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Kim WJ, Lee AR, Hong SY, Kim SH, Kim JD, Kim SJ, Oh JS, Shim SM, Seo SU. Characterization of a Small Plaque Variant Derived from Genotype V Japanese Encephalitis Virus Clinical Isolate K15P38. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:1592-1598. [PMID: 39081248 PMCID: PMC11380520 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2404.04054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Genotype V (GV) Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) has been predominantly reported in the Republic of Korea (ROK) since 2010. GV JEV exhibits higher virulence and distinct antigenicity compared to other genotypes, which results in reduced efficacy of existing vaccines. Research on GV JEV is essential to minimize its clinical impact, but the only available clinical strain in the ROK is K15P38, isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient in 2015. We obtained this virus from National Culture Collection for Pathogens (NCCP) and isolated a variant forming small plaques during our research. We identified that this variant has one amino acid substitution each in the PrM and NS5 proteins compared to the reported K15P38. Additionally, we confirmed that this virus exhibits delayed propagation in vitro and an attenuated phenotype in mice. The isolation of this variant is a critical reference for researchers intending to study K15P38 obtained from NCCP, and the mutations in the small plaque-forming virus are expected to be useful for studying the pathology of GV JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Ra Lee
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Yeon Hong
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Deog Kim
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jae Kim
- Vaxdigm Co., Ltd., Seoul 04798, Republic of Korea
- Bio & Living Engineering Major, Global Leaders College, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sang Oh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mu Shim
- Division of Acute Viral Disease, Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Uk Seo
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
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Lado P, Crispell GP, Chong ST, Kim MS, Esparza AN, Zielinski E, Iwami A, Williams KP, Eads JJ, Jimbo K, Mitzel DN, Cohnstaedt LW, Richardson JB, Kugelman JR, Stoops CA. Japanese Encephalitis Virus Surveillance in U.S. Army Installations in the Republic of Korea from 2021 to 2023. Pathogens 2024; 13:705. [PMID: 39204305 PMCID: PMC11357451 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13080705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis is a disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and is a concern for U.S. military personnel stationed in the Republic of Korea (ROK). The recent literature reports a potential shift from GI to GV as the dominant genotype circulating in east Asia. In the ROK, GV has been reported in a few Culex spp., but not in the main JEV vector, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. The goal of this surveillance was to shed light on the current knowledge of the epidemiology of JEV in the ROK by analyzing mosquito collection data from three consecutive years, 2021-2023, and molecularly detecting and genotyping JEV in all Culex spp. collected in several military locations across the ROK. In this study, we detected only JEV GI in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in 2021 samples. In contrast, all 2022 and 2023 positive samples were GV and detected in Cx. bitaeniorhynchus, Cx. orientalis, and Cx. pipiens. Results support a shift in JEV genotype in the ROK and suggest that for GV, Culex spp. other than Cx. tritaeniorhynchus may be playing an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Lado
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 1807, Manhattan, KS 66505, USA; (P.L.); (D.N.M.); (L.W.C.)
| | - Gary P. Crispell
- Environmental Molecular Biology Laboratory, U.S. Army Public Health Command-Pacific, Camp Zama, Zama City 252-0027, Kanagawa, Japan; (G.P.C.); (A.N.E.); (E.Z.); (A.I.); (K.P.W.)
| | - Sung Tae Chong
- Public Health, Environmental Health Section, Defense Health Agency Brian Allgood Army Community Hospital, Camp Humphreys 96271, Republic of Korea; (S.T.C.); (M.S.K.)
| | - Myong Sun Kim
- Public Health, Environmental Health Section, Defense Health Agency Brian Allgood Army Community Hospital, Camp Humphreys 96271, Republic of Korea; (S.T.C.); (M.S.K.)
| | - Ashley N. Esparza
- Environmental Molecular Biology Laboratory, U.S. Army Public Health Command-Pacific, Camp Zama, Zama City 252-0027, Kanagawa, Japan; (G.P.C.); (A.N.E.); (E.Z.); (A.I.); (K.P.W.)
| | - Eric Zielinski
- Environmental Molecular Biology Laboratory, U.S. Army Public Health Command-Pacific, Camp Zama, Zama City 252-0027, Kanagawa, Japan; (G.P.C.); (A.N.E.); (E.Z.); (A.I.); (K.P.W.)
| | - Akira Iwami
- Environmental Molecular Biology Laboratory, U.S. Army Public Health Command-Pacific, Camp Zama, Zama City 252-0027, Kanagawa, Japan; (G.P.C.); (A.N.E.); (E.Z.); (A.I.); (K.P.W.)
| | - Kelly P. Williams
- Environmental Molecular Biology Laboratory, U.S. Army Public Health Command-Pacific, Camp Zama, Zama City 252-0027, Kanagawa, Japan; (G.P.C.); (A.N.E.); (E.Z.); (A.I.); (K.P.W.)
| | - John J. Eads
- Entomology, U.S. Army Public Health Command-Pacific, Camp Zama, Zama City 252-0027, Kanagawa, Japan; (J.J.E.); (K.J.)
| | - Kei Jimbo
- Entomology, U.S. Army Public Health Command-Pacific, Camp Zama, Zama City 252-0027, Kanagawa, Japan; (J.J.E.); (K.J.)
| | - Dana N. Mitzel
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 1807, Manhattan, KS 66505, USA; (P.L.); (D.N.M.); (L.W.C.)
| | - Lee W. Cohnstaedt
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 1807, Manhattan, KS 66505, USA; (P.L.); (D.N.M.); (L.W.C.)
| | - Joshua B. Richardson
- Center for Genome Science, USAMRIID, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (J.B.R.); (J.R.K.)
| | - Jeffrey R. Kugelman
- Center for Genome Science, USAMRIID, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (J.B.R.); (J.R.K.)
| | - Craig A. Stoops
- Public Health, Environmental Health Section, Defense Health Agency Brian Allgood Army Community Hospital, Camp Humphreys 96271, Republic of Korea; (S.T.C.); (M.S.K.)
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Kikuchi F, Hayashi A, Yamada K, Matsui Y, Shimbashi R, Noguchi Y, Tachibana K, Mizutani T, Tokaji A, Yoshikawa A, Ihara M, Oishi K, Kamiya H, Arai S, Suzuki M. The Role of Wild Boar as Host of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in the Absence of Domestic Pigs. Viruses 2024; 16:1273. [PMID: 39205248 PMCID: PMC11360753 DOI: 10.3390/v16081273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigs are the most common amplifying hosts of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). In 2016, four residents on Tsushima Island who did not own pig farms were diagnosed with JE. Therefore, a serosurvey was conducted to estimate the risk and seroprevalence of JEV after the outbreak. Sera collected from 560 Tsushima Island residents between January and September 2017 were tested for neutralizing antibodies against JEV strains JaGAr01 (genotype 3) and Muar (genotype 5). Sera collected from six wild boars between June and July 2022 were tested. The seroprevalence rates of neutralizing antibodies against JaGAr01 and Muar were 38.8% and 24.6%, respectively. High anti-JEV neutralizing antibody titers of ≥320 were identified in 16 residents, including 3 younger than 6 years with prior JEV vaccination, 2 in their 40s, and 11 older than 70. However, no anti-JEV-specific IgM was detected. Residents who engaged in outdoor activities had higher anti-JEV antibody titers. Sera from wild boars were negative for JEV RNA, but four of six samples contained neutralizing antibodies against JEV. Therefore, JEV transmission continues on Tsushima Island, even in the absence of pig farms, and wild boars might serve as the amplifying hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuka Kikuchi
- Center for Infectious Diseases Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (F.K.); (T.M.)
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (A.H.); (K.Y.); (R.S.); (K.O.); (H.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Ai Hayashi
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (A.H.); (K.Y.); (R.S.); (K.O.); (H.K.); (M.S.)
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Karen Yamada
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (A.H.); (K.Y.); (R.S.); (K.O.); (H.K.); (M.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsui
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (A.H.); (K.Y.); (R.S.); (K.O.); (H.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Reiko Shimbashi
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (A.H.); (K.Y.); (R.S.); (K.O.); (H.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Yuji Noguchi
- Nagasaki Prefecture Tsushima Hospital, Nagasaki 817-0322, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Center for Infectious Diseases Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (F.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Akihiko Tokaji
- Department of Health Policy, Kochi Public Health and Environmental Science Research Institute, Kochi 780-0850, Japan;
| | - Akira Yoshikawa
- Department of Public Health, Nagasaki Prefectural Institute for Environmental Research and Public Health, Nagasaki 856-0026, Japan; (A.Y.); (M.I.)
| | - Motoki Ihara
- Department of Public Health, Nagasaki Prefectural Institute for Environmental Research and Public Health, Nagasaki 856-0026, Japan; (A.Y.); (M.I.)
| | - Kazunori Oishi
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (A.H.); (K.Y.); (R.S.); (K.O.); (H.K.); (M.S.)
- Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikouyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Hajime Kamiya
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (A.H.); (K.Y.); (R.S.); (K.O.); (H.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Satoru Arai
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (A.H.); (K.Y.); (R.S.); (K.O.); (H.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Motoi Suzuki
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (A.H.); (K.Y.); (R.S.); (K.O.); (H.K.); (M.S.)
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Sun CQ, Fu YQ, Ma X, Shen JR, Hu B, Zhang Q, Wang LK, Hu R, Chen JJ. Trends in temporal and spatial changes of Japanese encephalitis in Chinese mainland, 2004-2019: A population-based surveillance study. Travel Med Infect Dis 2024; 60:102724. [PMID: 38692338 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2024.102724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a serious health concern in China, with approximately 80 % of global infections occurring in China. To develop effective prevention and control strategies, this study explored the epidemiological characteristics of JE in China based on spatiotemporal data, to understand the patterns and trends of JE incidence in different regions and time periods. METHOD The incidence and mortality rates of JE were extracted from the Public Health Data Center, the official website of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, and the National Notifiable Infectious Disease Surveillance System from 2004 to 2019. Joinpoint regression was applied to examine the spatiotemporal patterns and annual percentage change in incidence and mortality of the JE. RESULTS From 2004 to 2019, a total of 43,569 cases of JE were diagnosed, including 2081 deaths. The annual incidence rate of JE decreased from 0.4171/100,000 in 2004 to 0.0298/100,000 in 2019, with an annual percentage change (APC) of -13.5 % (P < 0.001). The annual mortality rate of JE showed three stages of change, with inflection points in 2006 and 2014. The incidence and mortality rates of JE have declined in all provinces of China, and more cases were reported in 0-14 years of age, accounting for nearly 80 % of all patients. CONCLUSIONS The morbidity and mortality rates of JE in China are generally on a downward trend, and emphasis should be placed on strengthening disease surveillance in special areas and populations, popularizing vaccination, and increasing publicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qing Sun
- Department of College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| | - Yun-Qiang Fu
- Department of College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| | - Xuan Ma
- Department of College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Jun-Ru Shen
- Department of College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Bo Hu
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Lian-Ke Wang
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Rui Hu
- Department of College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Jia-Jun Chen
- Department of College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
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Khan A, Riaz R, Nadeem A, Amir A, Siddiqui T, Batool UEA, Raufi N. Japanese encephlu emergence in Australia: the potential population at risk. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:1540-1549. [PMID: 38463109 PMCID: PMC10923274 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), an RNA virus transmitted by Culex mosquitoes, primarily cycles between aquatic birds and mosquitoes with pigs as amplifying hosts, posing a significant global encephalitis threat. The emergence and spread of the JEV in new epidemiological regions, such as recent cases in Australia and nonendemic areas like Pune, India, raise significant concerns. With an estimated 68 000 clinical cases and 13 600 to 20 400 deaths annually, JEV poses a substantial global health threat. The virus primarily affects children, with a case-fatality ratio of 20-30% and long-term neurological sequelae in survivors. The changing epidemiology, influenced by factors like bird migration, climate change, and increased urbanization, contributes to the geographic expansion of JEV. The recent outbreaks underscore the potential for the virus to establish itself in nonendemic regions, posing a threat to populations previously considered at low-risk. With limited treatment options and high rates of neurological complications, continued surveillance, traveler vaccination, and research into treatments are crucial to mitigate the impact of JEV on human health. The evolving scenario necessitates proactive measures to prevent and control the spread of the virus in both endemic and newly affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsheen Khan
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rumaisa Riaz
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Nadeem
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Amir
- Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation
| | - Tasmiyah Siddiqui
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Um e A. Batool
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nahid Raufi
- Department of Medicine, Kabul Medical University, Afghanistan
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Monath TP. Japanese Encephalitis: Risk of Emergence in the United States and the Resulting Impact. Viruses 2023; 16:54. [PMID: 38257754 PMCID: PMC10820346 DOI: 10.3390/v16010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus is a mosquito-borne member of the Flaviviridae family. JEV is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia and is characterized by encephalitis, high lethality, and neurological sequelae in survivors. The virus also causes severe disease in swine, which are an amplifying host in the transmission cycle, and in horses. US agricultural authorities have recently recognized the threat to the swine industry and initiated preparedness activities. Other mosquito-borne viruses exotic to the Western Hemisphere have been introduced and established in recent years, including West Nile, Zika, and chikungunya viruses, and JEV has recently invaded continental Australia for the first time. These events amply illustrate the potential threat of JEV to US health security. Susceptible indigenous mosquito vectors, birds, feral and domestic pigs, and possibly bats, constitute the receptive ecological ingredients for the spread of JEV in the US. Fortunately, unlike the other virus invaders mentioned above, an inactivated whole virus JE vaccine (IXIARO®) has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for human use in advance of a public health emergency, but there is no veterinary vaccine. This paper describes the risks and potential consequences of the introduction of JEV into the US, the need to integrate planning for such an event in public health policy, and the requirement for additional countermeasures, including antiviral drugs and an improved single dose vaccine that elicits durable immunity in both humans and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Monath
- Quigley BioPharma LLC, 114 Water Tower Plaza No. 1042, Leominster, MA 01453, USA
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Zhang W, Yin Q, Wang H, Liang G. The reemerging and outbreak of genotypes 4 and 5 of Japanese encephalitis virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1292693. [PMID: 38076463 PMCID: PMC10698470 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1292693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is classified into five distinct genotypes, with genotypes 1 and 3 historically showing higher activity. These genotypes are the primary agents of viral encephalitis in the Asian continent. Genotypes 4 and 5 have remained silent in low-latitude tropical regions since their discovery. From 2009, the hidden genotype 5 suddenly emerged simultaneously in mosquitoes from the Tibetan region of China and those from South Korea in East Asia. The detection of genotype 5 of JEV in these mosquitoes was associated with cases of viral encephalitis in the local population. Similarly, in 2022, the long-silent genotype 4 of JEV emerged in Australia, resulting in a local outbreak of viral encephalitis that primarily affected adults and caused fatalities. The emergence and outbreaks of genotypes 4 and 5 of JEV present new challenges for the prevention and control of Japanese encephalitis (JE). This study not only analyzes the recent emergence of these new genotypes but also discusses their implications in the development of JE vaccines and laboratory tests for newly emerging JEV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Xu J, Wahaab A, Khan S, Nawaz M, Anwar MN, Liu K, Wei J, Hameed M, Ma Z. Recent Population Dynamics of Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:1312. [PMID: 37376612 DOI: 10.3390/v15061312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes acute viral encephalitis in humans and reproductive disorders in pigs. JEV emerged during the 1870s in Japan, and since that time, JEV has been transmitted exclusively throughout Asia, according to known reporting and sequencing records. A recent JEV outbreak occurred in Australia, affecting commercial piggeries across different temperate southern Australian states, and causing confirmed infections in humans. A total of 47 human cases and 7 deaths were reported. The recent evolving situation of JEV needs to be reported due to its continuous circulation in endemic regions and spread to non-endemics areas. Here, we reconstructed the phylogeny and population dynamics of JEV using recent JEV isolates for the future perception of disease spread. Phylogenetic analysis shows the most recent common ancestor occurred about 2993 years ago (YA) (95% Highest posterior density (HPD), 2433 to 3569). Our results of the Bayesian skyline plot (BSP) demonstrates that JEV demography lacks fluctuations for the last two decades, but it shows that JEV genetic diversity has increased during the last ten years. This indicates the potential JEV replication in the reservoir host, which is helping it to maintain its genetic diversity and to continue its dispersal into non-endemic areas. The continuous spread in Asia and recent detection from Australia further support these findings. Therefore, an enhanced surveillance system is needed along with precautionary measures such as regular vaccination and mosquito control to avoid future JEV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Abdul Wahaab
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Sawar Khan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Nawaz
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal sciences, University of Poonch, Rawalakot 12350, Pakistan
| | | | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Muddassar Hameed
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
- Center for Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
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Individual and Herd-Level Seroprevalence in Association with Potential Risk Factors of Japanese Encephalitis in Pigs Collected from Urban, Periurban, and Rural Areas of Bali, Indonesia. Vet Med Int 2023; 2023:9682657. [PMID: 36844471 PMCID: PMC9946736 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9682657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A study to assess the seroprevalence antibodies against JEV in pigs in Denpasar, Badung, and Karangasem as the representatives of urban, periurban, and rural areas in the province of Bali was conducted. Sampled pigs' blood was collected and their sera were tested for antibody detection using commercial IgG ELISA. A standard questionnaire was used to interview the pig owners or farmers to identify the determinants associated with the seropositivity of the antibodies. Overall, 96.6% (95% CI: 94.5-98.1) of 443 pig sera in individual animal-level seroprevalence were seropositive to the ELISA. Karangasem had the highest test prevalence at 97.3% (95% CI: 93.1-99.2) while Badung had a slightly lower prevalence at 96.6% (95% CI: 92.2-98.9), and Denpasar had the lowest prevalence at 96% (95% CI: 91.5-98.5) (p=0.84). In herd-level seroprevalence, all sampled herds contained one or more seropositive pigs (overall herd-level seroprevalence 100% [95% CI: 97.7-100]). No animal-level factors were significantly associated with seropositivity (all p values >0.05). For the herd-level risk factors relating to pig management and husbandry practices adopted, no analysis model could be generated, as all the sampled herds were seropositive. More than 90% seroprevalence detected in this study indicates high natural JEV infection occurred in pigs, which highlights the high public health risk of the infection in the areas.
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Tajima S, Maeki T, Nakayama E, Faizah AN, Kobayashi D, Isawa H, Maekawa Y, Bendryman SS, Mulyatno KC, Rohmah EA, Mori Y, Sawabe K, Ebihara H, Lim CK. Growth, Pathogenesis, and Serological Characteristics of the Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotype IV Recent Strain 19CxBa-83-Cv. Viruses 2023; 15:239. [PMID: 36680278 PMCID: PMC9866982 DOI: 10.3390/v15010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genotype IV Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus (GIV JEV) is the least common and most neglected genotype in JEV. We evaluated the growth and pathogenic potential of the GIV strain 19CxBa-83-Cv, which was isolated from a mosquito pool in Bali, Indonesia, in 2019, and serological analyses were also conducted. The growth ability of 19CxBa-83-Cv in Vero cells was intermediate between that of the genotype I (GI) strain Mie/41/2002 and the genotype V (GV) strain Muar, whereas 19CxBa-83-Cv and Mie/41/2002 grew faster than Muar in mouse neuroblastoma cells. The neuroinvasiveness of 19CxBa-83-Cv in mice was higher than that of Mie/41/2002 but lower than that of Muar; however, there were no significant differences in neurovirulence in mice among the three strains. The neutralizing titers of sera from 19CxBa-83-Cv- and Mie/41/2002-inoculated mice against 19CxBa-83-Cv and Mie/41/2002 were similar, whereas the titers against Muar were lower than those of the other two viruses. The neutralizing titers of JE vaccine-inoculated mouse pool serum against 19CxBa-83-Cv and Muar were significantly lower than those against Mie/41/2002. The neutralizing titers against the three viruses were similar in three out of the five serum samples from GI-infected JE patients, although the titers against Mie/41/2002 were higher than those against 19CxBa-83-Cv and Muar in the remaining two sera samples. In summary, we identified the basic characteristics of 19CxBa-83-Cv, but further studies are needed to better understand GIV JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Tajima
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maeki
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Eri Nakayama
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Astri Nur Faizah
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Isawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Maekawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Sri Subekti Bendryman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Institute of Tropical Diseases, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Kris Cahyo Mulyatno
- Laboratory of Entomology, Institute of Tropical Diseases, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Etik Ainun Rohmah
- Laboratory of Entomology, Institute of Tropical Diseases, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Yasuko Mori
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kyoko Sawabe
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hideki Ebihara
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Chang-Kweng Lim
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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11
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Sharma KB, Chhabra S, Kalia M. Japanese Encephalitis Virus-Infected Cells. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:251-281. [PMID: 38159231 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
RNA virus infections have been a leading cause of pandemics. Aided by global warming and increased connectivity, their threat is likely to increase over time. The flaviviruses are one such RNA virus family, and its prototypes such as the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Dengue virus, Zika virus, West Nile virus, etc., pose a significant health burden on several endemic countries. All viruses start off their life cycle with an infected cell, wherein a series of events are set in motion as the virus and host battle for autonomy. With their remarkable capacity to hijack cellular systems and, subvert/escape defence pathways, viruses are able to establish infection and disseminate in the body, causing disease. Using this strategy, JEV replicates and spreads through several cell types such as epithelial cells, fibroblasts, monocytes and macrophages, and ultimately breaches the blood-brain barrier to infect neurons and microglia. The neurotropic nature of JEV, its high burden on the paediatric population, and its lack of any specific antivirals/treatment strategies emphasise the need for biomedical research-driven solutions. Here, we highlight the latest research developments on Japanese encephalitis virus-infected cells and discuss how these can aid in the development of future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bala Sharma
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Simran Chhabra
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India.
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12
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Pinapati KK, Tandon R, Tripathi P, Srivastava N. Recent advances to overcome the burden of Japanese encephalitis: A zoonotic infection with problematic early detection. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2383. [PMID: 35983697 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne neurotropic disease caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) associated with high mortality rate distributed from Eastern and Southern Asia to Northern Queensland (Australia). The challenges in early detection and lack of point-of-care biomarkers make it the most important Flavivirus causing encephalitis. There is no specific treatment for the disease, although vaccines are licenced. In this review, we focussed on point-of-care biomarkers as early detection tools and developing the effective therapeutic agents that could halt JE. We have also provided molecular details of JEV, disease progression, and its pathogenesis with recent findings which might bring insights to overcome the disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Kumar Pinapati
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Lucknow, Uttra Pradesh, India
| | - Reetika Tandon
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Lucknow, Uttra Pradesh, India
| | - Pratima Tripathi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Lucknow, Uttra Pradesh, India
| | - Nidhi Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Lucknow, Uttra Pradesh, India
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13
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Isolation and Genetic Characterization of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Two Decades after Its Elimination in Singapore. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122662. [PMID: 36560666 PMCID: PMC9786948 DOI: 10.3390/v14122662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an important arbovirus in Asia that can cause serious neurological disease. JEV is transmitted by mosquitoes in an enzootic cycle involving porcine and avian reservoirs, in which humans are accidental, dead-end hosts. JEV is currently not endemic in Singapore, after pig farming was abolished in 1992; the last known human case was reported in 2005. However, due to its location along the East-Asian Australasian Flyway (EAAF), Singapore is vulnerable to JEV re-introduction from the endemic regions. Serological and genetic evidence in the last decade suggests JEV's presence in the local fauna. In the present study, we report the genetic characterization and the first isolation of JEV from 3214 mosquito pools consisting of 41,843 Culex mosquitoes, which were trapped from April 2014 to May 2021. The findings demonstrated the presence of genotype I of JEV (n = 10), in contrast to the previous reports of the presence of genotype II of JEV in Singapore. The genetic analyses also suggested that JEV has entered Singapore on several occasions and has potentially established an enzootic cycle in the local fauna. These observations have important implications in the risk assessment and the control of Japanese encephalitis in non-endemic countries, such as Singapore, that are at risk for JEV transmission.
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14
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Japanese Encephalitis Virus: The Emergence of Genotype IV in Australia and Its Potential Endemicity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112480. [PMID: 36366578 PMCID: PMC9698845 DOI: 10.3390/v14112480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A fatal case of Japanese encephalitis (JE) occurred in northern Australia in early 2021. Sequence studies showed that the virus belonged to genotype IV (GIV), a genotype previously believed to be restricted to the Indonesian archipelago. This was the first locally acquired case of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) GIV to occur outside Indonesia, and the second confirmed fatal human case caused by a GIV virus. A closely related GIV JEV strain subsequently caused a widespread outbreak in eastern Australia in 2022 that was first detected by fetal death and abnormalities in commercial piggeries. Forty-two human cases also occurred with seven fatalities. This has been the first major outbreak of JEV in mainland Australia, and geographically the largest virgin soil outbreak recorded for JEV. This outbreak provides an opportunity to discuss and document the factors involved in the virus' spread and its ecology in a novel ecological milieu in which other flaviviruses, including members of the JE serological complex, also occur. The probable vertebrate hosts and mosquito vectors are discussed with respect to virus spread and its possible endemicity in Australia, and the need to develop a One Health approach to develop improved surveillance methods to rapidly detect future outbreak activity across a large geographical area containing a sparse human population. Understanding the spread of JEV in a novel ecological environment is relevant to the possible threat that JEV may pose in the future to other receptive geographic areas, such as the west coast of the United States, southern Europe or Africa.
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15
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Evaluation of dogs (Canis familiaris) as an indicator of Japanese encephalitis (JE) outbreaks: A retrospective serological study in the Seoul metropolitan area around the 2010 resurgence of JE in the Republic of Korea. One Health 2022; 15:100459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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16
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Lee AR, Song JM, Seo SU. Emerging Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotype V in Republic of Korea. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:955-959. [PMID: 35879275 PMCID: PMC9628952 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2207.07002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vaccine-preventable mosquito-borne disease caused by infection with the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). JEV has five genotypes, including genotype V (GV), which is considered ancestral to the other genotypes. The first GV strain, GV Muar, was isolated from a Malayan patient in 1952 and GV did not reappear for 57 years until GV XZ0934 was isolated from a mosquito sample in China. Since 2010, 21 GV strains have been identified in Republic of Korea (ROK). Both GV Muar and GV XZ0934 are more pathogenic than other GI/GIII strains and are serologically distinct. However, because the ROK's GV strains have not been experimentally tested, their characteristics are not known. Characterization of the ROK's isolates is needed to enable development of effective GV strain-based vaccines to protect against GV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Ra Lee
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Min Song
- School of Biopharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul 01133, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Uk Seo
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-2258-7355 Fax: +82-2-2258-8969 E-mail:
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17
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Putra IGAA, Adi AAAM, Astawa INM, Kardena IM, Wandia IN, Soma IG, Brotcorne F, Fuentes A. First survey on seroprevalence of Japanese encephalitis in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Bali, Indonesia. Vet World 2022; 15:1341-1346. [PMID: 35765485 PMCID: PMC9210850 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1341-1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a zoonotic infectious inflammatory brain disease caused by the JE virus (JEV). Considerable research into the seroprevalence of JE in domestic animals has been conducted, but there have been no reports of its occurrence in wild animals, including long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of JEV infection and its determinants in long-tailed macaques in Bali and the prevalence of mosquito vectors. Materials and Methods: Blood samples (3 mL) were collected from a population of M. fascicularis (92 heads) inhabiting a small forest with irrigated rice field nearby (wetland area) in Ubud, Gianyar, and from two populations in dryland areas with no wet rice field (Uluwatu, Badung, and Nusa Penida, Bali Province, Indonesia). The collected sera were tested for antibodies against JEV using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (qualitative monkey JE Immunoglobulin G antibody kit). The seropositivity of the antibodies was then compared based on different variables, namely, habitat type, age, and sex. Results: The seroprevalence of the JEV antibodies in all the samples tested was found to be 41.3%. The seropositivity of the monkey serum samples collected from the wetland area was 46.4%, which was higher than the seropositivity of the sera samples collected from the dried field areas (1.25%). Monkey sera collected from the wetland areas were 6.1 times (odds ratio [OR]: 6.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.71-51.5, p>0.05) more likely to be seropositive compared to the monkey sera collected from the dried field areas. Meanwhile, female monkeys were 1.79 times (OR: 1.79; 95% CI: 0.76-4.21; p>0.05) more likely to be seropositive to JEV than males. Similarly, juvenile monkeys were 2.38 times (OR: 2.38; 95% CI: 0.98-5.79); p>0.05) more likely to be seropositive against the JEV than adult monkeys. However, none of these differences achieved statistical significance. Regarding the JEV mosquito vector collection, more Culex mosquitoes were found in the samples from the wetland areas than from the dried field areas. Conclusion: The study confirms the existence of JEV infection in long-tailed macaques in Bali. There were patterned seropositivity differences based on habitat, age, and sex of the monkeys, but these were not significant. The possibility of monkeys as a JEV reservoir and the presence of the mosquitoes as the JEV vector are suggested but require more study to confirm.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gusti Agung Arta Putra
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Udayana University, Kampus Bukit, Jimbaran, Badung, Bali, Indonesia; Primate Research Center, Udayana University, Kampus Bukit, Jimbaran, Badung, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Anak Agung Ayu Mirah Adi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Kampus Sudirman, Jalan PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Nyoman Mantik Astawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Kampus Sudirman, Jalan PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Made Kardena
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Kampus Sudirman, Jalan PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Nengah Wandia
- Primate Research Center, Udayana University, Kampus Bukit, Jimbaran, Badung, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Gede Soma
- Primate Research Center, Udayana University, Kampus Bukit, Jimbaran, Badung, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Fany Brotcorne
- Research Unit SPHERES, Department of Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Agustin Fuentes
- Department of Anthropology, Princeton University, 123 Aaron Burr Hall, Princeton NJ 08544, United States
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18
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Park SE. Importance of maintaining a high childhood vaccination rate and surveillance program against Japanese encephalitis in Korea. Clin Exp Pediatr 2022; 65:127-128. [PMID: 35176836 PMCID: PMC8898613 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2021.01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Su Eun Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
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19
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National Monitoring of Mosquito Populations and Molecular Analysis of Flavivirus in the Republic of Korea in 2020. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102085. [PMID: 34683405 PMCID: PMC8538701 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency has established centers at 16 locations to screen vector populations and pathogens. The aims of this study were to determine the relative spatiotemporal distributions of mosquitoes that are flavivirus vectors, and to correlate them with instances of flaviviral disease in the Republic of Korea (ROK). We collected 67,203 mosquitoes in traps at 36 collection sites in 30 urban regions and migratory bird habitats in 2020. The trap index was 36.6, and the predominant mosquito species were the Culex pipiens complex, Armigeres subalbatus, Aedes albopictus, Aedes vexans, and Culex tritaeniorhynchus. The mosquitoes were pooled into 4953 pools to monitor flavivirus infection. We determined that the minimum infection rate of flavivirus was 0.01%. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) was detected in only seven pools of Culex orientalis from Sangju, and we isolated JVE from two pools. All detected JEV was found to be genotype V by phylogenetic analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to isolate genotype V JVE from Culex orientalis in the ROK. Subsequent geographical and ecological studies on mosquitoes will help improve our understanding of the relative risk of flavivirus infection. Future studies should analyze mosquito species distribution and improve flavivirus monitoring and long-term surveillance.
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20
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Tajima S, Taniguchi S, Nakayama E, Maeki T, Inagaki T, Saijo M, Lim CK. Immunogenicity and Protective Ability of Genotype I-Based Recombinant Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) with Attenuation Mutations in E Protein against Genotype V JEV. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101077. [PMID: 34696184 PMCID: PMC8538582 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotype V (GV) Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) has emerged in Korea and China since 2009. Recent findings suggest that current Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccines may reduce the ability to induce neutralizing antibodies against GV JEV compared to other genotypes. This study sought to produce a novel live attenuated JE vaccine with a high efficacy against GV JEV. Genotype I (GI)-GV intertypic recombinant strain rJEV-EXZ0934-M41 (EXZ0934), in which the E region of the GI Mie/41/2002 strain was replaced with that of GV strain XZ0934, was introduced with the same 10 attenuation substitutions in the E region found in the live attenuated JE vaccine strain SA 14-14-2 to produce a novel mutant virus rJEV-EXZ/SA14142m-M41 (EXZ/SA14142m). In addition, another mutant rJEV-EM41/SA14142m-M41 (EM41/SA14142m), which has the same substitutions in the Mie/41/2002, was also produced. The neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence of the two mutant viruses were significantly reduced in mice. The mutant viruses induced neutralizing antibodies against GV JEV in mice. The growth of EXZ/SA14142m was lower than that of EM41/SA14142m. In mouse challenge tests, a single inoculation with a high dose of the mutants blocked lethal GV JEV infections; however, the protective efficacy of EXZ/SA14142m was weaker than that of EM41/SA14142m in low-dose inoculations. The lower protection potency of EXZ/SA14142m may be ascribed to the reduced growth ability caused by the attenuation mutations.
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21
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Kardena IM, Adi AAAM, Astawa NM, O’Dea M, Laurence M, Sahibzada S, Bruce M. Japanese encephalitis in Bali, Indonesia: ecological and socio-cultural perspectives. Int J Vet Sci Med 2021; 9:31-43. [PMID: 34589543 PMCID: PMC8451599 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2021.1975879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing number of cases of acute encephalitis syndrome, a key presenting clinical sign of Japanese encephalitis infection in humans, along with increasing laboratory confirmed cases in Bali over recent years have led to the Indonesian government developing a national program of vaccination against Japanese encephalitis virus. In order to inform multidisciplinary management, a review was conducted to assess Japanese encephalitis virus-related cases in humans and animals including their determinants and detection in vectors. Along with published literature, key data from local authorized officers in Bali have been used to convey the recent situation of the disease. Related surveys detected up to 92% of the local children had antibodies against the virus with the annual incidence estimated to be 7.1 per 100,000 children. Additionally, reports on young and adult cases of infection within international travellers infected in Bali were documented with both non-fatal and fatal outcomes. Further seroprevalence surveys detected up to 90% with antibodies to the virus in animal reservoirs. The detection of the virus in certain Culex mosquito species and high levels of seropositivity may be associated with greater risk of the virus transmission to the human population. It was also highlighted that local sociocultural practices for agriculture and livestock were potentially associated with the high density of the vector and the reservoirs, which then may lead to the risk of the disease transmission in the ecology of Bali.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Made Kardena
- Department of Biopathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Anak Agung Ayu Mirah Adi
- Department of Biopathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Nyoman Mantik Astawa
- Department of Biopathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Mark O’Dea
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Dpird Diagnostics and Laboratory Services, Sustainability and Biosecurity, South Perth, Western Australia
| | - Michael Laurence
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Shafi Sahibzada
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Mieghan Bruce
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
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22
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Sanborn MA, Wuertz KM, Kim HC, Yang Y, Li T, Pollett SD, Jarman RG, Berry IM, Klein TA, Hang J. Metagenomic analysis reveals Culex mosquito virome diversity and Japanese encephalitis genotype V in the Republic of Korea. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:5470-5487. [PMID: 34418188 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging viruses have shown that timely detection of novel arboviruses with epidemic potential is essential to mitigate human health risks. There are rising concerns that emergent JEV genotype V (GV) is circulating in Asia, against which current vaccines may not be efficacious. To ascertain if JEV GV and other arboviruses are circulating in East Asia, we conducted next-generation sequencing on 260 pools of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex bitaeniorhynchus mosquitoes (6540 specimens) collected at Camp Humphreys, Republic of Korea (ROK) in 2018. Interrogation of our data revealed a highly abundant and diverse virosphere that contained sequences from 122 distinct virus species. Our statistical and hierarchical analysis uncovered correlates of potential health, virological, and ecological relevance. Furthermore, we obtained evidence that JEV GV was circulating in Pyeongtaek and, retrospectively, in Seoul in 2016 and placed these findings within the context of human and fowl reservoir activity. Sequence-based analysis of JEV GV showed a divergent genotype that is the most distant from the GIII-derived live attenuated SA14-14-2 vaccine strain and indicated regions probably responsible for reduced antibody affinity. These results emphasize recent concerns of shifting JEV genotype in East Asia and highlight the critical need for a vaccine proven efficacious against this re-emergent virus. Together, our one-health approach to Culex viral metagenomics uncovered novel insights into virus ecology and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Sanborn
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Heung-Chul Kim
- Force Health Protection & Preventive Medicine, US Army Medical Activity-Korea, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit #15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Yu Yang
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Tao Li
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Simon D Pollett
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Richard G Jarman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Irina Maljkovic Berry
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Terry A Klein
- Force Health Protection & Preventive Medicine, US Army Medical Activity-Korea, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit #15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Jun Hang
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Chatterjee S, Kim CM, Yun NR, Kim DM, Song HJ, Chung KA. Molecular detection and identification of Culex flavivirus in mosquito species from Jeju, Republic of Korea. Virol J 2021; 18:150. [PMID: 34281569 PMCID: PMC8287664 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are prime pathogens and have been a major hazard to humans and animals. They comprise several arthropod-borne viruses, including dengue virus, yellow fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and West Nile virus. Culex flavivirus (CxFV) is a member of the insect-specific flavivirus (ISF) group belonging to the genus Flavivirus, which is widely distributed in a variety of mosquito populations.
Methods Viral nucleic acid was extracted from adult mosquito pools and subjected to reverse transcriptase nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using target-specific primers for detecting CxFV nonstructural protein 5 (NS5). The PCR-positive samples were then sequenced, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed, including reference sequences obtained from GenBank. Results 21 pools, belonging to Culex pipiens pallens (Cx. p. pallens) were found to be positive for the CxFV RNA sequence, with a minimum infection rate of 14.5/1000 mosquitoes. The phylogenetic analysis of the NS5 protein sequences indicated that the detected sequences were closely related to strains identified in China, with 95–98% sequence similarities. Conclusion Our findings highlight the presence of CxFV in Cx. p. pallens mosquito species in Jeju province, Republic of Korea. This is the first study reporting the prevalence of CxFV in Culex Pipiens (Cx. pipiens) host in the Jeju province, which can create possible interaction with other flaviviruses causing human and animal diseases. Although, mosquito-borne disease causing viruses were not identified properly, more detailed surveillance and investigation of both the host and viruses are essential to understand the prevalence, evolutionary relationship and genetic characteristic with other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Chatterjee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, 588 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61453, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Mee Kim
- Department of Premedical Science, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Ra Yun
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, 588 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61453, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Min Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, 588 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61453, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyeon Je Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Gwangju Health University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeoung A Chung
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Gwangju Health University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Sharma KB, Vrati S, Kalia M. Pathobiology of Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 81:100994. [PMID: 34274157 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a flavivirus, spread by the bite of carrier Culex mosquitoes. The subsequent disease caused is Japanese encephalitis (JE), which is the leading global cause of virus-induced encephalitis. The disease is predominant in the entire Asia-Pacific region with the potential of global spread. JEV is highly neuroinvasive with symptoms ranging from mild fever to severe encephalitis and death. One-third of JE infections are fatal, and half of the survivors develop permanent neurological sequelae. Disease prognosis is determined by a series of complex and intertwined signaling events dictated both by the virus and the host. All flaviviruses, including JEV replicate in close association with ER derived membranes by channelizing the protein and lipid components of the ER. This leads to activation of acute stress responses in the infected cell-oxidative stress, ER stress, and autophagy. The host innate immune and inflammatory responses also enter the fray, the components of which are inextricably linked to the cellular stress responses. These are especially crucial in the periphery for dendritic cell maturation and establishment of adaptive immunity. The pathogenesis of JEV is a combination of direct virus induced neuronal cell death and an uncontrolled neuroinflammatory response. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the JEV life cycle and how the cellular stress responses dictate the pathobiology and resulting immune response. We also deliberate on how modulation of these stress pathways could be a potential strategy to develop therapeutic interventions, and define the persisting challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bala Sharma
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.
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Hameed M, Wahaab A, Nawaz M, Khan S, Nazir J, Liu K, Wei J, Ma Z. Potential Role of Birds in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Zoonotic Transmission and Genotype Shift. Viruses 2021; 13:357. [PMID: 33668224 PMCID: PMC7996159 DOI: 10.3390/v13030357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vaccine-preventable disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which is primarily prevalent in Asia. JEV is a Flavivirus, classified into a single serotype with five genetically distinct genotypes (I, II, III, IV, and V). JEV genotype III (GIII) had been the most dominant strain and caused numerous outbreaks in the JEV endemic countries until 1990. However, recent data shows the emergence of JEV genotype I (GI) as a dominant genotype and it is gradually displacing GIII. The exact mechanism of this genotype displacement is still unclear. The virus can replicate in mosquito vectors and vertebrate hosts to maintain its zoonotic life cycle; pigs and aquatic wading birds act as an amplifying/reservoir hosts, and the humans and equines are dead-end hosts. The important role of pigs as an amplifying host for the JEV is well known. However, the influence of other domestic animals, especially birds, that live in high abundance and close proximity to the human is not well studied. Here, we strive to briefly highlight the role of birds in the JEV zoonotic transmission, discovery of birds as a natural reservoirs and amplifying host for JEV, species of birds susceptible to the JEV infection, and the proposed effect of JEV on the poultry industry in the future, a perspective that has been neglected for a long time. We also discuss the recent in vitro and in vivo studies that show that the newly emerged GI viruses replicated more efficiently in bird-derived cells and ducklings/chicks than GIII, and an important role of birds in the JEV genotype shift from GIII to GI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muddassar Hameed
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Abdul Wahaab
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Mohsin Nawaz
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Sawar Khan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Jawad Nazir
- Vaccinologist/Head Virology, Tréidlia Biovet Pty Ltd. Units, Seven Hills, NSW 2147, Australia;
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.L.)
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Rapid and simultaneous detection of Japanese encephalitis virus by real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. Microb Pathog 2021; 150:104724. [PMID: 33400988 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Japaneses encephalitis (JE) is most common zoonoses caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) with a high mortality and disability rate. To take timely preventive and control measures, early and rapid detection of JE RNA is necessary. But due to characteristic brief and low viraemia, JE RNA detection remains challenging. In this study, a real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (RT-NASBA) was developed for rapid and simultaneous detection of JEV. Four pairs of primer were designed using a multiple genome alignment of all JEV strains from GenBank. NASBA assay established and optimal reaction conditions were confirmed by using primers and probe on ns1 gene of JEV. The specificity and sensitivity of the assay were compared with RT-PCR by using serial RNA and virus cultivation dilutions. The results showed that JEV RT-NASBA assay was established, and robust signals could be observed in 10 min with high specificity. The limit of dectetion of RT-NASBA was 6 copies per reaction. The assay was thus 100 to 1, 000 times more sensitive than RT-PCR. The cross-reaction was performed with other porcine pathogens, and negative amplification results indicated the high specificity of this method. The novel JEV RT-NASBA assay could be used as an efficient molecular biology tool to diagnose JEV, which would facilitate the surveillance of reproductive failure disease in swine and would be beneficial for public health security.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Japanese encephalitis (JE) is one of the most serious viral infectious diseases of the central nervous system in Asia. The clinical manifestations of it might be non-specific. We herein report a case of JE mimicking acute ischemic stroke. PATIENT CONCERNS A 52-year-old man presented with acute onset of left-sided limb weakness for 2 hours and a 5-year history of hypertension but with no fever or cold before the onset. Immediate cranial computed tomography scan showed small ischemic foci. DIAGNOSIS Initial diagnosis revealed acute cerebral infarction as the symptoms mimicked stroke at onset. Furthermore, his symptoms progressed and magnetic resonance scan after 6 days of onset appeared negative on diffusion weighted imaging. Other etiologies were also then considered. Japanese encephalitis virus immunoglobulin M in the serum supported positive diagnosis of JE. INTERVENTIONS The patient was given Ribavirin, and then his symptoms slowly improved. OUTCOMES Brain MRI on day 29 after the onset revealed high-intensity lesions in bilateral thalamus on diffusion weighted imaging. During the follow-up (at about 2 months after the onset), the patient's consciousness was clear but could not walk. At about 6 months after the onset, he could walk with parkinsonian features. CONCLUSION Diagnosis of JE that mimicked acute stroke at onset and with no fever can be challenging. Recognition of disease development, MRI and Japanese encephalitis virus immunoglobulinM findings are helpful in early definitive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
| | - Fudi Chen
- Department of Emergency, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
| | - Chunxia Li
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
| | - Yifeng Du
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
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Im JH, Kim TS, Chung MH, Baek JH, Kwon HY, Lee JS. Current Status and a Perspective of Mosquito-Borne Diseases in the Republic of Korea. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 21:69-77. [PMID: 33136531 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Mosquito-borne diseases in the Republic of Korea have a unique epidemiology due to the rapid improvement in hygiene and economic status, occurrence of four distinct seasons, and separation from North Korea owing to the political situation. Therefore, we aimed to analyze and review the epidemiology of mosquito-borne diseases in Korea. Methods: The incidence and geographical distribution of malaria, Japanese encephalitis (JE), Zika virus infection, chikungunya fever, and dengue fever were investigated using data from the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lymphatic filariasis and West Nile fever, which have rarely been reported in Korea, have also been discussed in this literature review. Results and Conclusions: Malaria disappeared from Korea in 1979, but since its re-emergence in 1993 there has been constant occurrence with local transmission. In Korea, vivax malaria is the only prevailing disease, and the clinically problematic chloroquine resistance has not been reported. The incidence of JE has greatly reduced since the introduction of the national vaccination program for children in 1985. However, the incidence of JE has been increasing recently, especially in adults >40 years of age. Filariasis, which was previously endemic to Jeju Island and the southern coastal area, has not been reported since 2002. Although there are numerous imported cases with increasing overseas travel, there are still no indigenous cases of Zika, chikungunya, and dengue fever reported in Korea. The West Nile virus was isolated from migratory birds, but there has been only one imported human case to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyoung Im
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tong-Soo Kim
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Hyun Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seogwipo Medical Center, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Baek
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hea Yoon Kwon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Bahk YY, Park SH, Kim-Jeon MD, Oh SS, Jung H, Jun H, Kim KA, Park JM, Ahn SK, Lee J, Choi EJ, Moon BS, Gong YW, Kwon MJ, Kim TS. Monitoring Culicine Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) as a Vector of Flavivirus in Incheon Metropolitan City and Hwaseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea, during 2019. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 58:551-558. [PMID: 33202507 PMCID: PMC7672235 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The flaviviruses are small single-stranded RNA viruses that are typically transmitted by mosquitoes or tick vectors and are etiological agents of acute zoonotic infections. The viruses are found around the world and account for significant cases of human diseases. We investigated population of culicine mosquitoes in central region of Korean Peninsula, Incheon Metropolitan City and Hwaseong-si. Aedes vexans nipponii was the most frequently collected mosquitoes (56.5%), followed by Ochlerotatus dorsalis (23.6%), Anopheles spp. (10.9%), and Culex pipiens complex (5.9%). In rural regions of Hwaseong, Aedes vexans nipponii was the highest population (62.9%), followed by Ochlerotatus dorsalis (23.9%) and Anopheles spp. (12.0%). In another rural region of Incheon (habitat of migratory birds), Culex pipiens complex was the highest population (31.4%), followed by Ochlerotatus dorsalis (30.5%), and Aedes vexans vexans (27.5%). Culex pipiens complex was the predominant species in the urban region (84.7%). Culicine mosquitoes were identified at the species level, pooled up to 30 mosquitoes each, and tested for flaviviral RNA using the SYBR Green-based RT-PCR and confirmed by cDNA sequencing. Three of the assayed 2,683 pools (989 pools without Anopheles spp.) were positive for Culex flaviviruses, an insect-specific virus, from Culex pipiens pallens collected at the habitats for migratory birds in Incheon. The maximum likelihood estimation (the estimated number) for Culex pipiens pallens positive for Culex flavivirus was 25. Although viruses responsible for mosquito-borne diseases were not identified, we encourage intensified monitoring and long-term surveillance of both vector and viruses in the interest of global public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Yil Bahk
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Seo Hye Park
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine & Global Resource Bank of Parasitic Protozoa Pathogens, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Myung-Deok Kim-Jeon
- Department of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis, Incheon Metropolitan City Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon 22320, Korea
| | - Sung-Suck Oh
- Department of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis, Incheon Metropolitan City Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon 22320, Korea
| | - Haneul Jung
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine & Global Resource Bank of Parasitic Protozoa Pathogens, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Hojong Jun
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine & Global Resource Bank of Parasitic Protozoa Pathogens, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ae Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis, Incheon Metropolitan City Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon 22320, Korea
| | - Jong Myong Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis, Incheon Metropolitan City Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon 22320, Korea
| | - Seong Kyu Ahn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine & Global Resource Bank of Parasitic Protozoa Pathogens, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Lee
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine & Global Resource Bank of Parasitic Protozoa Pathogens, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Eun-Jeong Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis, Incheon Metropolitan City Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon 22320, Korea
| | - Bag-Sou Moon
- Department of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis, Incheon Metropolitan City Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon 22320, Korea
| | - Young Woo Gong
- Department of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis, Incheon Metropolitan City Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon 22320, Korea
| | - Mun Ju Kwon
- Department of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis, Incheon Metropolitan City Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon 22320, Korea
| | - Tong-Soo Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine & Global Resource Bank of Parasitic Protozoa Pathogens, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
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Wang CJ, Zeng ZL, Zhang FS, Guo SG. Clinical features of adult anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis after Japanese encephalitis. J Neurol Sci 2020; 417:117080. [PMID: 32777576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Juan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Zi-Ling Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Shou-Gang Guo
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China.
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Li C, Di D, Huang H, Wang X, Xia Q, Ma X, Liu K, Li B, Shao D, Qiu Y, Li Z, Wei J, Ma Z. NS5-V372A and NS5-H386Y variations are responsible for differences in interferon α/β induction and co-contribute to the replication advantage of Japanese encephalitis virus genotype I over genotype III in ducklings. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008773. [PMID: 32881988 PMCID: PMC7494076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype I (GI) replicates more efficiently than genotype III (GIII) in birds, and this difference is considered to be one of the reasons for the JEV genotype shift. In this study, we utilized duck embryo fibroblasts and domestic ducklings as in vitro and in vivo models of a JEV amplifying avian host to identify the viral determinants of the differing replication efficiency between the GI and GIII strains in birds. GI strains induced significantly lower levels of interferon (IFN)-α and β production than GIII strains, an effect orrelated with the enhanced replication efficiency of GI strains over GIII strains. By using a series of chimeric viruses with exchange of viral structural and non-structural (NS) proteins, we identified NS5 as the viral determinant of the differences in IFN-α and β induction and replication efficiency between the GI and III strains. NS5 inhibited IFN-α and β production induced by poly(I:C) stimulation and harbored 11 amino acid variations, of which the NS5-V372A and NS5-H386Y variations were identified to co-contribute to the differences in IFN-α and β induction and replication efficiency between the strains. The NS5-V372A and NS5-H386Y variations resulted in alterations in the number of hydrogen bonds formed with neighboring residues, which were associated with the different ability of the GI and GIII strains to inhibit IFN-α and β production. Our findings indicated that the NS5-V372A and NS5-H386Y variations enabled GI strains to inhibit IFN-α and β production more efficiently than GIII strains for antagonism of the IFN-I mediated antiviral response, thereby leading to the replication and host adaption advantages of GI strains over GIII strains in birds. These findings provide new insight into the molecular basis of the JEV genotype shift. The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) transmission cycle is maintained by mosquitoes and amplification hosts (pigs and birds). In areas without large pig populations, birds play a major role in the maintenance of the JEV transmission cycle. The shift in the dominant JEV genotype from genotype III (GIII) to genotype I (GI) is occurring in most countries in Asia. GI strains replicates more efficiently than GIII strains in birds, and this difference has been considered one of the reasons for the JEV genotype shift. By using a series of chimeric viruses with exchange of viral structural and non-structural (NS) proteins, we demonstrated that NS5 is the viral determinant of the differences in replication efficiencies between the GI and III strains in birds. Furthermore, the NS5-V372A and NS5-H386Y variations were identified to co-contribute to the differences in type I interferon (IFN-I) induction and replication efficiency between the strains. Our findings suggested that the NS5-V372A and NS5-H386Y variations enable GI strains to inhibit IFN-I production more efficiently than GIII strains, thus resulting in antagonism of the IFN-I mediated antiviral response and consequently conferring a replication and host adaption advantage to GI strains over GIII strains in birds. These findings provide new insight into the molecular basis of the JEV genotype shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Di Di
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hui Huang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qiqi Xia
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochun Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zongjie Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (JW); (ZM)
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (JW); (ZM)
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Ladreyt H, Auerswald H, Tum S, Ken S, Heng L, In S, Lay S, Top C, Ly S, Duong V, Dussart P, Durand B, Chevalier V. Comparison of Japanese Encephalitis Force of Infection in Pigs, Poultry and Dogs in Cambodian Villages. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090719. [PMID: 32882890 PMCID: PMC7558861 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the main cause of human viral encephalitis in Asia, with a mortality rate reaching 30%, mostly affecting children. The traditionally described cycle involving wild birds as reservoirs, pigs as amplifying hosts and Culex mosquitoes as vectors is questioned, with increasing evidence of a more complex multi-host system involved in areas where densities of pigs are low, such as in Cambodia. In 2018, we examined pigs, chickens, ducks and dogs from Kandal province, Cambodia, for antibody response against JEV by hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization assays. Forces of infection (FOI) for flaviviruses and JEV were estimated per species and per unit of body surface area (BSA). JEV seroprevalence reached 31% (95% CI: 23-41%) in pigs, 1% (95% CI: 0.1-3%) in chickens, 12% (95% CI: 7-19%) in ducks and 35% (95% CI: 28-42%) in dogs. Pigs were most likely to be infected (FOI: 0.09 per month), but the FOI was higher in ducks than in pigs for a given BSA (ratio of 0.13). Dogs had a lower FOI than ducks but a higher FOI than chickens (0.01 per month). For a given BSA, dogs were less likely to be infected than pigs (ratio of 1.9). In Cambodia, the virus may be circulating between multiple hosts. Dogs live in close contact with humans, and estimating their exposure to JEV infection could be a relevant indicator of the risk for humans to get infected, which is poorly known due to underdiagnosis. Understanding the JEV cycle and developing tools to quantify the exposure of humans is essential to adapt and support control measures for this vaccine-preventable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héléna Ladreyt
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (H.L.); (B.D.)
- International Center of Research in Agriculture for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Heidi Auerswald
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Sothyra Tum
- National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, General Directorate for Animal Health and Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia;
| | - Sreymom Ken
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Leangyi Heng
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Saraden In
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Sokchea Lay
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia;
| | - Chakriyouth Top
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Sowath Ly
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia;
| | - Veasna Duong
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Benoit Durand
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (H.L.); (B.D.)
| | - Véronique Chevalier
- International Center of Research in Agriculture for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia;
- International Center of Research in Agriculture for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
- Correspondence:
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Hameed M, Khan S, Xu J, Zhang J, Wang X, Di D, Chen Z, Naveed Anwar M, Wahaab A, Ma X, Nawaz M, Liu K, Li B, Shao D, Qiu Y, Wei J, Ma Z. Detection of Japanese encephalitis virus in mosquitoes from Xinjiang during next-generation sequencing arboviral surveillance. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:467-476. [PMID: 32614516 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A total of 548 mosquitoes were collected from different animal farms located near to highly populated cities in Xinjiang and were subjected to metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). The mNGS data demonstrated that 18,842 (XJ1 strain) and 1,077 (XJ2 strain) of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)-related reads were detected in XJ1 and XJ2 mosquito samples collected from Wushi and Wensu counties of Aksu area, which accounted for 0.032% and 0.006% of the total clean reads generated from XJ1 and XJ2 samples, respectively. The Bayesian molecular phylogenetic analysis suggested that XJ1 and XJ2 strains belonged to JEV genotype III and were clustered with JEV strains isolated in China. Notably, Bayesian molecular time line phylogeny revealed that XJ1 strain shared its MRCA with JEV GSS strain about 67 YA, suggesting that XJ1 strain likely originated from linages closely related to GSS strain and spread to Xinjiang later. Overall, these findings suggest that Xinjiang was probably not free from JEV, and thus, a further surveillance of JEV is required in Xinjiang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muddassar Hameed
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Sawar Khan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jinpeng Xu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Di Di
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Muhammad Naveed Anwar
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Abdul Wahaab
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaochun Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Mohsin Nawaz
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
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Amino Acid at Position 166 of NS2A in Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) is Associated with In Vitro Growth Characteristics of JEV. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070709. [PMID: 32629892 PMCID: PMC7412020 DOI: 10.3390/v12070709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that the growth ability of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype V (GV) strain Muar is clearly lower than that of the genotype I (GI) JEV strain Mie/41/2002 in murine neuroblastoma cells. Here, we sought to identify the region in GV JEV that is involved in its low growth potential in cultured cells. An intertypic virus containing the NS1-3 region of Muar in the Mie/41/2002 backbone (NS1-3Muar) exhibited a markedly diminished growth ability in murine neuroblastoma cells. Moreover, the growth rate of a Muar NS2A-bearing intertypic virus (NS2AMuar) was also similar to that of Muar in these cells, indicating that NS2A of Muar is one of the regions responsible for the Muar-specific growth ability in murine neuroblastoma cells. Sequencing analysis of murine neuroblastoma Neuro-2a cell-adapted NS1-3Muar virus clones revealed that His-to-Tyr mutation at position 166 of NS2A (NS2A166) could rescue the low replication ability of NS1-3Muar in Neuro-2a cells. Notably, a virus harboring a Tyr-to-His substitution at NS2A166 (NS2AY166H) showed a decreased growth ability relative to that of the parental virus Mie/41/2002, whereas an NS2AMuar-based mutant virus, NS2AMuar-H166Y, showed a higher growth ability than NS2AMuar in Neuro-2a cells. Thus, these results indicate that the NS2A166 amino acid in JEV is critical for the growth and tissue tropism of JEV in vitro.
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Choe YJ, Jee Y, Takashima Y, Lee JK. Japanese encephalitis in the Western Pacific Region: Implication from the Republic of Korea. Vaccine 2020; 38:2760-2763. [PMID: 32111531 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is endemic in the Western Pacific Region. We aim to describe the regional status of control of JE, based on the World Health Organization (WHO) surveillance data, and to share the experience from the Republic of Korea. Substantial progress has been made in the region to date; however, epidemiologic changes have not been delineated. The vaccination coverage should be addressed to close the immunity gap. The lessons learned from Korea may aid in establishing a high-quality surveillance system with a sustainable JE vaccination program in order to prepare for new challenges that this region will face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young June Choe
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmee Jee
- National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoshihiro Takashima
- Expanded Programme on Immunization Unit, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jong-Koo Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Center for Healthy Society and Education, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Jegal S, Jun H, Kim-Jeon MD, Park SH, Ahn SK, Lee J, Gong YW, Joo K, Kwon MJ, Roh JY, Lee WG, Lee W, Bahk YY, Kim TS. Three-year surveillance of culicine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for flavivirus infections in Incheon Metropolitan City and Hwaseong-si of Gyeonggi-do Province, Republic of Korea. Acta Trop 2020; 202:105258. [PMID: 31733189 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a single stranded positive sense RNA virus of the genus Flavivirus that belongs to family Flaviviridae and emerged as one of the most pivotal form of viral encephalitis. The virus is transmitted to humans by mosquito vector and is an etiological agent of acute zoonotic infection. In this study, we investigated distribution and density over 3-year period in central regions of Korean peninsula. We selected two cities as mosquito-collecting locations and subdivided them into five collection sites; downtown Incheon Metropolitan City as a typical urban area, and the Hwaseong-si area as a rural area. A total of 35,445 female culicine mosquitoes were collected using black light traps or BG Sentinel™ traps from March to November 2016-2018. Aedes (Ae.) vexans nipponii was the most frequently collected specimens (48.91%), followed by Culex (Cx.) pipiens (32.05%), Ochlerotatus (Och.) dorsalis (13.58%), Och. koreicus (1.68%), and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (1.49%). In the urban area, Cx. pipiens was the predominant species (92.21%) and the other species accounted for <5% of the total mosquitoes collected. However, in the rural area, Ae. vexans nipponii had the highest population (61.90%), followed by Och. dorsalis (17.10%), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (1.84%) and Och, koreicus (1.78%). Culicine mosquitoes were identified at the species level, placed in pools of up to 30 mosquitoes each, and screened for flavivirus RNA using the SYBR Green-based RT-PCR. Three of the assayed 1092 pools were positive for Chaoyang virus from Ae. vexans nipponii and Japanese encephalitis virus from Cx. pipiens. The maximum likelihood estimations (the estimated number of virus-positive mosquitoes/1000 mosquitoes) for Ae. vexans nipponii positive for Chaoyang virus and Cx. pipiens for Japanese encephalitis virus were 3.095 and 0.20, respectively. The results of our study demonstrate that although mosquito-borne diseases were not detected in the potential vectors, enhanced monitoring and long-term surveillance of these vector viruses are of great public health importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jegal
- Department of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis, Incheon Metropolitan City Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon 22320, South Korea
| | - Hojong Jun
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Myung-Deok Kim-Jeon
- Department of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis, Incheon Metropolitan City Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon 22320, South Korea
| | - Seo Hye Park
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Seong Kyu Ahn
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Jinyoung Lee
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Young Woo Gong
- Department of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis, Incheon Metropolitan City Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon 22320, South Korea
| | - Kwangsig Joo
- Department of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis, Incheon Metropolitan City Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon 22320, South Korea
| | - Mun Ju Kwon
- Department of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis, Incheon Metropolitan City Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon 22320, South Korea
| | - Jong Yul Roh
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong 28159, South Korea
| | - Wook-Gyo Lee
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong 28159, South Korea
| | - Woojoo Lee
- Department of Statistics, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Young Yil Bahk
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, South Korea.
| | - Tong-Soo Kim
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, South Korea.
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Jung JY, Kim HJ, Lee K, Choi JG, Kim YH, Lee KK, Kim YD, So B, Kang HE, Choi EJ. Co-infection of Dirofilaria immitis and Japanese encephalitis virus in a spotted seal ( Phoca largha) in the Republic of Korea. J Vet Sci 2019; 20:e65. [PMID: 31775192 PMCID: PMC6883203 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A 10-year-old male spotted seal presented with loss of appetite and decreased activity. Grossly, the internal organs revealed several filarial nematodes in the right ventricle of the heart and the pulmonary vessels. Histopathological examination of the brain revealed moderate nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis with glial nodules and neuronophagia. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) of genotype I was isolated from the brain. All nematodes were identified as Dirofilaria immitis. This is the first clinical case of co-infection with D. immitis and JEV in a seal, suggesting that the seal, may be a dead-end host, like the human and horse, for JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Youl Jung
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Kim
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Kyunghyun Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Jun Gu Choi
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Yeon Hee Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Kyoung Ki Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | | | - ByungJae So
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Hae Eun Kang
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Eun Jin Choi
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea.
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Tajima S, Shibasaki KI, Taniguchi S, Nakayama E, Maeki T, Lim CK, Saijo M. E and prM proteins of genotype V Japanese encephalitis virus are required for its increased virulence in mice. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02882. [PMID: 31799464 PMCID: PMC6881638 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype V (GV) strain Muar exhibits significantly higher virulence in mice than the genotype I (GI) JEV strain Mie/41/2002. In this study, we attempted to identify the region responsible for the increased virulence of GV JEV using recombinant intertypic and single mutant JEVs. Intertypic viruses containing the GV E region in the Mie/41/2002 backbone showed increased pathogenicity in mice. The amino acid at position 123 in the E protein (E123) of the Mie/41/2002 and GV JEVs was serine and histidine, respectively. A serine-to-histidine substitution at E123 of the Mie/41/2002 increased its virulence. However, histidine-to-serine changes at E123 in the intertypic mutants with the GV E region remained highly virulent. GV Muar prM-bearing mutants were also highly pathogenic in mice. Our results suggest that the E and prM proteins of GV JEV are responsible for the highly virulent characteristics of GV JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Tajima
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Shibasaki
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Satoshi Taniguchi
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Eri Nakayama
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maeki
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Chang-Kweng Lim
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
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Ladreyt H, Durand B, Dussart P, Chevalier V. How Central Is the Domestic Pig in the Epidemiological Cycle of Japanese Encephalitis Virus? A Review of Scientific Evidence and Implications for Disease Control. Viruses 2019; 11:E949. [PMID: 31618959 PMCID: PMC6832429 DOI: 10.3390/v11100949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the existence of human vaccines, Japanese encephalitis (JE) remains the leading cause of human encephalitis in Asia. Pigs are described as the main amplifying host, but their role in JE epidemiology needs to be reassessed in order to identify and implement efficient control strategies, for both human and animal health. We aimed to provide a systematic review of publications linked to JE in swine, in terms of both individual and population characteristics of JE virus (JEV) infection and circulation, as well as observed epidemiological patterns. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement to select and analyze relevant articles from the Scopus database, 127 of which were included in the review. Pigs are central, but the implication of secondary hosts cannot be ruled out and should be further investigated. Although human vaccination cannot eradicate the virus, it is clearly the most important means of preventing human disease. However, a better understanding of the actual involvement of domestic pigs as well as other potential JEV hosts in different JEV epidemiological cycles and patterns could help to identify additional/complementary control measures, either by targeting pigs or not, and in some specific epidemiological contexts, contribute to reduce virus circulation and protect humans from JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héléna Ladreyt
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Benoit Durand
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia.
| | - Véronique Chevalier
- Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France.
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia.
- Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia.
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Hameed M, Liu K, Anwar MN, Wahaab A, Safdar A, Di D, Boruah P, Xu J, Wang X, Li B, Zhu H, Nawaz M, Shao D, Qiu Y, Wei J, Ma Z. The emerged genotype I of Japanese encephalitis virus shows an infectivity similar to genotype III in Culex pipiens mosquitoes from China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007716. [PMID: 31557156 PMCID: PMC6762057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV) is a zoonotic flavivirus that represents the most significant etiology of childhood viral neurological infections throughout the Asia. During the last 20 years, JEV genotype dominance has shifted from genotype III (GIII) to genotype I (GI). To date, the exact mechanism of this displacement is still not known. Culex (Cx.) mosquitoes are the most common species in China and play an essential role in maintaining JEV enzootic transmission cycle. In this study, we used Cx. pipiens mosquitoes from China as an in vivo mosquito model to explore if mosquitoes played a potential role in JEV genotype shift. We exposed female Cx. pipiens mosquitoes orally to either GI or GIII JEV strains. Midgut, whole mosquitoes, secondary organs, and salivary glands of JEV-infected mosquitoes were collected at 7 and 14 days of post infection (dpi) and subjected to measure the infection rate, replication kinetics, dissemination rate and transmission potential of the infected JEV strains in Cx. pipiens mosquitoes by 50% tissue culture infective dose assay. We found that Cx. pipiens mosquito was competent vector for both GI and GIII JEV infection, with similar infection rates and growth kinetics. After the establishment of infection, Cx. pipiens mosquitoes disseminated both JEV genotypes to secondary organs at similar rates of dissemination. A few GI-infected mosquito salivary glands (16.2%) were positive for GI virus, whereas GIII virus was undetectable in GIII-infected mosquito salivary glands at 7 dpi. However, 29.4% (5/17) and 36.3% (8/22) were positive for GI- and GIII-infected mosquito salivary glands at 14 dpi, respectively, showing an increase in JEV positive rate. No statistical difference in the transmission rate between GI- and GIII-infected mosquitoes was detected. Our experiment data demonstrated that GI and GIII viruses have similar infectivity in Cx. pipiens mosquitoes, suggesting that Cx. pipiens mosquitoes from China may not play a critical role in JEV genotype shift. Although the current data were obtained solely from Cx. pipiens mosquitoes, it is likely that the conclusion drawn could be extrapolated to the role of mosquitoes in JEV genotype shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muddassar Hameed
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Muhammad Naveed Anwar
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Abdul Wahaab
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Anum Safdar
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Di Di
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Prerona Boruah
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jinpeng Xu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Huaimin Zhu
- Department of Pathogen biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Mohsin Nawaz
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
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41
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Review of Emerging Japanese Encephalitis Virus: New Aspects and Concepts about Entry into the Brain and Inter-Cellular Spreading. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030111. [PMID: 31357540 PMCID: PMC6789543 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an emerging flavivirus of the Asia-Pacific region. More than two billion people live in endemic or epidemic areas and are at risk of infection. Recently, the first autochthonous human case was recorded in Africa, and infected birds have been found in Europe. JEV may spread even further to other continents. The first section of this review covers established and new information about the epidemiology of JEV. The subsequent sections focus on the impact of JEV on humans, including the natural course and immunity. Furthermore, new concepts are discussed about JEV’s entry into the brain. Finally, interactions of JEV and host cells are covered, as well as how JEV may spread in the body through latently infected immune cells and cell-to-cell transmission of virions or via other infectious material, including JEV genomic RNA.
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42
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Differential replication efficiencies between Japanese encephalitis virus genotype I and III in avian cultured cells and young domestic ducklings. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0007046. [PMID: 30562354 PMCID: PMC6314627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype dominance has shifted to genotype I (GI) from genotype III (GIII) in China as demonstrated by molecular epidemiological surveillance. In this study, we performed a serological survey in JEV-non-vaccinated pigs to confirm JEV genotype shift at the sero-epidemiological level. The average ratio of GI/GIII infection was 1.87, suggesting co-circulation of GI and GIII infections with GI infection being more prevalent in pigs in China. To gain an insight into the reasons for this JEV genotype shift, the replication kinetics of seven recently-isolated JEV isolates including three GI strains and four GIII strains were compared in mosquito C6/36 cells, chicken fibroblast cells (DF-1) and porcine iliac artery endothelial cells (PIEC). We observed that GI strains replicated more efficiently than GIII strains in DF-1 and PIEC cells, particularly in DF-1 cells with titers reaching 22.9–225.3 fold higher than GIII strains. This shows an enhanced replication efficiency of GI viruses in avian cells. To examine this enhanced replication efficiency in vivo, young domestic ducklings were used as the animal model and inoculated with GI and GIII strains at day 2 post-hatching. We observed that GI-inoculated ducklings developed higher viremia titers and displayed a comparatively longer viremic duration than GIII-inoculated ducklings. These results conform to the hypothesis of an enhanced replication efficiency for GI viruses in birds. There are 36 amino acid differences between GI and GIII viruses, some of which may be responsible for the enhanced replication efficiency of GI viruses in birds. Based on these findings, we speculated that the enhanced replication of GI viruses in birds would have resulted in higher exposure and therefore infection in mosquitoes, which could result in an increased transmission efficiency of GI viruses in the birds-mosquitoes-birds enzootic transmission cycle, thereby contributing to JEV genotype shift. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes encephalitis in humans and reproductive disorder in pigs. The enzootic transmission cycle of JEV is maintained in nature by several species of mosquitoes and vertebrates including birds and pigs. In recent years, JEV genotype I (GI) replaced genotype IIII (GIII) as the dominant genotype in Asian countries. Genotype shift has an impact on disease control, and understanding the reasons for this shift will offer valuable insight into avenues for future disease control. Therefore, we compared the replication efficiencies of GI and GIII viruses in vitro and in vivo. We observed that GI viruses show higher replication titers in avian cells and higher viremia levels in young domestic ducklings than GIII viruses, suggesting an enhanced replication efficiency of GI viruses in birds. Based on these findings, we speculated that the enhanced replication of GI viruses in birds could provide increased mosquito infection, leading to an increase in the birds-mosquitoes-birds transmission cycle, thereby contributing to JEV genotype shift.
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