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For: Dropulic LK, Cohen JI. The challenge of developing a herpes simplex virus 2 vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012;11:1429-40. [PMID: 23252387 PMCID: PMC3593236 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]

For:	Dropulic LK, Cohen JI. The challenge of developing a herpes simplex virus 2 vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012;11:1429-40. [PMID: 23252387 PMCID: PMC3593236 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]

Number

Cited by Other Article(s)

Zhang H, Li Q, Liao Y, Ma D, Zeng F, Zhang Z, Yu L, Yue R, Li X, Liao Y, Li D, Jang G, Zhao H, Zhao X, Zheng H, Li H, Liu L, Zhang Y. Immune Response Elicited by Recombinant Adenovirus-Delivered Glycoprotein B and Nucleocapsid Protein UL18 and UL25 of HSV-1 in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024;25:13486. [PMID: 39769249 PMCID: PMC11678876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms252413486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2024] [Revised: 12/12/2024] [Accepted: 12/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open

Abstract

Due to the complex pathogenic and immune escape mechanisms of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), especially the failure of induced immune responses to block the initial cell-to-cell transmission of the virus from skin cells to neurons, the body struggles to establish effective prevention and control methods, resulting in the failure of currently developed vaccines. Previous studies have highlighted the crucial roles of surface glycoproteins and nucleocapsid proteins in activating the body's immune defense system against HSV-1 infection. In this study, recombinant adenoviruses were used as vectors to generate adenoviruses carrying the nucleocapsid protein genes UL18 and UL25, as well as the surface glycoprotein gene gB. This approach aimed to mimic the protein expression process that occurs following viral infection of the host and to investigate the immune response characteristics induced by UL18, UL25, and gB proteins. The findings revealed that UL18, UL25, and gB proteins could all trigger the expression of genes associated with innate immune responses; however, the specific genes induced varied in type and level. Furthermore, all three proteins were capable of promoting the proliferation of CD8+ T cells in the lymph nodes. Notably, only UL18 and gB could elicit a Th1 cell immune response. Interestingly, among these proteins, only UL18 could also induce a relatively higher IL-4 level, indicating a Th2 cell immune response. In addition to cellular immunity, all three proteins stimulated the production of specific IgG antibodies. Notably, UL18 induced higher and more sustained levels of specific IgG antibodies in mice. By contrast, only glycoprotein gB induced lower levels of neutralizing antibodies in mice. Moreover, when these mice were challenged with HSV-1, the co-immunization with UL18 and gB provided better protection than gB alone. In conclusion, HSV-1 surface glycoproteins and nucleocapsid proteins exhibit differences in their ability to induce innate and adaptive immunity in the body, suggesting potential avenues for vaccine design by leveraging their complementary advantages.

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Affiliation(s)

Haobo Zhang Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.) School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
Qi Li Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.) School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
Yun Liao Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
Danjing Ma Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
Fengyuan Zeng Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.) School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
Zhenxiao Zhang Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
Li Yu Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
Rong Yue Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
Xinghang Li Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
Yuansheng Liao Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
Dandan Li Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
Guorun Jang Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
Heng Zhao Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
Xin Zhao Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
Huiwen Zheng Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
Heng Li Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
Longding Liu Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
Ying Zhang Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)

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Singer M, Husseiny MI. Immunological Considerations for the Development of an Effective Herpes Vaccine. Microorganisms 2024;12:1846. [PMID: 39338520 PMCID: PMC11434158 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12091846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open

Wang K, Jordan T, Dowdell K, Herbert R, Moore IN, Koelle DM, Cohen JI. A nonhuman primate model for genital herpes simplex virus 2 infection that results in vaginal vesicular lesions, virus shedding, and seroconversion. PLoS Pathog 2024;20:e1012477. [PMID: 39226323 PMCID: PMC11371218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open

Abstract

The most commonly used animal models for evaluating the efficacy of HSV-2 candidate vaccines are mice and guinea pigs. While numerous HSV-2 vaccine candidates have been tested in these animals and were effective in reducing disease and mortality, these results did not predict the effectiveness of the vaccines in human trials. Infection of rhesus macaques rarely results in lesions or HSV-2 specific antibody responses. In seeking an animal model that better recapitulates human disease and that might be more predictive of the efficacy of prophylactic vaccines than mice and guinea pigs, we evaluated Cebus apella (C. apella), a New World primate, in an HSV-2 genital infection model. Infectious HSV-2 was cultured from vaginal swabs from all 4 animals for 9-14 days after intravaginal inoculation of HSV-2 seronegative monkeys. Two of 4 monkeys had vesicular lesions in the vagina or vulva. No neurological symptoms were noted. Recurrent lesions and HSV-2 DNA shedding after acute disease resolved was infrequent. UV irradiation of the genital area did not induce recurrent genital lesions or virus shedding. All 4 monkeys developed HSV-2 neutralizing antibodies as well as virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses. Reinfection of animals 15 to 19 months after primary infection did not result in lesions; animals had reduced virus shedding and a shorter duration of shedding compared with that during primary infection, suggesting that primary infection induced protective immunity. Primary fibroblasts from C. apella monkeys supported the growth of HSV-2 in vitro; in contrast, HSV-2 did not replicate above the titer of the input inoculum in fibroblasts from rhesus macaques. These observations suggest that the C. apella monkey has potential to serve as a model for evaluating the efficacy of prophylactic vaccines, antivirals, or monoclonal antibodies to HSV-2.

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Owen EM, Jama M, Nahal B, Clarke E, Obasi A. 20 years of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) research in low-income and middle-income countries: systematic evaluation of progress made in addressing WHO priorities for research in HSV-2/HIV interactions, HSV-2 control and mathematical modelling. BMJ Glob Health 2024;9:e015167. [PMID: 38964882 PMCID: PMC11227757 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2024-015167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Reviewing and updating research priorities is essential to assess progress and to ensure optimal allocation of financial and human resources in research. In 2001, WHO held a research priority setting workshop for herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) research in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study aimed to describe progress between 2000 and 2020 in three of the five key research priority areas outlined in the workshop: HSV-2/HIV interactions, HSV-2 control measures and HSV-2 mathematical modelling. The remaining priorities are addressed in a companion paper.

METHOD

A systematic literature search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, Global Health and Cochrane databases was carried out. Relevant primary research studies based in LMICs, written in English and published on 2000-2020 were included. Papers were screened by two independent reviewers, and suitable variables were selected for manual extraction from study texts. Data were organised into an Excel spreadsheet and analysed using IBM SPSS.

RESULTS

In total, 3214 discrete papers were identified, of which 180 were eligible for inclusion (HSV-2/HIV interactions, 98; control measures, 58; mathematical modelling, 24). Most studies were conducted in East Africa. The majority of the 2001 WHO HSV-2 research priorities were addressed at least in part. Overall, despite several studies describing a strong relationship between HSV-2 and the acquisition and transmission of HIV, HSV-2 control repeatedly demonstrated little effect on HIV shedding or transmission. Further, although mathematical modelling predicted that vaccines could significantly impact HSV-2 indicators, HSV-2 vaccine studies were few. Studies of antiviral resistance were also few.

CONCLUSION

Since 2000, LMIC HSV-2 research addressing its control, HIV interactions and mathematical modelling has largely addressed the priorities set in the 2001 WHO HSV-2 workshop. However, key knowledge gaps remain in vaccine research, antiviral cost-effectiveness, antiviral resistance and specific geographical areas.

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Cohen JI. Therapeutic vaccines for herpesviruses. J Clin Invest 2024;134:e179483. [PMID: 38690731 PMCID: PMC11060731 DOI: 10.1172/jci179483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open

Quadiri A, Prakash S, Dhanushkodi NR, Singer M, Zayou L, Shaik AM, Sun M, Suzer B, Lau L, Chilukurri A, Vahed H, Schaefer H, BenMohamed L. Therapeutic Prime/Pull Vaccination of HSV-2 Infected Guinea Pigs with the Ribonucleotide Reductase 2 (RR2) Protein and CXCL11 Chemokine Boosts Antiviral Local Tissue-Resident and Effector Memory CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T Cells and Protects Against Recurrent Genital Herpes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.08.552454. [PMID: 37609157 PMCID: PMC10441333 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.08.552454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]

Affiliation(s)

Afshana Quadiri Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
Swayam Prakash Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
Nisha Rajeswari Dhanushkodi Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
Mahmoud Singer Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
Latifa Zayou Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
Amin Mohammed Shaik Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
Miyo Sun Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
Berfin Suzer Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
Lauren Lau Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
Amruth Chilukurri Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
Hawa Vahed Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697 Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA 92660; USA
Hubert Schaefer Intracellular Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin 13353, Germany
Lbachir BenMohamed Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697 Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CaA 92697 Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA 92660; USA

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Piras F, Plitnick LM, Berglund P, Bernard MC, Desert P. Nonclinical safety evaluation of two vaccine candidates for herpes simplex virus type 2 to support combined administration in humans. J Appl Toxicol 2023;43:534-556. [PMID: 36227735 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]

Malik S, Sah R, Ahsan O, Muhammad K, Waheed Y. Insights into the Novel Therapeutics and Vaccines against Herpes Simplex Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2023;11:325. [PMID: 36851203 PMCID: PMC9959597 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open

Cheung F, Apps R, Dropulic L, Kotliarov Y, Chen J, Jordan T, Langweiler M, Candia J, Biancotto A, Han KL, Rachmaninoff N, Pietz H, Wang K, Tsang JS, Cohen JI. Sex and prior exposure jointly shape innate immune responses to a live herpesvirus vaccine. eLife 2023;12:e80652. [PMID: 36648132 PMCID: PMC9844983 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open

Stanfield BA, Bravo FJ, Dixon DA, Chouljenko VN, Kousoulas KG, Bernstein DI. Cross protective efficacy of the Non-Neurotropic live attenuated herpes simplex virus type 1 vaccine VC-2 is enhanced by intradermal vaccination and deletion of glycoprotein G. Vaccine 2022;40:6093-6099. [PMID: 36114130 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]

Abstract

Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2 respectively) cause life-long latent infections resulting in recurrent orofacial and genital blisters or sores. Ensued disease can be painful and may lead to significant mental anguish of infected individuals. Currently, there are no FDA-approved vaccines for either prophylactic or therapeutic use, and recent clinical trials of subunit vaccines failed to achieve endpoints goals. Development of a safe live-attenuated herpes simplex vaccine may provide the antigenic breadth to ultimately protect individuals from acquiring HSV disease. We have previously shown that prophylactic use of the non-neurotropic live attenuated HSV-1 vaccine, VC-2, provides potent and durable protection from genital HSV-2 disease in the guinea pig model. Here, we investigated the effects of intradermal administration as well as the deletion of the viral glycoprotein G (gG) on the efficacy of prophylactic vaccination. Vaccination with either VC-2, VC-2 gG null, or gD2 MPL/Alum offered robust protection from acute disease regardless of route of vaccination. However, both the VC-2 gG-null and the ID vaccination route were more effective compared to the parent VC2 administered by the IM route. Specifically, the VC-2 gG-null administered ID, reduced HSV-2 vaginal replication on day 2 and day 4 as well as mean recurrent lesion scores more effectively than VC2 administered IM. Most importantly, only VC-2 gG null IM and VC-2 ID significantly reduced the frequency of recurrent shedding, the most likely source for virus transmission. Similarly, while all vaccinated groups demonstrated a significant reduction in the number of animals testing PCR-positive for HSV-2 in their dorsal root ganglia following challenge only VC2 ID vaccinated animals demonstrated a significant reduction in DRG viral load. All vaccinations induced neutralizing antibodies to HSV-2 MS when compared to unvaccinated guinea pigs. Therefore, further investigation of VC-2 gG null delivered ID is warranted.

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Traxinger B, Vick SC, Woodward-Davis A, Voillet V, Erickson JR, Czartoski J, Teague C, Prlic M, Lund JM. Mucosal viral infection induces a regulatory T cell activation phenotype distinct from tissue residency in mouse and human tissues. Mucosal Immunol 2022;15:1012-1027. [PMID: 35821289 PMCID: PMC9391309 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]

Gupta M, Manek G, Dombrowski K, Maiwall R. Newer developments in viral hepatitis: Looking beyond hepatotropic viruses. World J Meta-Anal 2021;9:522-542. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v9.i6.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open

Shaha M, Roy B, Islam MA. Detection of herpes simplex virus 2: a SYBR-Green-based real-time PCR assay. F1000Res 2021;10:655. [PMID: 34900232 PMCID: PMC8634051 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.53541.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open

A Novel High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound-Treated Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Vaccine Induces Long-Term Protective Immunity against Lethal Challenge in Mice. mSphere 2020;5:5/6/e00859-20. [PMID: 33361122 PMCID: PMC7763547 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00859-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open

Bernstein DI, Cardin RD, Smith GA, Pickard GE, Sollars PJ, Dixon DA, Pasula R, Bravo FJ. The R2 non-neuroinvasive HSV-1 vaccine affords protection from genital HSV-2 infections in a guinea pig model. NPJ Vaccines 2020;5:104. [PMID: 33298966 PMCID: PMC7648054 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open

Abstract

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are common and can cause severe illness but no vaccine is currently available. The recent failure of subunit HSV vaccines has highlighted the need for vaccines that present a diverse array of antigens, including the development of next-generation live-attenuated vaccines. However, most attenuated HSV strains propagate poorly, limiting their ability to elicit protective immune responses. A live-attenuated vaccine that replicates in non-neural tissue but is ablated for transmission into the nervous system may elicit protective immune responses without evoking neurologic complications or establishing life-long infections. Initial studies of R2, a live-attenuated vaccine that is engineered to be unable to invade the nervous system, used the guinea pig genital HSV model to evaluate the ability of R2 to replicate at the site of inoculation, cause disease and infect neural tissues. R2 was then evaluated as a vaccine using three routes of inoculation: intramuscular (IM), intradermal (ID) and intravaginal (IVag) and compared to IM administered gD2+MPL/Alum vaccine in the same model. R2 replicated in the genital tract but did not produce acute or recurrent disease and did not infect the neural tissue. The R2 vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody and decreased the severity of acute and recurrent HSV-2 disease as well as recurrent shedding. The ID route was the most effective. ID administered R2 was more effective than gD2+MPL/Alum at inducing neutralizing antibody, suppressing acute disease, and acute vaginal virus replication. R2 was especially more effective at reducing recurrent virus shedding, the most common source of HSV transmission. The live-attenuated prophylactic HSV vaccine, R2, was effective in the guinea pig model of genital HSV-2 especially when administered by the ID route. The use of live-attenuated HSV vaccines that robustly replicate in mucosal tissues but are ablated for neuroinvasion offers a promising approach for HSV vaccines.

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Kardani K, Basimi P, Fekri M, Bolhassani A. Antiviral therapy for the sexually transmitted viruses: recent updates on vaccine development. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020;13:1001-1046. [PMID: 32838584 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1814743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]

Gupta N. Sexually Transmitted Infections: Part I: Genital Bumps and Genital Ulcers. Pediatr Rev 2020;41:455-468. [PMID: 32873560 DOI: 10.1542/pir.2018-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]

Wang B, Hara K, Kawabata A, Nishimura M, Wakata A, Tjan LH, Poetranto AL, Yamamoto C, Haseda Y, Aoshi T, Munakata L, Suzuki R, Komatsu M, Tsukamoto R, Itoh T, Nishigori C, Saito Y, Matozaki T, Mori Y. Tetrameric glycoprotein complex gH/gL/gQ1/gQ2 is a promising vaccine candidate for human herpesvirus 6B. PLoS Pathog 2020;16:e1008609. [PMID: 32702057 PMCID: PMC7377363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open

Abstract

Primary infection of human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) occurs in infants after the decline of maternal immunity and causes exanthema subitum accompanied by a high fever, and it occasionally develops into encephalitis resulting in neurological sequelae. There is no effective prophylaxis for HHV-6B, and its development is urgently needed. The glycoprotein complex gH/gL/gQ1/gQ2 (called 'tetramer of HHV-6B') on the virion surface is a viral ligand for its cellular receptor human CD134, and their interaction is thus essential for virus entry into the cells. Herein we examined the potency of the tetramer as a vaccine candidate against HHV-6B. We designed a soluble form of the tetramer by replacing the transmembrane domain of gH with a cleavable tag, and the tetramer was expressed by a mammalian cell expression system. The expressed recombinant tetramer is capable of binding to hCD134. The tetramer was purified to homogeneity and then administered to mice with aluminum hydrogel adjuvant and/or CpG oligodeoxynucleotide adjuvant. After several immunizations, humoral and cellular immunity for HHV-6B was induced in the mice. These results suggest that the tetramer together with an adjuvant could be a promising candidate HHV-6B vaccine.

Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) is known as the cause of the common childhood febrile illness exanthem subitum in its primary infection, and it develops into a lifelong latent infection in almost all individuals. Severe complications such as meningitis and encephalitis can occur in both the primary infection and reactivation. There is no established treatment or vaccine. The tetrameric glycoprotein complex gH/gL/gQ1/gQ2 (tetramer) on the viral envelope is the ligand for the entry of HHV-6B, which is the critical part for its infection. Here, we established a soluble form of the tetramer and purified it to homogeneity. After several immunizations of tetramer along with different combinations of adjuvants in mice, we observed that it greatly induced defensive immunity against HHV-6B, indicating that the tetramer has the potential to become a vaccine candidate. Moreover, our results also revealed that combinations of distinct adjuvants with the tetramer would be useful as an HHV-6B vaccine strategy for different purposes.

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Affiliation(s)

Bochao Wang Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
Kouichi Hara Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
Akiko Kawabata Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
Mitsuhiro Nishimura Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
Aika Wakata Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
Lidya Handayani Tjan Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
Anna Lystia Poetranto Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
Chisato Yamamoto Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
Yasunari Haseda Vaccine Dynamics Project, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
Taiki Aoshi Vaccine Dynamics Project, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan BIKEN Center for Innovative Vaccine Research and Development, The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
Lisa Munakata Laboratory of Drug and Gene Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Ryo Suzuki Laboratory of Drug and Gene Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Masato Komatsu Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
Ryuko Tsukamoto Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
Tomoo Itoh Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
Chikako Nishigori Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
Yasuyuki Saito Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
Takashi Matozaki Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
Yasuko Mori Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan * E-mail:

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Zhang M, Fu M, Li M, Hu H, Gong S, Hu Q. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Inhibits Type I IFN Signaling Mediated by the Novel E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase Activity of Viral Protein ICP22. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020;205:1281-1292. [PMID: 32699158 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]

Patel CD, Taylor SA, Mehrbach J, Awasthi S, Friedman HM, Leib DA. Trivalent Glycoprotein Subunit Vaccine Prevents Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Mortality and Morbidity. J Virol 2020;94:e02163-19. [PMID: 32188735 PMCID: PMC7269440 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02163-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open

Abstract

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) can cause severe infection in neonates leading to mortality and lifelong morbidity. Prophylactic approaches, such as maternal immunization, could prevent neonatal HSV (nHSV) infection by providing protective immunity and preventing perinatal transmission. We previously showed that maternal immunization with a replication-defective HSV vaccine candidate, dl5-29, leads to transfer of virus-specific antibodies into the neonatal circulation and protects against nHSV neurological sequela and mortality (C. D. Patel, I. M. Backes, S. A. Taylor, Y. Jiang, et al., Sci Transl Med, 11:eaau6039, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aau6039). In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of maternal immunization with an experimental trivalent (gC2, gD2, and gE2) subunit vaccine to protect against nHSV. Using a murine model of nHSV, we demonstrated that maternal immunization with the trivalent vaccine protected offspring against nHSV-disseminated disease and mortality. In addition, offspring of immunized dams were substantially protected from behavioral pathology following HSV infection. This study supports the idea that maternal immunization is a viable strategy for the prevention of neonatal infections.IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus is among the most serious infections of newborns. Current antiviral therapies can prevent mortality if infection is recognized early and treated promptly. Most children who survive nHSV develop lifelong neurological and behavioral deficits, despite aggressive antiviral treatment. We propose that maternal immunization could provide protection against HSV for both mother and baby. To this end, we used a trivalent glycoprotein vaccine candidate to demonstrate that offspring are protected from nHSV following maternal immunization. Significantly, this approach protected offspring from long-term behavioral morbidity. Our results emphasize the importance of providing protective immunity to neonates during this window of vulnerability.

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Patel CD, Backes IM, Taylor SA, Jiang Y, Marchant A, Pesola JM, Coen DM, Knipe DM, Ackerman ME, Leib DA. Maternal immunization confers protection against neonatal herpes simplex mortality and behavioral morbidity. Sci Transl Med 2020;11:11/487/eaau6039. [PMID: 30971454 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau6039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]

A role for the CCR5-CCL5 interaction in the preferential migration of HSV-2-specific effector cells to the vaginal mucosa upon nasal immunization. Mucosal Immunol 2019;12:1391-1403. [PMID: 31551493 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]

Dropulic LK, Oestreich MC, Pietz HL, Laing KJ, Hunsberger S, Lumbard K, Garabedian D, Turk SP, Chen A, Hornung RL, Seshadri C, Smith MT, Hosken NA, Phogat S, Chang LJ, Koelle DM, Wang K, Cohen JI. A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 1 Study of a Replication-Defective Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Type 2 Vaccine, HSV529, in Adults With or Without HSV Infection. J Infect Dis 2019;220:990-1000. [PMID: 31058977 PMCID: PMC6688060 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open

Affiliation(s)

Lesia K Dropulic Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda
Makinna C Oestreich Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda
Harlan L Pietz Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda
Kerry J Laing Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington
Sally Hunsberger Biostatistics Research Branch, NIAID, NIH, Rockville
Keith Lumbard Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland
Doreen Garabedian Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland
Siu Ping Turk Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda
Aiying Chen Global Biostatistics and Programming, Pennsylvania
Ronald L Hornung Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland
Chetan Seshadri Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington
Malisa T Smith Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington
Nancy A Hosken Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington
Sanjay Phogat New Vaccines Portfolio Strategy and Execution, Pennsylvania
Lee-Jah Chang Global Clinical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania
David M Koelle Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington Department of Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Washington Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Washington Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
Kening Wang Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda
Jeffrey I Cohen Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda

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Srivastava R, Roy S, Coulon PG, Vahed H, Prakash S, Dhanushkodi N, Kim GJ, Fouladi MA, Campo J, Teng AA, Liang X, Schaefer H, BenMohamed L. Therapeutic Mucosal Vaccination of Herpes Simplex Virus 2-Infected Guinea Pigs with Ribonucleotide Reductase 2 (RR2) Protein Boosts Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies and Local Tissue-Resident CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T_RM Cells Associated with Protection against Recurrent Genital Herpes. J Virol 2019;93:e02309-18. [PMID: 30787156 PMCID: PMC6475797 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02309-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open

Abstract

Reactivation of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) from latency causes viral shedding that develops into recurrent genital lesions. The immune mechanisms of protection against recurrent genital herpes remain to be fully elucidated. In this preclinical study, we investigated the protective therapeutic efficacy, in the guinea pig model of recurrent genital herpes, of subunit vaccine candidates that were based on eight recombinantly expressed HSV-2 envelope and tegument proteins. These viral protein antigens (Ags) were rationally selected for their ability to recall strong CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses from naturally "protected" asymptomatic individuals, who, despite being infected, never develop any recurrent herpetic disease. Out of the eight HSV-2 proteins, the envelope glycoprotein D (gD), the tegument protein VP22 (encoded by the UL49 gene), and ribonucleotide reductase subunit 2 protein (RR2; encoded by the UL40 gene) produced significant protection against recurrent genital herpes. The RR2 protein, delivered either intramuscularly or intravaginally with CpG and alum adjuvants, (i) boosted the highest neutralizing antibodies, which appear to cross-react with both gB and gD, and (ii) enhanced the numbers of functional gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing CRTAM+ CFSE+ CD4+ and CRTAM+ CFSE+ CD8+ TRM cells, which express low levels of PD-1 and TIM-3 exhaustion markers and were localized to healed sites of the vaginal mucocutaneous (VM) tissues. The strong B- and T-cell immunogenicity of the RR2 protein was associated with a significant decrease in virus shedding and a reduction in both the severity and frequency of recurrent genital herpes lesions. In vivo depletion of either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells significantly abrogated the protection. Taken together, these preclinical results provide new insights into the immune mechanisms of protection against recurrent genital herpes and promote the tegument RR2 protein as a viable candidate Ag to be incorporated in future genital herpes therapeutic mucosal vaccines.IMPORTANCE Recurrent genital herpes is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases, with a global prevalence of HSV-2 infection predicted to be over 536 million worldwide. Despite the availability of many intervention strategies, such as sexual behavior education, barrier methods, and the costly antiviral drug treatments, eliminating or at least reducing recurrent genital herpes remains a challenge. Currently, no FDA-approved therapeutic vaccines are available. In this preclinical study, we investigated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy, in the guinea pig model of recurrent genital herpes, of subunit vaccine candidates that were based on eight recombinantly expressed herpes envelope and tegument proteins. We discovered that similar to the dl5-29 vaccine, based on a replication-defective HSV-2 mutant virus, which has been recently tested in clinical trials, the RR2 protein-based subunit vaccine elicited a significant reduction in virus shedding and a decrease in both the severity and frequency of recurrent genital herpes sores. This protection correlated with an increase in numbers of functional tissue-resident IFN-γ+ CRTAM+ CFSE+ CD4+ and IFN-γ+ CRTAM+ CFSE+ CD8+ TRM cells that infiltrate healed sites of the vaginal tissues. Our study sheds new light on the role of TRM cells in protection against recurrent genital herpes and promotes the RR2-based subunit therapeutic vaccine to be tested in the clinic.

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Affiliation(s)

Ruchi Srivastava Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
Soumyabrata Roy Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
Pierre-Gregoire Coulon Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
Hawa Vahed Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
Swayam Prakash Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
Nisha Dhanushkodi Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
Grace J Kim Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
Mona A Fouladi Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
Joe Campo Antigen Discovery Inc., Irvine, California, USA
Andy A Teng Antigen Discovery Inc., Irvine, California, USA
Xiaowu Liang Antigen Discovery Inc., Irvine, California, USA
Hubert Schaefer Intracellular Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
Lbachir BenMohamed Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA

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Bernstein DI, Cardin RD, Pullum DA, Bravo FJ, Kousoulas KG, Dixon DA. Duration of protection from live attenuated vs. sub unit HSV-2 vaccines in the guinea pig model of genital herpes: Reassessing efficacy using endpoints from clinical trials. PLoS One 2019;14:e0213401. [PMID: 30917165 PMCID: PMC6436793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open

Cohen JI. Vaccination to Reduce Reactivation of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2. J Infect Dis 2019;215:844-846. [PMID: 28453833 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open

Guan X, Zhang M, Fu M, Luo S, Hu Q. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Immediate Early Protein ICP27 Inhibits IFN-β Production in Mucosal Epithelial Cells by Antagonizing IRF3 Activation. Front Immunol 2019;10:290. [PMID: 30863402 PMCID: PMC6399465 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open

Bernstein DI, Pullum DA, Cardin RD, Bravo FJ, Dixon DA, Kousoulas KG. The HSV-1 live attenuated VC2 vaccine provides protection against HSV-2 genital infection in the guinea pig model of genital herpes. Vaccine 2019;37:61-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]

Soft Tissue Disorders of the Mouth. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2018;37:55-68. [PMID: 30454780 DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]

Prophylactic herpes simplex virus type 2 vaccine adjuvanted with a universal CD4 T cell helper peptide induces long-term protective immunity against lethal challenge in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2018;61:100-108. [PMID: 29857239 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]

Vaccine Development for Cytomegalovirus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018;1045:271-296. [PMID: 29896672 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7230-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]

Scolnick EM. A vaccine to prevent cervical cancer: academic and industrial collaboration and a Lasker award. Clin Transl Immunology 2017;7:e1002. [PMID: 29484180 PMCID: PMC5822403 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open

A novel glycoprotein D-specific monoclonal antibody neutralizes herpes simplex virus. Antiviral Res 2017;147:131-141. [PMID: 29061442 PMCID: PMC7113901 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]

Ex vivo 2D and 3D HSV-2 infection model using human normal vaginal epithelial cells. Oncotarget 2017;8:15267-15282. [PMID: 28146426 PMCID: PMC5362485 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open

Maternal Antiviral Immunoglobulin Accumulates in Neural Tissue of Neonates To Prevent HSV Neurological Disease. mBio 2017;8:mBio.00678-17. [PMID: 28679745 PMCID: PMC5573671 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00678-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open

Abstract

While antibody responses to neurovirulent pathogens are critical for clearance, the extent to which antibodies access the nervous system to ameliorate infection is poorly understood. In this study on herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), we demonstrate that HSV-specific antibodies are present during HSV-1 latency in the nervous systems of both mice and humans. We show that antibody-secreting cells entered the trigeminal ganglion (TG), a key site of HSV infection, and persisted long after the establishment of latent infection. We also demonstrate the ability of passively administered IgG to enter the TG independently of infection, showing that the naive TG is accessible to antibodies. The translational implication of this finding is that human fetal neural tissue could contain HSV-specific maternally derived antibodies. Exploring this possibility, we observed HSV-specific IgG in HSV DNA-negative human fetal TG, suggesting passive transfer of maternal immunity into the prenatal nervous system. To further investigate the role of maternal antibodies in the neonatal nervous system, we established a murine model to demonstrate that maternal IgG can access and persist in neonatal TG. This maternal antibody not only prevented disseminated infection but also completely protected the neonate from neurological disease and death following HSV challenge. Maternal antibodies therefore have a potent protective role in the neonatal nervous system against HSV infection. These findings strongly support the concept that prevention of prenatal and neonatal neurotropic infections can be achieved through maternal immunization.

Herpes simplex virus 1 is a common infection of the nervous system that causes devastating neonatal disease. Using mouse and human tissue, we discovered that antiviral antibodies accumulate in neural tissue after HSV-1 infection in adults. Similarly, these antibodies pass to the offspring during pregnancy. We found that antiviral maternal antibodies can readily access neural tissue of the fetus and neonate. These maternal antibodies then protect neonatal mice against HSV-1 neurological infection and death. These results underscore the previously unappreciated role of maternal antibodies in protecting fetal and newborn nervous systems against infection. These data suggest that maternal immunization would be efficacious at preventing fetal/neonatal neurological infections.

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Gilbert PB, Excler JL, Tomaras GD, Carpp LN, Haynes BF, Liao HX, Montefiori DC, Rerks-Ngarm S, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayaphan S, Kaewkungwal J, Kijak GH, Tovanabutra S, Francis DP, Lee C, Sinangil F, Berman PW, Premsri N, Kunasol P, O’Connell RJ, Michael NL, Robb ML, Morrow R, Corey L, Kim JH. Antibody to HSV gD peptide induced by vaccination does not protect against HSV-2 infection in HSV-2 seronegative women. PLoS One 2017;12:e0176428. [PMID: 28493891 PMCID: PMC5426618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open

Abstract

BACKGROUND

In the HIV-1 vaccine trial RV144, ALVAC-HIV prime with an AIDSVAX® B/E boost reduced HIV-1 acquisition by 31% at 42 months post first vaccination. The bivalent AIDSVAX® B/E vaccine contains two gp120 envelope glycoproteins, one from the subtype B HIV-1 MN isolate and one from the subtype CRF01_AE A244 isolate. Each envelope glycoprotein harbors a highly conserved 27-amino acid HSV-1 glycoprotein D (gD) tag sequence that shares 93% sequence identity with the HSV-2 gD sequence. We assessed whether vaccine-induced anti-gD antibodies protected females against HSV-2 acquisition in RV144.

METHODS

Of the women enrolled in RV144, 777 vaccine and 807 placebo recipients were eligible and randomly selected according to their pre-vaccination HSV-1 and HSV-2 serostatus for analysis. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA responses to gD were determined by a binding antibody multiplex assay and HSV-2 serostatus was determined by Western blot analysis. Ninety-three percent and 75% of the vaccine recipients had anti-gD IgG and IgA responses two weeks post last vaccination, respectively. There was no evidence of reduction in HSV-2 infection by vaccination compared to placebo recipients over 78 weeks of follow-up. The annual incidence of HSV-2 infection in individuals who were HSV-2 negative at baseline or HSV-1 positive and HSV-2 indeterminate at baseline were 4.38/100 person-years (py) and 3.28/100 py in the vaccine and placebo groups, respectively. Baseline HSV-1 status did not affect subsequent HSV-2 acquisition. Specifically, the estimated odds ratio of HSV-2 infection by Week 78 for female placebo recipients who were baseline HSV-1 positive (n = 422) vs. negative (n = 1120) was 1.14 [95% confidence interval 0.66 to 1.94, p = 0.64)]. No evidence of reduction in the incidence of HSV-2 infection by vaccination was detected.

CONCLUSIONS

AIDSVAX® B/E containing gD did not confer protection from HSV-2 acquisition in HSV-2 seronegative women, despite eliciting anti-gD serum antibodies.

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Affiliation(s)

Peter B. Gilbert Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
Jean-Louis Excler The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America * E-mail: ,
Georgia D. Tomaras Duke University Human Vaccine Institute and the Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
Lindsay N. Carpp Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
Barton F. Haynes Duke University Human Vaccine Institute and the Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
Hua-Xin Liao Duke University Human Vaccine Institute and the Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
David C. Montefiori Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
Supachai Rerks-Ngarm Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
Punnee Pitisuttithum Vaccine Trial Center, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
Sorachai Nitayaphan Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
Jaranit Kaewkungwal Center of Excellence for Biomedical and Public Health Informatics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
Gustavo H. Kijak The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
Sodsai Tovanabutra The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
Donald P. Francis Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
Carter Lee Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
Faruk Sinangil Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
Phillip W. Berman Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
Nakorn Premsri Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
Prayura Kunasol Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
Robert J. O’Connell Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
Nelson L. Michael US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
Merlin L. Robb US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
Rhoda Morrow Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
Lawrence Corey Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
Jerome H. Kim US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America

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Wang M, Jiang S, Zhou L, Wang C, Mao R, Ponnusamy M. Efficient production of recombinant glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus type 2 in Pichia pastoris and its protective efficacy against viral challenge in mice. Arch Virol 2017;162:701-711. [PMID: 27868164 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]

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Affiliation(s)

Yong Luo State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
Dan Xiong State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
Huan-Huan Li State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
Sheng-Ping Qiu State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
Chao-Long Lin State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
Qin Chen State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
Cheng-Hao Huang State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
Quan Yuan State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
Jun Zhang State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
Ning-Shao Xia State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China. .,School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.

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Stanfield BA, Stahl J, Chouljenko VN, Subramanian R, Charles AS, Saied AA, Walker JD, Kousoulas KG. A single intramuscular vaccination of mice with the HSV-1 VC2 virus with mutations in the glycoprotein K and the membrane protein UL20 confers full protection against lethal intravaginal challenge with virulent HSV-1 and HSV-2 strains. PLoS One 2014;9:e109890. [PMID: 25350288 PMCID: PMC4211657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open

Abstract

Herpes Simplex Virus type-1 (HSV-1) and type-2 (HSV-2) establish life-long infections and cause significant orofacial and genital infections in humans. HSV-1 is the leading cause of infectious blindness in the western world. Currently, there are no available vaccines to protect against herpes simplex infections. Recently, we showed that a single intramuscular immunization with an HSV-1(F) mutant virus lacking expression of the viral glycoprotein K (gK), which prevents the virus from entering into distal axons of ganglionic neurons, conferred significant protection against either virulent HSV-1(McKrae) or HSV-2(G) intravaginal challenge in mice. Specifically, 90% of the mice were protected against HSV-1(McKrae) challenge, while 70% of the mice were protected against HSV-2(G) challenge. We constructed the recombinant virus VC2 that contains specific mutations in gK and the membrane protein UL20 preventing virus entry into axonal compartments of neurons, while allowing efficient replication in cell culture, unlike the gK-null virus, which has a major defect in virus replication and spread. Intramuscular injection of mice with 10⁷ VC2 plaque forming units did not cause any significant clinical disease in mice. A single intramuscular immunization with the VC2 virus protected 100% of mice against lethal intravaginal challenge with either HSV-1(McKrae) or HSV-2(G) viruses. Importantly, vaccination with VC2 produced robust cross protective humoral and cellular immunity that fully protected vaccinated mice against lethal disease. Quantitative PCR did not detect any viral DNA in ganglionic tissues of vaccinated mice, while unvaccinated mice contained high levels of viral DNA. The VC2 virus may serve as an efficient vaccine against both HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections, as well as a safe vector for the production of vaccines against other viral and bacterial pathogens.

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McAllister SC, Schleiss MR. Prospects and perspectives for development of a vaccine against herpes simplex virus infections. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014;13:1349-60. [PMID: 25077372 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.932694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]