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Szablewski CM, McBride DS, Trock SC, Habing GG, Hoet AE, Nelson SW, Nolting JM, Bowman AS. Evolution of influenza A viruses in exhibition swine and transmission to humans, 2013-2015. Zoonoses Public Health 2024; 71:281-293. [PMID: 38110691 PMCID: PMC10994755 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Swine are a mixing vessel for the emergence of novel reassortant influenza A viruses (IAV). Interspecies transmission of swine-origin IAV poses a public health and pandemic risk. In the United States, the majority of zoonotic IAV transmission events have occurred in association with swine exposure at agricultural fairs. Accordingly, this human-animal interface necessitates mitigation strategies informed by understanding of interspecies transmission mechanisms in exhibition swine. Likewise, the diversity of IAV in swine can be a source for novel reassortant or mutated viruses that pose a risk to both swine and human health. METHODS AND RESULTS In an effort to better understand those risks, here we investigated the epidemiology of IAV in exhibition swine and subsequent transmission to humans by performing phylogenetic analyses using full genome sequences from 272 IAV isolates collected from exhibition swine and 23 A(H3N2)v viruses from human hosts during 2013-2015. Sixty-seven fairs (24.2%) had at least one pig test positive for IAV with an overall estimated prevalence of 8.9% (95% CI: 8.3-9.6, Clopper-Pearson). Of the 19 genotypes found in swine, 5 were also identified in humans. There was a positive correlation between the number of human cases of a genotype and its prevalence in exhibition swine. Additionally, we demonstrated that A(H3N2)v viruses clustered tightly with exhibition swine viruses that were prevalent in the same year. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that multiple genotypes of swine-lineage IAV have infected humans, and highly prevalent IAV genotypes in exhibition swine during a given year are also the strains detected most frequently in human cases of variant IAV. Continued surveillance and rapid characterization of IAVs in exhibition swine can facilitate timely phenotypic evaluation and matching of candidate vaccine strains to those viruses present at the human-animal interface which are most likely to spillover into humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Szablewski
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Dillon S McBride
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Susan C Trock
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gregory G Habing
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Armando E Hoet
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sarah W Nelson
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Nolting
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew S Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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2
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BAZARRAGCHAA E, HIONO T, ISODA N, HAYASHI H, OKAMATSU M, SAKODA Y. Establishment of a mouse- and egg-adapted strain for the evaluation of vaccine potency against H3N2 variant influenza virus in mice. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1694-1701. [PMID: 34526415 PMCID: PMC8636876 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic spreads of swine-origin influenza H3N2 variant (H3N2v) viruses were reported in humans, resulting in 437 human infections between 2011 and 2021 in the USA. Thus, an effective vaccine is needed to better control a potential pandemic for these antigenically distinct viruses from seasonal influenza. In this study, a candidate vaccine strain with efficient growth capacity in chicken embryos was established through serial blind passaging of A/Indiana/08/2011 (H3N2)v in mice and chicken embryos. Seven amino acid substitutions (M21I in PA; A138T, N165K, and V226A in HA; S312L in NP; T167I in M1; G62A in NS1 proteins) were found in the passaged viruses without a major change in the antigenicity. This mouse- and egg-adapted virus was used as a vaccine and challenge strain in mice to evaluate the efficacy of the H3N2v vaccine in different doses. Antibodies with high neutralizing titers were induced in mice immunized with 100 µg of inactivated whole-virus particles, and those mice were significantly protected from the challenge of homologous strain. The findings indicated that the established strain in the study was useful for vaccine study in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enkhbold BAZARRAGCHAA
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido
060-0818, Japan
| | - Takahiro HIONO
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido
060-0818, Japan
| | - Norikazu ISODA
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido
060-0818, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020,
Japan
| | - Hirotaka HAYASHI
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido
060-0818, Japan
| | - Masatoshi OKAMATSU
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido
060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro SAKODA
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido
060-0818, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020,
Japan
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3
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Komadina N, Sullivan SG, Leder K, McVernon J. Likelihood of prior exposure to circulating influenza viruses resulting in cross-protection by CD8+ T cells against emergent H3N2v swine viruses infecting humans. J Med Virol 2021; 94:567-574. [PMID: 34449904 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of influenza in swine can result in potential threats to human public health. A notable occurrence was the emergence of swine-origin H1N1 influenza viruses in 2009. Since then, there have been several documented outbreaks of swine-origin influenza infecting humans in several countries. Sustained events have occurred when H1N1v, H1N2v, and H3N2v swine-origin viruses have infected humans visiting agricultural shows in the US. The predominant H3N2v viruses gained the matrix protein from the A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, with reported human-to-human transmission raising fears of another pandemic. Current vaccines do not induce secondary cell-mediated immune responses, which may provide cross-protection against novel influenza A subtypes, however, population susceptibility to infection with seasonal influenza is likely to be influenced by cross-reactive CD8+ T-cells directed towards immunogenic peptides derived from viral proteins. This study involved a retrospective review of historical influenza viruses circulating in human populations from 1918 to 2020 to identify evidence of prior circulation of H3N3v immunogenic CD8+ T-cells peptides found in the NP and M1 proteins. We found evidence of prior circulation of H3N2v NP and M1 immunogenic peptides in historical influenza viruses. This provides insight into the population context in which influenza viruses emerge and may help inform immunogenic peptide selection for cytotoxic T-cell lymphocytes (CTL)-inducing influenza vaccines. Next-generation vaccines capable of eliciting CD8+ T-cell-mediated cross-protective immunity may offer a long-term alternative strategy for influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Komadina
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sheena G Sullivan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital and the Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karin Leder
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Victorian Infectious Diseases Services, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jodie McVernon
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Epidemiology Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Modelling and Simulation Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Bat influenza vectored NS1-truncated live vaccine protects pigs against heterologous virus challenge. Vaccine 2021; 39:1943-1950. [PMID: 33715905 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Swine influenza is an important disease for the swine industry. Currently used whole inactivated virus (WIV) vaccines can induce vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD) in pigs when the vaccine strains mismatch with the infected viruses. Live attenuated influenza virus vaccine (LAIV) is effective to protect pigs against homologous and heterologous swine influenza virus infections without inducing VAERD but has safety concerns due to potential reassortment with circulating viruses. Herein, we used a chimeric bat influenza Bat09:mH3mN2 virus, which contains both surface HA and NA gene open reading frames of the A/swine/Texas/4199-2/1998 (H3N2) and six internal genes from the novel bat H17N10 virus, to develop modified live-attenuated viruses (MLVs) as vaccine candidates which cannot reassort with canonical influenza A viruses by co-infection. Two attenuated MLV vaccine candidates including the virus that expresses a truncated NS1 (Bat09:mH3mN2-NS1-128, MLV1) or expresses both a truncated NS1 and the swine IL-18 (Bat09:mH3mN2-NS1-128-IL-18, MLV2) were generated and evaluated in pigs against a heterologous H3N2 virus using the WIV vaccine as a control. Compared to the WIV vaccine, both MLV vaccines were able to reduce lesions and virus replication in lungs and limit nasal virus shedding without VAERD, also induced significantly higher levels of mucosal IgA response in lungs and significantly increased numbers of antigen-specific IFN-γ secreting cells against the challenge virus. However, no significant difference was observed in efficacy between the MLV1 and MLV2. These results indicate that bat influenza vectored MLV vaccines can be used as a safe live vaccine to prevent swine influenza.
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5
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Nomura N, Matsuno K, Shingai M, Ohno M, Sekiya T, Omori R, Sakoda Y, Webster RG, Kida H. Updating the influenza virus library at Hokkaido University -It's potential for the use of pandemic vaccine strain candidates and diagnosis. Virology 2021; 557:55-61. [PMID: 33667751 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic reassortment of influenza A viruses through cross-species transmission contributes to the generation of pandemic influenza viruses. To provide information on the ecology of influenza viruses, we have been conducting a global surveillance of zoonotic influenza and establishing an influenza virus library. Of 4580 influenza virus strains in the library, 3891 have been isolated from over 70 different bird species. The remaining 689 strains were isolated from humans, pigs, horses, seal, whale, and the environment. Phylogenetic analyses of the HA genes of the library isolates demonstrate that the library strains are distributed to all major known clusters of the H1, H2 and H3 subtypes of HA genes that are prevalent in humans. Since past pandemic influenza viruses are most likely genetic reassortants of zoonotic and seasonal influenza viruses, a vast collection of influenza A virus strains from various hosts should be useful for vaccine preparation and diagnosis for future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nomura
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masashi Shingai
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE) Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Marumi Ohno
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Sekiya
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE) Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ryosuke Omori
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE) Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Kida
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE) Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Collaborating Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
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6
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Patel MC, Chesnokov A, Jones J, Mishin VP, De La Cruz JA, Nguyen HT, Zanders N, Wentworth DE, Davis TC, Gubareva LV. Susceptibility of widely diverse influenza a viruses to PB2 polymerase inhibitor pimodivir. Antiviral Res 2021; 188:105035. [PMID: 33581212 PMCID: PMC8978222 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pimodivir exerts an antiviral effect on the early stages of influenza A virus replication by inhibiting the cap-binding function of polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2). In this study, we used a combination of sequence analysis and phenotypic methods to evaluate pimodivir susceptibility of influenza A viruses collected from humans and other hosts. Screening PB2 sequences for substitutions previously associated with reduced pimodivir susceptibility revealed a very low frequency among seasonal viruses circulating in the U.S. during 2015–2020 (<0.03%; 3/11,934) and among non-seasonal viruses collected in various countries during the same period (0.2%; 18/8971). Pimodivir potently inhibited virus replication in two assays, a single-cycle HINT and a multi-cycle FRA, with IC50 values in a nanomolar range. Median IC50 values determined by HINT were similar for both subtypes of seasonal viruses, A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2), across three seasons. Human seasonal viruses with PB2 substitutions S324C, S324R, or N510K displayed a 27–317-fold reduced pimodivir susceptibility by HINT. In addition, pimodivir was effective at inhibiting replication of a diverse group of animal-origin viruses that have pandemic potential, including avian viruses of A(H5N6) and A(H7N9) subtypes. A rare PB2 substitution H357N was identified in an A(H4N2) subtype poultry virus that displayed >100-fold reduced pimodivir susceptibility. Our findings demonstrate a broad inhibitory activity of pimodivir and expand the existing knowledge of amino acid substitutions that can reduce susceptibility to this investigational antiviral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira C Patel
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anton Chesnokov
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joyce Jones
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vasiliy P Mishin
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Juan A De La Cruz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ha T Nguyen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; General Dynamics Information Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Natosha Zanders
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; General Dynamics Information Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David E Wentworth
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Todd C Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Larisa V Gubareva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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7
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Abstract
Understanding antigenic variation in influenza virus strains and how the human immune system recognizes strains are central challenges for vaccinologists. Antibodies directed to the 2 major viral surface membrane proteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), mediate protection against reinfection following natural infection or vaccination, but HA and NA protein sequences in field strains are highly variable. The central questions are how to achieve protective antibody responses in a higher proportion of individuals and how to induce responses with more breadth and durability. Studies using isolation of human monoclonal antibodies followed by structural and functional characterization revealed conserved antigenic sites recognized by broadly cross-reactive antibodies. The antigenic landscape on HA and NA proteins is coming into focus to inform studies of the correlates and mechanisms of immunity. Understanding the antibody determinants of influenza immunity points the way toward development and testing of next-generation vaccines with potential to confer broadly protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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8
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Tapia R, Torremorell M, Culhane M, Medina RA, Neira V. Antigenic characterization of novel H1 influenza A viruses in swine. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4510. [PMID: 32161289 PMCID: PMC7066140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel H1N2 influenza A viruses (IAVs) in swine have been identified in Chile co-circulating with pandemic H1N1 2009-like (A(H1N1)pdm09-like) viruses. The objective of this study was to characterize antigenically the swine H1 IAVs circulating in Chile. Genetic analysis based on the HA1 domain and antigenic analysis by hemagglutination inhibition assay were carried out. Three antigenic clusters were identified, named Chilean H1 A (ChH1A), Chilean H1 B (ChH1B), and A(H1N1)pdm09-like. The antigenic sites of ChH1A and ChH1B strains were 10–60% distant from those of commercial vaccine strains at the amino acid sequence level. Antigenic variants were identified within the clusters ChH1A and A(H1N1)pdm09-like. Substitutions in the main antigenic sites (E153G in Sa, Q193H in Sb, D168N in Ca1, P137S in Ca2, and F71L in Cb) were detected in variants from the ChH1A cluster, whereas only a single substitution in antigenic site Sa (G155E) was detected in variants from A(H1N1)pdm09-like cluster, which confirms the importance to carrying out antigenic analyses in addition to genetic analyses to evaluate control measures such as vaccination. These results highlight the need to update vaccines for swine in Chile and the importance of continued surveillance to determine the onward transmission of antigenic variants in Chilean pig populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Tapia
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8820808, Chile
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 55108, USA
| | - Marie Culhane
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 55108, USA
| | - Rafael A Medina
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8330024, Chile. .,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA.
| | - Víctor Neira
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8820808, Chile.
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9
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Gebreyes WA, Jackwood D, de Oliveira CJB, Lee CW, Hoet AE, Thakur S. Molecular Epidemiology of Infectious Zoonotic and Livestock Diseases. Microbiol Spectr 2020; 8:10.1128/microbiolspec.ame-0011-2019. [PMID: 32220263 PMCID: PMC10773240 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ame-0011-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic and livestock diseases are very important globally both in terms of direct impact on human and animal health and in terms of their relationship to the livelihood of farming communities, as they affect income generation and food security and have other, indirect consequences on human lives. More than two-thirds of emerging infectious diseases in humans today are known to be of animal origin. Bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections that originate from animals, including hypervirulent and multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens, such as livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA), invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella of animal origin, hyperviruent Clostridium difficile, and others, are of major significance to public health. Understanding the origin, risk factors, transmission, prevention, and control of such strains has been a challenge for various reasons, particularly due to the transdisciplinary partnership between and among human, environment, and animal health sectors. MDR bacteria greatly complicate the clinical management of human infections. Food animal farms, pets in communities, and veterinary hospital environments are major sources of such infections. However, attributing such infections and pinpointing sources requires highly discriminatory molecular methods as outlined in other parts of this curated series. Genotyping methods, such as multilocus sequence typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and several others, have been used to decipher sources of foodborne and other zoonotic infectious diseases. In recent years, whole-genome-sequence-based approaches have been increasingly used for molecular epidemiology of diseases at the interface of humans, animals, and the environment. This part of the series highlights the major zoonotic and foodborne disease issues. *This article is part of a curated collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Daral Jackwood
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Celso Jose Bruno de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
- Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Chang-Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Armando E Hoet
- Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Siddhartha Thakur
- Population Health and Pathobiology (PHP), College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606
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10
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Na W, Xie X, Yeom M, Kang A, Kim HO, Lim JW, Park G, Yoon SW, Jeong DG, Kim HK, Haam S, Liu Y, Song D. Morphological features and pathogenicity of mutated canine influenza viruses from China and South Korea. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1607-1613. [PMID: 31978278 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The canine influenza virus (CIV) has spread globally from East Asia to the United States and mutated and evolved to generate various CIVs. Since 2010, the mutant CIVs found in China and Korea have presented increased virulence in mice, guinea pigs and ferrets, which has raised concerns about public health and outbreak of a severe canine flu. We analysed and compared the morphology, cellular uptake and pathogenicity of CIV variants in host animals, to determine their characteristics. The Chinese mutant, A/canine/Jiangsu/06/2010[H3N2](JS10), has two amino acid insertions at the distal end of the NA stalk, and A/canine/Korea/01/2007[H3N2](KR07) presented comparable efficiency of cell uptake and a similar morphology to spherical or small ovoid particles. However, KR07M generated from swapping of M segment of the pandemic isolate, A/California/04/2009 [H1N1] (CA04) into KR07 alone accounted for morphologic change and higher efficiency of cell uptake to the wild-type CIV. This study will provide an insight into the pathogenesis, transmission and evolution of CIVs and help determine future countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woonsung Na
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.,Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Xing Xie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Aram Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ouk Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Jong-Woo Lim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Geunseon Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hye Kwon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Seungjoo Haam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yongjie Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Daesub Song
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
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11
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Munoz FM, Anderson EJ, Bernstein DI, Harrison CJ, Pahud B, Anderson E, Creech CB, Berry AA, Kotloff KL, Walter EB, Atmar RL, Bellamy AR, Chang S, Keitel WA. Safety and immunogenicity of unadjuvanted subvirion monovalent inactivated influenza H3N2 variant (H3N2v) vaccine in children and adolescents. Vaccine 2019; 37:5161-5170. [PMID: 31375440 PMCID: PMC10494964 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In response to the emergence of influenza viruses with pandemic potential, we evaluated a swine-origin influenza A/H3N2 variant (H3N2v) vaccine in children. STUDY DESIGN This multicenter phase II open-label study assessed the safety and immunogenicity of two doses, 21 days apart, of investigational unadjuvanted subvirion monovalent inactivated H3N2v vaccine administered via intramuscular injection. Children 6-35 months of age received 7.5mcg or 15mcg of hemagglutinin (HA)/dose; children 3-17 years of age received 15mcg HA/dose. Safety and reactogenicity were assessed by measuring the occurrence of solicited injection site and systemic reactions in the 7 days after each vaccination; adverse events were assessed for 42 days and serious adverse events for 7 months after the first vaccination. Immunogenicity was evaluated by measuring hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and neutralizing (Neut) antibodies to H3N2v prior to and 21 days after each vaccination. Cross-reactivity against seasonal H3N2 strains was evaluated. RESULTS The H3N2v vaccine was well tolerated. Transient mild to moderate injection site tenderness, pain and erythema was observed, with the most commonly reported systemic reactogenicity being irritability in children 6-35 months, and headache and fatigue in children 9-17 years old. Children 6-35 months old, whether they received 7.5mcg or 15mcg/dose, had low HAI and Neut antibody responses after two doses compared to older children. Children under 9 years of age required two doses of vaccine to demonstrate a response, while 9-17 year olds responded well after one dose. Previous influenza vaccination and older age were associated with higher immune responses to H3N2v vaccine. Children 9-17 years of age also developed cross-reactive antibodies against recent seasonal H3N2 influenza viruses. CONCLUSION The H3N2v vaccine was safe and immunogenic in children and adolescents. Age-related increases in immunogenicity against H3N2v and seasonal H3N2 viruses were observed, suggesting prior priming via infection and/or immunization. Clinical trial registry: The trial is registered with clinicaltrial.gov: NCT02100436.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza Vaccines/adverse effects
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Male
- Vaccines, Inactivated/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/therapeutic use
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor M Munoz
- Departments of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - David I Bernstein
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Christopher J Harrison
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Barbara Pahud
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Edwin Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - C Buddy Creech
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Andrea A Berry
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Karen L Kotloff
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Emmanuel B Walter
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Soju Chang
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Wendy A Keitel
- Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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12
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Lu J, Yi L, Jing Y, Tan H, Mai W, Song Y, Zou L, Liang L, Xiao H, Kang M, Wu J, Song T, Ke C. A human infection with a novel reassortant H3N2 swine virus in China. J Infect 2019; 79:174-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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13
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Stewart RJ, Rossow J, Eckel S, Bidol S, Ballew G, Signs K, Conover JT, Burns E, Bresee JS, Fry AM, Olsen SJ, Biggerstaff M. Text-Based Illness Monitoring for Detection of Novel Influenza A Virus Infections During an Influenza A (H3N2)v Virus Outbreak in Michigan, 2016: Surveillance and Survey. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2019; 5:e10842. [PMID: 31025948 PMCID: PMC6658270 DOI: 10.2196/10842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rapid reporting of human infections with novel influenza A viruses accelerates detection of viruses with pandemic potential and implementation of an effective public health response. After detection of human infections with influenza A (H3N2) variant (H3N2v) viruses associated with agricultural fairs during August 2016, the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services worked with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to identify infections with variant influenza viruses using a text-based illness monitoring system. Objective To enhance detection of influenza infections using text-based monitoring and evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the system for use in future outbreaks of novel influenza viruses. Methods During an outbreak of H3N2v virus infections among agricultural fair attendees, we deployed a text-illness monitoring (TIM) system to conduct active illness surveillance among households of youth who exhibited swine at fairs. We selected all fairs with suspected H3N2v virus infections. For fairs without suspected infections, we selected only those fairs that met predefined criteria. Eligible respondents were identified and recruited through email outreach and/or on-site meetings at fairs. During the fairs and for 10 days after selected fairs, enrolled households received daily, automated text-messages inquiring about illness; reports of illness were investigated by local health departments. To understand the feasibility and acceptability of the system, we monitored enrollment and trends in participation and distributed a Web-based survey to households of exhibitors from five fairs. Results Among an estimated 500 households with a member who exhibited swine at one of nine selected fairs, representatives of 87 (17.4%) households were enrolled, representing 392 household members. Among fairs that were ongoing when the TIM system was deployed, the number of respondents peaked at 54 on the third day of the fair and then steadily declined throughout the rest of the monitoring period; 19 out of 87 household representatives (22%) responded through the end of the 10-day monitoring period. We detected 2 H3N2v virus infections using the TIM system, which represents 17% (2/12) of all H3N2v virus infections detected during this outbreak in Michigan. Of the 70 survey respondents, 16 (23%) had participated in the TIM system. A total of 73% (11/15) participated because it was recommended by fair coordinators and 80% (12/15) said they would participate again. Conclusions Using a text-message system, we monitored for illness among a large number of individuals and households and detected H3N2v virus infections through active surveillance. Text-based illness monitoring systems are useful for detecting novel influenza virus infections when active monitoring is necessary. Participant retention and testing of persons reporting illness are critical elements for system improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah J Stewart
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - John Rossow
- Epidemiology Elective Program, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.,College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Seth Eckel
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Sally Bidol
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Grant Ballew
- Compliant Campaign, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Kimberly Signs
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, United States
| | | | - Erin Burns
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joseph S Bresee
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sonja J Olsen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Matthew Biggerstaff
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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14
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Virus survival and fitness when multiple genotypes and subtypes of influenza A viruses exist and circulate in swine. Virology 2019; 532:30-38. [PMID: 31003122 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We performed swine influenza virus (SIV) surveillance in Midwest USA and isolated 100 SIVs including endemic and reassortant H1 and H3 viruses with 2009 pandemic H1N1 genes. To determine virus evolution when different genotypes and subtypes of influenza A viruses circulating in the same swine herd, a virus survival experiment was conducted in pigs mimicking field situations. Five different SIVs were used to infect five pigs individually, then two groups of sentinel pigs were introduced to investigate virus transmission. Results showed that each virus replicated efficiently in lungs of each infected pig, but only reassortant H3N2 and H1N2v viruses transmitted to the primary contact pigs. Interestingly, the parental H1N2v was the majority of virus detected in the second group of sentinel pigs. These data indicate that the H1N2v seems to be more viable in swine herds than other SIV genotypes, and reassortment can enhance viral fitness and transmission.
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15
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Spatiotemporal Distribution and Evolution of the A/H1N1 2009 Pandemic Influenza Virus in Pigs in France from 2009 to 2017: Identification of a Potential Swine-Specific Lineage. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00988-18. [PMID: 30258006 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00988-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The H1N1 influenza virus responsible for the most recent pandemic in 2009 (H1N1pdm) has spread to swine populations worldwide while it replaced the previous seasonal H1N1 virus in humans. In France, surveillance of swine influenza A viruses in pig herds with respiratory outbreaks led to the detection of 44 H1N1pdm strains between 2009 and 2017, regardless of the season, and findings were not correlated with pig density. From these isolates, 17 whole-genome sequences were obtained, as were 6 additional hemagglutinin (HA)/neuraminidase (NA) sequences, in order to perform spatial and temporal analyses of genetic diversity and to compare evolutionary patterns of H1N1pdm in pigs to patterns for human strains. Following mutation accumulation and fixation over time, phylogenetic analyses revealed for the first time the divergence of a swine-specific genogroup within the H1N1pdm lineage. The divergence is thought to have occurred around 2011, although this was demonstrated only through strains isolated in 2015 to 2016 in the southern half of France. To date, these H1N1pdm swine strains have not been related to any increased virulence in swine herds and have not exhibited any antigenic drift compared to seasonal human strains. However, further monitoring is encouraged, as diverging evolutionary patterns in these two species, i.e., swine and humans, may lead to the emergence of viruses with a potentially higher risk to both animal and human health.IMPORTANCE Pigs are a "mixing vessel" for influenza A viruses (IAVs) because of their ability to be infected by avian and human IAVs and their propensity to facilitate viral genomic reassortment events. Also, as IAVs may evolve differently in swine and humans, pigs can become a reservoir for old human strains against which the human population has become immunologically naive. Thus, viruses from the novel swine-specific H1N1pdm genogroup may continue to diverge from seasonal H1N1pdm strains and/or from other H1N1pdm viruses infecting pigs and lead to the emergence of viruses that would not be covered by human vaccines and/or swine vaccines based on antigens closely related to the original H1N1pdm virus. This discovery confirms the importance of encouraging swine IAV monitoring because H1N1pdm swine viruses could carry an increased risk to both human and swine health in the future as a whole H1N1pdm virus or gene provider in subsequent reassortant viruses.
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16
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Saito S, Nakauchi M, Takayama I, Nagata S, Odagiri T, Kageyama T. Development and Evaluation of New Real-Time RT-PCR Assays for Identifying the Influenza A Virus Cluster IV H3N2 Variant. Jpn J Infect Dis 2018; 72:127-129. [PMID: 30381693 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2018.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
From 2005 to July 6, 2018, a total of 435 swine-origin influenza A H3N2 variant virus (H3N2v) infections in humans were reported in the USA. The largest H3N2v outbreak in the USA occurred in 2011-2012. This virus obtained the HA gene from the human seasonal H3N2 influenza A viruses (seasonal H3N2) via human-to-swine transmission in the mid-1990s and was classified as Cluster IV H3N2v. For early detection of public health threats associated with Cluster IV H3N2v distinct from seasonal H3N2, we developed highly specific and sensitive one-step real-time RT-PCR assays directly targeting the HA genes of Cluster IV H3N2v and seasonal H3N2. These assays are useful for the systematic surveillance and identification of Cluster IV H3N2v.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Saito
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Mina Nakauchi
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Ikuyo Takayama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Shiho Nagata
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Takato Odagiri
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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17
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Goneau LW, Mehta K, Wong J, L'Huillier AG, Gubbay JB. Zoonotic Influenza and Human Health-Part 1: Virology and Epidemiology of Zoonotic Influenzas. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2018; 20:37. [PMID: 30069735 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-018-0642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Zoonotic influenza viruses are those that cross the animal-human barrier and can cause disease in humans, manifesting from minor respiratory illnesses to multiorgan dysfunction. They have also been implicated in the causation of deadly pandemics in recent history. The increasing incidence of infections caused by these viruses worldwide has necessitated focused attention to improve both diagnostic as well as treatment modalities. In this first part of a two-part review, we describe the structure of zoonotic influenza viruses, the relationship between mutation and pandemic capacity, pathogenesis of infection, and also discuss history and epidemiology. RECENT FINDINGS We are currently witnessing the fifth and the largest wave of the avian influenza A(H7N9) epidemic. Also in circulation are a number of other zoonotic influenza viruses, including avian influenza A(H5N1) and A(H5N6); avian influenza A(H7N2); and swine influenza A(H1N1)v, A(H1N2)v, and A(H3N2)v viruses. Most recently, the first human case of avian influenza A(H7N4) infection has been documented. By understanding the virology and epidemiology of emerging zoonotic influenzas, we are better prepared to face a new pandemic. However, continued effort is warranted to build on this knowledge in order to efficiently combat the constant threat posed by the zoonotic influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Goneau
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, 661 University Avenue, Suite 1701, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada.,University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - K Mehta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Wong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, North York General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A G L'Huillier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J B Gubbay
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, 661 University Avenue, Suite 1701, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada. .,University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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18
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Pathogenesis and Transmission of Genetically Diverse Swine-Origin H3N2 Variant Influenza A Viruses from Multiple Lineages Isolated in the United States, 2011-2016. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00665-18. [PMID: 29848587 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00665-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While several swine-origin influenza A H3N2 variant (H3N2v) viruses isolated from humans prior to 2011 have been previously characterized for their virulence and transmissibility in ferrets, the recent genetic and antigenic divergence of H3N2v viruses warrants an updated assessment of their pandemic potential. Here, four contemporary H3N2v viruses isolated during 2011 to 2016 were evaluated for their replicative ability in both in vitro and in vivo in mammalian models as well as their transmissibility among ferrets. We found that all four H3N2v viruses possessed similar or enhanced replication capacities in a human bronchial epithelium cell line (Calu-3) compared to a human seasonal influenza virus, suggestive of strong fitness in human respiratory tract cells. The majority of H3N2v viruses examined in our study were mildly virulent in mice and capable of replicating in mouse lungs with different degrees of efficiency. In ferrets, all four H3N2v viruses caused moderate morbidity and exhibited comparable titers in the upper respiratory tract, but only 2 of the 4 viruses replicated in the lower respiratory tract in this model. Furthermore, despite efficient transmission among cohoused ferrets, recently isolated H3N2v viruses displayed considerable variance in their ability to transmit by respiratory droplets. The lack of a full understanding of the molecular correlates of virulence and transmission underscores the need for close genotypic and phenotypic monitoring of H3N2v viruses and the importance of continued surveillance to improve pandemic preparedness.IMPORTANCE Swine-origin influenza viruses of the H3N2 subtype, with the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) derived from historic human seasonal influenza viruses, continue to cross species barriers and cause human infections, posing an indelible threat to public health. To help us better understand the potential risk associated with swine-origin H3N2v viruses that emerged in the United States during the 2011-2016 influenza seasons, we use both in vitro and in vivo models to characterize the abilities of these viruses to replicate, cause disease, and transmit in mammalian hosts. The efficient respiratory droplet transmission exhibited by some of the H3N2v viruses in the ferret model combined with the existing evidence of low immunity against such viruses in young children and older adults highlight their pandemic potential. Extensive surveillance and risk assessment of H3N2v viruses should continue to be an essential component of our pandemic preparedness strategy.
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19
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Bangaru S, Zhang H, Gilchuk IM, Voss TG, Irving RP, Gilchuk P, Matta P, Zhu X, Lang S, Nieusma T, Richt JA, Albrecht RA, Vanderven HA, Bombardi R, Kent SJ, Ward AB, Wilson IA, Crowe JE. A multifunctional human monoclonal neutralizing antibody that targets a unique conserved epitope on influenza HA. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2669. [PMID: 29991715 PMCID: PMC6039445 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The high rate of antigenic drift in seasonal influenza viruses necessitates frequent changes in vaccine composition. Recent seasonal H3 vaccines do not protect against swine-origin H3N2 variant (H3N2v) strains that recently have caused severe human infections. Here, we report a human VH1-69 gene-encoded monoclonal antibody (mAb) designated H3v-47 that exhibits potent cross-reactive neutralization activity against human and swine H3N2 viruses that circulated since 1989. The crystal structure and electron microscopy reconstruction of H3v-47 Fab with the H3N2v hemagglutinin (HA) identify a unique epitope spanning the vestigial esterase and receptor-binding subdomains that is distinct from that of any known neutralizing antibody for influenza A H3 viruses. MAb H3v-47 functions largely by blocking viral egress from infected cells. Interestingly, H3v-47 also engages Fcγ receptor and mediates antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). This newly identified conserved epitope can be used in design of novel immunogens for development of broadly protective H3 vaccines. Broadly neutralizing antibodies are potential therapeutics and can aid rational vaccine development. Here, the authors show that the human monoclonal antibody H3v-47 recognizes a highly conserved epitope in HA of H3N2 viruses, inhibits virus replication by blocking egress and other mechanisms, and protects mice from disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Bangaru
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Iuliia M Gilchuk
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Thomas G Voss
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ryan P Irving
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Pranathi Matta
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Shanshan Lang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Travis Nieusma
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Randy A Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sina, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Hillary A Vanderven
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Robin Bombardi
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA. .,The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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20
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Talla Nzussouo N, Duque J, Adedeji AA, Coulibaly D, Sow S, Tarnagda Z, Maman I, Lagare A, Makaya S, Elkory MB, Kadjo Adje H, Shilo PA, Tamboura B, Cisse A, Badziklou K, Maïnassara HB, Bara AO, Keita AM, Williams T, Moen A, Widdowson MA, McMorrow M. Epidemiology of influenza in West Africa after the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic, 2010-2012. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:745. [PMID: 29202715 PMCID: PMC5716025 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Over the last decade, capacity for influenza surveillance and research in West Africa has strengthened. Data from these surveillance systems showed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 circulated in West Africa later than in other regions of the continent. Methods We contacted 11 West African countries to collect information about their influenza surveillance systems (number of sites, type of surveillance, sampling strategy, populations sampled, case definitions used, number of specimens collected and number of specimens positive for influenza viruses) for the time period January 2010 through December 2012. Results Of the 11 countries contacted, 8 responded: Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Togo. Countries used standard World Health Organization (WHO) case definitions for influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) or slight variations thereof. There were 70 surveillance sites: 26 SARI and 44 ILI. Seven countries conducted SARI surveillance and collected 3114 specimens of which 209 (7%) were positive for influenza viruses. Among influenza-positive SARI patients, 132 (63%) were influenza A [68 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, 64 influenza A(H3N2)] and 77 (37%) were influenza B. All eight countries conducted ILI surveillance and collected 20,375 specimens, of which 2278 (11%) were positive for influenza viruses. Among influenza-positive ILI patients, 1431 (63%) were influenza A [820 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, 611 influenza A(H3N2)] and 847 (37%) were influenza B. A majority of SARI and ILI case-patients who tested positive for influenza (72% SARI and 59% ILI) were children aged 0–4 years, as were a majority of those enrolled in surveillance. The seasonality of influenza and the predominant influenza type or subtype varied by country and year. Conclusions Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 continued to circulate in West Africa along with influenza A(H3N2) and influenza B during 2010–2012. Although ILI surveillance systems produced a robust number of samples during the study period, more could be done to strengthen surveillance among hospitalized SARI case-patients. Surveillance systems captured young children but lacked data on adults and the elderly. More data on risk groups for severe influenza in West Africa are needed to help shape influenza prevention and clinical management policies and guidelines. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-017-2839-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndahwouh Talla Nzussouo
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,CTS Global Inc., California, El Segundo, USA. .,Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box LG 481, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Jazmin Duque
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Battelle Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adebayo Abel Adedeji
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Daouda Coulibaly
- Institut National d'Hygiene Publique (INHP), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Samba Sow
- Centre National d'Appui à la Lutte Contre la Maladie (CNAM), Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins du Mali (CVD), Bamako, Mali
| | - Zekiba Tarnagda
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Adamou Lagare
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), Niamey, Niger
| | - Sonia Makaya
- Influenza National Reference Laboratory Lakka, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | - Paul Alhassan Shilo
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Boubou Tamboura
- Centre National d'Appui à la Lutte Contre la Maladie (CNAM), Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins du Mali (CVD), Bamako, Mali
| | - Assana Cisse
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Ahmed Ould Bara
- Institut National Recherche en Sante Publique (INRSP), Nouakchott, Mauritanie
| | - Adama Mamby Keita
- Centre National d'Appui à la Lutte Contre la Maladie (CNAM), Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins du Mali (CVD), Bamako, Mali
| | - Thelma Williams
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ann Moen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marc-Alain Widdowson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Meredith McMorrow
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville, MD, USA
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Yang JR, Teng HJ, Liu MT, Li SY. Taiwan's Public Health National Laboratory System: Success in Influenza Diagnosis and Surveillance. Health Secur 2017; 15:154-164. [PMID: 28418742 PMCID: PMC5404250 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2016.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Taiwan's National Laboratory System is one of the action packages of the Global Health Security Agenda, which was launched by the World Health Organization (WHO) to promote health security as an international priority and to encourage progress toward full implementation of the WHO International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005. The mission of each national laboratory system is to conduct real-time biosurveillance and effective laboratory-based diagnostics, as measured by a nationwide laboratory system able to reliably conduct diagnoses on specimens transported properly to designated laboratories from at least 80% of the regions in the country. In Taiwan, the national laboratory system for public health is well-established and coordinated by the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (CDC), which is the government authority in charge of infectious disease prevention and intervention. Through the national laboratory system, Taiwan CDC effectively detects and characterizes pathogens that cause communicable diseases across the entire country, including both known and novel threats, and also conducts epidemiologic analyses of infectious diseases. In this article, we describe the national laboratory system for public health in Taiwan. We provide additional information on the national influenza laboratory surveillance network to demonstrate how our national laboratory systems work in practice, including descriptions of long-term seasonal influenza characterization and successful experiences identifying novel H7N9 and H6N1 influenza viruses.
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22
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Multiplex Reverse Transcription-PCR for Simultaneous Surveillance of Influenza A and B Viruses. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:3492-3501. [PMID: 28978683 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00957-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A and B viruses are the causative agents of annual influenza epidemics that can be severe, and influenza A viruses intermittently cause pandemics. Sequence information from influenza virus genomes is instrumental in determining mechanisms underpinning antigenic evolution and antiviral resistance. However, due to sequence diversity and the dynamics of influenza virus evolution, rapid and high-throughput sequencing of influenza viruses remains a challenge. We developed a single-reaction influenza A/B virus (FluA/B) multiplex reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) method that amplifies the most critical genomic segments (hemagglutinin [HA], neuraminidase [NA], and matrix [M]) of seasonal influenza A and B viruses for next-generation sequencing, regardless of viral type, subtype, or lineage. Herein, we demonstrate that the strategy is highly sensitive and robust. The strategy was validated on thousands of seasonal influenza A and B virus-positive specimens using multiple next-generation sequencing platforms.
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23
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Liu F, Veguilla V, Gross FL, Gillis E, Rowe T, Xu X, Tumpey TM, Katz JM, Levine MZ, Lu X. Effect of Priming With Seasonal Influenza A(H3N2) Virus on the Prevalence of Cross-Reactive Hemagglutination-Inhibition Antibodies to Swine-Origin A(H3N2) Variants. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:S539-S547. [PMID: 28934461 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent outbreaks of swine-origin influenza A(H3N2) variant (H3N2v) viruses have raised public health concerns. Previous studies indicated that older children and young adults had the highest levels of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies to 2010-2011 H3N2v viruses. However, newly emerging 2013 H3N2v have acquired antigenic mutations in the hemagglutinin at amino acid position 145 (N145K/R). We estimated the levels of serologic cross-reactivity among humans primed with seasonal influenza A(H3N2) (sH3N2), using postinfection ferret antisera. We also explored age-related HI antibody responses to 2012-2013 H3N2v viruses. Methods Human and ferret antisera were tested in HI assays against 1 representative 2012 H3N2v (145N) and 2 2013 H3N2v (145K/R) viruses, together with 9 sH3N2 viruses circulating since 1968. Results Low levels of cross-reactivity between the H3N2v and sH3N2 viruses from the 1970s-1990s were observed using postinfection ferret antisera. The overall seroprevalence among the sH3N2-primed population against 2012-2013 H3N2v viruses was >50%, and age-related seroprevalence was observed. Seroprevalence was significantly higher to 2013 H3N2v than to 2012 H3N2v viruses among some children likely to have been primed with A/Sydney/5/97-like (145K) or A/Wuhan/359/95-like viruses (145K). Conclusions A single substitution (N145K/R) was sufficient to affect seropositivity to H3N2v viruses in some individuals. Insight into age-related antibody responses to newly emerging H3N2v viruses is critical for risk assessment and pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Vic Veguilla
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - F Liaini Gross
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eric Gillis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Thomas Rowe
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Xiyan Xu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jacqueline M Katz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Min Z Levine
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Xiuhua Lu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Menon N, Perez-Velez CM, Wheeler JA, Morris MF, Amabile OL, Tasset MR, Raschke RA. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in acute respiratory distress syndrome due to influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 pneumonia. A single-center experience during the 2013-2014 season. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva 2017; 29:271-278. [PMID: 28977101 PMCID: PMC5632968 DOI: 10.5935/0103-507x.20170048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This report aimed to describe the outcomes of the patients with severe H1N1
associated acute respiratory distress syndrome who were treated with
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy. Methods This retrospective review analyzed a single-center cohort of adult patients
with H1N1-related acute respiratory distress syndrome who were managed with
veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during the winter of
2013/2014. Results A total of 10 patients received veno-venous extracorporeal membrane
oxygenation for H1N1 influenza between January 2013 and March 2014. Seven
patients were transferred to our center for extracorporeal membrane
oxygenation consideration (all within 72 hours of initiating mechanical
ventilation). The median patient age was forty years, and 30% were female.
The median arterial oxygen partial pressure to fraction of inspired oxygen
ratio was 62.5, and the median RESP score was 6. Three patients received
inhaled nitric oxide, and four patients were proned as rescue therapy before
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was initiated. The median duration of
mechanical ventilation was twenty-two days (range, 14 - 32). The median
length of stay in the intensive care unit was twenty-seven days (range, 14 -
39). The median hospital length of stay was 29.1 days (range, 16.0 - 46.9).
Minor bleeding complications occurred in 6 of 10 patients. Eight of the ten
patients survived to hospital discharge. Conclusion The survivors were relatively young and discharged with good functional
status (i.e., enhancing quality-adjusted life-years-saved). Our experience
shows that even a relatively new extracorporeal membrane oxygenation program
can play an important role in that capacity and provide excellent outcomes
for the sickest patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Menon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Banner - University Medical Center Phoenix - Arizona, United States
| | - Carlos M Perez-Velez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Banner - University Medical Center Phoenix - Arizona, United States
| | - Jennifer A Wheeler
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Banner - University Medical Center Phoenix - Arizona, United States
| | - Michael F Morris
- Division of Thoracic Radiology, Department of Radiology, Banner - University Medical Center Phoenix - Arizona, United States
| | - Orazio L Amabile
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Banner - University Medical Center Phoenix - Arizona, United States
| | - Mark R Tasset
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Banner - University Medical Center Phoenix - Arizona, United States
| | - Robert A Raschke
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Banner - University Medical Center Phoenix - Arizona, United States
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McLean HQ, Caspard H, Griffin MR, Poehling KA, Gaglani M, Belongia EA, Talbot HK, Peters TR, Murthy K, Ambrose CS. Effectiveness of live attenuated influenza vaccine and inactivated influenza vaccine in children during the 2014-2015 season. Vaccine 2017; 35:2685-2693. [PMID: 28408121 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A clinical study found that live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) was superior to inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) against drifted A(H3N2) viruses in children. During the 2014-2015 influenza season, widespread circulation of antigenically and genetically drifted A(H3N2) viruses provided an opportunity to evaluate subtype-specific vaccine effectiveness (VE) of quadrivalent LAIV (LAIV4) and IIV in children. METHODS Children (2-17years) with febrile acute respiratory illness <5days' duration were enrolled at 4 outpatient sites in the United States during the 2014-2015 influenza season. Nasal swabs were tested for influenza by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; vaccination dates were obtained from medical records or immunization registries. VE was estimated using a test-negative design comparing odds of vaccination among influenza cases and test-negative controls with adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS Among 1696 children enrolled, 1511 (89%) were included in the analysis. Influenza was detected in 427 (28%) children; 317 had influenza A(H3N2) and 110 had influenza B. Most influenza isolates were characterized as a drifted strain of influenza A(H3N2) or a drifted strain of B/Yamagata. For LAIV4, adjusted VE was 50% (95% confidence interval [CI], 27-66%) against any influenza, 30% (95% CI, -6% to 54%) against influenza A(H3N2), and 87% (95% CI, 63-96%) against type B. For IIV, adjusted VE was 39% (95% CI, 18-54%) against any influenza, 40% (95% CI, 16-58%) against A(H3N2), and 29% (95% CI, -15% to 56%) against type B. Odds of influenza for LAIV4 versus IIV recipients were similar against influenza A(H3N2) (odds ratio [OR], 1.17; 95% CI, 0.73-1.86) and lower against influenza B (OR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.06-0.55). CONCLUSIONS LAIV4 and IIV provided similar protection against a new antigenic variant A(H3N2). LAIV4 provided significantly greater protection than IIV against a drifted influenza B strain. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01997450.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Q McLean
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology & Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, 1000 North Oak Ave, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA.
| | - Herve Caspard
- MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Marie R Griffin
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue S, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Katherine A Poehling
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Manjusha Gaglani
- Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, 2401 South 31st Street, Temple, TX 76508, USA
| | - Edward A Belongia
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology & Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, 1000 North Oak Ave, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA
| | - H Keipp Talbot
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue S, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Timothy R Peters
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Kempapura Murthy
- Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, 2401 South 31st Street, Temple, TX 76508, USA
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Amino Acids in Hemagglutinin Antigenic Site B Determine Antigenic and Receptor Binding Differences between A(H3N2)v and Ancestral Seasonal H3N2 Influenza Viruses. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01512-16. [PMID: 27807224 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01512-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A H3N2 variant [A(H3N2)v] viruses, which have caused human infections in the United States in recent years, originated from human seasonal H3N2 viruses that were introduced into North American swine in the mid-1990s, but they are antigenically distinct from both the ancestral and current circulating H3N2 strains. A reference A(H3N2)v virus, A/Minnesota/11/2010 (MN/10), and a seasonal H3N2 strain, A/Beijing/32/1992 (BJ/92), were chosen to determine the molecular basis for the antigenic difference between A(H3N2)v and the ancestral viruses. Viruses containing wild-type and mutant MN/10 or BJ/92 hemagglutinins (HAs) were constructed and probed for reactivity with ferret antisera against MN/10 and BJ/92 in hemagglutination inhibition assays. Among the amino acids that differ between the MN/10 and BJ/92 HAs, those in antigenic site A had little impact on the antigenic phenotype. Within antigenic site B, mutations at residues 156, 158, 189, and 193 of MN/10 HA to those in BJ/92 switched the MN/10 antigenic phenotype to that of BJ/92. Mutations at residues 156, 157, 158, 189, and 193 of BJ/92 HA to amino acids present in MN/10 were necessary for BJ/92 to become antigenically similar to MN/10. The HA amino acid substitutions responsible for switching the antigenic phenotype also impacted HA binding to sialyl receptors that are usually present in the human respiratory tract. Our study demonstrates that antigenic site B residues play a critical role in determining both the unique antigenic phenotype and receptor specificity of A(H3N2)v viruses, a finding that may facilitate future surveillance and risk assessment of novel influenza viruses. IMPORTANCE Influenza A H3N2 variant [A(H3N2)v] viruses have caused hundreds of human infections in multiple states in the United States since 2009. Most cases have been children who had contact with swine in agricultural fairs. These viruses originated from human seasonal H3N2 viruses that were introduced into the U.S. swine population in the mid-1990s, but they are different from both these ancestral viruses and current circulating human seasonal H3N2 strains in terms of their antigenic characteristics as measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. In this study, we identified amino acids in antigenic site B of the surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) that explain the antigenic difference between A(H3N2)v and the ancestral H3N2 strains. These amino acid mutations also alter binding to minor human-type glycans, suggesting that host adaptation may contribute to the selection of antigenically distinct H3N2 variants which pose a threat to public health.
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Maljkovic Berry I, Melendrez MC, Li T, Hawksworth AW, Brice GT, Blair PJ, Halsey ES, Williams M, Fernandez S, Yoon IK, Edwards LD, Kuschner R, Lin X, Thomas SJ, Jarman RG. Frequency of influenza H3N2 intra-subtype reassortment: attributes and implications of reassortant spread. BMC Biol 2016; 14:117. [PMID: 28034300 PMCID: PMC5200972 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that influenza reassortment not only contributes to the emergence of new human pandemics but also plays an important role in seasonal influenza epidemics, disease severity, evolution, and vaccine efficacy. We studied this process within 2091 H3N2 full genomes utilizing a combination of the latest reassortment detection tools and more conventional phylogenetic analyses. RESULTS We found that the amount of H3N2 intra-subtype reassortment depended on the number of sampled genomes, occurred with a steady frequency of 3.35%, and was not affected by the geographical origins, evolutionary patterns, or previous reassortment history of the virus. We identified both single reassortant genomes and reassortant clades, each clade representing one reassortment event followed by successful spread of the reassorted variant in the human population. It was this spread that was mainly responsible for the observed high presence of H3N2 intra-subtype reassortant genomes. The successfully spread variants were generally sampled within one year of their formation, highlighting the risk of their rapid spread but also presenting an opportunity for their rapid detection. Simultaneous spread of several different reassortant lineages was observed, and despite their limited average lifetime, second and third generation reassortment was detected, as well as reassortment between viruses belonging to different vaccine-associated clades, likely displaying differing antigenic properties. Some of the spreading reassortants remained confined to certain geographical regions, while others, sharing common properties in amino acid positions of the HA, NA, and PB2 segments, were found throughout the world. CONCLUSIONS Detailed surveillance of seasonal influenza reassortment patterns and variant properties may provide unique information needed for prediction of spread and construction of future influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tao Li
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Anthony W Hawksworth
- Operational Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gary T Brice
- Operational Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Patrick J Blair
- Operational Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Stefan Fernandez
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - In-Kyu Yoon
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
- Present Address: International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Leslie D Edwards
- Office of Medical Services, US Department of State, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robert Kuschner
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoxu Lin
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Zhao J, Liu J, Vemula SV, Lin C, Tan J, Ragupathy V, Wang X, Mbondji-wonje C, Ye Z, Landry ML, Hewlett I. Sensitive Detection and Simultaneous Discrimination of Influenza A and B Viruses in Nasopharyngeal Swabs in a Single Assay Using Next-Generation Sequencing-Based Diagnostics. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163175. [PMID: 27658193 PMCID: PMC5033603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reassortment of 2009 (H1N1) pandemic influenza virus (pdH1N1) with other strains may produce more virulent and pathogenic forms, detection and their rapid characterization is critical. In this study, we reported a “one-size-fits-all” approach using a next-generation sequencing (NGS) detection platform to extensively identify influenza viral genomes for diagnosis and determination of novel virulence and drug resistance markers. A de novo module and other bioinformatics tools were used to generate contiguous sequence and identify influenza types/subtypes. Of 162 archived influenza-positive patient specimens, 161(99.4%) were positive for either influenza A or B viruses determined using the NGS assay. Among these, 135(83.3%) were A(H3N2), 14(8.6%) were A(pdH1N1), 2(1.2%) were A(H3N2) and A(pdH1N1) virus co-infections and 10(6.2%) were influenza B viruses. Of the influenza A viruses, 66.7% of A(H3N2) viruses tested had a E627K mutation in the PB2 protein, and 87.8% of the influenza A viruses contained the S31N mutation in the M2 protein. Further studies demonstrated that the NGS assay could achieve a high level of sensitivity and reveal adequate genetic information for final laboratory confirmation. The current diagnostic platform allows for simultaneous identification of a broad range of influenza viruses, monitoring emerging influenza strains with pandemic potential that facilitating diagnostics and antiviral treatment in the clinical setting and protection of the public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangqin Zhao
- DETTD/OBRR/CBER, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JZ); (IH)
| | - Jikun Liu
- DETTD/OBRR/CBER, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States of America
| | - Sai Vikram Vemula
- DETTD/OBRR/CBER, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States of America
| | - Corinna Lin
- DETTD/OBRR/CBER, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States of America
| | - Jiying Tan
- DETTD/OBRR/CBER, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States of America
| | - Viswanath Ragupathy
- DETTD/OBRR/CBER, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States of America
| | - Xue Wang
- DETTD/OBRR/CBER, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States of America
| | - Christelle Mbondji-wonje
- DETTD/OBRR/CBER, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States of America
| | - Zhiping Ye
- DVP/OVRR/CBER, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States of America
| | - Marie L. Landry
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States of America
| | - Indira Hewlett
- DETTD/OBRR/CBER, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JZ); (IH)
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Sonnberg S, Ducatez MF, DeBeauchamp J, Crumpton JC, Rubrum A, Sharp B, Hall RJ, Peacey M, Huang S, Webby RJ. Pandemic Seasonal H1N1 Reassortants Recovered from Patient Material Display a Phenotype Similar to That of the Seasonal Parent. J Virol 2016; 90:7647-56. [PMID: 27279619 PMCID: PMC4988147 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00772-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We have previously shown that 11 patients became naturally coinfected with seasonal H1N1 (A/H1N1) and pandemic H1N1 (pdm/H1N1) during the Southern hemisphere winter of 2009 in New Zealand. Reassortment of influenza A viruses is readily observed during coinfection of host animals and in vitro; however, reports of reassortment occurring naturally in humans are rare. Using clinical specimen material, we show reassortment between the two coinfecting viruses occurred with high likelihood directly in one of the previously identified patients. Despite the lack of spread of these reassortants in the community, we did not find them to be attenuated in several model systems for viral replication and virus transmission: multistep growth curves in differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells revealed no growth deficiency in six recovered reassortants compared to A/H1N1 and pdm/H1N1 isolates. Two reassortant viruses were assessed in ferrets and showed transmission to aerosol contacts. This study demonstrates that influenza virus reassortants can arise in naturally coinfected patients. IMPORTANCE Reassortment of influenza A viruses is an important driver of virus evolution, but little has been done to address humans as hosts for the generation of novel influenza viruses. We show here that multiple reassortant viruses were generated during natural coinfection of a patient with pandemic H1N1 (2009) and seasonal H1N1 influenza A viruses. Though apparently fit in model systems, these reassortants did not become established in the wider population, presumably due to herd immunity against their seasonal H1 antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Adam Rubrum
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bridgett Sharp
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard J Hall
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Peacey
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Sue Huang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Richard J Webby
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Osbjer K, Berg M, Sokerya S, Chheng K, San S, Davun H, Magnusson U, Olsen B, Zohari S. Influenza A Virus in Backyard Pigs and Poultry in Rural Cambodia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1557-1568. [PMID: 27484711 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Surveillance of influenza virus in humans and livestock is critical, given the worldwide public health threats and livestock production losses. Livestock farming involving close proximity between humans, pigs and poultry is often practised by smallholders in low-income countries and is considered an important driver of influenza virus evolution. This study determined the prevalence and genetic characteristics of influenza A virus (IAV) in backyard pigs and poultry in Cambodia. A total of 751 animals were tested by matrix gene-based rRT-PCR, and influenza virus was detected in 1.5% of sampled pigs, 1.4% of chickens and 1.0% of ducks, but not in pigeons. Full-length genome sequencing confirmed triple reassortant H3N2 in all IAV-positive pigs and various low pathogenic avian influenza subtypes in poultry. Phylogenetic analysis of the swine influenza viruses revealed that these had haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes originating from human H3N2 viruses previously isolated in South-East Asia. Phylogenetic analysis also revealed that several of the avian influenza subtypes detected were closely related to internal viral genes from highly pathogenic H5N1 and H9N2 formerly sequenced in the region. High sequence homology was likewise found with influenza A viruses circulating in pigs, poultry and wild birds in China and Vietnam, suggesting transboundary introduction and cocirculation of the various influenza subtypes. In conclusion, highly pathogenic subtypes of influenza virus seem rare in backyard poultry, but virus reassortment, involving potentially zoonotic and pandemic subtypes, appears to occur frequently in smallholder pigs and poultry. Increased targeted surveillance and monitoring of influenza circulation on smallholdings would further improve understanding of the transmission dynamics and evolution of influenza viruses in humans, pigs and poultry in the Mekong subregion and could contribute to limit the influenza burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Osbjer
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Berg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Sokerya
- Centre for Livestock and Agriculture Development, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - K Chheng
- National Institute of Public Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - S San
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - H Davun
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - U Magnusson
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B Olsen
- Infectious Diseases, Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences and IMBIM, Uppsala University (UU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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Bangaru S, Nieusma T, Kose N, Thornburg NJ, Finn JA, Kaplan BS, King HG, Singh V, Lampley RM, Sapparapu G, Cisneros A, Edwards KM, Slaughter JC, Edupuganti S, Lai L, Richt JA, Webby RJ, Ward AB, Crowe JE. Recognition of influenza H3N2 variant virus by human neutralizing antibodies. JCI Insight 2016; 1. [PMID: 27482543 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2011, over 300 human cases of infection, especially in exposed children, with the influenza A H3N2 variant (H3N2v) virus that circulates in swine in the US have been reported. The structural and genetic basis for the lack of protection against H3N2v induced by vaccines containing seasonal H3N2 antigens is poorly understood. We isolated 17 human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that neutralized H3N2v virus from subjects experimentally immunized with an H3N2v candidate vaccine. Six mAbs exhibited very potent neutralizing activity (IC50 < 200 ng/ml) against the H3N2v virus but not against current human H3N2 circulating strains. Fine epitope mapping and structural characterization of antigen-antibody complexes revealed that H3N2v specificity was attributable to amino acid polymorphisms in the 150-loop and the 190-helix antigenic sites on the hemagglutinin protein. H3N2v-specific antibodies also neutralized human H3N2 influenza strains naturally circulating between 1995 and 2005. These results reveal a high level of antigenic relatedness between the swine H3N2v virus and previously circulating human strains, consistent with the fact that early human H3 seasonal strains entered the porcine population in the 1990s and reentered the human population, where they had not been circulating, as H3N2v about a decade later. The data also explain the increased susceptibility to H3N2v viruses in young children, who lack prior exposure to human seasonal strains from the 1990s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Bangaru
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Travis Nieusma
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Natalie J Thornburg
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jessica A Finn
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bryan S Kaplan
- Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hannah G King
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Vidisha Singh
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rebecca M Lampley
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gopal Sapparapu
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alberto Cisneros
- Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kathryn M Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James C Slaughter
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- The Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lilin Lai
- The Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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32
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Phylodynamics of influenza A(H3N2) in South America, 1999-2012. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 43:312-20. [PMID: 27275847 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The limited influenza A(H3N2) genetic data available from the Southern Hemisphere (particularly from Africa and Latin America), constrains the accurate reconstruction of viral dissemination dynamics within those regions. Our objective was to describe the spatial dissemination dynamics of influenza A(H3N2) within South America. A total of 469 sequences of the HA1 portion of the hemagglutinin gene (HA) from influenza A(H3N2) viruses sampled in temperate and tropical South American countries between 1999 and 2012 were combined with available contemporary sequences from Australia, Hong Kong, United Kingdom and the United States. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that influenza A(H3N2) sequences from South America were highly intermixed with sequences from other geographical regions, although a clear geographic virus population structure was detected globally. We identified 14 clades mostly (≥80%) composed of influenza sequences from South American countries. Bayesian phylogeographic analyses of those clades support a significant role of both temperate and tropical regions in the introduction and dissemination of new influenza A(H3N2) strains within South America and identify an intensive bidirectional viral exchange between different geographical areas. These findings indicate that seasonal influenza A(H3N2) epidemics in South America are seeded by both the continuous importation of viral variants from other geographic regions and the short-term persistence of local lineages. This study also supports a complex metapopulation model of influenza A(H3N2) dissemination in South America, with no preferential direction in viral movement between temperate and tropical regions.
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Harder T, Stech J, Abdelwhab ESM, Veits J, Conraths FJ, Beer M, Mettenleiter TC. A pallid rainbow: toward improved understanding of avian influenza biology. Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (‘fowl plague’) has been known since the late 19th century as a devastating infection in poultry but of concern primarily to farmers and veterinarians. Mostly sporadic outbreaks occurred and, except for one episode, wild birds were unaffected. This situation changed drastically by the recognition that avian influenza viruses exhibit zoonotic potential leading to fatal infections in mammals including humans. Moreover, highly pathogenic avian influenza gained access to highly mobile, migratory wild bird populations resulting in unprecedented intercontinental spread. The rapid evolution of avian influenza viruses, their adaption to novel hosts and the resulting change in epidemiology are of major concern. Recent advances in understanding influenza virus biology at the interface between wild birds-terrestrial poultry-livestock and humans are highlighted here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jürgen Stech
- Institute of Molecular Virology & Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - El-Sayed M Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology & Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jutta Veits
- Institute of Molecular Virology & Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Franz J Conraths
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology & Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Filippitzi ME, Goumperis T, Robinson T, Saegerman C. Microbiological Zoonotic Emerging Risks, Transmitted Between Livestock Animals and Humans (2007-2015). Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1059-1070. [PMID: 28670863 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
As part of the Emerging Risk Identification (ERI) activities of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), a literature search was conducted to identify the microbiological agents transmitted between livestock animals and humans that have been suggested as having emerged between 2007 and 2015 in peer-reviewed scientific literature published during the same period (2007-2015). According to the criteria set, the search identified seven such zoonotic agents, namely West Nile Fever virus, Rift Valley Fever virus, Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever virus, Influenza A H1N1 virus, Coxiella burnetii, Streptococcus suis and livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 398. An explanation of the agents' consideration as emerging risks is provided. The experience gained from these emergences has shown that the detection of and response to such risks can be achieved faster and more successfully within a multidisciplinary, collaborative context at the field, local, national and international levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Filippitzi
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - T Goumperis
- Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy
| | - T Robinson
- Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy
| | - C Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Center for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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Abstract
This simple, additive, multiattribute assessment tool can evaluate the risk posed by novel influenza A viruses. Although predicting which influenza virus subtype will cause the next pandemic is not yet possible, public health authorities must continually assess the pandemic risk associated with animal influenza viruses, particularly those that have caused infections in humans, and determine what resources should be dedicated to mitigating that risk. To accomplish this goal, a risk assessment framework was created in collaboration with an international group of influenza experts. Compared with the previously used approach, this framework, named the Influenza Risk Assessment Tool, provides a systematic and transparent approach for assessing and comparing threats posed primarily by avian and swine influenza viruses. This tool will be useful to the international influenza community and will remain flexible and responsive to changing information.
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36
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Wu C, Wang MH, Lu X, Chong KC, He J, Yau CY, Hui M, Cheng X, Yang L, Zee BCY, Zhang R, He ML. Concurrent epidemics of influenza A/H3N2 and A/H1N1pdm in Southern China: A serial cross-sectional study. J Infect 2015; 72:369-76. [PMID: 26747013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to elucidate the antibody response pattern of multiple influenza subtypes through a 4-year serological study of a general population in Shenzhen, Southern China. METHODS A serial cross-sectional serological survey was conducted at eight time points between 2009 and 2012. A total number of 5876 subjects were recruited from all age groups. The influenza subtypes tested were A/H1N1, A/H3N2, B/Yamagata, B/Victoria, and A/H1N1pdm. Genetic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed on 127 H3 genes and 28 H1pdm genes. RESULTS We found concurrent epidemics of A/H3N2 and A/H1N1pdm with simultaneous peak times at March 2011. A/H3N2 was the dominant subtype. Ten residue substitutions (S61N, T64I, K78E, K160N, N161S, A214S, T228A, A229V, V239I, N294K, and N328S) were found in the H3 gene that might underlie its epidemic. The elderly group showed an antibody response cycle that was weaker in magnitude and slower in peak time than in younger groups. CONCLUSIONS The study provides a broad transmission picture and epidemiological characteristics of the major flu subtypes. The findings suggest that it may be necessary to include the A/H1N1pdm strain to the current trivalent or quadrivalent vaccine design. The delayed antibody response cycle in the elderly group indicates the need for better protection of elderly people that might be achieved by an earlier vaccination at a higher dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Wu
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, The Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Maggie Haitian Wang
- Division of Biostatistics, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; The CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xing Lu
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, The Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ka Chun Chong
- Division of Biostatistics, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; The CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jason He
- College of Letter and Science, University of California at Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chun-Yip Yau
- Department of Statistics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mark Hui
- Department of Statistics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaowen Cheng
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, The Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Yang
- Division of Digestive Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Benny Chung-Ying Zee
- Division of Biostatistics, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; The CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Renli Zhang
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, The Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ming-Liang He
- The CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Stanley Ho Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China; Department of Biomedical Science, The City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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37
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Zhao J, Ragupathy V, Liu J, Wang X, Vemula SV, El Mubarak HS, Ye Z, Landry ML, Hewlett I. Nanomicroarray and multiplex next-generation sequencing for simultaneous identification and characterization of influenza viruses. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:400-8. [PMID: 25694248 PMCID: PMC4344273 DOI: 10.3201/eid2103.141169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional methods for detection and discrimination of influenza viruses are time consuming and labor intensive. We developed a diagnostic platform for simultaneous identification and characterization of influenza viruses that uses a combination of nanomicroarray for screening and multiplex next-generation sequencing (NGS) assays for laboratory confirmation. The nanomicroarray was developed to target hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and matrix genes to identify influenza A and B viruses. PCR amplicons synthesized by using an adapted universal primer for all 8 gene segments of 9 influenza A subtypes were detected in the nanomicroarray and confirmed by the NGS assays. This platform can simultaneously detect and differentiate multiple influenza A subtypes in a single sample. Use of these methods as part of a new diagnostic algorithm for detection and confirmation of influenza infections may provide ongoing public health benefits by assisting with future epidemiologic studies and improving preparedness for potential influenza pandemics.
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38
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Decorte I, Steensels M, Lambrecht B, Cay AB, De Regge N. Detection and Isolation of Swine Influenza A Virus in Spiked Oral Fluid and Samples from Individually Housed, Experimentally Infected Pigs: Potential Role of Porcine Oral Fluid in Active Influenza A Virus Surveillance in Swine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139586. [PMID: 26431039 PMCID: PMC4592207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The lack of seasonality of swine influenza A virus (swIAV) in combination with the capacity of swine to harbor a large number of co-circulating IAV lineages, resulting in the risk for the emergence of influenza viruses with pandemic potential, stress the importance of swIAV surveillance. To date, active surveillance of swIAV worldwide is barely done because of the short detection period in nasal swab samples. Therefore, more sensitive diagnostic methods to monitor circulating virus strains are requisite. Methods qRT-PCR and virus isolations were performed on oral fluid and nasal swabs collected from individually housed pigs that were infected sequentially with H1N1 and H3N2 swIAV strains. The same methods were also applied to oral fluid samples spiked with H1N1 to study the influence of conservation time and temperature on swIAV infectivity and detectability in porcine oral fluid. Results All swIAV infected animals were found qRT-PCR positive in both nasal swabs and oral fluid. However, swIAV could be detected for a longer period in oral fluid than in nasal swabs. Despite the high detectability of swIAV in oral fluid, virus isolation from oral fluid collected from infected pigs was rare. These results are supported by laboratory studies showing that the PCR detectability of swIAV remains unaltered during a 24 h incubation period in oral fluid, while swIAV infectivity drops dramatically immediately upon contact with oral fluid (3 log titer reduction) and gets lost after 24 h conservation in oral fluid at ambient temperature. Conclusions Our data indicate that porcine oral fluid has the potential to replace nasal swabs for molecular diagnostic purposes. The difficulty to isolate swIAV from oral fluid could pose a drawback for its use in active surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Decorte
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Enzootic and (re)emerging diseases, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Mieke Steensels
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Avian virology and immunology, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Lambrecht
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Avian virology and immunology, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Ann Brigitte Cay
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Enzootic and (re)emerging diseases, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Nick De Regge
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Enzootic and (re)emerging diseases, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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39
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Watson SJ, Langat P, Reid SM, Lam TTY, Cotten M, Kelly M, Van Reeth K, Qiu Y, Simon G, Bonin E, Foni E, Chiapponi C, Larsen L, Hjulsager C, Markowska-Daniel I, Urbaniak K, Dürrwald R, Schlegel M, Huovilainen A, Davidson I, Dán Á, Loeffen W, Edwards S, Bublot M, Vila T, Maldonado J, Valls L, Brown IH, Pybus OG, Kellam P. Molecular Epidemiology and Evolution of Influenza Viruses Circulating within European Swine between 2009 and 2013. J Virol 2015; 89:9920-31. [PMID: 26202246 PMCID: PMC4577897 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00840-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The emergence in humans of the A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus, a complex reassortant virus of swine origin, highlighted the importance of worldwide influenza virus surveillance in swine. To date, large-scale surveillance studies have been reported for southern China and North America, but such data have not yet been described for Europe. We report the first large-scale genomic characterization of 290 swine influenza viruses collected from 14 European countries between 2009 and 2013. A total of 23 distinct genotypes were identified, with the 7 most common comprising 82% of the incidence. Contrasting epidemiological dynamics were observed for two of these genotypes, H1huN2 and H3N2, with the former showing multiple long-lived geographically isolated lineages, while the latter had short-lived geographically diffuse lineages. At least 32 human-swine transmission events have resulted in A(H1N1)pdm09 becoming established at a mean frequency of 8% across European countries. Notably, swine in the United Kingdom have largely had a replacement of the endemic Eurasian avian virus-like ("avian-like") genotypes with A(H1N1)pdm09-derived genotypes. The high number of reassortant genotypes observed in European swine, combined with the identification of a genotype similar to the A(H3N2)v genotype in North America, underlines the importance of continued swine surveillance in Europe for the purposes of maintaining public health. This report further reveals that the emergences and drivers of virus evolution in swine differ at the global level. IMPORTANCE The influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus contains a reassortant genome with segments derived from separate virus lineages that evolved in different regions of the world. In particular, its neuraminidase and matrix segments were derived from the Eurasian avian virus-like ("avian-like") lineage that emerged in European swine in the 1970s. However, while large-scale genomic characterization of swine has been reported for southern China and North America, no equivalent study has yet been reported for Europe. Surveillance of swine herds across Europe between 2009 and 2013 revealed that the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus is established in European swine, increasing the number of circulating lineages in the region and increasing the possibility of the emergence of a genotype with human pandemic potential. It also has implications for veterinary health, making prevention through vaccination more challenging. The identification of a genotype similar to the A(H3N2)v genotype, causing zoonoses at North American agricultural fairs, underlines the importance of continued genomic characterization in European swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Watson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Pinky Langat
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Scott M Reid
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthew Cotten
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Kelly
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yu Qiu
- Laboratory of Virology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gaëlle Simon
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Emilie Bonin
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Emanuela Foni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Parma, Italy
| | - Lars Larsen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Research, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Hjulsager
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Research, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kinga Urbaniak
- Department of Swine Diseases, Panstwowy Instytut Weterynaryjny, Pulawy, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Irit Davidson
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Ádám Dán
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Willie Loeffen
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michel Bublot
- Virology Department, Discovery Research, Merial, Lyon, France
| | - Thais Vila
- Virology Department, Discovery Research, Merial, Lyon, France
| | - Jaime Maldonado
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services DIAGNOS, Laboratorios HIPRA SA, Gerona, Spain
| | - Laura Valls
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services DIAGNOS, Laboratorios HIPRA SA, Gerona, Spain
| | - Ian H Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kellam
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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40
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Blümel B, Schweiger B, Dehnert M, Buda S, Reuss A, Czogiel I, Kamtsiuris P, Schlaud M, Poethko-Müller C, Thamm M, Haas W. Age-related prevalence of cross-reactive antibodies against influenza A(H3N2) variant virus, Germany, 2003 to 2010. Euro Surveill 2015. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.32.21206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
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Affiliation(s)
- B Blümel
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Current affiliation: Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
- Postgraduate Training for Applied Epidemiology (PAE, German FETP), Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - M Dehnert
- Current affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, Freising, Germany
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Buda
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Reuss
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - I Czogiel
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - M Schlaud
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - M Thamm
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - W Haas
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Lee JH, Pascua PNQ, Decano AG, Kim SM, Park SJ, Kwon HI, Kim EH, Kim YI, Kim H, Kim SY, Song MS, Jang HK, Park BK, Choi YK. Evaluation of the zoonotic potential of a novel reassortant H1N2 swine influenza virus with gene constellation derived from multiple viral sources. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 34:378-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Bowman AS, Nelson SW, Page SL, Nolting JM, Killian ML, Sreevatsan S, Slemons RD. Swine-to-human transmission of influenza A(H3N2) virus at agricultural fairs, Ohio, USA, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:1472-80. [PMID: 25148572 PMCID: PMC4178388 DOI: 10.3201/eid2009.131082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Local health care providers should be alerted to the possibility of human infection with variant influenza A viruses, especially during fairs. Agricultural fairs provide an opportunity for bidirectional transmission of influenza A viruses. We sought to determine influenza A virus activity among swine at fairs in the United States. As part of an ongoing active influenza A virus surveillance project, nasal swab samples were collected from exhibition swine at 40 selected Ohio agricultural fairs during 2012. Influenza A(H3N2) virus was isolated from swine at 10 of the fairs. According to a concurrent public health investigation, 7 of the 10 fairs were epidemiologically linked to confirmed human infections with influenza A(H3N2) variant virus. Comparison of genome sequences of the subtype H3N2 isolates recovered from humans and swine from each fair revealed nucleotide identities of >99.7%, confirming zoonotic transmission between swine and humans. All influenza A(H3N2) viruses isolated in this study, regardless of host species or fair, were >99.5% identical, indicating that 1 virus strain was widely circulating among exhibition swine in Ohio during 2012.
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Abe H, Mine J, Parchariyanon S, Takemae N, Boonpornprasert P, Ubonyaem N, Patcharasinghawut P, Nuansrichay B, Tanikawa T, Tsunekuni R, Saito T. Co-infection of influenza A viruses of swine contributes to effective shuffling of gene segments in a naturally reared pig. Virology 2015; 484:203-212. [PMID: 26115167 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, surveillance activities have been accelerated globally to monitor the emergence of novel reassortant viruses. However, the mechanism by which influenza A viruses of swine (IAV-S) acquire novel gene constellations through reassortment events in natural settings remains poorly understood. To explore the mechanism, we collected 785 nasal swabs from pigs in a farm in Thailand from 2011 to 2014. H3N2, H3N1, H1N1 and H1N2 IAVs-S were isolated from a single co-infected sample by plaque purification and showed a high degree of diversity of the genome. In particular, the H1N1 isolates, possessing a novel gene constellation previously unreported in Thailand, exhibited greater variation in internal genes than H3N2 IAVs-S. A pair of isolates, designated H3N2-B and H1N1-D, was determined to have been initially introduced to the farm. These results demonstrate that numerous IAVs-S with various gene constellations can be created in a single co-infected pig via reassortment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Abe
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center (ZDCC), Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Junki Mine
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center (ZDCC), Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Sujira Parchariyanon
- National Institute of Animal Health, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nobuhiro Takemae
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center (ZDCC), Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Namfon Ubonyaem
- National Institute of Animal Health, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Bandit Nuansrichay
- National Institute of Animal Health, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center (ZDCC), Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Ryota Tsunekuni
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center (ZDCC), Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center (ZDCC), Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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Greenbaum A, Quinn C, Bailer J, Su S, Havers F, Durand LO, Jiang V, Page S, Budd J, Shaw M, Biggerstaff M, de Fijter S, Smith K, Reed C, Epperson S, Brammer L, Feltz D, Sohner K, Ford J, Jain S, Gargiullo P, Weiss E, Burg P, DiOrio M, Fowler B, Finelli L, Jhung MA. Investigation of an Outbreak of Variant Influenza A(H3N2) Virus Infection Associated With an Agricultural Fair-Ohio, August 2012. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1592-9. [PMID: 25948864 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2012, one third of cases in a multistate outbreak of variant influenza A(H3N2) virus ([H3N2]v) infection occurred in Ohio. We conducted an investigation of (H3N2)v cases associated with agricultural Fair A in Ohio. METHODS We surveyed Fair A swine exhibitors and their household members. Confirmed cases had influenza-like illness (ILI) and a positive laboratory test for (H3N2)v, and probable cases had ILI. We calculated attack rates. We determined risk factors for infection, using multivariable log-binomial regression. RESULTS We identified 20 confirmed and 94 probable cases associated with Fair A. Among 114 cases, the median age was 10 years, there were no hospitalizations or deaths, and 82% had swine exposure. In the exhibitor household cohort of 359 persons (83 households), we identified 6 confirmed cases (2%) and 40 probable cases (11%). An age of <10 years was a significant risk factor (P < .01) for illness. One instance of likely human-to-human transmission was identified. CONCLUSIONS In this (H3N2)v outbreak, no evidence of sustained human-to-human (H3N2)v transmission was found. Our risk factor analysis contributed to the development of the recommendation that people at increased risk of influenza-associated complications, including children aged <5 years, avoid swine barns at fairs during the 2012 fair season.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celia Quinn
- Epidemic Intelligence Service Ohio Department of Health, Columbus
| | | | | | - Fiona Havers
- Epidemic Intelligence Service Influenza Division
| | - Lizette O Durand
- Epidemic Intelligence Service US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Edward Weiss
- Division of Applied Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Pat Burg
- Butler County Health Department, Hamilton, Ohio
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Analysis of Coinfections with A/H1N1 Strain Variants among Pigs in Poland by Multitemperature Single-Strand Conformational Polymorphism. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:535908. [PMID: 25961024 PMCID: PMC4413886 DOI: 10.1155/2015/535908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring and control of infections are key parts of surveillance systems and epidemiological risk prevention. In the case of influenza A viruses (IAVs), which show high variability, a wide range of hosts, and a potential of reassortment between different strains, it is essential to study not only people, but also animals living in the immediate surroundings. If understated, the animals might become a source of newly formed infectious strains with a pandemic potential.
Special attention should be focused on pigs, because of the receptors specific for virus strains originating from different species, localized in their respiratory tract. Pigs are prone to mixed infections and may constitute a reservoir of potentially dangerous IAV strains resulting from genetic reassortment. It has been reported that a quadruple reassortant, A(H1N1)pdm09, can be easily transmitted from humans to pigs and serve as a donor of genetic segments for new strains capable of infecting humans. Therefore, it is highly desirable to develop a simple, cost-effective, and rapid method for evaluation of IAV genetic variability. We describe a method based on multitemperature single-strand conformational polymorphism (MSSCP), using a fragment of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene, for detection of coinfections and differentiation of genetic variants of the virus, difficult to identify by conventional diagnostic.
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Qiu Y, Muller CP, Van Reeth K. Lower seroreactivity to European than to North American H3N2 swine influenza viruses in humans, Luxembourg, 2010. Euro Surveill 2015; 20:25-33. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.13.21078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seroreactivity to H3N2 swine influenza viruses (SIVs) was evaluated in serum samples collected from 843 people aged 0 to 100 years in 2010 in Luxembourg. Sera were analysed by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralisation (VN) assays targeting a European H3N2 SIV, a North American H3N2 variant of swine origin (H3N2v) and human seasonal H3N2 viruses isolated in 1975, 1995 and 2005. HI antibodies (titre?≥?10) against European H3N2 SIV were almost exclusively detected in those born before 1990, of whom 70% were seropositive. HI antibodies against H3N2v were predominantly found in those born before 2000, with 86% seropositive. Titres against the North American H3N2v were higher than against the European H3N2 SIV. VN patterns were similar, but with higher rates and titres. We also demonstrated lower seroreactivity to European H3N2 SIV than to North American H3N2v virus. Finally, we found a strong correlation between HI titres against the European H3N2 SIV and H3N2v and their respective human ancestors, A/Victoria/3/75 and A/Nanchang/933/95. This finding and the minimal contacts between humans and pigs in Luxembourg suggest that anti-SIV antibodies in human serum samples reflect serological cross-reactivity with historical human H3N2 viruses. Our findings help assess the pandemic risk of H3N2 SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Qiu
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - C P Muller
- Institute of Immunology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé/Laboratoire National de Santé, Luxembourg
| | - K Van Reeth
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Radin JM, Hawksworth AW, Ortiguerra RG, Brice GT. Seroprotective antibodies to 2011 variant influenza A(H3N2v) and seasonal influenza A(H3N2) among three age groups of US Department of Defense service members. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121037. [PMID: 25816244 PMCID: PMC4376909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2011, a new variant of influenza A(H3N2) emerged that contained a recombination of genes from swine H3N2 viruses and the matrix (M) gene of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. New combinations and variants of pre-existing influenza viruses are worrisome if there is low or nonexistent immunity in a population, which increases chances for an outbreak or pandemic. METHODS Sera collected in 2011 were obtained from US Department of Defense service members in three age groups: 19-21 years, 32-33 years, and 47-48 years. Pre- and post-vaccination samples were available for the youngest age group, and postvaccination samples for the two older groups. Specimens were tested using microneutralization assays for antibody titers against H3N2v (A/Indiana/10/2011) and seasonal H3N2 virus (A/Perth/16/2009). RESULTS The youngest age group had significantly (p<0.05) higher geometric mean titers for H3N2v with 165 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 105-225) compared with the two older groups, aged 32-33 and 47-48 years, who had geometric mean titers of 68 (95% CI: 55-82) and 46 (95% CI: 24-65), respectively. Similarly, the youngest age group also had the highest geometric mean titers for seasonal H3N2. In the youngest age group, the proportion of patients who seroconverted after vaccination was 12% for H3N2v and 27% for seasonal H3N2. DISCUSSION Our results were similar to previous studies that found highest seroprotection among young adults and decreasing titers among older adults. The proportion of 19- to 21-year-olds who seroconverted after seasonal vaccination was low and similar to previous findings. Improving our understanding of H3N2v immunity among different age groups in the United States can help inform vaccination plans if H3N2v becomes more transmissible in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Radin
- Operational Infectious Diseases Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Anthony W. Hawksworth
- Operational Infectious Diseases Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Ryan G. Ortiguerra
- Operational Infectious Diseases Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Gary T. Brice
- Operational Infectious Diseases Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
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MOON H, HONG M, KIM JK, SEON B, NA W, PARK SJ, AN DJ, JEOUNG HY, KIM DJ, KIM JM, KIM SH, WEBBY RJ, WEBSTER RG, KANG BK, SONG D. H3N2 canine influenza virus with the matrix gene from the pandemic A/H1N1 virus: infection dynamics in dogs and ferrets. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 143:772-80. [PMID: 24977303 PMCID: PMC9507102 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814001617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
After an outbreak of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 (pH1N1) virus, we had previously reported the emergence of a recombinant canine influenza virus (CIV) between the pH1N1 virus and the classic H3N2 CIV. Our ongoing routine surveillance isolated another reassortant H3N2 CIV carrying the matrix gene of the pH1N1 virus from 2012. The infection dynamics of this H3N2 CIV variant (CIV/H3N2mv) were investigated in dogs and ferrets via experimental infection and transmission. The CIV/H3N2mv-infected dogs and ferrets produced typical symptoms of respiratory disease, virus shedding, seroconversion, and direct-contact transmissions. Although indirect exposure was not presented for ferrets, CIV/H3N2mv presented higher viral replication in MDCK cells and more efficient transmission was observed in ferrets compared to classic CIV H3N2. This study demonstrates the effect of reassortment of the M gene of pH1N1 in CIV H3N2.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. MOON
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - M. HONG
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - J. K. KIM
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - B. SEON
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - W. NA
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - S. J. PARK
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - D. J. AN
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - H. Y. JEOUNG
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - D. J. KIM
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - J. M. KIM
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - S. H. KIM
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - R. J. WEBBY
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - R. G. WEBSTER
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - B. K. KANG
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - D. SONG
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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Baranovich T, Bahl J, Marathe BM, Culhane M, Stigger-Rosser E, Darnell D, Kaplan BS, Lowe JF, Webby RJ, Govorkova EA. Influenza A viruses of swine circulating in the United States during 2009-2014 are susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors but show lineage-dependent resistance to adamantanes. Antiviral Res 2015; 117:10-9. [PMID: 25701593 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral drug susceptibility is one of the evaluation criteria of pandemic potential posed by an influenza virus. Influenza A viruses of swine (IAV-S) can play an important role in generating novel variants, yet limited information is available on the drug resistance profiles of IAV-S circulating in the U.S. Phenotypic analysis of the IAV-S isolated in the U.S. (2009-2011) (n=105) revealed normal inhibition by the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs) oseltamivir, zanamivir, and peramivir. Screening NA sequences from IAV-S collected in the U.S. (1930-2014) showed 0.03% (1/3396) sequences with clinically relevant H274Y-NA substitution. Phenotypic analysis of IAV-S isolated in the U.S. (2009-2011) confirmed amantadine resistance caused by the S31N-M2 and revealed an intermediate level of resistance caused by the I27T-M2. The majority (96.7%, 589/609) of IAV-S with the I27T-M2 in the influenza database were isolated from pigs in the U.S. The frequency of amantadine-resistant markers among IAV-S in the U.S. was high (71%), and their distribution was M-lineage dependent. All IAV-S of the Eurasian avian M lineage were amantadine-resistant and possessed either a single S31N-M2 substitution (78%, 585/747) or its combination with the V27A-M2 (22%, 162/747). The I27T-M2 substitution accounted for 43% (429/993) of amantadine resistance in classic swine M lineage. Phylogenetic analysis showed that both S31N-M2 and I27T-M2 emerged stochastically but appeared to be fixed in the U.S. IAV-S population. This study defines a drug-susceptibility profile, identifies the frequency of drug-resistant markers, and establishes a phylogenetic approach for continued antiviral-susceptibility monitoring of IAV-S in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Baranovich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Justin Bahl
- Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Laboratory of Virus Evolution, Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Bindumadhav M Marathe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Marie Culhane
- Veterinary Diagnostic Labs, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Evelyn Stigger-Rosser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Daniel Darnell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Bryan S Kaplan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - James F Lowe
- Integrated Food Animal Systems, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Elena A Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Keitel WA, Jackson LA, Edupuganti S, Winokur PL, Mulligan MJ, Thornburg NJ, Patel SM, Rouphael NG, Lai L, Bangaru S, McNeal MM, Bellamy AR, Hill HR. Safety and Immunogenicity of a Subvirion Monovalent Unadjuvanted Inactivated Influenza A(H3N2) Variant Vaccine in Healthy Persons ≥18 Years Old. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:552-61. [PMID: 25649171 PMCID: PMC4539893 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variant influenza A(H3N2) viruses (H3N2v) have transmitted recently from pigs to humans in the United States. Vaccines strategies are needed. METHODS Healthy adults received 2 doses of subvirion H3N2v vaccine (15 µg of hemagglutinin/dose) 21 days apart in this open-label trial. Serum hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and neutralizing (Neut) antibody (Ab) titers were measured before and 8 and 21 days after each dose. Memory B-cell (MBC) responses were assessed. RESULTS Vaccine was well tolerated. A total of 40% of subjects had an HAI Ab titer of ≥40 before vaccination. Eight-seven percent (95% confidence interval [CI], 79%-93%) and 73% (95% CI, 63%-81%) of subjects 18-64 years old (98 subjects) and ≥65 years old (90 subjects), respectively, had an HAI titer of ≥40 21 days after dose 1 (P = .01); 51% (95% CI, 41%-61%) and 52% (95% CI, 41%-62%) of younger and older subjects, respectively, developed ≥4-fold rises in titer (P = not significant). Neut Ab response patterns were similar. Geometric mean titers were higher in younger subjects. Dose 2 provided no significant enhancement in responses. Cross-reactive MBCs were detected before vaccination and expanded after vaccination. Preexisting H3N2v-specific MBCs positively correlated with early increases in vaccine-induced Ab. CONCLUSIONS In most healthy adults, one 15-µg dose of vaccine elicited levels of HAI Abs associated with protection. Studies in children and elderly individuals are indicated to define the immunization needs of these groups. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01746082.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Keitel
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Patricia L Winokur
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Iowa City VA Health System, Iowa City
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Natalie J Thornburg
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Shital M Patel
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Nadine G Rouphael
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lilin Lai
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sandhya Bangaru
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Monica M McNeal
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Ohio
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