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Kim SW, Lee SH, Kim HH, Shin SH, Park SH, Park JH, Kim J, Park CK. Evaluation of Swine Protection with Three Commercial Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccines against Heterologous Challenge with Type A ASIA/G-VII Lineage Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:476. [PMID: 38793727 PMCID: PMC11125601 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks caused by foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) A/ASIA/G-VII lineage viruses have often occurred in Middle Eastern and Southeast Asian countries since 2015. Because A/ASIA/G-VII lineage viruses are reported to have distinct antigenic relatedness with available commercial FMD vaccine strains, it is necessary to investigate whether inoculation with vaccines used in Korea could confer cross-protection against A/ASIA/G-VII lineage viruses. In the present study, we conducted two vaccination challenge trials to evaluate the efficacy of three commercial FMD vaccines (O/Manisa + O/3039 + A/Iraq, O/Campos + A/Cruzeiro + A/2001, and O/Primorsky + A/Zabaikalsky) against heterologous challenge with ASIA/G-VII lineage viruses (A/TUR/13/2017 or A/BHU/3/2017 strains) in pigs. In each trial, clinical signs, viremia, and salivary shedding of virus were measured for 7 days after challenge. In summary, the O/Campos + A/Cruzeiro + A/2001 vaccine provided full protection against two A/ASIA/G-VII lineage viruses in vaccinated pigs, where significant protection was observed. Although unprotected animals were observed in groups vaccinated with O/Manisa + O/3039 + A/Iraq or O/Primorsky + A/Zabaikalsky vaccines, the clinical scores and viral RNA levels in the sera and oral swabs of vaccinated animals were significantly lower than those of unvaccinated controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Woo Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.W.K.); (S.H.L.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Seung Heon Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.W.K.); (S.H.L.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Ha-Hyun Kim
- Laboratory Animal Facility, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun 58128, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sung-Ho Shin
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.W.K.); (S.H.L.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Sang-Hyun Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.W.K.); (S.H.L.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.W.K.); (S.H.L.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Jaejo Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.W.K.); (S.H.L.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- Animal Disease Intervention Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Eltahir YM, Ishag HZA, Wadsworth J, Hicks HM, Knowles NJ, Mioulet V, King DP, Mohamed MS, Bensalah OK, Yusof MF, Gasim EFM, Hammadi ZMA, Shah AAM, Abdelmagid YA, Gahlan MAME, Kassim MF, Kayaf K, Zahran A, Nuaimat MMA. Molecular Epidemiology of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Vet Sci 2024; 11:32. [PMID: 38250938 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an endemic disease in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in both wild and domestic animals. Despite this, no systematic FMD outbreak investigation accompanied by molecular characterisation of FMD viruses (FMDVs) in small ruminants or cattle has been performed, and only a single report that describes sequences for FMDVs in wildlife from the Emirate has been published. In this study, FMD outbreaks that occurred in 2021 in five animal farms and one animal market in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi were investigated. Cases involved sheep, goats, and cattle, as well as Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx). Twelve samples were positive for FMDV via RT-qPCR, and four samples (Arabian oryx n = 1, goat n = 2, and sheep n = 1) were successfully genotyped using VP1 nucleotide sequencing. These sequences shared 88~98% identity and were classified within the serotype O, Middle East-South Asia topotype (O/ME-SA). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Arabian oryx isolate (UAE/2/2021) belonged to the PanAsia-2 lineage, the ANT-10 sublineage, and was closely related to the FMDVs recently detected in neighbouring countries. The FMDV isolates from goats (UAE/10/2021 and UAE/11/2021) and from sheep (UAE/14/2021) formed a monophyletic cluster within the SA-2018 lineage that contained viruses from Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka. This is the first study describing the circulation of the FMDV O/ME-SA/SA-2018 sublineage in the UAE. These data shed light on the epidemiology of FMD in the UAE and motivate further systematic epidemiological studies and genomic sequencing to enhance the ongoing national animal health FMD control plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassir M Eltahir
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hassan Zackaria Ali Ishag
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development & Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24, UK
| | - Hayley M Hicks
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24, UK
| | - Nick J Knowles
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24, UK
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24, UK
| | - Donald P King
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24, UK
| | - Meera Saeed Mohamed
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Oum Keltoum Bensalah
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohd Farouk Yusof
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development & Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Esmat Faisal Malik Gasim
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development & Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zulaikha Mohamed Al Hammadi
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development & Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asma Abdi Mohamed Shah
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development & Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yasir Ali Abdelmagid
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moustafa Abdel Meguid El Gahlan
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohanned Fawzi Kassim
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kaltham Kayaf
- Animal Development & Health Department, Ministry of Climate Change & Environment, Dubai P.O. Box 1509, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed Zahran
- Animal Development & Health Department, Ministry of Climate Change & Environment, Dubai P.O. Box 1509, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mervat Mari Al Nuaimat
- Animal Development & Health Department, Ministry of Climate Change & Environment, Dubai P.O. Box 1509, United Arab Emirates
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Shin SH, Hwang SY, Kim HM, Shin SH, Ko MK, Lee MJ, Kim SM, Park JH. Evaluation of a Vaccine Candidate Designed for Broad-Spectrum Protection against Type A Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Asia. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:64. [PMID: 38250877 PMCID: PMC10819240 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines are currently the most powerful protective and preventive measures used to control FMD. In this study, the chimeric vaccine strain containing antigenic epitopes from the FMD virus serotype A, which belongs to the ASIA topotype, was produced and evaluated. The chimeric vaccine strains contain sea-97/G1 (VP4, VP2, VP3) and A22 Iraq (VP1) or G-VII (VP1) for use in FMD vaccines in Asia. The 50% protective dose was determined in mice. Vaccinated mice were challenged with three different type A viruses (Sea-97/G1, Sea-97/G2, G-VII clade) seven days post-vaccination (dpv), and mice that received the vaccine candidates were protected against the three viruses. The protective capability of one of the vaccine candidates was evaluated in pigs. Vaccinated pigs were challenged with three different type A viruses (Sea-97/G1, Sea-97/G2, G-VII clade) at 28 dpv, and pigs that received the vaccine candidate were protected against the three viruses. The results showed that this vaccine candidate, which was designed to provide protection against FMD in Asia, efficiently protected pigs against virus challenge and thus has potential as a broad-spectrum vaccine for various epidemic FMD viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Shin
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Seong Yun Hwang
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Hyun-Mi Kim
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Se Hee Shin
- VAXDIGM, Room 335, 3rd Floor, 11, Bongeunsa-ro 63-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 060097, Republic of Korea;
| | - Mi-Kyeong Ko
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Min Ja Lee
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Su-Mi Kim
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
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Saduakassova MA, Wood BA, Henry E, Gray AR, Mioulet V, Sultanov AA, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, Di Nardo A, King DP, Bachanek-Bankowska K. Establishing a molecular toolbox of lineage-specific real-time RT-PCR assays for the characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in Asia. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1271690. [PMID: 38098997 PMCID: PMC10720594 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1271690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in many Asian countries, with outbreaks occurring regularly due to viruses from serotypes O, A, and Asia1 that co-circulate in the region. The ability to rapidly characterize new virus occurrences provides critical information to understand the epidemiology and risks associated with field outbreaks, and helps in the selection of appropriate vaccines to control the disease. FMD lineage-specific characterization is usually determined through sequencing; however, this capacity is not always readily available. In this study, we provide a panel of real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) assays to allow differentiation of the FMD virus (FMDV) lineages known to have been co-circulating in Asia during 2020. This panel included five new rRT-PCR assays designed to detect lineages O/ME-SA/PanAsia-PanAsia-2, O/ME-SA/Ind-2001, O/SEA/Mya-98, O/CATHAY, and A/ASIA/Sea-97, along with three published rRT-PCR assays for A/ASIA/Iran-05, A/ASIA/G-VII, and Asia1 serotypes. Samples of known FMD lineage (n = 85) were tested in parallel with all eight lineage-specific assays and an established 3D pan-FMD rRT-PCR assay, and comparative limit of detection (LOD) experiments were conducted for the five newly developed assays. All samples (85/85) were assigned to the correct serotype, and the correct lineage was assigned for 70 out of 85 samples where amplification only occurred with the homologous assay. For 13 out of 85 of the samples, there was amplification in two assays; however, the correct lineage could be designated based on the strongest Ct values for 12 out of 13 samples. An incorrect lineage was assigned for 3 out of 85 samples. The amplification efficiencies for the five new rRT-PCR assays ranged between 79.7 and 100.5%, with nucleic acid dilution experiments demonstrating broadly equivalent limits of detection when compared to the 3D pan-FMD rRT-PCR assay. These new tests, together with other published lineage-specific rRT-PCR assays, constitute a panel of assays (or molecular toolbox) that can be selected for use in FMD endemic countries (individually or a subset of the assays depending on region/lineages known to be circulating) for rapid characterization of the FMDV lineages circulating in Asia at a relatively low cost. This molecular toolbox will enhance the ability of national laboratories in endemic settings to accurately characterize circulating FMDV strains and facilitate prompt implementation of control strategies, and may be particularly useful in settings where it is difficult to access sequencing capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meruyert A. Saduakassova
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Virology Department, Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Britta A. Wood
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Henry
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley R. Gray
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Akhmetzhan A. Sultanov
- Virology Department, Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J. Knowles
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Antonello Di Nardo
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P. King
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
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Kharatyan S, Sargsyan K, Elbakyan H, Markosyan T, Tumanyan P, Hakobyan V, Sargsyan V, Badalyan M, Chobanyan G, Achenbach JE. Evaluation of the effectiveness of foot-and-mouth disease vaccination of animals in the buffer zone of the Republic of Armenia in 2016-2020. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:176. [PMID: 37773157 PMCID: PMC10540388 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03728-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a high impact viral disease of livestock for which vaccines are extensively used for limiting the spread of infection. Armenia shares a border with both Turkey and Iran where FMD is endemic, making vaccination an important component of Armenia's control strategy. Additionally, Armenian veterinary services utilize both passive and active monitoring for prevention control. METHODS We sought to determine the immune status of animals vaccinated against FMD and to evaluate the effectiveness of our vaccination policy in Armenia. This was conducted in three regions including Shirak, Armavir, and Ararat Region which are located in the buffer zones that border Turkey and Iran. Through active monitoring in 2020, we studied blood serum samples from cattle and sheep using an enzyme immunoassay to determine the level of immune animals in these regions following the use of a polyvalent inactivated vaccine containing FMDV serotypes A, O, and Asia-1 that are relevant for this region. ELISA titers were assessed at 28, 90, and 180 days after vaccination in cattle of three age groups at the time of initial vaccination: 4-6 months, 6-18 months and ≥ 24 months of age with sheep of all ages. RESULTS The 3 age groups of cattle had similarly high levels of immunity with over 90% of the cattle showing a ≥ 50% protective titer 28 days after the first vaccination. By day 90, titers in cattle from the initial 4-18-month age groups dropped below 58% across the 3 serotypes and at or below 80% for the oldest cattle ≥ 24 months. Re-vaccination of cattle at 120 days did improve protective titers but never reached the level of immunity of the first vaccination. Sheep showed a similar rapid drop to less than 50% having a ≥ 50% protective titer at 90 days emphasizing the need for continual revaccination. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study have important implications for the current FMD vaccine policy in Armenia and improves our understanding of the rapid loss of protective titers over short periods. Since small ruminants are only vaccinated once per year and vaccination titers drop rapidly by 90 days suggests that they are vulnerable to FMD and that vaccination protocols need to be updated. Cattle should continue to be vaccinated every 3-6 months depending on their age to maintain a protective level of antibodies to protect them from FMD. More studies are needed to understand the possible role of small ruminants in the epidemiology of FMD and to evaluate revaccination at shorter intervals. These results show the concerns of rapid loss of protection to both cattle and small ruminants following 1 or more doses of commercial vaccines and that additional vaccines need to be evaluated in both groups to know how often they must be vaccinated to provide full protection. The addition of challenge studies should also be considered to better understand the level of protection as measured by serology and how it relates to protection from challenge. These results should be considered by anyone using these vaccines in cattle and sheep at longer than 3 month intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satenik Kharatyan
- Scientific Center for Risks Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area of the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Armenia (RA), 107/2 Masis Highway, Shengavit, Yerevan, 0071, Republic of Armenia.
| | - Khachik Sargsyan
- Scientific Center for Risks Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area of the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Armenia (RA), 107/2 Masis Highway, Shengavit, Yerevan, 0071, Republic of Armenia
| | - Hasmik Elbakyan
- Scientific Center for Risks Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area of the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Armenia (RA), 107/2 Masis Highway, Shengavit, Yerevan, 0071, Republic of Armenia
| | - Tigran Markosyan
- Scientific Center for Risks Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area of the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Armenia (RA), 107/2 Masis Highway, Shengavit, Yerevan, 0071, Republic of Armenia
| | - Pertsh Tumanyan
- Reference Laboratory for Especially Dangerous Pathogens of the Republican Veterinary and Phytosanitary Laboratory Services Center of the Food Safety Inspection Body of the RA, 12 Erebuni Street, 0041, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia
| | - Varduhi Hakobyan
- Scientific Center for Risks Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area of the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Armenia (RA), 107/2 Masis Highway, Shengavit, Yerevan, 0071, Republic of Armenia
| | - Vazgen Sargsyan
- Scientific Center for Risks Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area of the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Armenia (RA), 107/2 Masis Highway, Shengavit, Yerevan, 0071, Republic of Armenia
| | - Manvel Badalyan
- Armenian National Agrarian University, 74 Teryan Street, 0009, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia
| | - Gayane Chobanyan
- Scientific Center for Risks Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area of the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Armenia (RA), 107/2 Masis Highway, Shengavit, Yerevan, 0071, Republic of Armenia
| | - Jenna E Achenbach
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 1001 Research Park Boulevard, Town Center Two, Suite 400, 22911, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Mohapatra JK, Dahiya SS, Subramaniam S, Rout M, Biswal JK, Giri P, Nayak V, Singh RP. Emergence of a novel genetic lineage 'A/ASIA/G-18/2019' of foot and mouth disease virus serotype A in India: A challenge to reckon with. Virus Res 2023; 333:199140. [PMID: 37268276 PMCID: PMC10352718 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) has engendered large scale socioeconomic crises on numerous occasions owing to its extreme contagiousness, transboundary nature, complicated epidemiology, negative impact on productivity, trade embargo, and need for intensive surveillance and expensive control measures. Emerging FMD virus variants have been predicted to have originated and spread from endemic Pool 2, native to South Asia, to other parts of the globe. In this study, 26 Indian serotype A isolates sampled between the year 2015 and 2022 were sequenced for the VP1 region. BLAST and maximum likelihood phylogeny suggest emergence of a novel genetic group within genotype 18, named here as 'A/ASIA/G-18/2019' lineage, that is restricted so far only to India and its eastern neighbour, Bangladesh. The lineage subsequent to its first appearance in 2019 seems to have displaced all other prevalent strains, in support of the phenomenon of 'genotype/lineage turnover'. It has diversified into two distinct sub-clusters, reflecting a phase of active evolution. The rate of evolution of the VP1 region for the Indian serotype A dataset was estimated to be 6.747 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year. India is implementing a vaccination centric FMD control programme. The novel lineage showed good antigenic match with the proposed vaccine candidate A IND 27/2011 when tested in virus neutralization test, while the existing vaccine strain A IND 40/2000 showed homology with only 31% of the isolates. Therefore, in order to combat this challenge of antigenic divergence, A IND 27/2011 could be the preferred strain in the Indian vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jajati Keshari Mohapatra
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India.
| | - Shyam Singh Dahiya
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Manoranjan Rout
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Biswal
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Priyabrata Giri
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Vinayak Nayak
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Rabindra Prasad Singh
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
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Ludi AB, McLaws M, Armson B, Clark J, Di Nardo A, Parekh K, Henstock M, Muellner P, Muellner UJ, Rosso F, Prada JM, Horton DL, Paton DJ, Sumption K, King DP. PRAGMATIST: A tool to prioritize foot-and-mouth disease virus antigens held in vaccine banks. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1029075. [PMID: 36590816 PMCID: PMC9798001 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1029075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen banks have been established to supply foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccines at short notice to respond to incursions or upsurges in cases of FMDV infection. Multiple vaccine strains are needed to protect against specific FMDV lineages that circulate within six viral serotypes that are unevenly distributed across the world. The optimal selection of distinct antigens held in a bank must carefully balance the desire to cover these risks with the costs of purchasing and maintaining vaccine antigens. PRAGMATIST is a semi-quantitative FMD vaccine strain selection tool combining three strands of evidence: (1) estimates of the risk of incursion from specific areas (source area score); (2) estimates of the relative prevalence of FMD viral lineages in each specific area (lineage distribution score); and (3) effectiveness of each vaccine against specific FMDV lineages based on laboratory vaccine matching tests (vaccine coverage score). The output is a vaccine score, which identifies vaccine strains that best address the threats, and consequently which are the highest priority for inclusion in vaccine antigen banks. In this paper, data used to populate PRAGMATIST are described, including the results from expert elicitations regarding FMD risk and viral lineage circulation, while vaccine coverage data is provided from vaccine matching tests performed at the WRLFMD between 2011 and 2021 (n = 2,150). These data were tailored to working examples for three hypothetical vaccine antigen bank perspectives (Europe, North America, and Australia). The results highlight the variation in the vaccine antigens required for storage in these different regions, dependent on risk. While the tool outputs are largely robust to uncertainty in the input parameters, variation in vaccine coverage score had the most noticeable impact on the estimated risk covered by each vaccine, particularly for vaccines that provide substantial risk coverage across several lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B. Ludi
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa McLaws
- The European Commission for the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy,*Correspondence: Melissa McLaws
| | - Bryony Armson
- The European Commission for the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Jessica Clark
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Antonello Di Nardo
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Krupali Parekh
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Henstock
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Petra Muellner
- Epi-Interactive, Miramar, Wellington, New Zealand,School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Fabrizio Rosso
- The European Commission for the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Joaquin M. Prada
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel L. Horton
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Paton
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom,The European Commission for the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Keith Sumption
- The European Commission for the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Donald P. King
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
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8
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Banda F, Shilongo A, Hikufe EH, Khaiseb S, Kabajani J, Shikongo B, Set P, Kapapero JK, Shoombe KK, Zaire G, Kabilika S, Quan M, Fana EM, Mokopasetso M, Hyera JMK, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, Nardo AD, King DP. The first detection of a serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus in Namibia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3261-e3267. [PMID: 35416412 PMCID: PMC9790293 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the molecular characterization of a serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) recovered from a field outbreak in the Zambezi region, Namibia during July 2021. Sequence analysis demonstrates that this FMDV belongs to the O/EA-2 topotype sharing closest nucleotide identity (99.5%) to FMD viruses collected since 2018 in Zambia. This is the first detection of serotype O in Namibia, and together with the cases that have been recently detected in southern Zambia, represent the first time that this serotype has been detected in the Southern African FMD endemic pool since 2000, when a virus of Asian origin (O/ME-SA/PanAsia) caused an outbreak in South Africa. This incursion poses a new threat for the region and the potential onward spread of O/EA-2 will now need to be closely monitored since serotype O vaccines are not widely used in Namibia, nor in neighbouring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Banda
- Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lusaka, Zambia.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Albertina Shilongo
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform Government Office Park, Luther Street, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Emmanuel H Hikufe
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform Government Office Park, Luther Street, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | | | - Beatrice Shikongo
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform Government Office Park, Luther Street, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Paul Set
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform Government Office Park, Luther Street, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Joseph K Kapapero
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform Government Office Park, Luther Street, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Kenneth K Shoombe
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform Government Office Park, Luther Street, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | - Swithine Kabilika
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Melvyn Quan
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Elliot M Fana
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory (SSARRL) for FMD, Botswana Vaccine Institute, Lejara, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Mokganedi Mokopasetso
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory (SSARRL) for FMD, Botswana Vaccine Institute, Lejara, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Joseph M K Hyera
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory (SSARRL) for FMD, Botswana Vaccine Institute, Lejara, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Nick J Knowles
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Antonello Di Nardo
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Donald P King
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
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9
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Canini L, Blaise‐Boisseau S, Nardo AD, Shaw AE, Romey A, Relmy A, Bernelin‐Cottet C, Salomez A, Haegeman A, Ularamu H, Madani H, Ouoba BL, Zerbo HL, Souare ML, Boke CY, Eldaghayes I, Dayhum A, Ebou MH, Abouchoaib N, Sghaier S, Lefebvre D, DeClercq K, Milouet V, Brocchi E, Pezzoni G, Nfon C, King D, Durand B, Knowles N, Kassimi LB, Benfrid S. Identification of diffusion routes of O/EA-3 topotype of foot-and-mouth disease virus in Africa and Western Asia between 1974 and 2019 - a phylogeographic analysis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2230-e2239. [PMID: 35435315 PMCID: PMC9795992 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) affects the livestock industry and socioeconomic sustainability of many African countries. The success of FMD control programs in Africa depends largely on understanding the dynamics of FMD virus (FMDV) spread. In light of the recent outbreaks of FMD that affected the North-Western African countries in 2018 and 2019, we investigated the evolutionary phylodynamics of the causative serotype O viral strains all belonging to the East-Africa 3 topotype (O/EA-3). We analyzed a total of 489 sequences encoding the FMDV VP1 genome region generated from samples collected from 25 African and Western Asian countries between 1974 and 2019. Using Bayesian evolutionary models on genomic and epidemiological data, we inferred the routes of introduction and migration of the FMDV O/EA-3 topotype at the inter-regional scale. We inferred a mean substitution rate of 6.64 × 10-3 nt/site/year and we predicted that the most recent common ancestor for our panel of samples circulated between February 1967 and November 1973 in Yemen, likely reflecting the epidemiological situation in under sampled cattle-exporting East African countries. Our study also reinforces the role previously described of Sudan and South Sudan as a frequent source of FMDVs spread. In particular, we identified two transboundary routes of O/EA-3 diffusion: the first from Sudan to North-East Africa, and from the latter into Israel and Palestine AT; a second from Sudan to Nigeria, Cameroon, and from there to further into West and North-West Africa. This study highlights the necessity to reinforce surveillance at an inter-regional scale in Africa and Western Asia, in particular along the identified migration routes for the implementation of efficient control measures in the fight against FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laëtitia Canini
- Paris Est University, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal HealthEpidemiology UnitMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - Sandra Blaise‐Boisseau
- UMR 1161 Virology, INRA, ENVA, ANSESLaboratory for Animal Health; EURL for Foot‐and‐mouth diseaseMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | | | - Andrew E. Shaw
- The Pirbright InstituteAsh Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 ONFUK
| | - Aurore Romey
- UMR 1161 Virology, INRA, ENVA, ANSESLaboratory for Animal Health; EURL for Foot‐and‐mouth diseaseMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - Anthony Relmy
- UMR 1161 Virology, INRA, ENVA, ANSESLaboratory for Animal Health; EURL for Foot‐and‐mouth diseaseMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - Cindy Bernelin‐Cottet
- UMR 1161 Virology, INRA, ENVA, ANSESLaboratory for Animal Health; EURL for Foot‐and‐mouth diseaseMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - Anne‐Laure Salomez
- UMR 1161 Virology, INRA, ENVA, ANSESLaboratory for Animal Health; EURL for Foot‐and‐mouth diseaseMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - Andy Haegeman
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction of Infectious Diseases in AnimalsService for Exotic Viruses and Particular DiseasesGroeselenberg 99BrusselsBelgium
| | - Hussaini Ularamu
- Virology DivisionNational Veterinary Research InstituteVomNigeria
| | - Hafsa Madani
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire d'AlgerInstitut National de Médecine Vétérinaire (INMV)MohammadiaAlgeria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Moina Hasni Ebou
- Centre national d'élevage et de recherches vétérinairesNouakchottMauritanie
| | - Nabil Abouchoaib
- Office National de Sécurité Sanitaire des produits Alimentaires (ONSSA)RabatMorocco
| | | | - David Lefebvre
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction of Infectious Diseases in AnimalsService for Exotic Viruses and Particular DiseasesGroeselenberg 99BrusselsBelgium
| | - Kris DeClercq
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction of Infectious Diseases in AnimalsService for Exotic Viruses and Particular DiseasesGroeselenberg 99BrusselsBelgium
| | - Valerie Milouet
- The Pirbright InstituteAsh Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 ONFUK
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia RomagnaBresciaItaly
| | - Giulia Pezzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia RomagnaBresciaItaly
| | - Charles Nfon
- National Center for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection AgencyWinnipegMBCanada
| | - Donald King
- The Pirbright InstituteAsh Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 ONFUK
| | - Benoit Durand
- Paris Est University, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal HealthEpidemiology UnitMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - Nick Knowles
- The Pirbright InstituteAsh Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 ONFUK
| | - Labib Bakkali‐ Kassimi
- UMR 1161 Virology, INRA, ENVA, ANSESLaboratory for Animal Health; EURL for Foot‐and‐mouth diseaseMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - Souheyla Benfrid
- UMR 1161 Virology, INRA, ENVA, ANSESLaboratory for Animal Health; EURL for Foot‐and‐mouth diseaseMaisons‐AlfortFrance
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10
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Establishing an In Vitro System to Assess How Specific Antibodies Drive the Evolution of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081820. [PMID: 36016442 PMCID: PMC9412381 DOI: 10.3390/v14081820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses can evolve to respond to immune pressures conferred by specific antibodies generated after vaccination and/or infection. In this study, an in vitro system was developed to investigate the impact of serum-neutralising antibodies upon the evolution of a foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) isolate. The presence of sub-neutralising dilutions of specific antisera delayed the onset of virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) by up to 44 h compared to the untreated control cultures. Continued virus passage with sub-neutralising dilutions of these sera resulted in a decrease in time to complete CPE, suggesting that FMDV in these cultures adapted to escape immune pressure. These phenotypic changes were associated with three separate consensus-level non-synonymous mutations that accrued in the viral RNA-encoding amino acids at positions VP266, VP280 and VP1155, corresponding to known epitope sites. High-throughput sequencing also identified further nucleotide substitutions within the regions encoding the leader (Lpro), VP4, VP2 and VP3 proteins. While association of the later mutations with the adaptation to immune pressure must be further verified, these results highlight the multiple routes by which FMDV populations can escape neutralising antibodies and support the application of a simple in vitro approach to assess the impact of the humoral immune system on the evolution of FMDV and potentially other viruses.
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11
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Karabassova AS, Sultanov AA, Saduakassova MA, King DP, Ludi AB, Browning CFJ, Wilsden G. Toward the calibration of serological assays using sera collected from cattle and sheep following a single dose of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine. Vet World 2022; 15:524-530. [PMID: 35400944 PMCID: PMC8980403 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.524-530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Serological assays are widely used to monitor the performance of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines to estimate vaccination coverage and to ensure that vaccinated animals generate adequate immune responses. This study aimed to measure the FMD virus (FMDV)-specific responses in cattle and sheep after a single dose of a trivalent FMD vaccine containing serotypes A, O, and Asia-1, and to use these sera to calibrate virus neutralization tests (VNTs) and serotype-specific serological enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISAs) that can measure post-vaccination responses. Materials and Methods: Sera were collected from cattle (n=10) and sheep (n=10) on 0, 21, and 56 days after immunization with an imported aqueous formulated FMD vaccine. These samples were tested by VNT using field FMDV isolates that are representative of the epidemiological risks in Central Asia (A/ASIA/Iran-05, A/ASIA/GVII, O/ME-SA/Ind-2001, O/SEA/Mya-98, O/ME-SA/PanAsia, and Asia-1 Shamir). Heterologous VNT antibody responses were compared to those measured using commercial FMDV-specific ELISAs for serotypes O, A, and Asia 1. Results: Administration of the FMD vaccine increased FMDV-specific antibody titers for both species in sera collected on day 21, but these elevated titers were short-lived and were decreased by day 56. Conclusion: These results highlight the short duration of immunity with a single dose of this aqueous vaccine and motivate further studies to assess immune responses in cattle and small ruminants after a two-dose course vaccination schedule. Further comparative data for VNT and serotype-specific ELISAs are needed to define cutoffs that can be used to monitor post-vaccination immune responses in low-containment laboratories where it is not possible to handle live FMDVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiken S. Karabassova
- Department for Epizootological Monitoring and Risks Assessment of Animal Viral Diseases, The Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, 223 Raimbek Avenue, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Akhmetzhan A. Sultanov
- Department for Epizootological Monitoring and Risks Assessment of Animal Viral Diseases, The Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, 223 Raimbek Avenue, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Meruyert A. Saduakassova
- Department for Epizootological Monitoring and Risks Assessment of Animal Viral Diseases, The Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, 223 Raimbek Avenue, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Donald P. King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Anna B. Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Clare F. J. Browning
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Ginette Wilsden
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
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12
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Deciphering Molecular Dynamics of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV): A Looming Threat to Pakistan’s Dairy Industry. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk is seen as a chief source of protein and other biologically available nutrients for human beings. Pakistan, the fourth largest milk-producing country, is badly affected by the contagious transboundary apthoviral disease of ungulate animals; the foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus. FMD is endemic in Pakistan and has caused significant economic loss to the dairy industry in the form of a profound decrease in milk production and increased morbidity and deaths of dairy animals. Inclusively, the case fatality ratio of FMD was 15.11%. Of the seven FMDV serotypes, (O, A, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT2, and SAT 3), three serotypes (O, A, and Asia-1) are endemic in Pakistan. Rapid and highly sensitive diagnostic tools are required for efficient control of this disease. Presently, FMD in the laboratory is diagnosed via ELISA and molecular approaches, i.e., RT-PCR. Serotype-specific RT-PCR analysis not only confirms ELISA serotyping results but can also be used for the screening of ELISA negative samples. Genotypically, FMDV serotype O has a topotype (Middle East–South Asia (ME–SA) and lineage PanAsia-2) that is reported frequently from different areas of Pakistan. Confirmed cases of serotype A and Asia-1 are also reported. The information gathered can be used for understanding the molecular epidemiology of FMD in Pakistan. Further studies on the molecular dynamics of FMD could be useful for ensuring the timely diagnosis of this deadly pathogen, which would ultimately be beneficial for the mass vaccination programs of FMD in Pakistan.
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13
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Singanallur NB, Eblé PL, Ludi AB, Statham B, Bin-Tarif A, King DP, Dekker A, Vosloo W. A Vaccine Based on the A/ASIA/G-VII Lineage of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Offers Low Levels of Protection against Circulating Viruses from the A/ASIA/Iran-05 lineage. Viruses 2022; 14:97. [PMID: 35062300 PMCID: PMC8781018 DOI: 10.3390/v14010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence and circulation of the A/ASIA/G-VII (A/G-VII) lineage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in the Middle East has resulted in the development of homologous vaccines to ensure susceptible animals are sufficiently protected against clinical disease. However, a second serotype A lineage called A/ASIA/Iran-05 (A/IRN/05) continues to circulate in the region and it is therefore imperative to ensure vaccine strains used will protect against both lineages. In addition, for FMDV vaccine banks that usually hold a limited number of strains, it is necessary to include strains with a broad antigenic coverage. To assess the cross protective ability of an A/G-VII emergency vaccine (formulated at 43 (95% CI 8-230) PD50/dose as determined during homologous challenge), we performed a heterologous potency test according to the European Pharmacopoeia design using a field isolate from the A/IRN/05 lineage as the challenge virus. The estimated heterologous potency in this study was 2.0 (95% CI 0.4-6.0) PD50/dose, which is below the minimum potency recommended by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Furthermore, the cross-reactive antibody titres against the heterologous challenge virus were poor (≤log10 0.9), even in those cattle that had received the full dose of vaccine. The geometric mean r1-value was 0.2 (95% CI 0.03-0.8), similar to the potency ratio of 0.04 (95% CI 0.004-0.3). Vaccination decreased viraemia and virus excretion compared to the unvaccinated controls. Our results indicate that this A/G-VII vaccine does not provide sufficient protection against viruses belonging to the A/IRN/05 lineage and therefore the A/G-VII vaccine strain cannot replace the A/IRN/05 vaccine strain but could be considered an additional strain for use in vaccines and antigen banks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phaedra Lydia Eblé
- Laboratory Vesicular Diseases, Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bob Statham
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 ONF, UK
| | | | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 ONF, UK
| | - Aldo Dekker
- Laboratory Vesicular Diseases, Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Wilna Vosloo
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO-Health & Biosecurity, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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14
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Bae S, Li V, Hong J, Kim JN, Kim H. Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus A/ASIA/Sea-97 lineage. Virus Genes 2021; 57:443-447. [PMID: 34260046 PMCID: PMC8445868 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01848-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) A/ASIA/Sea-97 is a predominant lineage in Southeast Asia and East Asia. However, Sea-97 lineage has not been well studied since its first outbreak in Thailand in 1997. Thus, we conducted phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of Sea-97 using 224 VP1 sequences of FMDV A/ASIA during 1960 and 2018. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Sea-97 lineage can be classified into five groups (G1–G5). After the emergence of G2 from G1, the genetic diversity of Sea-97 increased sharply, causing divergence into G3, G4 and G5. During this evolutionary process, Sea-97 lineage, which was initially found only in some countries in Southeast Asia, gradually spread to East Asia. The evolution rate of this lineage was estimated to be 1.2 × 10–2 substitutions/site/year and there were many differences in amino acid residues compared to vaccine strain. Substitutions at antigenically important sites may affect the efficacy of the vaccine, suggesting the need for appropriate vaccine strains. Our results could provide meaningful information to understand comprehensive characteristic of Sea-97 lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Bae
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Vladimir Li
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyong Hong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Heebal Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,eGnome, Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Tuncer-Göktuna P, Çokçalışkan C, Arslan A, Taşçene N, Uzun EA, Gündüzalp C, Balcı GN, Kara O, Gülyaz V. Monitoring the performance of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines prepared against local strains in the face of antigenic evolution in the field. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:648-655. [PMID: 32677765 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
National programs for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) eradication includes the use of vaccination; Turkey which is endemic to FMD virus (FMDV) (except for the Thrace region) and there is a risk of incursion of exotic strains from eastern borders. In 2015, a devastating outbreak was caused by the A/ASIA/G-VII (G-VII) lineage, which led to the inclusion of a new vaccine strain (A/TUR/15) derived from this lineage in 3 months. Although most of the cattle population in Turkey was then immunized with A/TUR/15 (vaccine coverage: 92.8%), the G-VII lineage continued to cause outbreaks in the field despite the evidence of protection observed with A/TUR/15 in in vivo and in vitro tests. When G-VII field strains were examined, changes in their genomes were detected. As the lineage appeared to be evolving, an unconventional vaccination strategy was adapted which changed the vaccine strain with new variants of G-VII according to antigenic evolution. To assess the suitability of candidate vaccine strains derived from the variants of the G-VII lineage, three viral candidates were assessed (A/TUR/15, A/TUR/16 and A/TUR/17) by in vitro virus neutralization tests for r1 vaccine matching and in vivo heterologous challenge tests. Although all three vaccine strains were antigenically well matched with each other and other G-VII field viruses, due to continues outbreaks the vaccine strain was changed three times in 20 months from A/TUR/15 (Dec 2015) to A/TUR/16 (Dec 2016) and then to A/TUR/17 (Aug 2017). With this strategy serotype A has not been observed in the field since January 2018. This study highlights the importance of adapting the vaccine strains according to antigenic evolution as this could be a valuable combat strategy in endemic countries, rather than using well-known vaccine strain and relying only on the relationship coefficient (r1 ) value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Osman Kara
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Sap) Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Veli Gülyaz
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Sap) Institute, Ankara, Turkey
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16
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Islam MR, Rahman MS, Amin MA, Alam ASMRU, Siddique MA, Sultana M, Hossain MA. Evidence of combined effect of amino acid substitutions within G-H and B-C loops of VP1 conferring serological heterogeneity in foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:375-384. [PMID: 32543041 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype A exhibits a higher degree of genetic and antigenic diversity resulting in frequent vaccine failure due to serological mismatch between the vaccine and heterologous strains. Currently, knowledge on the molecular basis of antigenic relationships among the FMDVs is limited; nevertheless, intratype antigenic variation due to mutation(s) is widely considered as the main hurdle to appropriate FMD vaccine development. Here, we studied genetic and antigenic variations of four FMDV serotype A isolates, BAN/GA/Sa-197/2013 (BAN-197), BAN/CH/Sa-304/2016 (BAN-304), BAN/DH/Sa-307/2016 (BAN-307) and BAN/DH/Sa-310/2017 (BAN-310) circulating in Bangladesh during 2013-2017. Initially, antigenic relationships (r1 -values) of the field isolates were evaluated by the two-dimensional microneutralization test (2D-MNT) using the hyperimmune antisera raised in cattle against the vaccine strain, BAN-304. Interesingly, the results showed protective serological cross-reactivity (r1 -values > 0.4) between the vaccine strain and the field isolates, BAN-307 and BAN-310, except BAN-197 that substantially mismatched (r1 = 0.129 ± 0.043) with the BAN-304. Although VP1-based phylogeny grouped all the isolates within the same sublineage C (a subgroup of VP3Δ59 variant) under the lineage A/ASIA/G-VII, strikingly, computational analyses of the viral capsid proteins demonstrated significant deviation at the VP1 G-H loop of BAN-197 from the vaccine strain, while VP(2-4) of both isolates were structurally conserved. To bridge the gap of how the distortion of the G-H loop and consequent antigenic hetergeneity occurred in BAN-197, we performed in silico combinatorial substitutions of the VP1 mutant amino acids (aa) of BAN-197 with the respective residues in BAN-304. Remarkably, our analyses revealed that two substitutions of distantly located aa at B-C (T48I:threonine → isoleucine) and G-H (A143V:alanine → valine) loops, in combination, distorted the VP1 G-H loop. Overall, this work contributes to understanding the molecular basis of antigenic relationships operating in serotype A FMDVs and the selection of suitable vaccine strain(s) for effective prophylaxis of FMD based on VP1-based analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rafiul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Al Amin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A S M Rubayet Ul Alam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Microbiology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Anwar Siddique
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Munawar Sultana
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Anwar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Jashore University of Science and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
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17
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Lignereux L, Chaber AL, Saegerman C, Heath L, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Mioulet V, King DP. Foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in captive scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah). Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1716-1724. [PMID: 32011088 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes three episodes of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) that were detected during 2013-2015 in scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) (SHO), a large Sahelo-Saharan antelope extinct in the wild housed in a wild ungulate breeding facility located 50 km east of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. While no mortality attributable to FMD was noted in the population of nearly 4,000 SHO during two of the three outbreaks, the morbidity varied according to the circulating strains and seroconversion reached a plateau of 78.0% within two weeks and remained at this level for at least nine months. Partial or complete sequencing of the VP1 encoding region demonstrated that the three outbreaks were caused by three different FMDV lineages (O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2, A/ASIA/Iran-05 and O/ME-SA/Ind-2001), consistent with FMD viruses that are circulating elsewhere in the region. These findings demonstrate that SHO are susceptible to FMD and highlight the risks of virus incursion into zoos and captive facilities in the Arabian Peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Lignereux
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Centre of Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anne-Lise Chaber
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Centre of Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Centre of Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Livio Heath
- Transboundary Animal Disease Program, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nick J Knowles
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Donald P King
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
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18
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Cross-Protection Induced by a A/MAY/97 Emergency Vaccine Against Intra-Serotype Heterologous Challenge with a Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus from the A/ASIA/G-VII Lineage. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010024. [PMID: 31947514 PMCID: PMC7157754 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2015, outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the Middle East have been caused by a new emerging viral lineage, A/ASIA/G-VII. Invitro vaccine matching data indicated that this virus poorly matched (low r1-value) with vaccines that were being used in the region as well as most other commercially available vaccines. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of two candidate vaccines against challenge with a representative field virus from the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage. The results from an initial full dose protection study provided encouraging data for the A/MAY/97 vaccine, while the A22/IRQ/64 vaccine only protected 2/7 vaccinated animals. In view of these promising results, this vaccine was tested in a potency test (PD50) experiment in which 5 cattle were vaccinated with a full dose, 5 cattle with a 1/3 dose and 5 cattle with a 1/9 dose of vaccine. At 21 days post vaccination these vaccinated cattle and 3 control cattle were challenged intradermolingually with a field isolate from the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage. The intra-serotype heterologous potency test resulted in an intra-serotype heterologous potency of 6.5 PD50/dose. These data support previous studies showing that a high potency emergency vaccine can protect against clinical disease when challenged with a heterologous strain of the same serotype, indicating that not only the r1-value of the vaccine, but also the homologous potency of a vaccine should be taken into account when advising vaccines to control an outbreak.
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19
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Armson B, Gubbins S, Mioulet V, Qasim IA, King DP, Lyons NA. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Surveillance Using Pooled Milk on a Large-Scale Dairy Farm in an Endemic Setting. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:264. [PMID: 32537458 PMCID: PMC7267466 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pooled milk is used for the surveillance of several diseases of livestock. Previous studies demonstrated the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in the milk of infected animals at high dilutions, and consequently, the collection of pooled milk samples could be used to enhance FMD surveillance. This study evaluated pooled milk for FMDV surveillance on a large-scale dairy farm that experienced two FMD outbreaks caused by the A/ASIA/G-VII and O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d lineages, despite regular vaccination and strict biosecurity practices. FMDV RNA was detected in 42 (5.7%) of the 732 pooled milk samples, and typing information was concordant with diagnostic reports of clinical disease. The FMDV positive milk samples were temporally clustered around reports of new clinical cases, but with a wider distribution. For further investigation, a model was established to predict real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) CT values using individual cattle movement data, clinical disease records and virus excretion data from previous experimental studies. The model explained some of the instances where there were positive results by rRT-PCR, but no new clinical cases and suggested that subclinical infection occurred during the study period. Further studies are required to investigate the effect of vaccination on FMDV excretion in milk, and to evaluate more representative sampling methods. However, the results from this pilot study indicate that testing pooled milk by rRT-PCR may be valuable for FMD surveillance and has provided evidence of subclinical virus infection in vaccinated herds that could be important in the epidemiology of FMD in endemic countries where vaccination is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony Armson
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom.,Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gubbins
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim A Qasim
- Directorate of Animal Resources Services, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Donald P King
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas A Lyons
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom.,European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
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20
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Paton DJ, Reeve R, Capozzo AV, Ludi A. Estimating the protection afforded by foot-and-mouth disease vaccines in the laboratory. Vaccine 2019; 37:5515-5524. [PMID: 31405637 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines must be carefully selected and their application closely monitored to optimise their effectiveness. This review covers serological techniques for FMD vaccine quality control, including potency testing, vaccine matching and post-vaccination monitoring. It also discusses alternative laboratory procedures, such as antigen quantification and nucleotide sequencing, and briefly compares the approaches for FMD with those for measuring protection against influenza virus, where humoral immunity is also important. Serology is widely used to predict the protection afforded by vaccines and has great practical utility but also limitations. Animals differ in their responses to vaccines and in the protective mechanisms that they develop. Antibodies have a variety of properties and tests differ in what they measure. Antibody-virus interactions may vary between virus serotypes and strains and protection may be affected by the vaccination regime and the nature and timing of field virus challenge. Finally, tests employing biological reagents are difficult to standardise, whilst cross-protection data needed for test calibration and validation are scarce. All of this is difficult to reconcile with the desire for simple and universal criteria and thresholds for evaluating vaccines and vaccination responses and means that oversimplification of test procedures and their interpretation can lead to poor predictions. A holistic approach is therefore recommended, considering multiple sources of field, experimental and laboratory data. New antibody avidity and isotype tests seem promising alternatives to evaluate cross-protective, post-vaccination serological responses, taking account of vaccine potency as well as match. After choosing appropriate serological tests or test combinations and cut-offs, results should be interpreted cautiously and in context. Since opportunities for experimental challenge studies of cross-protection are limited and the approaches incompletely reflect real life, more field studies are needed to quantify cross-protection and its correlation to in vitro measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - R Reeve
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - A V Capozzo
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA, N Repetto y De Los Reseros s/n, Hurlingham (1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET, Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1454FQB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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21
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Ko MK, Jo HE, Choi JH, You SH, Shin SH, Jo H, Lee MJ, Kim SM, Kim B, Park JH. Chimeric vaccine strain of type O foot-and-mouth disease elicits a strong immune response in pigs against ME-SA and SEA topotypes. Vet Microbiol 2018; 229:124-129. [PMID: 30642587 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute infectious disease occurring in cloven-hoofed animals. There are many variations of the virus, making it difficult to protect against the various strains with one virus vaccine. The immunogenicity has generally been evaluated in pigs using neutralizing antibodies to determine the protection level against foot-and-mouth disease virus type O. Therefore, the vaccine from the chimeric vaccine strain of ME-SA (VP4, VP2, and VP3) and SEA (VP1) topotypes developed in this study is expected to be able to protect with high neutralizing antibody titers against most of the eight FMD viruses of the four different topotypes (ME-SA, SEA, Cathay, and EURO-SA) of type O in pigs. This is a new technique for powerful vaccine development, with multiple preventive roles against various epidemic FMD strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyeong Ko
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Eun Jo
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyung Choi
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hwa You
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Shin
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyundong Jo
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ja Lee
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Mi Kim
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Byounghan Kim
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Saduakassova MA, Sultanov AA, Kutumbetov LB, Wadsworth J, A Wood B, Knowles NJ, King DP, Bachanek-Bankowska K. Development and evaluation of a novel real-time RT-PCR to detect foot-and-mouth disease viruses from the emerging A/ASIA/G-VII lineage. J Virol Methods 2018; 252:37-41. [PMID: 29113733 PMCID: PMC5764150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A new lineage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), called A/ASIA/G-VII, emerged from the Indian subcontinent in 2015 and continues to spread in Western Asia. Currently, the distribution of viruses belonging to this lineage is defined using sequencing approaches, but other cheaper and faster diagnostic methods are urgently needed. Thus, this study describes the development and validation of a novel A/ASIA/G-VII lineage-specific real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR). Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were evaluated using representative field specimens and isolates from the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage, as well as samples comprising other FMDV lineages that co-circulate in Asia (n=54). This lineage-specific assay accurately detected all A/ASIA/G-VII samples tested (n=29), and no detection was observed for samples belonging to other FMDV lineages (n=25), namely A/ASIA/Sea-97, A/ASIA/Iran-05SIS-10, A/ASIA/Iran-05FAR-11, Asia1/ASIA/Sindh-08, O/CATHAY, O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2ANT-10, O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d, O/SEA/Mya-98. Additionally, the limit of detection was found to be at least equivalent to a pan-serotypic rRT-PCR assay. Therefore, these data indicate that this newly developed rRT-PCR assay can be applied to characterise field isolates in countries where the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage is endemic, as well as to monitor new incursions and outbreaks due to this lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meruyert A Saduakassova
- Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, 223 Raimbek Avenue, Almaty, 050016, Kazakhstan
| | - Akhmetzhan A Sultanov
- Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, 223 Raimbek Avenue, Almaty, 050016, Kazakhstan
| | - Lespek B Kutumbetov
- Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, 223 Raimbek Avenue, Almaty, 050016, Kazakhstan
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Britta A Wood
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
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