation of damaged mitochondrial segments to restore its normal metabolism, dynamics, and biogenesis. The dynamic structural visualization and pH quantification can be helpful for the understanding of mitochondrial functions as well as the diagnosis of disorders linking with this process. In this work, we use confocal laser scanning microscopy, STED super-resolution nanoscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, in conjunction with a mitochondrial probe to image the dynamic changes in the mitochondrial morphology and microenvironmental pH values during mitophagy in live cells, in particular, the structural changes of mitochondrial cristae beyond optical diffraction can be distinguished by STED nanoscopy with/without treatment by CCCP, which will provide a new view for the diagnosis and personalized treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying He
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinying Wang
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liuying Wu
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Songtao Cai
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhigang Yang
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junle Qu
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Li Y, Liu H, Tian C, An N, Song K, Wei Y, Sun Y, Xing Y, Gao Y. Targeting the multifaceted roles of mitochondria in intracerebral hemorrhage and therapeutic prospects. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112749. [PMID: 35219118 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a severe, life-threatening subtype of stoke that constitutes a crucial health and socioeconomic problem worldwide. However, the current clinical treatment can only reduce the mortality of patients to a certain extent, but cannot ameliorate neurological dysfunction and has a high recurrence rate. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in the early stages of brain injury and participates in all stages of secondary brain injury (SBI) after ICH. As the energy source of cells, various pathobiological processes that lead to SBI closely interact with the mitochondria, such as oxidative stress, calcium overload, and neuronal injury. In this review, we discussed the structure and function of mitochondria and the abnormal morphological changes after ICH. In addition, we discussed recent research on the involvement of mitochondrial dynamics in the pathological process of SBI after ICH and introduced the pathological variations and related molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in the occurrence of brain injury. Finally, we summarized the latest progress in mitochondrion-targeted agents for ICH, which provides a direction for the development of emerging therapeutic strategies targeting the mitochondria after ICH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China; Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haoqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China; Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Chao Tian
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Na An
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China; Guang'an men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Ke Song
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yufei Wei
- Department of Internal Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi 530000, China
| | - Yikun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yanwei Xing
- Guang'an men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Yonghong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China; Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Faria-Pereira A, Morais VA. Synapses: The Brain's Energy-Demanding Sites. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3627. [PMID: 35408993 PMCID: PMC8998888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is one of the most energy-consuming organs in the mammalian body, and synaptic transmission is one of the major contributors. To meet these energetic requirements, the brain primarily uses glucose, which can be metabolized through glycolysis and/or mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The relevance of these two energy production pathways in fulfilling energy at presynaptic terminals has been the subject of recent studies. In this review, we dissect the balance of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation to meet synaptic energy demands in both resting and stimulation conditions. Besides ATP output needs, mitochondria at synapse are also important for calcium buffering and regulation of reactive oxygen species. These two mitochondrial-associated pathways, once hampered, impact negatively on neuronal homeostasis and synaptic activity. Therefore, as mitochondria assume a critical role in synaptic homeostasis, it is becoming evident that the synaptic mitochondria population possesses a distinct functional fingerprint compared to other brain mitochondria. Ultimately, dysregulation of synaptic bioenergetics through glycolytic and mitochondrial dysfunctions is increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, as one of the first hallmarks in several of these diseases are synaptic energy deficits, followed by synapse degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa A. Morais
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Turner NL, Macrina T, Bae JA, Yang R, Wilson AM, Schneider-Mizell C, Lee K, Lu R, Wu J, Bodor AL, Bleckert AA, Brittain D, Froudarakis E, Dorkenwald S, Collman F, Kemnitz N, Ih D, Silversmith WM, Zung J, Zlateski A, Tartavull I, Yu SC, Popovych S, Mu S, Wong W, Jordan CS, Castro M, Buchanan J, Bumbarger DJ, Takeno M, Torres R, Mahalingam G, Elabbady L, Li Y, Cobos E, Zhou P, Suckow S, Becker L, Paninski L, Polleux F, Reimer J, Tolias AS, Reid RC, da Costa NM, Seung HS. Reconstruction of neocortex: Organelles, compartments, cells, circuits, and activity. Cell 2022; 185:1082-1100.e24. [PMID: 35216674 PMCID: PMC9337909 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We assembled a semi-automated reconstruction of L2/3 mouse primary visual cortex from ∼250 × 140 × 90 μm3 of electron microscopic images, including pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes and precursors, pericytes, vasculature, nuclei, mitochondria, and synapses. Visual responses of a subset of pyramidal cells are included. The data are publicly available, along with tools for programmatic and three-dimensional interactive access. Brief vignettes illustrate the breadth of potential applications relating structure to function in cortical circuits and neuronal cell biology. Mitochondria and synapse organization are characterized as a function of path length from the soma. Pyramidal connectivity motif frequencies are predicted accurately using a configuration model of random graphs. Pyramidal cells receiving more connections from nearby cells exhibit stronger and more reliable visual responses. Sample code shows data access and analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L Turner
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Computer Science Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Thomas Macrina
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Computer Science Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - J Alexander Bae
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Runzhe Yang
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Computer Science Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Alyssa M Wilson
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - Kisuk Lee
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Brain & Cognitive Sciences Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ran Lu
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jingpeng Wu
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Agnes L Bodor
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Emmanouil Froudarakis
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sven Dorkenwald
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Computer Science Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - Nico Kemnitz
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Dodam Ih
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Zung
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Computer Science Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Aleksandar Zlateski
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ignacio Tartavull
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Szi-Chieh Yu
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sergiy Popovych
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Computer Science Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Shang Mu
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - William Wong
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Chris S Jordan
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Manuel Castro
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - JoAnn Buchanan
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Marc Takeno
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Russel Torres
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Leila Elabbady
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Erick Cobos
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Grossman Center for the Statistics of Mind, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Shelby Suckow
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lynne Becker
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Liam Paninski
- Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Grossman Center for the Statistics of Mind, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain Science at Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Franck Polleux
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain Science at Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jacob Reimer
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andreas S Tolias
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - R Clay Reid
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - H Sebastian Seung
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Computer Science Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Walker BR, Moraes CT. Nuclear-Mitochondrial Interactions. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030427. [PMID: 35327619 PMCID: PMC8946195 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, the cell’s major energy producers, also act as signaling hubs, interacting with other organelles both directly and indirectly. Despite having its own circular genome, the majority of mitochondrial proteins are encoded by nuclear DNA. To respond to changes in cell physiology, the mitochondria must send signals to the nucleus, which can, in turn, upregulate gene expression to alter metabolism or initiate a stress response. This is known as retrograde signaling. A variety of stimuli and pathways fall under the retrograde signaling umbrella. Mitochondrial dysfunction has already been shown to have severe implications for human health. Disruption of retrograde signaling, whether directly associated with mitochondrial dysfunction or cellular environmental changes, may also contribute to pathological deficits. In this review, we discuss known signaling pathways between the mitochondria and the nucleus, examine the possibility of direct contacts, and identify pathological consequences of an altered relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittni R. Walker
- Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1420 NW 9th Avenue, Rm. 229, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Carlos T. Moraes
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1420 NW 9th Avenue, Rm. 229, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-305-243-5858
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
López-Molina L, Fernández-Irigoyen J, Cifuentes-Díaz C, Alberch J, Girault JA, Santamaría E, Ginés S, Giralt A. Pyk2 Regulates MAMs and Mitochondrial Dynamics in Hippocampal Neurons. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050842. [PMID: 35269464 PMCID: PMC8909471 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyk2 is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase enriched in hippocampal neurons, which can be activated by calcium-dependent mechanisms. In neurons, Pyk2 is mostly localised in the cytosol and dendritic shafts but can translocate to spines and/or to the nucleus. Here, we explore the function of a new localisation of Pyk2 in mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), a subdomain of ER-mitochondria surface that acts as a signalling hub in calcium regulation. To test the role of Pyk2 in MAMs’ calcium transport, we used full Pyk2 knockout mice (Pyk2−/−) for in vivo and in vitro studies. Here we report that Pyk2−/− hippocampal neurons present increased ER-mitochondrial contacts along with defective calcium homeostasis. We also show how the absence of Pyk2 modulates mitochondrial dynamics and morphology. Taken all together, our results point out that Pyk2 could be highly relevant in the modulation of ER-mitochondria calcium efflux, affecting in turn mitochondrial function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura López-Molina
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.L.-M.); (J.A.); (S.G.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen
- Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra UPNA, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Carmen Cifuentes-Díaz
- Inserm UMR-S 1270, 75005 Paris, France; (C.C.-D.); (J.-A.G.)
- Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jordi Alberch
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.L.-M.); (J.A.); (S.G.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Production and Validation Centre of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- Inserm UMR-S 1270, 75005 Paris, France; (C.C.-D.); (J.-A.G.)
- Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Enrique Santamaría
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra UPNA, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Silvia Ginés
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.L.-M.); (J.A.); (S.G.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Giralt
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.L.-M.); (J.A.); (S.G.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Production and Validation Centre of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
van Rensburg D, Lindeque Z, Harvey BH, Steyn SF. Reviewing the mitochondrial dysfunction paradigm in rodent models as platforms for neuropsychiatric disease research. Mitochondrion 2022; 64:82-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
50
|
Heo K, Basu H, Gutnick A, Wei W, Shlevkov E, Schwarz TL. Serine/Threonine Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulates the Transport of Axonal Mitochondria. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:852245. [PMID: 35370563 PMCID: PMC8973303 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.852245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-based transport provides mitochondria to distant regions of neurons and is essential for neuronal health. To identify compounds that increase mitochondrial motility, we screened 1,641 small-molecules in a high-throughput screening platform. Indirubin and cantharidin increased mitochondrial motility in rat cortical neurons. Cantharidin is known to inhibit protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). We therefore tested two other inhibitors of PP2A: LB-100 and okadaic acid. LB-100 increased mitochondrial motility, but okadaic acid did not. To resolve this discrepancy, we knocked down expression of the catalytic subunit of PP2A (PP2CA). This long-term inhibition of PP2A more than doubled retrograde transport of axonal mitochondria, confirming the importance of PP2A as a regulator of mitochondrial motility and as the likely mediator of cantharidin's effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keunjung Heo
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Himanish Basu
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Amos Gutnick
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wei Wei
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Evgeny Shlevkov
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Thomas L Schwarz
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|