1
|
Pillet M, Dabrowski M, Marengo M, Fullgrabe L, Leduc M, Fontaine Q, Le Floch S, Huet V, Churlaud C, Lejeune P, Thomas H. Preliminary inter-port study of the quality of environments using physiological responses of invertebrates exposed to chronic trace element and organic contamination in Corsica (Mediterranean Sea). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 32:243-260. [PMID: 36797445 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-023-02635-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Port areas are socio-ecosystems impacted by chronic mixture pollution. Some marine species benefit from living there and may be studied to define the ecological state of such environments. In this study, the risks of chronic chemical contamination and its consequences on three marine molluscs were evaluated in North Corsica (France) port areas. Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, tubular sea cucumber Holothuria tubulosa and Mediterranean limpet Patella sp. were sampled in three port areas and a reference location. A set of biomarkers was analysed to evaluate oxidative stress, detoxification, energetic metabolism, neurotoxicity, immunity and bioaccumulation (metallic trace elements and organic pollutants). The objectives were to assess pollution-induced effects in organisms, to determine the best bioindicator species for the selected locations and to validate a "pool" sampling technique (when the analysis is done on a single pool of samples and not on individual samples). The results validate the sampling techniques as "pool" for management purposes. St-Florent was demonstrated as the most contaminated location. All the other locations present a low contamination, below the recommended threshold values (for metallic trace elements and organic pollutants). Finally, the limpet appears to be the best bioindicator for the selected locations. Mussel and sea cucumber are inappropriate due to their absence in this oligotrophic region and the lack of responses observed, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Pillet
- LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (UMR7266), La Rochelle Université, 02 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France.
- STAtion de REcherches Sous-marines et Océanographiques, Punta Revellata, BP33, 20260, Calvi, France.
| | - Mathilde Dabrowski
- LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (UMR7266), La Rochelle Université, 02 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France
| | - Michel Marengo
- STAtion de REcherches Sous-marines et Océanographiques, Punta Revellata, BP33, 20260, Calvi, France
| | - Lovina Fullgrabe
- STAtion de REcherches Sous-marines et Océanographiques, Punta Revellata, BP33, 20260, Calvi, France
| | - Michèle Leduc
- STAtion de REcherches Sous-marines et Océanographiques, Punta Revellata, BP33, 20260, Calvi, France
| | - Quentin Fontaine
- STAtion de REcherches Sous-marines et Océanographiques, Punta Revellata, BP33, 20260, Calvi, France
| | - Stéphane Le Floch
- Centre de Documentation, de Recherche et d'Expérimentations sur les Pollutions Accidentelles des Eaux, 715 rue Alain Colas, CS 41836, 29218, Brest Cedex 2, France
| | - Valérie Huet
- LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (UMR7266), La Rochelle Université, 02 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France
| | - Carine Churlaud
- LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (UMR7266), La Rochelle Université, 02 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France
| | - Pierre Lejeune
- STAtion de REcherches Sous-marines et Océanographiques, Punta Revellata, BP33, 20260, Calvi, France
| | - Hélène Thomas
- LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (UMR7266), La Rochelle Université, 02 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rensel MA, Schlinger BA. 11ß hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases regulate circulating glucocorticoids but not central gene expression. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 305:113734. [PMID: 33548254 PMCID: PMC7954975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of glucocorticoids (GCs), important mediators of physiology and behavior at rest and during stress, is multi-faceted and dynamic. The 11ß hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases 11ß-HSD1 and 11ß-HSD2 catalyze the regeneration and inactivation of GCs, respectively, and provide peripheral and central control over GC actions in mammals. While these enzymes have only recently been investigated in just two songbird species, central expression patterns suggest that they may function differently in birds and mammals, and little is known about how peripheral expression regulates circulating GCs. In this study, we utilized the 11ß-HSD inhibitor carbenoxolone (CBX) to probe the functional effects of 11ß-HSD activity on circulating GCs and central GC-dependent gene expression in the adult zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Peripheral CBX injection produced a marked increase in baseline GCs 60 min after injection, suggestive of a dominant role for 11ß-HSD2 in regulating circulating GCs. In the adult zebra finch brain, where 11ß-HSD2 but not 11ß-HSD1 is expressed, co-incubation of micro-dissected brain regions with CBX and stress-level GCs had no impact on expression of several GC-dependent genes. These results suggest that peripheral 11ß-HSD2 attenuates circulating GCs, whereas central 11ß-HSD2 has little impact on gene expression. Instead, rapid 11ß-HSD2-based regulation of local GC levels might fine-tune membrane GC actions in brain. These results provide new insights into the dynamics of GC secretion and action in this important model organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Rensel
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E Young Drive S, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Brain Research Institute UCLA, Box 951761, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Barney A Schlinger
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Brain Research Institute UCLA, Box 951761, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, 610 Charles E Young Drive E, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E Young Drive S, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
van Keulen BJ, Dolan CV, van der Voorn B, Andrew R, Walker BR, Hulshoff Pol H, Boomsma DI, Rotteveel J, Finken MJJ. Sexual dimorphism in cortisol metabolism throughout pubertal development: a longitudinal study. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:542-551. [PMID: 32413849 PMCID: PMC7354723 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sex differences in disease susceptibility might be explained by sexual dimorphism in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, which has been postulated to emerge during puberty. However, studies conducted thus far lacked an assessment of Tanner pubertal stage. This study aimed to assess the contribution of pubertal development to sexual dimorphism in cortisol production and metabolism. METHODS Participants (n = 218) were enrolled from a population-based Netherlands Twin Register. At the ages of 9, 12 and 17 years, Tanner pubertal stage was assessed and early morning urine samples were collected. Cortisol metabolites were measured with GC-MS/MS and ratios were calculated, representing cortisol metabolism enzyme activities, such as A-ring reductases, 11β-HSDs and CYP3A4. Cortisol production and metabolism parameters were compared between sexes for pre-pubertal (Tanner stage 1), early pubertal (Tanner stage 2-3) and late-pubertal (Tanner stage 4-5) stages. RESULTS Cortisol metabolite excretion rate decreased with pubertal maturation in both sexes, but did not significantly differ between sexes at any pubertal stage, although in girls a considerable decrease was observed between early and late-pubertal stage (P < 0.001). A-ring reductase activity was similar between sexes at pre- and early pubertal stages and was lower in girls than in boys at late-pubertal stage. Activities of 11β-HSDs were similar between sexes at pre-pubertal stage and favored cortisone in girls at early and late-pubertal stages. Cytochrome P450 3A4 activity did not differ between sexes. CONCLUSIONS Prepubertally, sexes were similar in cortisol parameters. During puberty, as compared to boys, in girls the activities of A-ring reductases declined and the balance between 11β-HSDs progressively favored cortisone. In addition, girls showed a considerable decrease in cortisol metabolite excretion rate between early and late-pubertal stages. Our findings suggest that the sexual dimorphism in cortisol may either be explained by rising concentrations of sex steroids or by puberty-induced changes in body composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britt J van Keulen
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Pediatric Endocrinology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence should be addressed to B J van Keulen:
| | - Conor V Dolan
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bibian van der Voorn
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Kinderziekenhuis, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth Andrew
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brian R Walker
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hilleke Hulshoff Pol
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Rotteveel
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Pediatric Endocrinology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J J Finken
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Pediatric Endocrinology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Laforest S, Pelletier M, Denver N, Poirier B, Nguyen S, Walker BR, Durocher F, Homer NZM, Diorio C, Tchernof A, Andrew R. Simultaneous quantification of estrogens and glucocorticoids in human adipose tissue by liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 195:105476. [PMID: 31561001 PMCID: PMC7099401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The presence of estrogens, androgens and glucocorticoids as well as their receptors and steroid converting enzymes in adipose tissue has been established. Their contribution to diseases such as obesity, diabetes and hormone-dependent cancers is an active area of research. Our objective was to develop a LC-MS/MS method to quantify bioactive estrogens and glucocorticoids simultaneously in human adipose tissue. Estrogens and glucocorticoids were extracted from adipose tissue samples using solid-phase extraction. Estrogens were derivatized using 1-(2,4-dinitro-5-fluorophenyl)-4-methylpiperazine (PPZ) and methyl iodide to generate a permanently charged molecule (MPPZ). Steroids were separated and quantified by LC-MS/MS. The limit of quantitation for the steroids was between 15 and 100 pg per sample. Accuracy and precision were acceptable (<20%). Using this method, estradiol, estrone, cortisone and cortisol were quantified in adipose tissue from women with and without breast cancer. This novel assay of estrogens and glucocorticoids by LC-MS/MS coupled with derivatization allowed simultaneous quantification of a panel of steroids in human adipose tissue across the endogenous range of concentrations encountered in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Laforest
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Endocrinology and Nephrology Division), School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Quebec Heart Lung Institute, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélissa Pelletier
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Endocrinology and Nephrology Division), School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Quebec Heart Lung Institute, Québec, Canada
| | - Nina Denver
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Cathedral Street, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brigitte Poirier
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology Division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Centre des maladies du sein Deschênes-Fabia, Hôpital Saint-Sacrement, Québec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Nguyen
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology Division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Brian R Walker
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK; Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Francine Durocher
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Endocrinology and Nephrology Division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Natalie Z M Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Caroline Diorio
- Centre des maladies du sein Deschênes-Fabia, Hôpital Saint-Sacrement, Québec, Canada; CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology Division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Endocrinology and Nephrology Division), School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Quebec Heart Lung Institute, Québec, Canada
| | - Ruth Andrew
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sánchez-Ramos JL, Pereira-Vega AR, Alvarado-Gómez F, Maldonado-Pérez JA, Svanes C, Gómez-Real F. Risk factors for premenstrual asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Respir Med 2016; 11:57-72. [DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2017.1270762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francisco Alvarado-Gómez
- Library, Juan Ramón Jiménez Hospital, Huelva, Spain
- Andalusian Health Service e-Library, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Cecilie Svanes
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Francisco Gómez-Real
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Konstantakou P, Mastorakos G, Vrachnis N, Tomlinson JW, Valsamakis G. Dysregulation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: implications during pregnancy and beyond. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 30:284-293. [PMID: 27018008 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2016.1171308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucococorticoids play a critical role in the developmental programing and fetal growth. Key molecules mediating and regulating tissue-specific glucocorticoid actions are 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) type 1 and 2 isozymes, both of which are expressed in the placenta and the fetal membranes. 11beta-HSD1 is implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and its dysregulation has been observed in pregnancy-related complications (pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction). Interestingly, preliminary clinical data have associated certain 11beta-HSD1 gene polymorphisms with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, suggesting, if confirmed by further targeted studies, it's potential as a putative prognostic marker. Animal studies and observations in humans have confirmed that 11beta-HSD2 insufficiency is related with pregnancy adversity (pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth). Importantly, down-regulation or deficiency of placental 11beta-HSD2 is associated with significant restriction in fetal growth and low-birth weight, and unfavorable cardio-metabolic profile in adulthood. The potential association of 11beta-HSD1 tissue-specific dysregulation with gestational diabetes, as well as the plausible utility of 11beta-HSD2, as a biomarker of pregnancy adversity and later life morbidity, are emerging areas of intense scientific interest and future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Konstantakou
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieio Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - G Mastorakos
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieio Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - N Vrachnis
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Aretaieio Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - J W Tomlinson
- c Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital , Headington , UK
| | - G Valsamakis
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieio Hospital , Athens , Greece
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ilmarinen P, Tuomisto LE, Kankaanranta H. Phenotypes, Risk Factors, and Mechanisms of Adult-Onset Asthma. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:514868. [PMID: 26538828 PMCID: PMC4619972 DOI: 10.1155/2015/514868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease with many phenotypes, and age at disease onset is an important factor in separating the phenotypes. Genetic factors, atopy, and early respiratory tract infections are well-recognized factors predisposing to childhood-onset asthma. Adult-onset asthma is more often associated with obesity, smoking, depression, or other life-style or environmental factors, even though genetic factors and respiratory tract infections may also play a role in adult-onset disease. Adult-onset asthma is characterized by absence of atopy and is often severe requiring treatment with high dose of inhaled and/or oral steroids. Variety of risk factors and nonatopic nature of adult-onset disease suggest that variety of mechanisms is involved in the disease pathogenesis and that these mechanisms differ from the pathobiology of childhood-onset asthma with prevailing Th2 airway inflammation. Recognition of the mechanisms and mediators that drive the adult-onset disease helps to develop novel strategies for the treatment. The aim of this review was to summarize the current knowledge on the pathogenesis of adult-onset asthma and to concentrate on the mechanisms and mediators involved in establishing adult-onset asthma in response to specific risk factors. We also discuss the involvement of these mechanisms in the currently recognized phenotypes of adult-onset asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinja Ilmarinen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, 60220 Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Leena E. Tuomisto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, 60220 Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Hannu Kankaanranta
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, 60220 Seinäjoki, Finland
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Estrogens protect male mice from obesity complications and influence glucocorticoid metabolism. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 39:1539-47. [PMID: 26032810 PMCID: PMC4564952 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the prevalence of obesity is higher among women than men, they are somewhat protected from the associated cardiometabolic consequences. The increase in cardiovascular disease risk seen after the menopause suggests a role for estrogens. There is also growing evidence for the importance of estrogen on body fat and metabolism in males. We hypothesized that that estrogen administration would ameliorate the adverse effects of obesity on metabolic parameters in males. METHODS Male and female C57Bl/6 mice were fed control or obesogenic (DIO) diets from 5 weeks of age until adulthood. Glucose tolerance testing was performed at 13 weeks of age. Mice were killed at 15 weeks of age and liver and adipose tissue were collected for analysis of gene expression. A second cohort of male mice underwent the same experimental design with the addition of estradiol pellet implantation or sham surgery at 6 weeks. RESULTS DIO males had greater mesenteric adipose deposition and more severe increases in plasma glucose, insulin and lipids than females. Treatment of males with estradiol from 6 weeks of age prevented DIO-induced increases in adipose tissue mass and alterations in glucose-insulin homeostasis. We also identified sex differences in the transcript levels and activity of hepatic and adipose glucocorticoid metabolizing enzymes. Estrogen treatment feminized the pattern of DIO-induced changes in glucocorticoid metabolism, rendering males similar to females. CONCLUSIONS Thus, DIO induces sex-specific changes in glucose-insulin homeostasis, which are ameliorated in males treated with estrogen, highlighting the importance of sex steroids in metabolism. Given that altered peripheral glucocorticoid metabolism has been observed in rodent and human obesity, our results also suggest that sexually dimorphic expression and activity of glucocorticoid metabolizing enzymes may have a role in the differential metabolic responses to obesity in males and females.
Collapse
|
9
|
Cignarella A, Bolego C. Mechanisms of estrogen protection in diabetes and metabolic disease. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 4:575-80. [PMID: 25961234 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci.2010.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Until menopause, women are largely protected against several metabolic disorders, implicating a role for sex hormones. Adiposity and insulin resistance are fundamental features in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Emerging data suggest that sex-steroid hormones and adipocyte-derived hormones and cytokines could be associated with type 2 diabetes risk and that some of these novel markers can exhibit a sexual dimorphism with regard to this risk. Evidence suggests that the female hormone, 17β-estradiol protects insulin production and prevents diabetes. Although 17β-estradiol acts primarily via two distinct estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα and ERβ, it appears that ERα protects β-cell survival, whereas ERβ reduces ERα function and provokes β-cell apoptosis. Accordingly, use of menopausal hormone therapy has been shown to reduce diabetes incidence and weight gain. Recent findings that benefits of menopausal hormone therapy might not outweigh the risks in some women do not negate the importance of identifying mechanisms by which 17β-estradiol attenuates the development and progression of metabolic disease. This could lay the ground to the design of pharmacological treatments for the prevention of menopause-associated metabolic disorders that are safer and more efficacious than current hormone-based regimens.
Collapse
|
10
|
Estrogen signaling in metabolic inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:615917. [PMID: 25400333 PMCID: PMC4226184 DOI: 10.1155/2014/615917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is extensive evidence supporting the interference of inflammatory activation with metabolism. Obesity, mainly visceral obesity, is associated with a low-grade inflammatory state, triggered by metabolic surplus where specialized metabolic cells such as adipocytes activate cellular stress initiating and sustaining the inflammatory program. The increasing prevalence of obesity, resulting in increased cardiometabolic risk and precipitating illness such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver, cirrhosis, and certain types of cancer, constitutes a good example of this association. The metabolic actions of estrogens have been studied extensively and there is also accumulating evidence that estrogens influence immune processes. However, the connection between these two fields of estrogen actions has been underacknowledged since little attention has been drawn towards the possible action of estrogens on the modulation of metabolism through their anti-inflammatory properties. In the present paper, we summarize knowledge on the modification inflammatory processes by estrogens with impact on metabolism and highlight major research questions on the field. Understanding the regulation of metabolic inflammation by estrogens may provide the basis for the development of therapeutic strategies to the management of metabolic dysfunctions.
Collapse
|
11
|
Rattanatray L, Muhlhausler BS, Nicholas LM, Morrison JL, McMillen IC. Impact of maternal overnutrition on gluconeogenic factors and methylation of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase promoter in the fetal and postnatal liver. Pediatr Res 2014; 75:14-21. [PMID: 24452591 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2013.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to maternal obesity or hyperglycemia increases the risk of obesity and poor glucose tolerance in the offspring. We hypothesized that maternal overnutrition in late pregnancy would result in (i) lower methylation in the promoter region of the cytosolic form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C; PCK1) and (ii) higher expression of hepatic gluconeogenic factors in the fetal and postnatal lamb. METHODS Ewes were fed 100% (n = 18) or ~155% (n = 17) of energy requirements from 115 d gestation, and livers were collected at ~140 d gestation or 30 d postnatal age. RESULTS Maternal overnutrition resulted in a decrease in hepatic expression of the mitochondrial form of PEPCK (PEPCK-M; PCK2) but not of PEPCK-C or glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PHOS) before and after birth. Hepatic expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 (PGC-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), PEPCK-C, G6PHOS, and 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1), but not PEPCK-M, was higher in the postnatal lamb compared with that in the fetal lamb. The level of PCK1 methylation was paradoxically approximately twofold higher in the postnatal liver compared with that in the fetal liver. CONCLUSION Maternal overnutrition programs a decrease in hepatic PEPCK-M in the offspring and as ~50% of total hepatic PEPCK is PEPCK-M, the longer-term consequences of this decrease may be significant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leewen Rattanatray
- 1] School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia [2] Discipline of Physiology, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Beverly S Muhlhausler
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lisa M Nicholas
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Janna L Morrison
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - I Caroline McMillen
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chapman K, Holmes M, Seckl J. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: intracellular gate-keepers of tissue glucocorticoid action. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:1139-206. [PMID: 23899562 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00020.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 535] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid action on target tissues is determined by the density of "nuclear" receptors and intracellular metabolism by the two isozymes of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) which catalyze interconversion of active cortisol and corticosterone with inert cortisone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone. 11β-HSD type 1, a predominant reductase in most intact cells, catalyzes the regeneration of active glucocorticoids, thus amplifying cellular action. 11β-HSD1 is widely expressed in liver, adipose tissue, muscle, pancreatic islets, adult brain, inflammatory cells, and gonads. 11β-HSD1 is selectively elevated in adipose tissue in obesity where it contributes to metabolic complications. Similarly, 11β-HSD1 is elevated in the ageing brain where it exacerbates glucocorticoid-associated cognitive decline. Deficiency or selective inhibition of 11β-HSD1 improves multiple metabolic syndrome parameters in rodent models and human clinical trials and similarly improves cognitive function with ageing. The efficacy of inhibitors in human therapy remains unclear. 11β-HSD2 is a high-affinity dehydrogenase that inactivates glucocorticoids. In the distal nephron, 11β-HSD2 ensures that only aldosterone is an agonist at mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). 11β-HSD2 inhibition or genetic deficiency causes apparent mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension due to inappropriate glucocorticoid activation of renal MR. The placenta and fetus also highly express 11β-HSD2 which, by inactivating glucocorticoids, prevents premature maturation of fetal tissues and consequent developmental "programming." The role of 11β-HSD2 as a marker of programming is being explored. The 11β-HSDs thus illuminate the emerging biology of intracrine control, afford important insights into human pathogenesis, and offer new tissue-restricted therapeutic avenues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chapman
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ovariectomized OVA-sensitized mice display increased frequency of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells in the periphery. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65674. [PMID: 23799034 PMCID: PMC3684611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that female sex hormones have a pivotal role in inflammation. For instance, our group has previously reported that estradiol has proinflammatory actions during allergic lung response in animal models. Based on these findings, we have decided to further investigate whether T regulatory cells are affected by female sex hormones absence after ovariectomy. We evaluated by flow cytometry the frequencies of CD4+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) in central and peripheral lymphoid organs, such as the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes. Moreover, we have also used the murine model of allergic lung inflammation a to evaluate how female sex hormones would affect the immune response in vivo. To address that, ovariectomized or sham operated female Balb/c mice were sensitized or not with ovalbumin 7 and 14 days later and subsequently challenged twice by aerosolized ovalbumin on day 21. Besides the frequency of CD4+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells, we also measured the cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13 and IL-17 in the bronchoalveolar lavage from lungs of ovalbumine challenged groups. Our results demonstrate that the absence of female sex hormones after ovariectomy is able to increase the frequency of Tregs in the periphery. As we did not observe differences in the thymus-derived natural occurring Tregs, our data may indicate expansion or conversion of peripheral adaptive Tregs. In accordance with Treg suppressive activity, ovariectomized and ovalbumine-sensitized and challenged animals had significantly reduced lung inflammation. This was observed after cytokine analysis of lung explants showing significant reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IL-17, associated to increased amount of IL-10. In summary, our data clearly demonstrates that OVA sensitization 7 days after ovariectomy culminates in reduced lung inflammation, which may be directly correlated with the expansion of Tregs in the periphery and further higher IL-10 secretion in the lungs.
Collapse
|
14
|
Fürst-Recktenwald S, Dörr HG, Quinkler M, Dötsch J, Stewart PM. Is there sufficient evidence to consider the use of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibition in children? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 77:159-68. [PMID: 22486586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Manifestations of the metabolic syndrome [obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, blood glucose derangements including prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)] in juvenile populations are becoming increasingly prevalent throughout the world and are at the point of being a global public health concern. Derangements in cortisol regeneration seem to be involved in the pathophysiology. Treatment with selective 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitors could be a therapeutic strategy in paediatric patients with manifestations of the metabolic syndrome. Based on preclinical and clinical data regarding development of the 11β-HSD1 enzyme, it appears that maturation occurs within the first year of life. Different changes in biomarkers for assessing the efficacy and safety of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors are to be expected in paediatric patients compared to adults, reflecting differences in metabolism. The effect of 11β-HSD1 treatment in children on bone differentiation and development as well as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), circulating and local cortisol tissue concentrations, androgens and respective stress response is not yet known. Based on current literature, the concept of inhibition of 11β-HSD1 is considered a potentially effective mean to regulate local cortisol levels in the paediatric population, and 11β-HSD1 inhibitors may provide a valuable target and treatment option for the metabolic syndrome in paediatric patients. However, the uncertainty over effects on the developing skeleton combined with mild increases in adrenal androgen levels raises potential concerns regarding growth as well as onset of puberty as to their future use in children. Future clinical studies are needed to thoroughly assess the risks and benefits of this new class of drugs in the paediatric population.
Collapse
|
15
|
Veyrat-Durebex C, Deblon N, Caillon A, Andrew R, Altirriba J, Odermatt A, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F. Central glucocorticoid administration promotes weight gain and increased 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 expression in white adipose tissue. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34002. [PMID: 22479501 PMCID: PMC3316512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are involved in multiple metabolic processes, including the regulation of insulin sensitivity and adipogenesis. Their action partly depends on their intracellular activation by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). We previously demonstrated that central GC administration promotes hyperphagia, body weight gain, hyperinsulinemia and marked insulin resistance at the level of skeletal muscles. Similar dysfunctions have been reported to occur upon specific overexpression of 11β-HSD1 in adipose tissue. The aim of the present study was therefore to determine whether the effects of central GC infusion may enhance local GC activation in white adipose tissue. Male Wistar and Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were intracerebroventricularly infused with GCs for 2 to 3 days. Body weight, food intake and metabolic parameters were measured, and expression of enzymes regulating 11β-HSD1, as well as that of genes regulated by GCs, were quantified. Central GC administration induced a significant increase in body weight gain and in 11β-HSD1 and resistin expression in adipose tissue. A decrease 11β-HSD1 expression was noticed in the liver of SD rats, as a partial compensatory mechanism. Such effects of GCs are centrally elicited. This model of icv dexamethasone infusion thus appears to be a valuable acute model, that helps delineating the initial metabolic defects occurring in obesity. An impaired downregulation of intracellular GC activation in adipose tissue may be important for the development of insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Veyrat-Durebex
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jamieson PM, Cleasby ME, Kuperman Y, Morton NM, Kelly PAT, Brownstein DG, Mustard KJ, Vaughan JM, Carter RN, Hahn CN, Hardie DG, Seckl JR, Chen A, Vale WW. Urocortin 3 transgenic mice exhibit a metabolically favourable phenotype resisting obesity and hyperglycaemia on a high-fat diet. Diabetologia 2011; 54:2392-403. [PMID: 21667214 PMCID: PMC3149678 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Urocortins are the endogenous ligands for the corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 2 (CRFR2), which is implicated in regulating energy balance and/or glucose metabolism. We determined the effects of chronic CRFR2 activation on metabolism in vivo, by generating and phenotyping transgenic mice overproducing the specific CRFR2 ligand urocortin 3. METHODS Body composition, glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, energy efficiency and expression of key metabolic genes were assessed in adult male urocortin 3 transgenic mice (Ucn3(+)) under control conditions and following an obesogenic high-fat diet (HFD) challenge. RESULTS Ucn3(+) mice had increased skeletal muscle mass with myocyte hypertrophy. Accelerated peripheral glucose disposal, increased respiratory exchange ratio and hypoglycaemia on fasting demonstrated increased carbohydrate metabolism. Insulin tolerance and indices of insulin-stimulated signalling were unchanged, indicating these effects were not mediated by increased insulin sensitivity. Expression of the transgene in Crfr2 (also known as Crhr2)-null mice negated key aspects of the Ucn3(+) phenotype. Ucn3(+) mice were protected from the HFD-induced hyperglycaemia and increased adiposity seen in control mice despite consuming more energy. Expression of uncoupling proteins 2 and 3 was higher in Ucn3(+) muscle, suggesting increased catabolic processes. IGF-1 abundance was upregulated in Ucn3(+) muscle, providing a potential paracrine mechanism in which urocortin 3 acts upon CRFR2 to link the altered metabolism and muscular hypertrophy observed. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Urocortin 3 acting on CRFR2 in skeletal muscle of Ucn3(+) mice results in a novel metabolically favourable phenotype, with lean body composition and protection against diet-induced obesity and hyperglycaemia. Urocortins and CRFR2 may be of interest as potential therapeutic targets for obesity.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Body Composition/drug effects
- Body Composition/physiology
- Dietary Fats/adverse effects
- Dietary Fats/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Energy Metabolism/physiology
- Glucose/metabolism
- Hyperglycemia/metabolism
- Hyperglycemia/prevention & control
- Insulin/blood
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/prevention & control
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/deficiency
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism
- Urocortins/genetics
- Urocortins/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Jamieson
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fazliana M, Gu HF, Östenson CG, Yusoff MM, Wan Nazaimoon WM. Labisia pumila extract down-regulates hydroxysteroid (11-beta) dehydrogenase 1 expression and corticosterone levels in ovariectomized rats. J Nat Med 2011; 66:257-64. [PMID: 21833773 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-011-0575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of a standardized Labisia pumila var. alata (LPva) extract on body weight change, hydroxysteroid (11-beta) dehydrogenase 1 (HSD11B1) expressions and corticosterone (CORT) level in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The decoction of LPva has been used for generations among Malay women in Malaysia to maintain a healthy reproductive system.Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley OVX rats were treated orally with LPva extract (10, 20 or 50 mg/kg/day) or estrogen replacement (ERT) for 30 days. Sham operated rats were used as controls. Compared to untreated OVX rats, LPva-treated rats showed less weight gain and had significantly down-regulated HSD11B1 mRNA in liver tissues. HSD11B1 mRNA in adipose tissues increased by 55% (p < 0.05) in OVX rats but normalized in rats treated with LPva. Similarly, there was significant down-regulation (p < 0.05) of protein levels of HSD11B1 in both liver and adipose tissue of LPva and ERT groups, and CORT levels were significantly reduced in both groups of rats. This is the first study ever conducted to evaluate the beneficial effects of LPva in relation to weight gain caused by estrogen insufficiency. Results implied that the bioactive components in LPva extract affect not only HSD11B1 expressions in both adipose and liver tissues but also decrease circulating CORT. The extract should be explored for its potential use as a natural remedy for weight management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mansor Fazliana
- Diabetes and Endocrine Unit, Cardiovascular, Diabetes and Nutrition Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50588 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Katz A, Oyama RK, Feng N, Chen X, Schlinger BA. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in zebra finch brain and peripheral tissues. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 166:600-5. [PMID: 20117112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 01/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme 11betaHSD2 inactivates glucocorticoids by synthesizing metabolites that bind poorly to mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors. Oscine songbirds (Passeriformes) are important models for investigating stress hormone effects on brain and behavior but nothing is known about 11betaHSD2 activity in the songbird brain. We measured 11betaHSD2 mRNA expression and enzymatic activity in brain of adult and developing male and female zebra finches. Since 11betaHSD2 plays an important role in GC metabolism in some peripheral organs we measured mRNA and catalytic activity also in the adult liver, kidney colon and gonads. 11betaHSD2 mRNA was detected in all brain regions examined with expression in the cerebellum and hypothalamus greater in females than in males; expression in ovaries was greater than in testes. No differences were detected in the other peripheral tissues. Catalytic activity of 11betaHSD2 could be measured in brain, but at low levels and no sex differences were measured in any region tested. Because 11betaHSD2 protects mineralocorticoid sensitive tissues from inappropriate CORT action, we also measured mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) expression in adult brain kidney and liver. MR mRNA was detected in all tissues with similar levels of expression in neural and peripheral tissues. The wide distribution of 11betaHSD2 and MR throughout the songbird brain suggests that concentrations of glucocorticoids may be locally regulated in brain to modulate their actions on MR and possibly also glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Notable differences between mRNA expression and activity point to post-transcriptional regulation of the 11betaHSD2 enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amnon Katz
- Department of Physiological Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Andersson T, Söderström I, Simonyté K, Olsson T. Estrogen reduces 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in liver and visceral, but not subcutaneous, adipose tissue in rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:470-5. [PMID: 19763091 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Following menopause, body fat is redistributed from peripheral to central depots. This may be linked to the age related decrease in estrogen levels. We hypothesized that estrogen supplementation could counteract this fat redistribution through tissue-specific modulation of glucocorticoid exposure. We measured fat depot masses and the expression and activity of the glucocorticoid-activating enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11betaHSD1) in fat and liver of ovariectomized female rats treated with or without 17beta-estradiol. 11betaHSD1 converts inert cortisone, or 11-dehydrocorticosterone in rats into active cortisol and corticosterone. Estradiol-treated rats gained less weight and had significantly lower visceral adipose tissue weight than nontreated rats (P < 0.01); subcutaneous adipose weight was unaltered. In addition, 11betaHSD1 activity/expression was downregulated in liver and visceral, but not subcutaneous, fat of estradiol-treated rats (P < 0.001 for both). This downregulation altered the balance of 11betaHSD1 expression and activity between adipose tissue depots, with higher levels in subcutaneous than visceral adipose tissue of estradiol-treated animals (P < 0.05 for both), opposite the pattern in ovariectomized rats not treated with estradiol (P < 0.001 for mRNA expression). Thus, estrogen modulates fat distribution, at least in part, through effects on tissue-specific glucocorticoid metabolism, suggesting that estrogen replacement therapy could influence obesity related morbidity in postmenopausal women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Therése Andersson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
van den Berge M, Heijink HI, van Oosterhout AJM, Postma DS. The role of female sex hormones in the development and severity of allergic and non-allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 39:1477-81. [PMID: 19954427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is usually diagnosed by the presence of variable airway obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and allergy. However, a significant proportion of adult asthma patients (up to 40%) are non-allergic. Patients with non-allergic asthma often have a later disease onset and greater disease severity, as reflected by more severe airway obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Furthermore, females have a higher risk of developing non-allergic asthma. The latter suggests that hormone-related events play an important role in the development and severity of adult-onset non-allergic asthma. This paper describes the associations between asthma and hormonal changes throughout the female life-span, such as those associated with the monthly cycle of menstruation and menopausal hormonal changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M van den Berge
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tissue-specific increases in 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in normal weight postmenopausal women. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8475. [PMID: 20041117 PMCID: PMC2795198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With age and menopause there is a shift in adipose distribution from gluteo-femoral to abdominal depots in women. Associated with this redistribution of fat are increased risks of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Glucocorticoids influence body composition, and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) which converts inert cortisone to active cortisol is a putative key mediator of metabolic complications in obesity. Increased 11βHSD1 in adipose tissue may contribute to postmenopausal central obesity. We hypothesized that tissue-specific 11βHSD1 gene expression and activity are up-regulated in the older, postmenopausal women compared to young, premenopausal women. Twenty-three pre- and 23 postmenopausal, healthy, normal weight women were recruited. The participants underwent a urine collection, a subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsy and the hepatic 11βHSD1 activity was estimated by the serum cortisol response after an oral dose of cortisone. Urinary (5α-tetrahydrocortisol+5β-tetrahydrocortisol)/tetrahydrocortisone ratios were higher in postmenopausal women versus premenopausal women in luteal phase (P<0.05), indicating an increased whole-body 11βHSD1 activity. Postmenopausal women had higher 11βHSD1 gene expression in subcutaneous fat (P<0.05). Hepatic first pass conversion of oral cortisone to cortisol was also increased in postmenopausal women versus premenopausal women in follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (P<0.01, at 30 min post cortisone ingestion), suggesting higher hepatic 11βHSD1 activity. In conclusion, our results indicate that postmenopausal normal weight women have increased 11βHSD1 activity in adipose tissue and liver. This may contribute to metabolic dysfunctions with menopause and ageing in women.
Collapse
|
22
|
Svendsen PF, Madsbad S, Nilas L, Paulsen SK, Pedersen SB. Expression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and 2 in subcutaneous adipose tissue of lean and obese women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 33:1249-56. [PMID: 19704410 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2009.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) type 1 and 2 and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) mRNA in subcutaneous abdominal tissue from lean and obese women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and to investigate the association between these enzymes and different measures of insulin sensitivity. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS A total of 60 women, 36 women with PCOS, 17 lean (lean PCOS, LP) and 19 obese (obese PCOS, OP) and 24 age- and weight-matched control women, 8 lean (lean controls, LC) and 16 obese (obese controls, OC). Subcutaneous adipose tissue was collected from the abdomen. Peripheral insulin sensitivity was assessed by the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp and determined as glucose disposal rate and insulin sensitivity index. Whole-body insulin sensitivity was calculated using homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index. Body composition was evaluated by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Adipose mRNA expression of leptin and adiponectin were determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS Polycystic ovary syndrome (P<0.05) and obesity (P<0.05) were independently associated with increased expression of 11beta-HSD1 mRNA. The subgroups LP and OC had increased 11beta-HSD1 and 11beta-HSD2 mRNA expression compared with LC (P<0.05, P<0.05). There were no effects of PCOS or obesity on11beta-HSD2 or H6PDH mRNA expression. Decreased peripheral insulin sensitivity (P<0.001) and increased upper body fat distribution (P<0.01) were associated with increased expression of 11beta-HSD1, but neither 11beta-HSD2 nor H6PDH. CONCLUSION Polycystic ovary syndrome and obesity are independently associated with increased expression of 11beta-HSD1. This may lead to increased conversion of cortisone to cortisol in the peripheral adipose tissue and subsequently increased glucocorticoid activity. Decreased peripheral insulin sensitivity and central obesity was associated with increased expression of 11beta-HSD1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P F Svendsen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Katz A, Mirzatoni A, Zhen Y, Schlinger BA. Sex differences in cell proliferation and glucocorticoid responsiveness in the zebra finch brain. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 28:99-106. [PMID: 18662338 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neural proliferation is a conserved property of the adult vertebrate brain. In mammals, stress reduces hippocampal neuronal proliferation and the effect is stronger in males than in females. We tested the effects of glucocorticoids on ventricular zone cell proliferation in adult zebra finches where neurons are produced that migrate to and incorporate within the neural circuits controlling song learning and performance. Adult male zebra finches sing and have an enlarged song circuitry; females do not sing and the song circuit is poorly developed. Freshly prepared slices from adult males and females containing the lateral ventricles were incubated with the mitotic marker BrdU with or without steroid treatments. BrdU-labeled cells were revealed immunocytochemically and all labeled cells within the ventricular zone were counted. We identified significantly higher rates of proliferation along the ventricular zone of males than in females. Moreover, acute administration of corticosterone significantly reduced proliferation in males with no effects in females. This effect in males was replicated by RU-486, which appears to act as an agonist of the glucocorticoid receptor in the songbird brain. The corticosterone effect was reversed by Thiram, which disrupts corticosterone action on the glucocorticoid receptor. Sex differences in proliferation and responses to stress hormones may contribute to the sexually dimorphic and seasonal growth of the neural song system of songbirds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amnon Katz
- Department of Physiological Science and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Paulsen SK, Nielsen MP, Richelsen B, Bruun JM, Flyvbjerg A, Pedersen SB. Upregulation of adipose 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 expression in ovariectomized rats is due to obesity rather than lack of estrogen. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:731-5. [PMID: 18379559 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased tissue activity of cortisol induced by the activation of inert cortisone to active cortisol through 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) may play a role in the metabolic syndrome. We recently found that 11beta-HSD1 in subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) was lower in lean women compared with lean men. Estrogen suppresses hepatic and renal 11beta-HSD1 in rats; hence we investigated the in vitro effect of estrogen on human and rat AT, and the in vivo effects on rat AT 11beta-HSD1 expression. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Wistar rats were divided into four groups of eight animals. One group was sham-operated (controls) and others were ovariectomized (OVX). One OVX group was left untreated (OVX-E), another (OVX+E) received estrogen treatment, and one received a hypo-caloric diet (OVX-E+D), matching the weight gain of the control group. AT from women undergoing liposuction or surgery and from killed male and female rats were incubated with estrogen alone or in the presence of IL-1beta. Gene expressions were determined by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. RESULTS Ovariectomy resulted in a 280% increase in adipose 11beta-HSD1 expression P < 0.05). 11beta-HSD1 expression in the (OVX+E)-group was significantly reduced compared with the nonsubstituted group (P < 0.05). 11beta-HSD1 expression in the (OVX-E+D)-group was reduced significantly (P < 0.05) when compared with the level of the estrogen-substituted group. No significant differences between the control group, the (OVX+E)-group, and the (OVX-E+D)-group were found. In the in vitro studies, no direct effect of estrogen on adipose 11beta-HSD1 was found. DISCUSSION The upregulation of 11beta-HSD1 in ovariectomized rats was most likely due to changes in body composition rather than lack of estrogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Søren K Paulsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism C, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus Sygehus, Tage Hansens Gade, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Barat P, Livingstone DEW, Elferink CMC, McDonnell CR, Walker BR, Andrew R. Effects of gonadectomy on glucocorticoid metabolism in obese Zucker rats. Endocrinology 2007; 148:4836-43. [PMID: 17628001 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are metabolized by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11betaHSD1) and the A-ring reductases (5alpha- and 5beta-reductases). Dysregulation of these enzymes has been reported in liver and adipose tissue in obese humans and animals, potentially leading to altered intracellular glucocorticoid concentrations and compensatory activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. This dysregulation of glucocorticoid metabolism in obesity is poorly understood. We hypothesized that changes in glucocorticoid metabolism in obesity are mediated by alterations in androgen action. Steroid metabolism was studied in obese and lean male Zucker rats (age 10 wk, 10 animals per group) 4 wk after gonadectomy or sham surgery. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed, and activities and abundances of mRNAs for steroid metabolizing enzymes were quantified in liver and adipose tissue. Gonadectomy did not consistently alter weight gain, glucose intolerance, or hyperinsulinemia in obese animals. Gonadectomy increased adrenal mass (P < 0.05), suppressed 11betaHSD1 activity and/or mRNA in liver and adipose, increased 5alpha-reductase 1 mRNA in liver (P < 0.05), and increased 5beta-reductase activity only in obese animals (P < 0.05). Differences in hepatic 11betaHSD1 mRNA expression and adipose activity between lean and obese animals were normalized by gonadectomy, whereas obese gonadectomized animals maintained elevated liver 5alpha-reductase and had an exaggerated elevation of 5beta-reductase activity. We conclude that androgens tonically increase 11betaHSD1 in liver and adipose tissue in male rats and contribute to the dysregulation of 11betaHSD1 in obesity. By contrast, androgens tonically suppress hepatic A-ring reductases in male rats and do not contribute to dysregulation of these enzymes in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Barat
- Paediatric Endocrinology, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Paulsen SK, Pedersen SB, Fisker S, Richelsen B. 11Beta-HSD type 1 expression in human adipose tissue: impact of gender, obesity, and fat localization. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15:1954-60. [PMID: 17712112 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pre-receptor amplification of glucocorticoids is, in part, determined by the isoenzymes 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) type 1 and type 2, interconverting inert cortisone and active cortisol. Increased tissue activity of cortisol may play a part in features of the metabolic syndrome. Our objective was to compare 11beta-HSD1 gene expression in different fat depots (visceral, subcutaneous abdominal, and subcutaneous gluteal) in lean and obese men and women. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES A cross-sectional study design was used for healthy patients undergoing minor abdominal surgery (lean men, 10), minor gynecological surgery (lean woman, 10), or gastric banding operations (obese men, 10; and obese women, 10). Gene expressions of 11beta-HSD1 in adipose tissue samples were determined by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Lean women had lower 11beta-HSD1 gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue compared with men (62% lower, p < 0.01), whereas no significant difference was found between obese men and women. 11Beta-HSD1 mRNA in human adipose tissue was higher in obese subjects compared with lean subjects in both women and men and in both subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue. No difference in mRNA expression of 11beta-HSD1 between visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue or between subcutaneous adipose tissue from different depots was found. CONCLUSIONS 11Beta-HSD1 in adipose tissue is increased in obesity in both women and men, and may contribute to the associated metabolic syndrome. As 11beta-HSD1 expression in lean women was found to be significantly lower than in lean males, the up-regulation associated with obesity may be relatively more devastating in women than in men, and may help explain the higher relative risk of cardiovascular disease in women suffering from the metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Søren Kildeberg Paulsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism C, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus Sygehus, Tage Hansensgade 2, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
de Oliveira APL, Domingos HV, Cavriani G, Damazo AS, Dos Santos Franco AL, Oliani SM, Oliveira-Filho RM, Vargaftig BB, de Lima WT. Cellular recruitment and cytokine generation in a rat model of allergic lung inflammation are differentially modulated by progesterone and estradiol. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C1120-8. [PMID: 17634417 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00286.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the role of estradiol and progesterone in allergic lung inflammation. Rats were ovariectomized (Ovx) and, 7 days later, were sensitized with ovalbumin (OA) and challenged after 2 wk with inhaled OA; experiments were performed 1 day thereafter. Ovx-allergic rats showed reduced cell recruitment into the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid relative to sham-Ovx allergic rats, as was observed in intact allergic rats treated with ICI-182,780. Estradiol increased the number of cells in the BAL of Ovx-allergic rats, whereas progesterone induced an additional reduction. Cells of BAL and bone marrow (BM) of Ovx-allergic rats released elevated amounts of IL-10 and reduced IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. BM cells of Ovx-allergic rats released increased amounts of IL-10 and lower amounts of IL-4. Estradiol treatment of Ovx-allergic rats decreased the release of IL-10 but increased that of IL-4 by BM cells. Estradiol also caused an increased release of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha by BAL cells. Progesterone significantly increased the release of IL-10, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha by BAL cells and augmented that of IL-4 by BM cells. Degranulation of bronchial mast cells from Ovx rats was reduced after in vitro challenge, an effect reverted by estradiol but not by progesterone. We suggest that the serum estradiol-to-progesterone ratio might drive cellular recruitment, modulating the pulmonary allergy and profile of release of anti-inflammatory or inflammatory cytokines. The existence of such dual hormonal effects suggests that the hormone therapy of asthmatic postmenopausal women and of those suffering of premenstrual asthma should take into account the possibility of worsening the pulmonary conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Ligeiro de Oliveira
- Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, Lab. Fisiopatologia da Inflamação Experimental, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Farmacologia, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo (SP05508-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mattsson C, Rask E, Carlström K, Andersson J, Eliasson M, Ahrén B, Söderberg S, Olsson T. Gender-specific links between hepatic 11beta reduction of cortisone and adipokines. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15:887-94. [PMID: 17426324 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reduction of cortisone to cortisol is mediated by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11betaHSD1), a putative key enzyme in obesity-related complications. Experimental studies suggest that adipokines, notably leptin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), are of importance for 11betaHSD1 activity. We hypothesized that the regulation of hepatic preceptor glucocorticoid metabolism is gender-specific and associated with circulating levels of leptin and TNF-alpha receptors and/or sex hormones. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES A total of 34 males and 38 women (14 premenopausal and 22 postmenopausal) underwent physical examination and fasting blood sampling. Insulin sensitivity was tested by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps, and hepatic 11betaHSD1 enzyme activity was estimated by the conversion of orally-ingested cortisone to cortisol. RESULTS Hepatic 11betaHSD1 activity was negatively associated with leptin and soluble TNF (sTNF) r1 and sTNFr2 in males. These correlations remained significant after adjustment for age and insulin sensitivity, and for sTNF-alpha receptors also after adjustment of BMI and waist circumference. In contrast, 11beta reduction of cortisone was positively associated to leptin in females after adjustment for BMI and waist circumference. DISCUSSION Hepatic 11beta reduction shows different links to circulating adipocyte-derived hormones in males and females. This emphasizes the need for further studies on tissue-specific regulation of 11betaHSD1 in both genders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Mattsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, S-901 85 Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bernal-Mizrachi C, Xiaozhong L, Yin L, Knutsen RH, Howard MJ, Arends JJA, DeSantis P, Coleman T, Semenkovich CF. An afferent vagal nerve pathway links hepatic PPARalpha activation to glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance and hypertension. Cell Metab 2007; 5:91-102. [PMID: 17276352 PMCID: PMC1899170 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2006.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid excess causes insulin resistance and hypertension. Hepatic expression of PPARalpha (Ppara) is required for glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance. Here we demonstrate that afferent fibers of the vagus nerve interface with hepatic Ppara expression to disrupt blood pressure and glucose homeostasis in response to glucocorticoids. Selective hepatic vagotomy decreased hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hepatic insulin resistance, Ppara expression, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) enzyme activity in dexamethasone-treated Ppara(+/+) mice. Selective vagotomy also decreased blood pressure, adrenergic tone, renin activity, and urinary sodium retention in these mice. Hepatic reconstitution of Ppara in nondiabetic, normotensive dexamethasone-treated PPARalpha null mice increased glucose, insulin, hepatic PEPCK enzyme activity, blood pressure, and renin activity in sham-operated animals but not hepatic-vagotomized animals. Disruption of vagal afferent fibers by chemical or surgical means prevented glucocorticoid-induced metabolic derangements. We conclude that a dynamic interaction between hepatic Ppara expression and a vagal afferent pathway is essential for glucocorticoid induction of diabetes and hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Bernal-Mizrachi
- Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8127, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Liu Xiaozhong
- Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8127, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Li Yin
- Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8127, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Russell H. Knutsen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8127, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael J. Howard
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8127, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Joop J. A. Arends
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8127, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Pascual DeSantis
- Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8127, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Trey Coleman
- Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8127, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Clay F. Semenkovich
- Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8127, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8127, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110
- *Correspondence: , Phone 314-362-4454, Fax 314-362-7641
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bryzgalova G, Gao H, Ahren B, Zierath JR, Galuska D, Steiler TL, Dahlman-Wright K, Nilsson S, Gustafsson JA, Efendic S, Khan A. Evidence that oestrogen receptor-alpha plays an important role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis in mice: insulin sensitivity in the liver. Diabetologia 2006; 49:588-97. [PMID: 16463047 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-005-0105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We used oestrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) knockout (ERKO) and receptor-beta (ERbeta) knockout (BERKO) mice to investigate the mechanism(s) behind the effects of oestrogens on glucose homeostasis. METHODS Endogenous glucose production (EGP) was measured in ERKO mice using a euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp. Insulin secretion was determined from isolated islets. In isolated muscles, glucose uptake was assayed by using radiolabelled isotopes. Genome-wide expression profiles were analysed by high-density oligonucleotide microarray assay, and the expression of the genes encoding steroyl-CoA desaturase and the Leptin receptor (Scd1 and Lepr, respectively) was confirmed by RT-PCR. RESULTS ERKO mice had higher fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin levels and IGT. The plasma leptin level was increased, while the adiponectin concentration was decreased in ERKO mice. Levels of both glucose- and arginine-induced insulin secretion from isolated islets were similar in ERKO and wild-type mice. The euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp revealed that suppression of EGP by increased insulin levels was blunted in ERKO mice, which suggests a pronounced hepatic insulin resistance. Microarray analysis revealed that in ERKO mice, the genes involved in hepatic lipid biosynthesis were upregulated, while genes involved in lipid transport were downregulated. Notably, hepatic Lepr expression was decreased in ERKO mice. In vitro studies showed a modest decrease in insulin-mediated glucose uptake in soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of ERKO mice. BERKO mice demonstrated normal glucose tolerance and insulin release. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We conclude that oestrogens, acting via ERalpha, regulate glucose homeostasis mainly by modulating hepatic insulin sensitivity, which can be due to the upregulation of lipogenic genes via the suppression of Lepr expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Bryzgalova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Basu R, Singh R, Basu A, Johnson CM, Rizza RA. Effect of nutrient ingestion on total-body and splanchnic cortisol production in humans. Diabetes 2006; 55:667-74. [PMID: 16505229 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.55.03.06.db05-1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The splanchnic bed produces cortisol at rates approximating extraadrenal tissues by converting cortisone to cortisol via the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) type 1 pathway. It is not known whether splanchnic cortisol production is regulated by nutrient ingestion and/or by the accompanying changes in hormone secretion. To address this question, 18 healthy humans were randomized to ingest either a mixed meal or to receive an intravenous saline infusion while total-body, splanchnic, and D3 cortisol production (an index of 11beta-HSD type 1 activity) were measured using the combined hepatic catheterization and D4 cortisol infusion methods. Fasting glucose and insulin concentrations did not differ on the meal and saline study days. Glucose and insulin concentrations increased after meal ingestion, peaking at 11.0 +/- 1.0 mmol/l and 451 +/- 64 pmol/l, respectively, at 45 min, then fell to baseline thereafter. In contrast, glucose and insulin concentrations slowly fell to 5.1 +/- 0.1 mmol/l and 27 +/- 6 pmol/l during the 6 h of observation on the saline study day. Fasting cortisol concentration did not differ on the meal and saline study days. Cortisol increased (P < 0.05) to a peak of 353 +/- 55 nmol/l after meal ingestion but did not change after saline infusion. The increase in cortisol after meal ingestion was associated with an increase in both total body cortisol (from 748 +/- 63 to 1,620 +/- 235 nmol/min; P < 0.01) and total body D3 cortisol (from 99 +/- 11 to 143 +/- 11 nmol/min; P < 0.01) production, whereas there was no change in either on the saline study day. The increase in total-body cortisol and D3 cortisol production after meal ingestion originated in extrasplanchnic tissues since splanchnic cortisol production (mean 0-360 min: 254 +/- 83 vs. 262 +/- 36 nmol/min) and splanchnic D3 cortisol production (mean 0-360 min: 72 +/- 22 vs. 77 +/- 14 nmol/min) did not differ on the meal and saline study days. We conclude that ingestion of a mixed meal does not alter either splanchnic cortisol production or the conversion of D4 cortisol to D3 cortisol or, therefore by implication, flux via the splanchnic 11beta-HSD type 1 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Basu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Stulnig TM, Waldhäusl W. 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type 1 in obesity and Type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2004; 47:1-11. [PMID: 14652720 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-003-1284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2003] [Revised: 10/29/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus are associated with abnormal regulation of glucocorticoid metabolism that are highlighted by clinical similarities between the sequelae of insulin resistance and Cushing's syndrome, as well as glucocorticoids' functional antagonism to insulin. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) activates functionally inert glucocorticoid precursors (cortisone) to active glucocorticoids (cortisol) within insulin target tissues, such as adipose tissue, thereby regulating local glucocorticoid action. Recent data, mainly from rodents, provide considerable evidence for a causal role of 11beta-HSD1 for the development of visceral obesity and Type 2 diabetes though data in humans are not unequivocal. This review summarizes current evidence on a possible role of 11beta-HSD1 for development of the metabolic syndrome, raising the possibility of novel therapeutic options for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes by inhibition or down-regulation of 11beta-HSD1 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T M Stulnig
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Active immunization of boars against GnRH does not affect growth hormone but lowers IGF-I in plasma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-6226(02)00302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
34
|
Shimoyama Y, Hirabayashi K, Matsumoto H, Sato T, Shibata S, Inoue H. Effects of glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives on hepatic and renal 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2003; 55:811-7. [PMID: 12841942 DOI: 10.1211/002235703765951429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the structure and activity relationships of glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives on the inhibition of hepatic and renal 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) in rats. Furthermore, we explored whether inflammatory effect of the derivatives is involved in the inhibition of 11beta-HSD activity. 18beta-Glycyrrhetinic acid (Ia) potently inhibited 11beta-HSD activity of hepatic (IC50 (concentration giving 50% inhibition of cortisone production) = 0.09 microM) and renal (IC50 = 0.36 microM) homogenate. The inhibitory effect of 18beta-glycyrrhetol (Id) modified at the 30-position of glycyrrhetinic acid was weaker than that of glycyrrhetinic acid itself. 18beta-24-Hydroxyglycyrrhetinic acid (Ie), oxidized at the 24-position, remarkably reduced the inhibitory activity for both enzymes. 18beta-11-Deoxoglycyrrhetinic acid (IIc) showed the same inhibitory effect as glycyrrhetinic acid on hepatic 11beta-HSD activity, but less effect on renal 11beta-HSD activity. Furthermore, the inhibitory activity of 18beta-deoxoglycyrrhetol (IIa), modified at the 11- and 30-position, was markedly decreased. Dihemiphthalate derivatives (IIb, IIIb and IVb) of deoxoglycyrrhetol (IIa), 18beta-olean-9(11), 12-diene-3beta, 30-diol (IIIa) and olean-11, 13(18)-diene-3beta, 30-diol (IVa), which are anti-inflammatory agents, also showed weak inhibition against both hepatic and renal 11beta-HSDs. While glycyrrhetinic acid (200 mg kg(-1), p.o.) significantly inhibited 11beta-HSD activity in rat liver and kidney at 3 h after administration, compound IVb (100 mg kg(-1), p.o.) had no effect on either enzyme activity. In addition, the circulating corticosterone level was slightly increased by glycyrrhetinic acid but not by compound IVb. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of compound IVb, derived from glycyrrhetinic acid, are not due to accumulation of steroids induced by the inhibition of 11beta-HSD activity. Our data also showed that the 11-, 24- and 30-positions of glycyrrhetinic acid may play important roles in the differential inhibitory effects on 11beta-HSD isozyme activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Shimoyama
- Research Laboratory, Minophagen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 2-2-3 Komatsubara, Zama-shi, Kanagawa 228-0002, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Livingstone DEW, Walker BR. Is 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 a therapeutic target? Effects of carbenoxolone in lean and obese Zucker rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 305:167-72. [PMID: 12649365 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.044842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In liver and adipose tissue, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) regenerates glucocorticoids from inactive 11-keto metabolites. Pharmacological inhibition or transgenic disruption of 11beta-HSD1 attenuates glucocorticoid action and increases insulin sensitivity. Increased adipose 11beta-HSD1 may also contribute to the metabolic complications of obesity. Here, we examine the effects of inhibition of 11beta-HSDs with carbenoxolone in obese insulin-resistant Zucker rats, a strain in which tissue-specific dysregulation of 11beta-HSD1 (increased in adipose, decreased in liver) mirrors changes in human obesity. Six-week-old male rats were treated orally with carbenoxolone (50 mg/kg/day) or water (1 ml/kg/day) for 3 weeks. Carbenoxolone inhibited 11beta-HSD1 activity in liver (25 +/- 3 versus 52 +/- 2% conversion in lean; 18 +/- 3 versus 35 +/- 3% in obese; p < 0.01) but not in adipose tissue or skeletal muscle. Carbenoxolone had no effect on weight gain or food intake, did not affect plasma glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test, and increased the plasma insulin response to glucose. However, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was increased by carbenoxolone in obese animals (1.52 +/- 0.24 versus 1.21 +/- 0.26 mM; p < 0.03). Carbenoxolone did not inhibit hepatic inactivation of glucocorticoid by 5beta-reductase and had no significant effect on plasma corticosterone levels. In conclusion, carbenoxolone provides a model for liver-specific inhibition of 11beta-HSD1, which results in improved lipid profile, in Zucker obese rats. Failure to inhibit 11beta-HSD1 in adipose tissue and/or skeletal muscle may explain the lack of effect on glucose tolerance and obesity. Inhibition of adipose 11beta-HSD1 is probably necessary to gain the maximum benefit of an 11beta-HSD1 inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawn E W Livingstone
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sandeep TC, Walker BR. Pathophysiology of modulation of local glucocorticoid levels by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2001; 12:446-53. [PMID: 11701343 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-2760(01)00499-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11beta HSDs) are enzymes that catalyse the interconversion of active glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone) into their inactive 11-keto products (cortisone and 11-deoxycorticosterone). Two isozymes have been identified: 11beta HSD type 1 is a predominant reductase, reactivating glucocorticoids from inert metabolites, whereas 11beta HSD type 2 is a potent dehydrogenase, inactivating glucocorticoids. They play a major role in the modulation of local cortisol levels and hence access of active steroid to corticosteroid receptors. This review focuses on the clinical importance of 11beta HSDs. We describe recent research that has not only advanced our understanding of the physiological role of these enzymes, but also their role in common diseases, including primary obesity and essential hypertension. These data provide encouragement that novel therapies will arise from a fuller understanding of the 11beta HSD system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T C Sandeep
- Endocrinology Unit, Dept of Medical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK EH4 2XU
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Vijayan MM, Takemura A, Mommsen TP. Estradiol impairs hyposmoregulatory capacity in the euryhaline tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 281:R1161-8. [PMID: 11557624 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.4.r1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater (FW)-adapted tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) were treated with estradiol (E(2)) for 4 days to stimulate protein synthesis and sampled at 0, 4, and 24 h after exposure to 50% seawater (SW). E(2) increased circulating vitellogenin (VTG) levels in large amounts, indicative of unusually high rates of hepatic protein synthesis. E(2) treatment prevented the recovery of plasma osmolality in 50% SW that was evident in the sham group. Plasma sodium concentration was significantly elevated with E(2) in FW, but the levels did not change in 50% SW. Gill Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity was significantly lower in the E(2) group compared with sham-injected tilapia in 50% SW. No significant differences were noted in plasma cortisol, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, or glucose concentration with E(2) in 50% SW. E(2) significantly lowered several key liver enzyme activities and also decreased gill lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase activities over a 24-h period. Together, our results suggest that E(2) impairs ion regulation in tilapia, partially mediated by a decreased metabolic capacity in liver and gill. The decreased tissue metabolic capacity is likely due to E(2)-induced energy repartitioning processes that are geared toward VTG synthesis at the expense of other energy-demanding pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Vijayan
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) enzymes interconvert active cortisol and inactive cortisone. There is growing evidence that local tissue concentrations of cortisol are generally modulated by site specific different 11beta-HSD actions. While 11beta-HSD type 2 unidirectionally inactivates cortisol, type 1 isoform acts bidirectionally. 11beta-HSD type 1 is mainly localized in the liver and may thus restore circulating biologically inactive cortisone to active cortisol thereby modulating systemic glucocorticoid action; such a mechanism might be of importance in stressful situations. To study this hypothesis we investigated the influence of exogenous ACTH on serum cortisol/cortisone ratio. DESIGN AND METHODS Paired serum samples that were submitted for routine analysis of cortisol before and 1 h after stimulation with 250 microg ACTH (1-24) (Synacthen) were collected prospectively if the routine tests indicated normal adrenal function; 40 patients were included in the study, 29 patients were female, 11 male, median age was 31 yr (range 14-70). Serum cortisol and cortisone were determined using LC-ESI/MS/MS with an online sample extraction system and tri-deuterated cortisol as the internal standard. RESULTS While mean serum cortisol increased by 109% (mean basal concentration 373 nmol/L (SD 151 nmol/L), stimulated 781 nmol/L (SD 194 nmol/L)), mean serum cortisone significantly decreased after ACTH administration by 31% (p < 0.001, paired t-test for differences). Mean serum cortisone was 70 nmol/L (SD 16 nmol/L) before and 48 nmol (SD 16 nmol/L) after ACTH administration; decrease in serum cortisone was observed in 34 (85%) of the patients. The ratio of serum cortisol/cortisone increased in all subjects (mean 5.4 (SD 1.9) before ACTH, and 16.2 (SD 6.2) after ACTH; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The data of our observational study suggest a modulation of peripheral metabolism of cortisol by ACTH with a stimulation of systemic 11beta-HSD type 1 activity, leading to restoration of inactive cortisone to biologically active cortisol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Vogeser
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Klinikum Grosshadern, 81366, Munich, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Williams LJ, Lyons V, MacLeod I, Rajan V, Darlington GJ, Poli V, Seckl JR, Chapman KE. C/EBP regulates hepatic transcription of 11beta -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. A novel mechanism for cross-talk between the C/EBP and glucocorticoid signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:30232-9. [PMID: 10906322 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m001286200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid action within individual cells is potently modulated by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD), which, by interconverting active and inert glucocorticoids, determines steroid access to receptors. Type 1 11beta-HSD (11beta-HSD1) is highly expressed in liver where it regenerates glucocorticoids, thus amplifying their action and contributing to induction of glucocorticoid-responsive genes, most of which are also regulated by members of the C/EBP (CAAT/enhancer-binding protein) family of transcription factors. Here we demonstrate that C/EBPalpha is a potent activator of the 11beta-HSD1 gene in hepatoma cells and that mice deficient in C/EBPalpha have reduced hepatic 11beta-HSD1 expression. In contrast, C/EBPbeta is a relatively weak activator of 11beta-HSD1 transcription in hepatoma cells and attenuates C/EBPalpha induction, and mice that lack C/EBPbeta have increased hepatic 11beta-HSD1 mRNA. The 11beta-HSD1 promoter (between -812 and +76) contains 10 C/EBP binding sites, and mutation of the promoter proximal sites decreases the C/EBP inducibility of the promoter. One site encompasses the transcription start, and both C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta are present in complexes formed by liver nuclear proteins at this site. The regulation of 11beta-HSD1 expression, and hence intracellular glucocorticoid levels, by members of the C/EBP family provides a novel mechanism for cross-talk between the C/EBP family of transcription factors and the glucocorticoid signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology group, University of Edinburgh, Molecular Medicine Centre, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
McKinnell J, Roscoe D, Holmes MC, Lloyd-MacGilp SA, Kenyon CJ. Regulation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes by dietary sodium in the rat. Endocr Res 2000; 26:81-95. [PMID: 10711725 DOI: 10.1080/07435800009040148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
11Beta-hydroxysterold dehydrogenase enzymes (11beta-HSD1, 11beta-HSD2) regulate access of adrenocorticosteroids to receptors. 11Beta-HSD2 is a dehydrogenase that protects mineralocorticoid receptors from circulating glucocorticoid hormones, 11beta-HSD1 is a reductase that promotes formation of active hormone in glucocorticoid-sensitive tissues. Here we investigate whether low or high sodium diets affect 11beta-HSD enzyme activities and mRNA expression in liver and kidney tissues. 11Beta-HSD activity was measured as dehydrogenation of 3H-corticosterone by microsomes in the presence of NAD or NADP. In situ hybridisation techniques were used to assess expression of 11beta-HSD1 mRNA (liver and kidney) and 11beta-HSD2 mRNA (kidney). Dietary sodium did not affect 11beta-HSD2 mRNA expression in collecting tubules of the medulla: 11beta-HSD1 mRNA in proximal tubules of the inner cortex/outer medulla was lower after a high sodium diet. 11Beta-HSD1 mRNA in liver was unaffected by treatment. Renal enzyme activity with NAD (11beta-HSD2 cofactor) was lower following a high sodium diet (P < 0.05). In the presence of NADP (11beta-HSD1 co-factor), neither renal nor hepatic activities were affected. Dietary sodium restriction appears to increase 11beta-HSD activity by a non-genomic mechanism; this should enhance aldosterone specificity for mineralocorticoid receptors. 11Beta-HSD1 mRNA expression varies independent of enzyme activity and is not clearly related to altered glucocorticoid activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J McKinnell
- Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Jamieson PM, Chapman KE, Seckl JR. Tissue- and temporal-specific regulation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 by glucocorticoids in vivo. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1999; 68:245-50. [PMID: 10416840 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(99)00037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
11Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD-1) catalyses the interconversion of active corticosterone and inert 11-dehydrocorticosterone. Short-term glucocorticoid excess upregulates 11beta-HSD-1 in liver and hippocampus leading to suggestions that 11beta-HSD-1 ameliorates the deleterious effects of glucocorticoid excess by its 11beta-dehydrogenase activity. However the predominant activity of 11beta-HSD-1 in vivo is 11beta-reduction, thus generating active glucocorticoid. We have re-examined the time-course of glucocorticoid regulation of 11beta-HSD-1 in the liver, hippocampus and kidney of adult male rats in vivo. Sham operation markedly reduced 11beta-HSD-1 mRNA expression in all tissues, and reduced 11beta-HSD bioactivity in liver and hippocampus when compared to untouched controls. Adrenalectomy reduced 11beta-HSD-1 expression in all tissues in the short-term (7 days), followed by subsequent recovery of enzyme activity by 21 days in liver and hippocampus. Dexamethasone replacement of adrenalectomised rats attenuated the initial decrease in hepatic 11beta-HSD-1 activity, but by 21 days dexamethasone reduced activity compared to control levels. Thus glucocorticoids regulate 11beta-HSD-1 in a complex tissue- and temporal-specific manner. This pattern of regulation suggests glucocorticoids repress 11beta-HSD-1 at least in the liver, a pattern of regulation more consistent with the evidence that 11beta-HSD-1 is an 11beta-reductase in vivo. Operational stress per se down-regulates 11beta-HSD-1 which has implications for interpretation and design of in vivo studies of 11beta-HSD-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Jamieson
- Molecular Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Scotland, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|