1
|
Huang Z, Fu Z, Wang J, Yang Z, Wang J, Yu J, Wang Z, Yang H. Effects of dietary supplementation levels of vitamin A and vitamin D 3 on growth performance, jejunal function, and tibia development in goslings from 1 to 28 days of age. Poult Sci 2025; 104:104780. [PMID: 40127567 PMCID: PMC11980002 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2025.104780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2024] [Revised: 12/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2025] [Indexed: 03/26/2025] Open
Abstract
This study explored the interaction effects of dietary Vitamin A (VA) and Vitamin D3 (VD3) on growth performance, jejunal function, and tibia development in goslings, aiming to identify any synergistic outcomes that may reshape nutritional strategies for geese production. A total of 540 one-day-old male Jiangnan White goslings with similar body weight (82 ± 5 g) were randomly assigned into 9 treatments with five replicate pens per treatment and 12 birds per pen. The bird trial employed a 3 × 3, two-factorial treatment with three levels of VA (5000, 7000, and 9000 IU/kg) and three levels of VD3 (1000, 1500, and 2000 IU/kg) from one to 28 days of age. Main effects analysis indicated that birds fed 7000 IU/kg VA exhibited the highest ADG, BW, jejunal maltase activity and IL-10 content (P < 0.05), while 9000 IU/kg VA had the highest SOD activity and content of IL-6 and TNF-α in jejunal mucosa (P < 0.05). Both 7000 IU/kg or 9000 IU/kg VA increased the jejunal IL-1β content, relative expression of tight junction protein 1 (TJP1) mRNA, tibia defatted weight and ash weight (P < 0.05). Birds fed 2000 IU/kg VD3 exhibited the highest ADFI, while both 1500 or 2000 IU/kg VD3 increased jejunal maltase activity, and tibia ash content (P < 0.05). An interaction between VA and VD3 on ADFI, F/G, jejunal maltase activity, mucosal immune factors (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α), tibia ash content, and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) expression. A simple effects analysis revealed that at a 5000 IU/kg VA, adding 1000 IU/kg VD3 decreased IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α (P < 0.05). At a 7000 IU/kg VA, adding 1500 or 2000 IU/kg VD3 decreased TNF-α, and increased jejunal maltase activity(P < 0.05). At a 9000 IU/kg VA, adding 1000 IU/kg VD3 decreased ADFI, F/G, jejunal maltase activity, tibia ash, and BMP-2, while IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α increased (P < 0.05). At a 9000 IU/kg VA, adding 2000 IU/kg VD3 increased IL-10 (P < 0.05). At a 1000 IU/kg VD3, adding 5000 IU/kg VA increased F/G, jejunal maltase activity and IL-10, while decreased IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α (P < 0.05), and adding 9000 IU/kg VA decreased tibia ash and BMP-2 (P < 0.05). At 1500 or 2000 IU/kg VD3, adding 7000 IU/kg VA increased jejunal maltase activity, IL-10 (P < 0.05). At a 2000 IU/kg VD3, adding 9000 IU/kg VA increased IL-6, and TNF-α (P < 0.05). In summary, a dietary level of 7000 IU/kg of VA and 2000 IU/kg of VD3 can be a balanced combination to optimize feed intake and conversion, jejunal function, and tibia mineralization, consequently enhancing growth performance in goslings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhenming Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Jun Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Zhiyue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Haiming Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saleh AA, El‐Rayes TK, Mousa MM, Omar SM, Mohammed Kamal MA, Alhotan RA, Hussein EO, Galik B, Farag SAH. Effects of Feeding Poultry Slaughterhouse Byproduct Meal on the Growth Performance, Digestibility, Antioxidant Status and Histological Parameters of Broilers. Vet Med Sci 2025; 11:e70336. [PMID: 40227076 PMCID: PMC11995517 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.70336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2025] [Accepted: 03/21/2025] [Indexed: 04/15/2025] Open
Abstract
A total of 3000 1-day-old chicks were randomly assigned to 5 groups with 6 replicates (n = 100). The control group was fed standard diets, whereas the other groups were fed diets containing poultry slaughterhouse meal (PSM) at levels of 50, 75, 100 or 125 kg/t. The results indicated that the group fed 75 kg/t of PSM exhibited greater body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) than the other groups. Enhanced crude protein (CP), calcium and phosphorus digestibility coefficients were observed in the 75 kg/t PSM group. Compared with those in the control group, liver weight was increased, plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was increased, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was decreased in all the PSM groups. The remaining biochemical parameters showed non-significant changes, except for the serum albumin and globulin levels, which were significantly lower in the PSM groups, except for the globulin level in the 100 kg group. Moreover, liver malondialdehyde (MDA) content decreased, and catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased in the 75 kg/t PSM group. Mild degenerative changes in hepatocytes were observed, indicating the potential benefits of PSM inclusion. In conclusion, incorporating PSM in broiler diets holds promise for improving the health and productivity of broilers by enhancing the growth performance, digestibility, plasma lipids and antioxidative status of these birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ali Saleh
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of AgricultureKafrelsheikh UniversityKafr El‐SheikhEgypt
| | - Talaat K. El‐Rayes
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of AgricultureTanta UniversityTantaEgypt
| | - Mahmoud M. Mousa
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of AgricultureTanta UniversityTantaEgypt
| | - Sara Mahmoud Omar
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Faculty of Home EconomicsAL‐Azhar UniversityCairoEgypt
| | | | - Rashed A. Alhotan
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food & Agriculture SciencesKing Saud UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | | | - Branislav Galik
- Institute of Nutrition and GenomicsSlovak University of Agriculture in NitraNitraSlovakia
| | - Soha A. H. Farag
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of AgricultureTanta UniversityTantaEgypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yan L, Liu J, Chen R, Lei M, Guo B, Chen Z, Dai Z, Zhu H. Reproductive characteristics and methods to improve reproductive performance in goose production: A systematic review. Poult Sci 2025; 104:105099. [PMID: 40209471 PMCID: PMC12008642 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2025.105099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2025] [Accepted: 03/24/2025] [Indexed: 04/12/2025] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, the high demand of and significance of poultry meat have promoted the development of the goose industry. Despite the continuous expansion of the goose breeding scale and the generation of large economic benefits by the goose industry, low reproductive efficiency remains a barrier to limit vigorous development of the goose industry. Poor reproductive efficiency can be attributed to breeding seasonality, strong broody behavior, and poor semen quality. Based on the reproductive endocrine regulation mechanism of geese, an overview of past studies that have developed various methods to achieve a significant improvement in goose reproductive performance including physical facilities for artificial illumination control and dietary nutrition manipulation to improve breeder reproductivity, and artificial incubation equipment and technology for better hatchability. The most recent advances utilize immunoneutralization to regulate critical hormones involved in goose reproduction. This review provides new information for industry and academic studies of goose breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leyan Yan
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Mingming Lei
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Binbin Guo
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zichun Dai
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Huanxi Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Akter N, Dao TH, Crowley TM, Sukirno, Nawab A, Moss AF. Afternoon Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation in Water: A Targeted Approach to Improve Laying Hen Nutrition. Animals (Basel) 2025; 15:720. [PMID: 40076003 PMCID: PMC11899453 DOI: 10.3390/ani15050720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2025] [Revised: 02/20/2025] [Accepted: 02/28/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025] Open
Abstract
A modified AM/PM strategy was evaluated in this study by supplementing calcium (Ca) in afternoon/evening (PM) drinking water instead of feed, offering an alternative to supplying two diets. A 10-week trial was conducted with 288 Hy-Line Brown hens (56 weeks old) housed on the floor in 18 pens (16 hens per pen; 9 replicate pens per treatment). The control diet contained 4.5% Ca, while the AM/PM treatment had 4.1% in feed with additional Ca and vitamin D supplemented through PM drinking water, with other nutrients kept constant in both diets. Daily egg production and weekly feed and water consumption were recorded. Hen weight, welfare scores, and egg quality were assessed at weeks 5 and 10. Blood, ileal digesta, and tibia samples were collected (from 4 hens/pen) at week 10 for serum Ca and vitamin D, digestibility, and bone analyses. Liver and kidney weights, as well as keel bone scores, were also recorded at week 10. Hens on the AM/PM diet consumed significantly less water (171.23 vs. 196.85 mL/bird/day; p < 0.001) and had a significantly higher serum vitamin D (27.59 vs. 22.64 ng/mL; p = 0.014), with a tendency towards elevated serum calcium levels (31.99 vs. 29.74 mg/dL; p = 0.089) compared to the control group. No differences in laying performance, co-efficient of variance (CV%) in individual hen and egg weight, liver and kidney weight, or keel and tibia characteristics were observed between treatments (p > 0.05). Similarly, there was no treatment effect on egg quality, and welfare parameters at week 5 and 10, except for smaller eggs (57.13 vs. 57.96; p = 0.015), and reduced chest (0.96 vs. 1.16; p = 0.028) and belly feather damage (1.34 vs. 1.55; p = 0.021), respectively, in hens of the AM/PM treatment compared to the control at week 10. The AM/PM treatment improved ileal digestible energy as is (9.00 vs. 8.22; p = 0.022) and as dry matter (10.00 vs. 9.06; p = 0.014) compared to the control one. Overall, it demonstrated comparable performance to the control, with added benefits of reduced water intake, better feather condition and vitamin D level and energy digestibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasima Akter
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia or (N.A.); (T.H.D.); (S.); (A.N.)
- Department of Dairy and Poultry Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Thi Hiep Dao
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia or (N.A.); (T.H.D.); (S.); (A.N.)
| | - Tamsyn M. Crowley
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
| | - Sukirno
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia or (N.A.); (T.H.D.); (S.); (A.N.)
| | - Aamir Nawab
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia or (N.A.); (T.H.D.); (S.); (A.N.)
| | - Amy F. Moss
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia or (N.A.); (T.H.D.); (S.); (A.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li J, Li X, Tian J, Xu L, Chen Y, Jiang S, Zhang G, Lu J. Effects of supplementation with vitamin D 3 on growth performance, lipid metabolism and cecal microbiota in broiler chickens. Front Vet Sci 2025; 12:1542637. [PMID: 39981311 PMCID: PMC11839666 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1542637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2025] [Indexed: 02/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Lower intramuscular fat (IMF) and excessive abdominal fat reduce carcass quality in broilers. The study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary VD3 on growth performance, lipid metabolism and cecal microbiota in broilers over an 84-d feeding experiment. One-day-old male Luhua broilers (210) were randomly assigned to control (basal diet) and VD group (basal diet supplemented with 3,750 IU/kg VD3). Samples were collected after a 12-h fasted feeding on days 28, 56, and 84. Supplementary VD3 significantly enhanced average daily gain (ADG) in broilers aged 57-84 d and 1-84 d, and increased leg muscle rate and fat content in breast and leg muscles and reduced abdominal fat rate of broilers at 84 d. VD3 increased TG and glycogen content in the liver of 28- and 84-d-old broilers, serum TG and VLDL-C content at 56 and 84 d, and TC, HDL-C and LDL-C at 84 d. VD3 increased mRNA expressions of genes related to de novo lipogenesis (DNL) (mTOR, SREBP-1c, FAS and ACC), lipid oxidation (AMPK, PPARα, CPT-1α and ACO) and lipid transport (ApoB and MTTP), and FAS, ACC and CPT1 enzyme activities in the liver. However, mRNA levels of genes involved in DNL and cellular lipid uptake (LPL and FATP1) and LPL activity were decreased in abdominal adipose tissue, and that of genes involved in lipid oxidation and lipolysis (HSL and ATGL) was increased by VD3. LPL and FATP1 expression in breast and leg muscles was increased by VD3. Moreover, VD3 increased the abundance of cecum Bacteroides at 28 and 84 d, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and Faecalibacterium at 56 and 84 d, and Lachnoclostridium at 84 d. These bacteria were correlated with increased DNL, lipid oxidation and lipid transport in liver, and cellular lipid uptake in muscle, as well as decreased DNL and cellular lipid uptake, and increased lipid oxidation and lipolysis in abdominal adipose tissue. Altogether, supplementary VD3 in basal diet improved growth performance, increased IMF, and reduced abdominal fat rate, which is significant for enhancing feed utilization and improving the carcass quality of broilers. The regulation of VD3 on lipid metabolism could was associated with variation in cecal microbiota composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Li
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ximei Li
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Tian
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Linna Xu
- Gansu Provincial Animal Husbandry Technology Popularization Station, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Susu Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianxiong Lu
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hakeem MK, Al-Menhali A, Elangovan SK, Shah I. A novel LC-MS/MS analysis of vitamin D metabolites in mice serum and hair: impact of diet and light exposure. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2025; 16:1494393. [PMID: 39980854 PMCID: PMC11841401 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1494393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2025] [Indexed: 02/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Introduction Numerous physiological systems, such as the functioning of the immune system, bone health, and the regulation of expression of genes, depend critically on vitamin D. Considering the significance of vitamin D for health, it is critical to understand how it is metabolized and the factors that affect its levels. Methods The objective of this study was to develop and validate an LC-MS/MS method to examine the effects of light exposure and dietary vitamin D consumption on the levels of vitamin D and its metabolites in a mouse model under consistent growth conditions throughout the year. Serum and hair samples from mice were analyzed under various experimental conditions for vitamin D and its metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The experimental conditions included a vitamin D-deficient diet, a vitamin D-standard diet, and changes in ambient light exposure ranging from complete darkness to a regular light-dark cycle. Results Mice fed a standard vitamin D diet and exposed to a regular light-dark cycle exhibited significantly higher levels of 25OHD3 in both serum and hair, indicating the synergistic effect of dietary vitamin D intake and light exposure. Mice fed a standard vitamin D diet but kept in continuous darkness showed moderately elevated 25OHD3 levels, demonstrating the efficacy of dietary vitamin D in maintaining adequate levels despite the absence of light. Conversely, mice fed a vitamin D-deficient diet and housed in darkness displayed 25OHD3 levels below the limit of quantification, highlighting the combined detrimental effects of dietary deficiency and lack of light exposure. Discussion This study provides valuable insights into the complex interplay between dietary vitamin D intake, light exposure, and the regulation of vitamin D metabolism in mice. Moreover, our results underscore the potential implications for human health, suggesting the importance of adequate vitamin D intake and sunlight exposure in maintaining optimal vitamin D levels. Further research in this area has the potential to unveil additional factors influencing vitamin D metabolism, offering valuable insights into strategies for optimizing vitamin D levels in both animal models and human subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad K. Hakeem
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asma Al-Menhali
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sampath K. Elangovan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Iltaf Shah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kölln M, Frahm J, Halle I, Hüther L, Kluess J, Meyer-Sievers H, Schrader L, Weigend S, Dänicke S. Vitamin D 3 Is Not a Limiting Nutrient Regarding Growth Performance and Tibia Parameters in the Rearing Period of Laying Hens Bred for High Laying Performance Compared to Non-Selected Resource Populations. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2025. [PMID: 39869773 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.14104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2024] [Revised: 12/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2025] [Indexed: 01/29/2025]
Abstract
Bone damages in laying hens are of great concern in poultry farming. Besides various risk factors like housing systems or nutrient supply during egg production, it has often been hypothesized that genetically high-performing laying hens may be more prone to bone damages. The relevance of dietary support during the rearing period of pullets for optimal bone development has been little addressed so far. In the present study, an increasing dietary vitamin D3 content within EU legislation was tested during the first 12 weeks of life in two high and two moderate-performing pullet lines (white and brown layer lines). For this purpose, a total of 940 chickens of both sexes were housed at the Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry (Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany). The three experimental diets differed only regarding the added vitamin D3 amount (300/1000/3000 IU Cholecalciferol/kg diet). After every 4 weeks, randomly chosen animals per genotype and dietary treatment were slaughtered for dissection. Serum 25(OH)-Vitamin D3 concentrations reflected the dietary treatment. Body weight differed regarding genotype. No effect of dietary vitamin D3 content as a single influence factor on bone parameters like breaking strength, bone dimensions or mineral content could be shown, but age, sex and genotype had impacts and influenced traits in an interactive manner. Therefore, during the first 12 weeks of the rearing period of layer pullets, the different dietary vitamin D3 contents did not influence performance or bone parameters in the four genetically diverse purebred layer lines. Adjusted dietary vitamin D3 recommendations for pullets depending on genetically predetermined egg-laying performance do not appear to be necessary if dietary vitamin D3 contents are within EU legislation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Kölln
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jana Frahm
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ingrid Halle
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Liane Hüther
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jeannette Kluess
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Henrieke Meyer-Sievers
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lars Schrader
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Celle, Germany
| | - Steffen Weigend
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ghaderi Nik M, Mahdavi R, Ghazi S, Gholami K. Efficacy of dietary supplementation with 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol on performance, eggshell quality, serum metabolites, jejunal morphology and bone characteristics of laying hens at the late stage of production. Poult Sci 2025; 104:104618. [PMID: 39637655 PMCID: PMC11665307 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2024] [Revised: 11/25/2024] [Accepted: 12/01/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol (1αOHD3) supplementation on performance, egg quality, gut morphology, serum metabolites, and bone characteristics of Lohman LSL-Lite laying hens. A total of 180 birds (110 weeks of age) were allocated according to a completely randomized design with five treatments. Each treatment had six replicates containing six hens each. The treatments consisted of basal diet with 2000 IU/kg vitamin D3, basal diet supplemented with 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6 μg/kg of 1αOHD3. Results showed that dietary supplementation with 1αOHD3 increased the egg production (linear P = 0.002 and quadratic P = 0.009) and gross revenue (linear P = 0.042) whilst it decreased the abnormal eggs (linear P = 0.004 and quadratic P = 0.009) in aged laying hens. Similarly, it linearly and quadratically increased the shell thickness and eggshell strength (P < 0.001). Egg mass (linear P = 0.075) showed a tendency to increase with increasing dietary 1αOHD3 supplementation levels. The egg quality parameters, including Haugh unit, relative weight of albumen, yolk and eggshell were not affected by the treatments (P > 0.05). Furthermore, 1αOHD3 supplementation increased the serum levels of calcium (linear P = 0.003 and quadratic P = 0.011), albumin (linear P = 0.016 and quadratic P = 0.033), vitamin D (linear and quadratic P < 0.001), alanine aminotransferase activity (linear P = 0.02) whilst the addition of 1αOHD3 decreased alkaline phosphatase activity (linear P = 0.003 and quadratic P = 0.011), without affecting the serum levels of phosphorus and aspartate aminotransferase activity (P > 0.05) in laying hens. In addition, the linear tendency to increase was observed (linear P = 0.062) in total protein. Dietary supplementation of 1αOHD3 increased the tibia diameter (linear P = 0.053), tibia calcium (linear P = 0.004 and quadratic P = 0.014) and tibia strength (linear and quadratic P < 0.001). The addition of 1αOHD3 did not affect the phosphorus and ash of the tibia (P > 0.05). Linear and quadratic responses were found for crypt depth (linear and quadratic P = 0.001) and villus height to crypt depth ratio (linear P = 0.004 and quadratic P = 0.010). The experimental treatments did not affect the jejunal villus height, villus width and villus surface area in aged laying hens (P > 0.05). Our findings suggest that the inclusion of 1αOHD3 is beneficial, as it enhances egg production, profitability, eggshell thickness, and tibia quality while reducing the incidence of abnormal eggs during the later phase of egg production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghaderi Nik
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Mahdavi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Shahab Ghazi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kourosh Gholami
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shi H, Paneru D, Sharma MK, Lee J, Naeini HRR, Mahdavi FS, Kim WK. Phytase, 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 and cocci vaccination to broilers fed a calcium and phosphorus-reduced diet under Eimeria spp. challenge: effects on growth performance and intestinal health. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104326. [PMID: 39342689 PMCID: PMC11470746 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
A study evaluated the effects of phytase, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD), and cocci vaccination on broilers fed a diet reduced in calcium (Ca) and available phosphorus (avP) under Eimeria challenge. A total of 840 one-day-old male broilers were assigned to a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement based on cocci vaccination and dietary treatments. Half of the birds were vaccinated against coccidia on d 1, and all birds were orally challenged with Eimeria spp. (sporulated oocysts: 12,500 of E. maxima, 12,500 of E. tenella, and 62,500 of E. acervulina) on d 14. Dietary treatments included: 1) a nutrient adequate diet (PC); 2) a diet reduced by 0.2% in Ca and avP (NC); 3) NC plus 1,500 FTU/kg of phytase (NC+PHY); 4) NC plus 3,000 IU/kg of 25OHD (NC+25OHD); 5) NC with both PHY and 25OHD (NC+PHY+25OHD). SAS was used for data analysis, with significance set at P ≤ 0.05. Pre-infection growth performance was comparable across the treatments. However, vaccinated birds exhibited higher body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) from 0 to 6 d postinoculation (DPI; P < 0.05). The NC diet reduced BWG from 6 to 12 DPI and increased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) during 6 to 12 DPI and the overall period (0-26 d) compared to the PC birds. In contrast, the supplementation with phytase, 25OHD, or both, returned BWG and FCR to levels seen with the PC diet (P < 0.01). Vaccinated birds also had reduced gut permeability at 5 DPI, increased intestinal villus height, and lower expression levels of the tight junction proteins junctional adhesion molecule 2 (JAM2) and occludin (OCLN) at 6 DPI (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the cocci vaccine resulted in lower E. acervulina but higher E. tenella oocyst shedding at 6 DPI (P < 0.01). Interaction effects were observed for duodenal lesion scores and ileal crypt depth at 6 DPI (P < 0.05). In conclusion, coccidial vaccination improved growth performance, decreased intestinal permeability, enhanced intestinal morphology, and modulated tight junction protein gene expression under Eimeria infection. Reducing dietary Ca and avP levels adversely affected growth performance and FI during the recovery phase, but these negative effects could be mitigated by supplementing with phytase or 25OHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanyi Shi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Deependra Paneru
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Milan Kumar Sharma
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jihwan Lee
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shi H, Choppa VS, Paneru D, Kim WK. Effects of phytase and 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation in broilers fed calcium-phosphorous deficient diets, with or without Eimeria challenge, on growth performance, body composition, bone development, and gut health. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 19:411-428. [PMID: 39640548 PMCID: PMC11617698 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
The study evaluated the effects of nutritional strategies on broilers challenged with Eimeria from d 14 to 26. A total of 840 Cobb male broilers were fed five diets in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement: 1) nutrient adequate diet (PC; 0.84% calcium [Ca], 0.42% available phosphorus [avP]); 2) Ca-P deficient diet (NC; 0.64% Ca, 0.22% avP); 3) NC + 1500 FTU/kg phytase of diet (NC + PHY); 4) NC + 5000 IU/kg 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol of diet (NC + 25OHD); and 5) NC with both supplements (NC + PHY + 25OHD), with and without Eimeria challenge. All treatments had six replicate cages with 14 birds per cage. At 5 days post inoculation (DPI), the challenged birds exhibited higher serum fluorescein isothiocyanate-d (FITC-d) levels than the unchallenged birds (P < 0.001). The NC + PHY and NC + PHY + 25OHD groups exhibited lower FITC-d levels compared to the NC + 25OHD group (P = 0.012). Significant interaction effects between Eimeria challenge and dietary treatments were observed on various parameters. During 0 to 6 and 0 to 12 DPI, Eimeria challenge resulted in decreased the body weight gain (BWG) (P < 0.05) but had a negative effect on the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in birds compared to the unchallenged group (P < 0.05). Reducing Ca and avP levels in the diet (NC) did not adversely affect BWG, but negatively impacted FCR, bone ash weight, ash concentration, and femur bone microstructure parameters (P < 0.05). On 12 DPI, Eimeria challenge led to decreased tibia bone weight, bone volume, fat-free bone weight (FFBW), and ash weight of birds (P < 0.05). Supplementation with phytase alone or in combination with 25OHD improved growth performance, gut permeability, bone ash and bone microstructure parameters in birds (P < 0.05). However, the group fed 25OHD alone showed enhancements on growth performance, mineral apposition rate (MAR), bone ash concentration and ash percentage of the birds (P < 0.05). In conclusion, lowering Ca and avP levels in the diet negatively affected FCR and bone development but did not affect intestinal integrity in broilers. Dietary supplementation of phytase, 25OHD, or phytase in combination of 25OHD could enhance the growth performance and bone quality of broilers infected with Eimeria. Notably, the benefits of phytase supplementation were generally more pronounced than those associated with 25OHD supplementation; however, the combination of phytase and 25OHD could induce optimum effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanyi Shi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Deependra Paneru
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Woo K. Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Palomar M, Soler MD, Benavides-Reyes C, Rodríguez-Navarro AB, García-Bautista JA, Orozco A, Garcés-Narro C. Effects of dietary free fatty acid content and degree of fat saturation on tibia bone properties of laying hens. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104177. [PMID: 39180782 PMCID: PMC11385419 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Acid oils and fatty acid distillates are fat by-products of the refining process of edible oils and are characterized by their high proportion of free fatty acids (FFA). While lipids are essential in poultry diets, their chemical structure may interfere with calcium absorption. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of dietary FFA content and the degree of fat saturation on bone metabolism in commercial layers. For 15-wk, a total of 144 laying hens (19-wk-old) were randomly assigned to 8 treatments (6 replicates with 3 birds each), which were obtained by gradually replacing crude soybean oil (rich in unsaturated fatty acids [UFA]) with soybean acid oil (rich in UFA and FFA), or crude palm oil (rich in saturated fatty acids [SFA]) with palm fatty acid distillate (rich in SFA and FFA). Following a 2 × 4 factorial design, 4 UFA-rich and 4 SFA-rich diets were created with varying FFA content: 10, 20, 30, and 45%. Tibiae (6 birds/treatment) were collected at the end of the trial for the assessment of mineral composition, morphological properties, and mechanical characteristics. The data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA with the GLM procedure. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were employed to determine the linear effect of increasing %FFA, with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. The degree of saturation was found to negatively impact on calcium and phosphorus bone content, with higher levels found in soybean-based diets (P < 0.001). A significant interaction was observed for medullary bone mineral content, showing a linear decrease as the dietary %FFA increased (P < 0.05) in palm diets. In contrast, morphological and mechanical bone traits, total ash content, and cortical bone mineral composition remained unaffected (P > 0.05). These results suggest that the degree of fat saturation exerts a greater impact than FFA content on bone mineral metabolism, supporting the commercial use of fat by-products rich in FFA in laying hen diets, at least during the early stages of the laying cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Palomar
- AviFeed Science, Department of Animal Production and Health, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera - CEU Universities, Alfara de Patriarca, Valencia E-46115, Spain
| | - M D Soler
- AviFeed Science, Department of Animal Production and Health, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera - CEU Universities, Alfara de Patriarca, Valencia E-46115, Spain
| | - C Benavides-Reyes
- Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, University of Granada, Granada E-18071, Spain
| | - A B Rodríguez-Navarro
- Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, University of Granada, Granada E-18071, Spain
| | - J A García-Bautista
- AviFeed Science, Department of Animal Production and Health, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera - CEU Universities, Alfara de Patriarca, Valencia E-46115, Spain
| | - A Orozco
- AviFeed Science, Department of Animal Production and Health, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera - CEU Universities, Alfara de Patriarca, Valencia E-46115, Spain
| | - C Garcés-Narro
- AviFeed Science, Department of Animal Production and Health, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera - CEU Universities, Alfara de Patriarca, Valencia E-46115, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nadeem A, Sadiqa A, Saeed M. Effect of Vitamin-D on Glycemic Parameters and Adiponectin in gestational diabetes. Pak J Med Sci 2024; 40:1786-1790. [PMID: 39281255 PMCID: PMC11395369 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.40.8.9308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the effect of Vitamin-D-supplementation on glycemic parameters: glucose levels in blood, insulin, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, and adiponectin in women with gestational diabetes. Methods An experimental study was executed at PGMI/LGH of Lahore from June 2020 to June 2021, with 34 Vitamin-D-deficient women who had gestational diabetes (20-26 weeks). All were aged between 21-32 years, randomly and equally divided into controls and cases. Cases received 200,000 IU Vitamin-D-dose. Fasting blood was collected before as well as after treatment from each participant. Spectrophotometry and peroxidase method were used to estimate HbA1c and glucose concentrations respectively. Insulin, adiponectin, and Vitamin-D were assessed by ELISA. To verify data normality, the Shapiro-Wilk test was applied and to prove group comparison Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon signed-rank, and Sample-t tests were used via IBM-SPSS version-21. Results No difference in blood glucose was found between controls and cases before treatment (p=0.858), while post-treatment, significant reduction found in cases (p=0.019). Before treatment, no difference was noticed in insulin levels of both groups (p=0.44), however, post-treatment, a significant decline was expressed in cases (p=0.001). No difference was found in HOMA-IR between controls and cases before treatment (p=0.14) but post-treatment, significant reduction was observed in cases (p=0.001). Non-significant difference was noted in HbA1c before (p=0.664) and after (p=0.169) treatment in both groups. Non-significant upsurge in adiponectin was observed in cases before (p=0.544) and after (p=0.194) treatment. Conclusion Vitamin-D supplementation significantly improves glycemic control in gestational diabetic women, however, its effect on adiponectin was non-significant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amna Nadeem
- Amna Nadeem, M.Phil. Department of Physiology, CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan. National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Sadiqa
- Ayesha Sadiqa, M.Phil. Ph.D. Department of Physiology, CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan. National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muniza Saeed
- Muniza Saeed, M.Phil. Department of Physiology, PGMI - Post Graduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Salmória LA, Ibelli AMG, Tavernari FC, Peixoto JO, Morés MAZ, Marcelino DEP, Pinto KDS, Coldebella A, Surek D, Kawski VL, Ledur MC. CYP24A1 and TRPC3 Gene Expression in Kidneys and Their Involvement in Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism in Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1407. [PMID: 38791624 PMCID: PMC11117318 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Ca and P homeostasis across the egg-laying cycle is a complex process involving absorption in the small intestine, reabsorption/excretion in the kidneys, and eggshell gland secretion. Diets with inadequate calcium and phosphorus can interfere with their absorption and digestibility, resulting in eggshell quality losses and reduced productive life, affecting egg production and welfare. A better understanding of gene expression profiles in the kidneys of laying hens during the late egg-laying period could clarify the renal role in mineral metabolism at this late stage. Therefore, the performance, egg quality and bone integrity-related traits, and expression profiles of kidney candidate genes were evaluated in 73-week-old laying hens receiving different Ca and P ratios in their diet: a high Ca/P ratio (HR, 22.43), a low ratio (LR, 6.71), and a medium ratio (MR, 11.43). The laying hens receiving the HR diet had improved egg production and eggshell quality traits compared to the other two groups. Humerus length was shorter in the HR than in the other groups. The CYP24A1 and TRPC3 genes were differentially expressed (p.adj ≤ 0.05) among the groups. Therefore, their expression profiles could be involved in calcium and phosphate transcellular transport in 73-week-old laying hens as a way to keep mineral absorption at adequate levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Alves Salmória
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava 85015-430, PR, Brazil; (L.A.S.); (J.O.P.)
| | - Adriana Mércia Guaratini Ibelli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava 85015-430, PR, Brazil; (L.A.S.); (J.O.P.)
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (F.C.T.); (M.A.Z.M.); (A.C.); (D.S.); (V.L.K.)
| | - Fernando Castro Tavernari
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (F.C.T.); (M.A.Z.M.); (A.C.); (D.S.); (V.L.K.)
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Centro de Educação Superior do Oeste (CEO), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, UDESC, Chapecó 89815-630, SC, Brazil
| | - Jane Oliveira Peixoto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava 85015-430, PR, Brazil; (L.A.S.); (J.O.P.)
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (F.C.T.); (M.A.Z.M.); (A.C.); (D.S.); (V.L.K.)
| | | | | | | | - Arlei Coldebella
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (F.C.T.); (M.A.Z.M.); (A.C.); (D.S.); (V.L.K.)
| | - Diego Surek
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (F.C.T.); (M.A.Z.M.); (A.C.); (D.S.); (V.L.K.)
| | - Vicky Lilge Kawski
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (F.C.T.); (M.A.Z.M.); (A.C.); (D.S.); (V.L.K.)
| | - Mônica Corrêa Ledur
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (F.C.T.); (M.A.Z.M.); (A.C.); (D.S.); (V.L.K.)
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Centro de Educação Superior do Oeste (CEO), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, UDESC, Chapecó 89815-630, SC, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Warren MF, Pitman PM, Hodgson DD, Thompson NC, Livingston KA. Dietary Super-Doses of Cholecalciferol Fed to Aged Laying Hens Illustrates Limitation of 24,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol Conversion. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:102156. [PMID: 38737576 PMCID: PMC11088228 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Older humans taking high concentrations of vitamin D3 supplementation for a prolonged time may be at risk of vitamin D toxicity. It is unclear how dietary super-doses (10,000 times greater than the requirement) can affect vitamin D3 status in aged animals. Aged laying hens could be a model to compare vitamin D3 supplementation effects with women in peri- or postmenopausal stages of life. Objectives We investigated the dietary super-dose impacts of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) on vitamin D3 status in aged laying hens in production. Methods Forty-eight 68-wk-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens were individually housed in cages with 8 hens per dietary treatment for 11 wk. Hens were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 treatment groups of dietary vitamin D3 supplementation and consumed ad libitum. Supplementation concentrations were 400, 800, 7400, 14,000, 20,000, and 36,000 IU D3/kg of feed. At the end of the study, all hens were sacrificed, and tissue samples and feces were collected. Plasma and egg yolk vitamin D3 metabolites, calcium and phosphorus composition of eggshells, ileal digesta, and feces were measured. Duodenal, ileal, liver, and kidney gene expression levels were also measured. Results We observed that increasing dietary vitamin D3 increased plasma vitamin D3 and egg yolk vitamin D3 (P < 0.0001 for both sites). We also observed an increase in plasma 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol as dietary vitamin D3 concentrations increased (P < 0.0001). The plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol:24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol ratio exhibited an asymptotic relationship starting at the 14,000 IU/kg D3 treatment. Conclusions Dietary super-doses of vitamin D3 led to greater plasma and egg yolk vitamin D3 concentrations, which shows that aged laying hens can deposit excess vitamin D3 in egg yolk. We suggest future research should explore how 24-hydroxylation mechanisms are affected by vitamin D3 supplementation. Further understanding of 24-hydroxylation can help ascertain ways to reduce the risk of vitamin D toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Warren
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Pete M Pitman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Dellila D Hodgson
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Nicholas C Thompson
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Kimberly A Livingston
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu G, Sharma MK, Tompkins YH, Teng PY, Kim WK. Different methionine to cysteine supplementation ratios altered bone quality of broilers with or without Eimeria challenge assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and microtomography. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103580. [PMID: 38428354 PMCID: PMC10912940 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the acknowledged significance of nutrition in bone development, effects of methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys) on bone quality remain under-researched, particularly during Eimeria challenge. We investigated the effects of different supplemental Met to Cys ratios (MCR) on bone quality of broilers under Eimeria challenge. A total of 720 fourteen-day old Cobb500 broilers were allocated into a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement. Five diets with Met and Cys supplemented at MCR of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 were fed to the birds with or without Eimeria challenge. Body composition was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and the femur bone characteristics were assessed by microtomography. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and orthogonal polynomial contrast. The results reaffirmed the detrimental effects of Eimeria challenge on bone quality. On 9 d post inoculation (DPI), significant interaction effects were found for whole body bone mineral content (BMC), lean tissue weight, and body weight (P < 0.05); in the nonchallenged group (NCG), these parameters linearly decreased as MCR decreased (P < 0.05). In the challenged group (CG), body weight and lean tissue weight were unaffected by MCR, and BMC linearly increased as MCR decreased (P < 0.05). For the cortical bone of femoral metaphysis on 6 DPI, bone mineral density (BMD) linearly increased as MCR decreased (P < 0.05). Bone volume to tissue volume ratio (BV/TV) in the CG linearly increased as MCR decreased (P < 0.05). On 9 DPI, BMC and TV linearly increased as MCR decreased (P < 0.05) in the NCG. BMD and BV/TV changed quadratically as MCR decreased (P < 0.05). For the trabecular bone of femoral metaphysis on 9 DPI, BV/TV, and trabecular number linearly increased as MCR decreased (P < 0.05) in the NCG. For the femoral diaphysis, BV, TV, BMC on 6 DPI, and BMD on 9 DPI linearly increased as MCR decreased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study showed that both Eimeria challenge and varying supplemental MCR could influence bone quality of broilers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanchen Liu
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Milan K Sharma
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yuguo H Tompkins
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Po-Yun Teng
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Woo K Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kuwata N, Mukohda H, Uchida H, Takamatsu R, Binici MM, Yamada T, Sugiyama T. Renal Endocytic Regulation of Vitamin D Metabolism during Maturation and Aging in Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:502. [PMID: 38338146 PMCID: PMC10854989 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Egg-laying hens undergo a specific and dramatic calcium metabolism to lay eggs with eggshells composed of calcium carbonate. Calcium metabolism is mainly regulated by vitamin D3. Although vitamin D3 metabolism is closely related to the deterioration of eggshell quality associated with aging and heat stress, the details of the mechanisms regulating vitamin D3 metabolism are not clear. In mammals, the vitamin D3 metabolite (25(OH)D3) produced in the liver binds to the vitamin binding protein (DBP), is subsequently taken up by renal proximal tubular cells via the endocytic receptors megalin (Meg) and cubilin (CUB), and is metabolized to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the expression and localization of Meg and CUB in the kidneys of immature chicks and mature and aged laying hens to prevent eggshell quality deterioration. As a result, we showed that as circulating 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations increased from 156.0 ± 13.5 pg/mL to 815.5 ± 61.4 pg/mL with maturation in immature chicks, relative expression levels (arbitrary units; AU) of Meg and CUB mRNA in the kidneys of mature hens significantly increased 1.92- and 2.75-fold, respectively, compared to those in immature chicks. On the other hand, the Meg mRNA expression levels of mature hens did not change with age, while CUB mRNA expression levels (1.03 ± 0.11 AU) were significantly decreased compared to mature hens (2.75 ± 0.24 AU). Immunohistochemical observations showed that Meg and CUB proteins were localized to the apical membrane of renal proximal tubular epithelial cells in immature chicks, mature hens, and aged hens, and that DBP protein was observed as granular endosomes in the cytoplasm of proximal tubular cells from the apical membrane to the cell nucleus. Especially in mature hens, the endosomes were larger and more numerous than those in immature chicks. In contrast, in aged hens, DBP-containing endosomes were smaller and limited to the apical cytoplasm. These results indicate that with maturation, the expression of Meg and CUB is promoted in the renal proximal tubules of laying hens, facilitating the uptake of the 25(OH)D3-DBP complex and its conversion to 1,25(OH)2D3, and regulating calcium metabolism in eggshell formation. On the other hand, it is suggested that the age-related decrease in CUB expression suppresses the uptake of the 25(OH)D3-DBP complex in the kidney, resulting in a deterioration of eggshell quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nami Kuwata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 9502181, Japan
| | - Hatsune Mukohda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 9502181, Japan
| | - Hiroto Uchida
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 9502181, Japan
| | - Ryo Takamatsu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 9502181, Japan
| | - Muhammet Mustafa Binici
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 9502181, Japan
| | - Takahisa Yamada
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 9502181, Japan;
| | - Toshie Sugiyama
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 9502181, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lopes TSB, Shi H, White D, Araújo ICS, Kim WK. Effects of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on performance, gut health, and bone quality of broilers fed with reduced calcium and phosphorus diet during Eimeria challenge. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103267. [PMID: 38113706 PMCID: PMC10770761 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD) on performance, gut health, and bone quality of broilers fed with reduced calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) diet during Eimeria spp. challenge. A total of 576 fourteen-day-old Cobb 500 male chicks were randomly distributed in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with 6 replicates of 12 birds each. The main factors were 25-OHD level (0 or 3,000 IU/kg of feed), mineral level (0.84% of Ca/0.42% of P, the levels recommended for the grower phase (NOR) or 0.64% of Ca/0.22% of P (RED), and mid-high mixed Eimeria challenge or nonchallenge. 25-OHD improved phosphorus retention (P = 0.019), bone ash weight (P = 0.04), cortical bone trabecular connectivity (P = 0.043) during coccidiosis. For birds fed with reduced mineral levels, 25-OHD supplementation increased bone ash weight (P = 0.04). However, 25-OHD did not improve bone ash weight when birds were challenged and fed with reduced mineral levels. The dietary 3,000 IU of 25-OHD supplementation did not improve performance or gut morphology but support bone health during coccidiosis. Future investigations are needed for better understand 25-OHD role on bone microarchitecture and oxidative metabolism during coccidiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T S B Lopes
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - H Shi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - D White
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - I C S Araújo
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - W K Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pulcini D, Mattioli S, Angelucci E, Chenggang W, Cartoni Mancinelli A, Napolitano R, Sirri F, Piscitelli R, Mugnai C, Castellini C. Shape and fractures of carina sterni in chicken genotypes with different egg deposition rates reared indoor or free-range. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22495. [PMID: 38110659 PMCID: PMC10728074 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49909-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial laying hens have high frequency of damage to the keel bone (KB), which causes negative effects on health and welfare. KB damage may consist in fractures (KBF) and deviations (KBD). The aim of the present study was to compare the KB shape, by means of Geometric Morphometric, and the occurrence of fractures in different chicken genotypes reared either free-range (FR) or in enriched cages. Moreover, the relationship between KB shape, genotype and rearing system was analysed. Sixty birds/genotype (2 Italian local breeds, Bionda Piemontese and Robusta Maculata, their crossbreeds with Sasso and Lohmann Brown) were used. All the hens fed the same commercial feed throughout the trial. Body weight, egg production, feed intake and mortality were recorded from 25 to 66 weeks of age. Ca intake (IN) and output (OUT) were estimated and Ca OUT/IN was calculated. FR affected the occurrence of KB deviations but not the shape, whereas the fractures were mainly affected by genotype. Local breeds had a lower prevalence of KBF with similar level of KBD but with different shapes. Crossbreeds seemed to be a suitable compromise between egg deposition rate and occurrence of KB damages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domitilla Pulcini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Animal Production and Aquaculture, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Mattioli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06100, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Elisa Angelucci
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06100, Perugia, Italy
| | - Wei Chenggang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06100, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alice Cartoni Mancinelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06100, Perugia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Napolitano
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Animal Production and Aquaculture, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Sirri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Raffaela Piscitelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Cecilia Mugnai
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095, Turin, Italy
| | - Cesare Castellini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06100, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Khan RU, Naz S, Ullah H, Khan NA, Laudadio V, Ragni M, Piemontese L, Tufarelli V. Dietary vitamin D: growth, physiological and health consequences in broiler production. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:1635-1641. [PMID: 34923931 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.2013861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamins are needed in trace amounts in dietary formulations for poultry; however, they are critical for the health, maintenance, and performance of important body organs. Broilers have a lot of leg issues because of their rapid development and lack of exercise. Because of commercial broilers have limited access to direct sunlight, vitamin D supplementation in the feed is critical to reducing the risk of bone deformation and maximizing development. Vitamin D deficiency causes skeletal abnormalities, which may lead also to financial problems. The latest scientific findings on the source, metabolism, mechanisms of action, and functions of vitamin D in broilers are the subject of this review paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Ullah Khan
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Shabana Naz
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Ullah
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Abdulwali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Nazir Ahmad Khan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Vito Laudadio
- Department of DETO, Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Ragni
- Department of Agro-Environmental and Territorial Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Piemontese
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tufarelli
- Department of DETO, Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shi H, Wang J, White D, Martinez OJT, Kim WK. Impacts of phytase and coccidial vaccine on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, bone development, and intestinal gene expression of broilers fed a nutrient reduced diet. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103062. [PMID: 37742452 PMCID: PMC10520538 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of phytase and coccidial vaccine on growth performance, bone ash, bone 3-D microstructure, nutrient digestibility, and gene expression of intestinal biomarkers in broilers fed a regular or nutrient-reduced diet. The experiment was conducted in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with 6 replicates per treatment and 10 birds per replicate. Two main factors were coccidial vaccine and dietary treatments. The dietary treatments included: 1) a positive control (PC; normal nutrient levels); 2) a negative control (NC; with a reduction of 0.15% of Ca and avP and 5% of essential amino acid (EAA) and crude protein relative to PC); 3) NC + 500 FTU/kg of phytase; and 4) NC + 1,500 FTU/kg of phytase. No interaction effect of phytase and coccidial vaccine on growth performance, bone ash, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) was observed. For the main effect, birds fed the NC diet showed lower (P = 0.007) BWG during d 0 to 21 compared to PC birds, whereas supplementing 500 or 1,500 FTU/kg phytase increased BWG to the similar level to the PC. During d 0 to 21, vaccinated birds had a lower (P < 0.001) FI and better (P = 0.045) FCR compared to unvaccinated birds. Birds fed the NC diet resulted a decrease in tibia fat-free dry bone weight (P = 0.012), ash weight (P = 0.005), ash percentage (P < 0.001), and ash concentration (P = 0.019) compared to the PC group at d 21, whereas supplementing phytase at 500 or 1,500 FTU/kg in NC diet was able to improve these bone parameters to the similar level to the PC; however, vaccination did not have any effect on bone ash. Similarly, birds fed with the NC diet showed had significant lower bone microstructure levels including bone volume, bone mineral density, and bone mineral content (P < 0.001), and supplementing phytase at 1,500 FTU/kg improved these parameters. Vaccination improved AID of nitrogen (P < 0.001). Birds from the NC and both phytase supplementation groups had a higher (P = 0.001) AID of Ca compared to the PC. Supplementing phytase at 500 FTU/kg or 1,500 FTU/kg improved (P < 0.001) AID of P compared to the NC. Additionally, the NC had a lower AID of DM than the PC, whereas supplementing phytase at 500 FTU/kg or 1,500 FTU/kg improved DM digestibility (P = 0.0299). In conclusion, supplementation of phytase at 500 or 1,500 FTU/kg improved growth performance, bone mineralization, and nutrient digestibility regardless of vaccination, with a more pronounced effect when supplementing phytase at 1,500 FTU/kg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanyi Shi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Dima White
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang B, Zhang M, Xing Y, Wang B, Fan W, Kong M, Li W, Wang C. Dietary cholecalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation interact to modulate reproductive performance, egg quality, serum antioxidant capacity, intestinal morphology and tibia quality of breeder geese. Br Poult Sci 2023; 64:625-633. [PMID: 37466364 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2023.2229266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
1. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) supplementation on the reproductive performance, egg quality, eggshell ultrastructure, serum hormone level and antioxidant capacity, intestinal morphology and tibia quality of breeder geese during the laying period.2. The trial was designed as a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with three levels (300, 400 and 500 IU/kg) of vitamin D3 supplementation and three levels (25, 50 and 75 μg/kg) of 25-OH-D3 supplementation in a 10-wk feeding trial.3. The results showed that the combined supplementation of 400 IU/kg vitamin D3 and 50 μg/kg 25-OH-D3 had a better feed conversion ratio and a higher egg laying rate than the other groups. Vitamin D3 supplementation significantly increased the rate of qualified eggs for hatching, eggshell strength and thickness, serum testosterone and progesterone levels, serum total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities, tibia ash content and bone mineral density (P < 0.05). Dietary 25-OH-D3 supplementation significantly increased serum glutathione peroxidase activity and duodenal villus height and villus height-to-crypt-depth ratio (P < 0.05). The geese receiving 500 IU/kg vitamin D3 and 75 µg/kg 25-OH-D3 had the highest tibia calcium and phosphorous content among all groups (P < 0.05).4. Feeding 400 IU/kg vitamin D3 plus 50 µg/kg 25-OH-D3 gave optimal effects on feed conversion ratio and egg laying rate. This combination could be a nutritional strategy for increasing the laying rate, eggshell quality, serum hormone levels and serum antioxidant function regardless of 25-OH-D3 supplementation. Supplementation of 50 μg/kg 25-OH-D3 could be a recommended dose for improving the serum antioxidant capacity and intestinal morphology regardless of vitamin D3 supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - M Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Nutrition and Feed Laboratory of China Agriculture Research System, Qingdao, China
| | - Y Xing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - B Wang
- Nutrition and Feed Laboratory of China Agriculture Research System, Qingdao, China
| | - W Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - M Kong
- Nutrition and Feed Laboratory of China Agriculture Research System, Qingdao, China
| | - W Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - C Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abdollahi A, Akhlaghi A, Zamiri MJ, Kargar S, Ansari Pirsaraei Z, Nasrollahi B, Kamali Y. Calcitriol combined with fish oil in the diet of Chukar partridge can ameliorate laying performance by improving oviduct histomorphometry and functions. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:1206-1215. [PMID: 37057866 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The effects of calcitriol (CT) and/or fish oil (FO) on performance, oviposition time, sex ratio and morphology of the reproductive system of laying Chukar partridges were studied. Female (n = 48) and male (n = 16) partridges were used in a completely randomised design using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement and were randomly allocated to either of four experimental treatments with four cage replicates of three females and one male each. Female birds received no FO (CON - FO) or were orally administered with 0.2 mL (0.24 g)/500 g body weight FO (CON + FO) or 0.2 mL solution containing 10 µg CT (CT - FO), or their combination (CT + FO) for 42 successive days. The eggs were collected every two hours between 07:00 and 23:00 h. Administering FO along with CT had considerably increasing effect on the male-biased sex ratio. FO and CT administration interacted to increase serum calcium concentration. Experimental treatments increased the number of leucocytes and erythrocytes. Serum cholesterol was decreased in CON + FO partridges compared with those of the CT - FO and CON - FO birds. There was an interaction between FO and CT on the weight of eggs and hatchlings, number of medium white follicles, diameter and the number of small yellow follicles, the weight and diameter of the fifth follicles (F5), and thickness of secondary mucosal folds in both uterus and vagina. Administering CT alone or with FO increased the feed intake, egg production, oviductal weight, diameter and number of large yellow follicles, the weight and diameter of the second (F2) and first (F1) follicles compared with those of the CON - FO females. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms by which such changes in the sex ratio skew, ovary and oviduct are mediated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arman Abdollahi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Akhlaghi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Zamiri
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shahryar Kargar
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zarbakht Ansari Pirsaraei
- Department of Animal Science, Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
| | - Banafsheh Nasrollahi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Kamali
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen X, Zhou X, Li S, Zhang H, Liu Z. Effects of tea residues-fermented feed on production performance, egg quality, antioxidant capacity, caecal microbiota, and ammonia emissions of laying hens. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1195074. [PMID: 37426079 PMCID: PMC10325031 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1195074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was to assess the effects of tea residues-fermented feed (TR-fermented feed) on production performance, egg quality, serum antioxidant capacity, caecal microbiota, and ammonia emissions of laying hens. A total of 1,296 Lohmann laying hens have randomly distributed four groups with six parallels and fed with diets TR-fermented feed at the rates of 0 (control), 1, 3, and 5%. The inclusion of 1% (TR)-fermented feed resulted in a significant increase in egg-laying rate and average egg weight of birds, and a reduction in the feed-to-egg ratio when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The addition of 1 and 3% of (TR)-fermented feed significantly improved the Haugh unit of eggs (p < 0.05). The eggshell thickness was observed to increase by almost one-fold upon the inclusion of 3 and 5% (TR)-fermented feed in the basal diet (p < 0.05). The supplementation of 3% (TR)-fermented feed significantly increased the content of methionine, tyrosine, proline, essential amino acids (EAA), alpha linoleic acid (C18:3n6), docosanoic acid (C22:0), docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3), twenty-three carbonic acids (C23:0), ditetradecenoic acid (C24:1) and total omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (∑ω-3 PUFA) in the eggs (p < 0.05). The addition of a certain amount of (TR)-fermented feed can enhance the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in chicken serum, and reduce the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.05). The ammonia concentration in the hen house of laying hens in the treatment groups decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, the main phyla in the cecal bacterial community, were differentially abundant in each group, comprising greater than 55 and 33%, respectively. Collectively, this research indicates that (TR)-fermented feed supplementation improves the performance of laying hens and reduces ammonia emissions and can be used in industry-scale layer production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianxin Chen
- Leshan Academy of Agriculture Science, Leshan, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinhong Zhou
- Leshan Academy of Agriculture Science, Leshan, Sichuan, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiyi Li
- Leshan Academy of Agriculture Science, Leshan, Sichuan, China
| | - Huaidan Zhang
- Leshan Academy of Agriculture Science, Leshan, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenkun Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Wanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liermann W, Halle I, Frahm J, Hüther L, Weigend S, Kühn J, Stangl GI, Dänicke S. Genotype-dependent impact of dietary vitamin D 3 on laying hens. Arch Anim Nutr 2023:1-23. [PMID: 37263588 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2023.2212574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 has an integral part in calcium and phosphorus homoeostasis, which in turn plays a key role in egg production of hens. The present study aimed to investigate whether an additional vitamin D3 supplementation improves the laying performance and egg quality of hens according to their genetic potential. For this purpose, four layer lines (low performing: R11 and L68; high performing: WLA and BLA) supplemented either with 300 or 3000 IU vitamin D3 per kg feed were compared concerning serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3), calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), laying performance and egg quality. The higher supplementation of vitamin D3 increased 25-OHD3 serum concentrations in all genotypes, except for R11 and WLA hens in week 49, and also elevated vitamin D3 and 25-OHD3 content in the egg yolk (p < 0.05). In week 29, 3000 IU vitamin D3 decreased pooled least squares means (LSMeans) of serum calcium concentrations considering all genotypes and increased the ALP concentrations in BLA hens (p < 0.05). Considering the whole experimental period daily egg mass of R11 hens was increased by an additional vitamin D3 supplementation (p < 0.001). Regarding all genotypes and the whole experimental period the pooled LSMeans of breaking strength of eggs from hens fed 3000 IU vitamin D3 were higher than those of hens fed 300 IU (p = 0.044). In conclusion, present results give evidence that the higher vitamin D3 supplementation might have genotype-dependently beneficial effects on calcium and phosphorus homoeostasis of hens, which might improve feed efficiency in the early laying period and promote the persistence of the laying period irrespectively of genotype. The increase of serum 25-OHD3 by the higher vitamin D supplementation supported the higher transfer of vitamin D in the egg yolk and improved genotype-dependently the breaking strength of the eggshell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Liermann
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology ("Oskar-Kellner"), Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Ingrid Halle
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Jana Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Liane Hüther
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Steffen Weigend
- Institute for Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Julia Kühn
- Institute for Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Gabriele I Stangl
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Brunswick, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kalia S, Magnuson AD, Sun T, Liu G, Kim WK, Johnson Z, Lei XG. Supranutrition of microalgal docosahexaenoic acid and calcidiol improved growth performance, tissue lipid profiles, and tibia characteristics of broiler chickens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:27. [PMID: 36922887 PMCID: PMC10018906 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00842-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and calcidiol could be enriched in chicken for improving public nutrition and health. It remains unclear if supranutritional levels of DHA and calcidiol impair growth performance or metabolism of broiler chickens. This study was to determine singular and combined effects of high levels of supplemental DHA-rich microalgal biomass or oil and calcidiol on growth performance, concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and nonesterfied fatty acids in plasma, liver, breast, and thigh, and biophysical properties of tibia. METHODS In Exp. 1, 144 day-old Cornish chicks were divided into 4 groups (6 cages/treatment, 6 birds/cage), and were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet (BD), BD + 10,000 IU calcidiol/kg (BD + Cal), BD + 1% DHA-rich Aurantiochytrium (1.2 g DHA/kg; BD + DHA), and BD + Cal + DHA for 6 weeks. In Exp. 2, 180 day-old chicks were divided into 5 groups, and were fed: BD, BD + DHA (0.33% to 0.66% oil, 1.5 to 3.0 g DHA/kg), BD + DHA + EPA (1.9% to 3.8% eicosapentaenoic acid-rich Nannochloropsis sp. CO18, 0.3 to 0.6 g EPA/kg), BD + DHA + calcidiol (6000 to 12,000 IU/kg diet), and BD + DHA + EPA + Cal for 6 weeks. RESULTS Birds fed BD + Cal diet in Exp. 1 and BD + DHA + EPA diet in Exp. 2 had higher (P < 0.05) body weight gain (10%-11%) and gain:feed ratio (7%), and lower (P < 0.05) total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in plasma (18%-54%), liver (8%-26%), breast (19%-26%), and thigh (10%-19%), respectively, over the controls. The two diets also improved (P < 0.05) tibial breaking strength (8%-24%), total bone volume (2%-13%), and (or) bone mineral density (3%-19%) of chickens. CONCLUSION Supranutrition of dietary calcidiol and DHA alone or together did not produce adverse effects, but led to moderate improvements of growth performance, lipid profiles of plasma and muscle, and bone properties of broiler chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Kalia
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, 252 Morrison Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Andrew D Magnuson
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, 252 Morrison Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, 252 Morrison Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Guanchen Liu
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Zackary Johnson
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC, USA
| | - Xin Gen Lei
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, 252 Morrison Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
White D, Chen C, Kim WK. Effect of the combination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and higher level of calcium and phosphorus in the diets on bone 3D structural development in pullets. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1056481. [PMID: 37168220 PMCID: PMC10164944 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1056481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone issues such as osteoporosis are major concerns for the laying hen industry. A study was conducted to improve bone-health in pullets. A total of 448 one-day-old Hyline W36 pullets were randomly assigned to four treatments (8 rep; 14 birds/rep) until 17 weeks (wks). Dietary treatments were: 1) vitamin D3 at (2,760 IU/kg) (D), 2) vitamin D3 (2,760 IU/kg)+62.5 mg 25-(OH)D3/ton (H25D), 3) vitamin D3 (2,760 IU/kg) + 62.5 mg 25-(OH)D3/ton + high Ca&P (H25D + Ca/P), and 4) vitamin D3 (2,760 IU/kg) + high Ca&P (D + Ca/P). The high calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) diet was modified by increasing both high calcium and phosphorus by 30% (2:1) for the first 12 wks and then only increasing P for 12-17 wks to reduce the Ca to P ratio. At 17 wk, growth performance was measured, whole body composition was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and femur bones were scanned using Micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) for bone 3D structure analyses. The data were subjected to a one-way ANOVA using the GLM procedure, with means deemed significant at p < 0.05. There was no significant outcome for growth performance or dual energy x-ray absorptiometry parameters. Micro-computed tomography results indicated that the H25D + Ca/P treatment had lower open pore volume space, open porosity, total volume of pore space, and total porosity in the cortical bone compared to the D + Ca/P. It also showed that a higher cortical bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) in the H25D + Ca/P than in the D + Ca/P. Furthermore, the H25D + Ca/P treatment had the lowest trabecular pattern factor and structure model index compared to the other treatments, which indicates its beneficial effects on trabecular structural development. Moreover, the H25D + Ca/P had a higher trabecular percentage compared to the D and 25D, which suggests the additional high calcium and phosphorus supplementation on top of 25D increased trabecular content in the cavity. In conclusion, the combination of 25D with higher levels of high calcium and phosphorus could improve cortical bone quality in pullets and showed a beneficial effect on trabecular bone 3D structural development. Thus, combination of a higher bio-active form of vitamin D3 and higher levels of high calcium and phosphorus could become a potential feeding strategy to improve bone structural integrity and health in pullets.
Collapse
|
27
|
Jing X, Wang Y, Song F, Xu X, Liu M, Wei Y, Zhu H, Liu Y, Wei J, Xu X. A Comparison between Vitamin D 3 and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 on Laying Performance, Eggshell Quality and Ultrastructure, and Plasma Calcium Levels in Late Period Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2824. [PMID: 36290209 PMCID: PMC9597715 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare high supplementary doses (125 µg/kg) of vitamin D3 (VD3) or 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3) with commercial supplementary doses (62.5 µg/kg) of VD3 on laying performance, eggshell quality and ultrastructure, and plasma calcium levels in late period laying hens. A total of 1512 Roman Gray (60-week-old) laying hens were allotted into three treatments with 12 replicates and 42 birds in each replicate. During the 12-week trial period, the layers were fed a basal diet supplemented with different doses of VD3 or 25-OHD3 (62.5 µg/kg VD3 in control group, CON; 125 µg/kg VD3 in high level VD3 group, VD3; 125 µg/kg 25-OHD3 in high level 25-OHD3 group, 25-OHD3). The results showed that high supplementary doses of VD3 or 25-OHD3 increased laying rate (p < 0.05). Moreover, the layers fed high doses of VD3 or 25-OHD3 diets had decreased unqualified egg rate and mortality (p < 0.05). High supplementary doses of VD3 or 25-OHD3 increased eggshell strength and eggshell thickness (p < 0.05). From observation in eggshell ultrastructure, high doses of VD3 or 25-OHD3 diets increased the palisade layer thickness and mammillary knob density (p < 0.05). Furthermore, high doses of VD3 or 25-OHD3 diets increased the calcium levels in plasma (p < 0.05). In summary, compared with 62.5 µg/kg doses of VD3, supplementary 125 µg/kg doses of VD3 or 25-OHD3 improved the laying performance, eggshell quality, and plasma calcium levels in late period laying hens. Additionally, there was an equal effect on laying performance and eggshell quality in the hens fed dietary 125 µg/kg doses of VD3 or 25-OHD3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Jing
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Wuhan Hualuo Branch, China Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Fulong Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Xianfeng Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Mingkang Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yu Wei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Huiling Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Jintao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shi H, Wang J, Teng PY, Tompkins YH, Jordan B, Kim WK. Effects of phytase and coccidial vaccine on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, bone mineralization, and intestinal gene expression of broilers. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102124. [PMID: 36130448 PMCID: PMC9489506 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate effects of phytase and coccidial vaccine on growth performance, bone mineralization, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal gene expression of broiler chickens. The experiment was conducted in a 2 × 4 completely randomized factorial arrangement with 6 replicates per treatment and 10 birds each. Applications of coccidiosis vaccine and different dietary treatments were the 2 main factors in the current study. The dietary treatments included 1) a positive control (PC; 0.90% Ca and 0.45% available P: avP); 2) a negative control (NC; 0.75% Ca and 0.30% AvP); 3) NC + 500 FTU/kg of phytase (NC + 500PHY); and 4) NC + 1500 FTU/kg of phytase (NC + 1500PHY). Data were analyzed using SAS by 2-way ANOVA via GLM procedure. The statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05, and means were further separated using Tukey's Test. The results indicated that vaccination had no effect on growth performance except for feed intake from 0 to 14 d but negatively (P < 0.05) regulated bone ash and Ca digestibility. Birds fed with the Ca and P-reduced diet (NC) showed a lower BWG and bone ash compared to birds fed with the normal diet (PC), but supplementing phytase mitigated the negative effects on those birds. Broilers fed the NC diet had higher (P < 0.05) total Ca and P digestibility, and phytate degradation; supplementing phytase further increased P digestibility and phytate degradation of the broilers. A significant interaction (P < 0.05) between phytase and vaccination was observed, suggesting the vaccinated birds fed the PC diet and the unvaccinated birds fed the NC + 1500PHY increased calcium-sensing receptor gene expression compared with the unvaccinated birds fed the PC diet. In conclusion, in spite of coccidiosis vaccine, supplementing phytase at 1,500 FTU/kg alleviated the negative effects on growth performance, bone mineralization, and apparent ileal digestibility of P and phytate.
Collapse
|
29
|
Obianwuna UE, Oleforuh-Okoleh VU, Wang J, Zhang HJ, Qi GH, Qiu K, Wu SG. Natural Products of Plants and Animal Origin Improve Albumen Quality of Chicken Eggs. Front Nutr 2022; 9:875270. [PMID: 35757269 PMCID: PMC9226613 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.875270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Albumen quality is recognized as one of the major yardsticks in measuring egg quality. The elasticity of thick albumen, a strong bond in the ovomucin-lysozyme complex, and excellent biological properties are indicators of high-quality albumen. The albumen quality prior to egg storage contribute to enhance egg’s shelf life and economic value. Evidence suggests that albumen quality can deteriorate due to changes in albumen structure, such as the degradation of β-ovomucin subunit and O-glyosidic bonds, the collapse of the ovomucin-lysozyme complex, and a decrease in albumen protein-protein interaction. Using organic minerals, natural plants and animal products with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, high biological value, no residue effect and toxicity risk could improve albumen quality. These natural products (e.g., tea polyphenols, marigold extract, magnolol, essential oils, Upro (small peptide), yeast cell wall, Bacillus species, a purified amino acid from animal blood, and pumpkin seed meal) are bio-fortified into eggs, thus enhancing the biological and technological function of the albumen. Multiple strategies to meeting laying hens’ metabolic requirements and improvement in albumen quality are described in this review, including the use of amino acids, vitamins, minerals, essential oils, prebiotics, probiotics, organic trace elements, and phytogenic as feed additives. From this analysis, natural products can improve animal health and consequently albumen quality. Future research should focus on effects of these natural products in extending shelf life of the albumen during storage and at different storage conditions. Research in that direction may provide insight into albumen quality and its biological value in fresh and stored eggs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uchechukwu Edna Obianwuna
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Vivian U Oleforuh-Okoleh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Jing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Hai Qi
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Qiu
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Geng Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Guo F, Geng Y, Abbas W, Zhen W, Wang S, Huang Y, Guo Y, Ma Q, Wang Z. Vitamin D 3 Nutritional Status Affects Gut Health of Salmonella-Challenged Laying Hens. Front Nutr 2022; 9:888580. [PMID: 35619956 PMCID: PMC9127613 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.888580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) is one of the most common pathogens associated with poultry health and foodborne Salmonellosis worldwide. The gut plays a pivotal role in inhibiting SE transintestinal transmission and contaminating poultry products. The nutritional status of vitamin D (VD) is involved in gut health apart from bone health. However, the impact of VD3 nutritional status on the gut health of Salmonella-challenged hens is rarely investigated. This study investigated the impact and possible mechanisms of VD3 nutritional status on the gut health of hens challenged with SE. Hens were fed basal diets with either 0 (deficient) or 3000 IU (sufficient) VD3/kg of diet, respectively. After 10 weeks of feeding, half of the hens were orally inoculated with either SE (1 × 109 CFU /bird). Results indicated that VD3 sufficiency reversed the disruptive effects on the laying performance of hens caused by Salmonella challenge or VD3 insufficiency by promoting VD3 metabolism. In addition, VD3 sufficiency ameliorated gut injury induced by either Salmonella or VD3 deficiency, shown by reducing Salmonella load and histopathological scores, suppressing TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses, and increasing expression of TJs along with decreasing pro-apoptotic protein expression and the number of TUNEL-positive cells in the jejunum. Besides, VD3 enriched the abundance of probiotics, such as Lactobacillus and Bacilli, and restored the balance of gut microflora. Collectively, dietary VD3 sufficient supplementation could alleviate Salmonella or VD3 deficiency-induced intestinal damage of hens via modulating intestinal immune, barrier function, apoptosis along with gut microbiota composition, revealing that VD3 could act as a novel nutritional strategy defending Salmonella invasion in hens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangshen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqiang Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Waseem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenrui Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuiqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuechuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Waghmare A, Chugh N, Sagaram U, Arun S, Menon D, Subhash GV, Nagle V, Dattaroy T, Dasgupta S. Characterization of storage stability of microalgal biomass for its applications as protein feed ingredients in animal and aquafeeds. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
|
32
|
Zhen W, Liu Y, Shao Y, Ma Y, Wu Y, Guo F, Abbas W, Guo Y, Wang Z. Yeast β-Glucan Altered Intestinal Microbiome and Metabolome in Older Hens. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:766878. [PMID: 34975793 PMCID: PMC8718749 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.766878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The prebiotics- and probiotics-mediated positive modulation of the gut microbiota composition is considered a useful approach to improve gut health and food safety in chickens. This study explored the effects of yeast β-glucan (YG) supplementation on intestinal microbiome and metabolites profiles as well as mucosal immunity in older hens. A total of 256 43-week-old hens were randomly assigned to two treatments, with 0 and 200 mg/kg of YG. Results revealed YG-induced downregulation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytokine gene expression in the ileum without any effect on the intestinal barrier. 16S rRNA analysis claimed that YG altered α- and β-diversity and enriched the relative abundance of class Bacilli, orders Lactobacillales and Enterobacteriales, families Lactobacillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae, genera Lactobacillus and Escherichia–Shigella, and species uncultured bacterium-Lactobacillus. Significant downregulation of cutin and suberin, wax biosynthesis, atrazine degradation, vitamin B6 metabolism, phosphotransferase system (PTS), steroid degradation, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, aminobenzoate degradation and quorum sensing and upregulation of ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, steroid biosynthesis, carotenoid biosynthesis, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis, lysine degradation, and ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosyntheses were observed in YG-treated hens, as substantiated by the findings of untargeted metabolomics analysis. Overall, YG manifests prebiotic properties by altering gut microbiome and metabolite profiles and can downregulate the intestinal mucosal immune response of breeder hens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Zhen
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Shao
- College of Biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanbo Ma
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangshen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Waseem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tang Q, Ye XM, Yang YC, Zhang SB, Yan LJ, Gong D, Zou L, Wen XL. Serum Fat-Soluble Vitamin Levels of 6,082 Minors in Zhuzhou City. Int J Clin Pract 2022; 2022:4673964. [PMID: 36531559 PMCID: PMC9731752 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4673964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the nutritional status of serum fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin A, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and vitamin E of minors in the Zhuzhou area to provide a scientific basis for clinical guidance to supplement fat-soluble vitamins reasonably. METHOD A total of 6,082 minors who underwent physical examination from January 2017 to February 2019 in the Children's Health Department of Zhuzhou Hospital affiliated with XiangYa School of Medicine of Central South University were selected as the subjects to measure the levels of serum fat-soluble vitamins A, D, and E. RESULTS (1) Their average levels of serum vitamin A, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and vitamin E were (0.34 ± 0.08) mg/mL, (34.65 ± 10.24) ng/mL, and (10.11 ± 2.65) mg/mL, respectively. (2) Serum vitamin E showed a gender difference (P < 0.001). (3) The average levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and vitamin E in infancy, early childhood, preschool age, school age, and adolescence decreased gradually (P < 0.05). In contrast, the average level of serum vitamin A ranged between 0.32 mg/mL and 0.37 mg/mL. (4) The age was negatively correlated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (r = -0.517, P < 0.001) and weakly negatively correlated with vitamin E (r = -0.366, P < 0.001), but weakly positively correlated with vitamin A (r = 0.269, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Minors from infancy to adolescence in Zhuzhou should strengthen their supplementation of fat-soluble vitamins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Tang
- Department of Children Health Care Center, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Zhuzhou, Hunan 412007, China
| | - Xiao-Min Ye
- Department of Children Health Care Center, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Zhuzhou, Hunan 412007, China
| | - Yi-Can Yang
- Department of Children Health Care Center, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Zhuzhou, Hunan 412007, China
| | - Shi-Bin Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Zhuzhou, Hunan 412007, China
| | - Li-Juan Yan
- Department of Children Health Care Center, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Zhuzhou, Hunan 412007, China
| | - Dai Gong
- Department of Children Health Care Center, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Zhuzhou, Hunan 412007, China
| | - Li Zou
- Department of Children Health Care Center, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Zhuzhou, Hunan 412007, China
| | - Xiang-Lan Wen
- Department of Children Health Care Center, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Zhuzhou, Hunan 412007, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Likittrakulwong W, Moonsatan S, Incharoen T. Enhancement of tibia bone and eggshell hardness through the supplementation of bio-calcium derived from fish bone mixed with chelated trace minerals and vitamin D3 in laying duck diet. Vet Anim Sci 2021; 14:100204. [PMID: 34541376 PMCID: PMC8436163 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cracked eggs cause great economic losses in duck egg production. The use of eggshell-related vitamins and minerals is one of the most suitable approaches for solving this problem. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary bio-calcium derived from fish bone mixed with chelated trace minerals and vitamin D3 (BCD) on egg performance, egg quality and the hardness of the tibia bone and the eggshell in laying ducks. A total of eighty 30-week-old Khaki Campbell laying ducks were assigned to 4 groups. Experimental birds were provided a basal diet supplemented with 0.0 (T1), 0.5 (T2), 1.0 (T3), or 2.0 (T4) g/kg BCD. Our results indicated that a negative impact on egg performance was not observed (P > 0.05) in any dietary BCD groups. The different BCD levels had no significant effects on yolk color, yolk ratio, albumen ratio, eggshell ratio or eggshell thickness. Similarly, the calcium and phosphorus contents of the eggshell and tibia bone were not influenced (P > 0.05) by the dietary BCD. Tibia bone weight and length did not differ (P > 0.05) among the 4 treatments. However, tibia bone (P = 0.006) and eggshell hardness (P = 0.025) significantly increased and correlated with increasing BCD levels. The strongest tibia bone and eggshell were found in the 2.0 g/kg BCD group when compared to the control group (P < 0.01). Thus, the study concluded that the inclusion of 2.0 g/kg BCD mixture in laying duck diets can be a potential approach to improve tibia bone and eggshell hardness, without detrimental effect on egg performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wirot Likittrakulwong
- Animal Science Program, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Technology, Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Sateanpong Moonsatan
- Division of Animal Science and Feed Technology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Tossaporn Incharoen
- Division of Animal Science and Feed Technology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Agricultural and Livestock Innovation, Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhang H, Liu Y, Fang X, Gu L, Luo C, Chen L, Wang Q. Vitamin D 3 Protects Mice from Diquat-Induced Oxidative Stress through the NF- κB/Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6776956. [PMID: 34824670 PMCID: PMC8610683 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6776956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D3, as an indispensable and fat-soluble micronutrient, plays an important role in the health of humans and animals. At present, studies are focusing on the calcium absorption and immunoregulation function of vitamin D3; this study was aimed at exploring the antioxidative stress ability of vitamin D3 on diquat-induced intestinal dysfunction of ICR mice and the underlying mechanism. The results showed that oral gavage of vitamin D3 daily significantly improved the body weight gain and immune organ index and significantly reverted the abnormal changes of ALT, AST, SOD, GSH-Px, T-AOC, and MDA in the serum and jejunum induced by diquat. The addition of vitamin D3 also significantly reduced the concentration of DAO, D-LA, and certain proinflammatory cytokines in serum. Moreover, vitamin D3 improved the pathological morphology of the duodenum, jejunum, colon, liver, and kidney tissues, and it also largely attenuated the degree of inflammatory infiltration of macrophages and cell apoptotic index of jejunal epithelial tissue induced by diquat. The results demonstrated that vitamin D3 significantly recovered the intestinal barrier injury by enhancing the expression of mucins and tight junction proteins in the jejunum. In addition, the results indicated that vitamin D3 could significantly reduce the phosphorylation level of NF-κB (p65) and enhance the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 in the jejunum compared with the diquat-induced group. This study suggested that oral administration of vitamin D3 can protect mice against oxidative damage by inhibiting the phosphorylation level of NF-κB (p65) and activating Nrf2-related signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Youming Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Xin Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Lihong Gu
- Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Caiwei Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Classic and Non-Classic Effects of the Duration of Supplementation of 25-Hydroxicholecalciferol in Broiler Chicken Diets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102971. [PMID: 34679990 PMCID: PMC8532758 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Genetic programs of modern commercial-type broiler chickens are based on growth performance parameters associated with muscular growth, feed efficiency, and meat and breast yield. Therefore, highly bioavailable vitamin D3 to sustain optimal muscle and bone development is necessary. In the present study the effect of different durations of supplementing of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3) in broiler chickens was evaluated. Growth performance response, carcass and cuts yield, bone resistance, plasma concentration of 25(OH)D3, and expression of the mTOR gene were evaluated. The use of 25(OH)D3 in the diets for broilers during different feeding periods did not influence growth performance but increased the plasma concentration of 25(OH)D3, and increased breast yield as the duration of the supplementation was extended. The supplementation of 25(OH)D3 increased breast yield and protein deposition in the breast muscle which may have been a result of the epigenetic changes caused by this vitamin D (Vit D) metabolite. Abstract The present study aimed to determine the effect of different times of supplementation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3) in broiler chickens on the performance, carcass and cuts yield, bone resistance, plasma concentration of 25(OH)D3, and expression of the mTOR gene. The treatments were a control diet (CD) supplemented with 3000 IU vitamin D3/kg of feed from 1 to 46 d, or the CD + 2760 IU (69 mcg) of 25(OH)D3/kg of feed from 1 to 21 d, from 1 to 35 d, or from 1 to 46 d. The period of supplementation of 25(OH)D3 did not affect the growth performance of broilers, but the breast meat yield was linearly increased in response to increasing days of supplementation (p < 0.05). Birds supplemented with 25(OH)D3 at the time of the analysis showed an increase (p < 0.05) in the plasma concentration of 25(OH)D3 when compared to non-supplemented birds. The mTOR gene expression (p < 0.05), and breast protein deposition (p < 0.05) presented a quadratic response related to the supplementation period of 25(OH)D3. The fat content of the breast linearly decreased (p < 0.05) as the period of supplementation was extended. The results also showed a positive linear correlation between mTOR expression and 25(OH)D3 plasma levels (r = 0.593; p < 0.05).
Collapse
|
37
|
Effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and essential oil complex on productive performance, egg quality, and uterus antioxidant capacity of laying hens. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101410. [PMID: 34587537 PMCID: PMC8482040 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (HDV) and essential oils (EO) on the uterus antioxidant capacity, egg quality, and eggshell ultrastructure in laying hens. A total of 400 48-wk-old Lohmann laying hens were randomly allocated into 2 groups and fed a basal diet (control) or a basal diet supplemented with a combination of 69 μg/kg HDV and EO (including 200 mg/kg thymol and 50 mg/kg carvacrol) for 12 wk. There are 10 replicates of 20 hens each. Compared with the control, dietary HDV+EO supplementation improved (P < 0.05) egg production rate, feed efficiency, eggshell thickness and strength, and decreased (P < 0.05) the translucent egg score. Ultrastructural changes indicated that dietary HDV+EO supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) mammillary knob width, mammillary thickness and the proportion of mammillary thickness, and increased (P < 0.05) the proportion of effective thickness and total thickness of the eggshells compared with the control. Supplementation with HDV+EO complex led to higher serum HDV concentration and increased antioxidant capacity in the uterus, indicated by higher (P < 0.05) antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase [CAT], total antioxidant capacity [T-AOC], and glutathione S-transferases [GST]) and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Therefore, dietary HDV and EO complex (including thymol and carvacrol) supplementation can improve the productive performance and the eggshell quality in laying hens, and the improving effect on eggshell quality may through enhancing eggshell ultrastructure and antioxidant capacity of uterus.
Collapse
|
38
|
Khanal T, Bedecarrats GY, Kiarie EG. Cage type and mineral nutrition had independent impact on skeletal development in Lohmann LSL-Lite pullets from hatch to 16 weeks of age. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:631-640. [PMID: 34401541 PMCID: PMC8334376 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effects of rearing cage type and dietary Ca, available P and vitamin D3 (VitD3) on body and skeletal development were studied. A total of 3,420 Lohmann LSL-Lite day-old chicks were reared in conventional (CON) or furnished cages (FUR) to 16 wk of age. Initially, 40 and 150 chicks/cage were placed in CON and FUR and transitioned to 20 and 75 chicks/cage at 8 wk of age, respectively. Three diets: Diet 1, Diet 1.5 and Diet 2 were formulated to meet nutrient specifications with Diet 1.5 and Diet 2 containing 1.5 and 2 times more Ca, P and VitD3 than Diet 1, respectively. Diets were allocated within cage type to give 6 replicates and fed in 3 feeding programs: starter, grower and developer. At 4, 12 and 16 wk of age, BW was recorded, and femur, tibia and blood samples for bone quality and related parameters. There were no interactions (P > 0.05) of cage type, diet and pullet age on BW, plasma Ca and inorganic P, femur and tibia morphometry, mineral density (MD), breaking strength (BS) and ash concentration (AC). Concentration of Ca, P and VitD3 linearly decreased BW (P < 0.001), relative femur (P = 0.010) and tibia weight (P = 0.013). A quadratic increase on femur MD (P = 0.03) and BS (P = 0.026) was observed with dietary concentration of Ca, P and VitD3. Femur (P = 0.031) was longer for CON than FUR pullets, however, femur for FUR pullets had higher (P = 0.003) AC. Cage had no effect (P ≥ 0.415) femoral MD and BS. Pullets reared in FUR cages exhibited higher tibial MD (P = 0.015), BS (P = 0.071), AC (P < 0.01) and whole-body mineral content (P < 0.01). In conclusion, cage type and diets showed independent effect on femur and tibia quality with FUR pullets exhibiting enhanced indices of mineralization. Feeding pullets twice the recommended Ca, P and VitD3 decreased BW, relative weight of leg bone but enhanced femoral strength with no effects on tibia attributes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanka Khanal
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G2W1, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang J, Kong F, Kim WK. Effect of almond hulls on the performance, egg quality, nutrient digestibility, and body composition of laying hens. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101286. [PMID: 34289427 PMCID: PMC8319578 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate 2 varieties of almond hulls (prime and California type hulls) as an alternative feed ingredient on the performance, egg quality, nutrient digestibility, and body composition using a total of 100 23-week-old Hy-Line W36 hens. Treatments consisted of a control diet based on corn and soybean meal; T2 and T3 were formulated to contain 7.5 and 15% of prime hulls; and T4 and T5 contained 7.5 and 15% of California type hulls. Inclusion of prime hulls and California type hulls had no effects on feed intake, egg laying rate, and feed conversion ratio, but California type hulls at 7.5% decreased (P < 0.001) body weight gain compared to the control. Prime hulls at 7.5% and California type hulls at both levels improved (P ≤ 0.022) AMEn and N digestibility. Both prime hulls and California type hulls had no effects on egg size, specific gravity, Haugh unit, and percentages of yolk, albumen and shell, but yolk color appeared greener and less yellow (P ≤ 0.009) by prime hulls and less yellow (P = 0.001) by California type hulls. For body composition, prime hulls and California type hulls at both levels lowered (P ≤ 0.017) body fat, and California type hulls at 7.5% decreased (P = 0.001) lean weight. In summary, inclusion of prime hulls and California type hulls up to 15% had no negative effect on egg production and egg quality while reduced the body fat percentage and mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - F Kong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - W K Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Reyer H, Oster M, Ponsuksili S, Trakooljul N, Omotoso AO, Iqbal MA, Muráni E, Sommerfeld V, Rodehutscord M, Wimmers K. Transcriptional responses in jejunum of two layer chicken strains following variations in dietary calcium and phosphorus levels. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:485. [PMID: 34187361 PMCID: PMC8243909 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07814-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) are essential nutrients that are linked to a large array of biological processes. Disturbances in Ca and P homeostasis in chickens are associated with a decline in growth and egg laying performance and environmental burden due to excessive P excretion rates. Improved utilization of minerals in particular of P sources contributes to healthy growth while preserving the finite resource of mineral P and mitigating environmental pollution. In the current study, high performance Lohmann Selected Leghorn (LSL) and Lohmann Brown (LB) hens at peak laying performance were examined to approximate the consequences of variable dietary Ca and P supply. The experimental design comprised four dietary groups with standard or reduced levels of either Ca or P or both (n = 10 birds per treatment group and strain) in order to stimulate intrinsic mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. Jejunal transcriptome profiles and the systemic endocrine regulation of mineral homeostasis were assessed (n = 80). RESULTS Endogenous mechanisms to maintain mineral homeostasis in response to variations in the supply of Ca and P were effective in both laying hen strains. However, the LSL and LB appeared to adopt different molecular pathways, as shown by circulating vitamin D levels and strain-specific transcriptome patterns. Responses in LSL indicated altered proliferation rates of intestinal cells as well as adaptive responses at the level of paracellular transport and immunocompetence. Endogenous mechanisms in LB appeared to involve a restructuring of the epithelium, which may allow adaptation of absorption capacity via improved micro-anatomical characteristics. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that LSL and LB hens may exhibit different Ca, P, and vitamin D requirements, which have so far been neglected in the supply recommendations. There is a demand for trial data showing the mechanisms of endogenous factors of Ca and P homeostasis, such as vitamin D, at local and systemic levels in laying hens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Reyer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm- Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Michael Oster
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm- Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm- Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Nares Trakooljul
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm- Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Adewunmi O Omotoso
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm- Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Muhammad A Iqbal
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm- Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Eduard Muráni
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm- Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Vera Sommerfeld
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm- Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig- Weg 7, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Warren MF, Livingston KA. Implications of Vitamin D Research in Chickens can Advance Human Nutrition and Perspectives for the Future. Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab018. [PMID: 33977215 PMCID: PMC7929256 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of vitamin D insufficiency in humans is a global problem that requires improving ways to increase vitamin D intake. Supplements are a primary means for increasing vitamin D intake, but without a clear consensus on what constitutes vitamin D sufficiency, there is toxicity risk with taking supplements. Chickens have been used in many vitamin-D-related research studies, especially studies involving vitamin D supplementation. Our state-of-the-art review evaluates vitamin D metabolism and how the different hydroxylated forms are synthesized. We provide an overview of how vitamin D is absorbed, transported, excreted, and what tissues in the body store vitamin D metabolites. We also discuss a number of studies involving vitamin D supplementation with broilers and laying hens. Vitamin D deficiency and toxicity are also described and how they can be caused. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is important for vitamin D metabolism; however, there is much more to understand about VDR in chickens. Potential research aims involving vitamin D and chickens should explore VDR mechanisms that could lead to newer insights into VDR. Utilizing chickens in future research to help elucidate vitamin D mechanisms has great potential to advance human nutrition. Finding ways to increase vitamin D intake will be necessary because the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is leading to increased risk of vitamin D deficiency in many populations. Chickens can provide a dual purpose with addressing pandemic-caused vitamin D deficiency: 1) vitamin D supplementation gives chickens added-value with the possibility of leading to vitamin-D-enriched meat and egg products; and 2) using chickens in research provides data for translational research. We believe expanding vitamin-D-related research in chickens to include more nutritional aims in vitamin D status has great implications for developing better strategies to improve human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Warren
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kimberly A Livingston
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Alagawany M, Elnesr SS, Farag MR, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Karthik K, Michalak I, Dhama K. Nutritional significance of amino acids, vitamins and minerals as nutraceuticals in poultry production and health - a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2020; 41:1-29. [PMID: 33250002 PMCID: PMC7755404 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1857887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutraceuticals have gained immense importance in poultry science recently considering the nutritional and beneficial health effects of their constituents. Besides providing nutritional requirements to birds, nutraceuticals have beneficial pharmacological effects, for example, they help in establishing normal physiological health status, prevent diseases and thereby improve production performance. Nutraceuticals include amino acids, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, etc. which are important for preventing oxidative stress, regulating the immune response and maintaining normal physiological, biochemical and homeostatic mechanisms. Nutraceuticals help in supplying nutrients in balanced amounts for supporting the optimal growth performance in modern poultry flocks, and as a dietary supplement can reduce the use of antibiotics. The application of antibiotic growth enhancers in poultry leads to the propagation of antibiotic-resistant microbes and drug residues; therefore, they have been restricted in many countries. Thus, there is a demand for natural feed additives that lead to the same growth enhancement without affecting the health. Nutraceuticals substances have an essential role in the development of the animals' normal physiological functions and in protecting them against infectious diseases. In this review, the uses of amino acids, vitamins and minerals as well as their mode of action in growth promotion and elevation of immune system are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Alagawany
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Poultry, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shaaban S. Elnesr
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Production, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Mayada R. Farag
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Izabela Michalak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Effect of almond hulls as an alternative ingredient on broiler performance, nutrient digestibility, and cecal microbiota diversity. Poult Sci 2020; 100:100853. [PMID: 33516473 PMCID: PMC7936146 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate 2 types of almond hulls (prime hulls and California-type hulls) as alternative feed ingredients for broilers. A total of 560 one-day-old Cobb male chicks were randomly placed to 7 experimental treatments with 8 replicates of 10 birds each. Seven treatments consisted of a corn-soybean meal control diet and diets containing prime hulls or California-type hulls at 3, 6, and 9%. The nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy, crude protein, and crude fiber from prime hulls and California-type hulls were 1,624 and 1,514 kcal/kg, 4.8 and 5.0%, and 13.1 and 26.45%, respectively. During 0–19 d of age, the inclusion of the prime hulls at 3 levels had no significant effects on growth performance, but the California-type hulls at 9% increased feed intake (P = 0.02) and feed conversion ratio (P < 0.01), compared with control. The prime hulls at 9% decreased (P < 0.01) ileal dry matter and ileal nitrogen digestibility, and the California-type hulls at 9% only decreased ileal dry matter digestibility, but both prime hulls and California-type hulls at 6% had no effects on ileal dry matter digestibility and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy compared to control. In addition, inclusion of prime hulls at 3% decreased (P < 0.01) AMEn compared with control group. There were no significant differences in cecal microbiota diversity at a phylum or genus level among treatments, but 9% inclusion rate of the California-type hulls increased (P < 0.05) the population of certain bacteria in the genus Clostridium and Oscillospira compared with control. In conclusion, as a dietary energy and fiber source, the prime hulls can be used at up to 9% without a negative effect on body weight gain, whereas the California-type hulls can be used up to 6%.
Collapse
|
44
|
Role of long-term supplementation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 on laying hen bone 3-dimensional structural development. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5771-5782. [PMID: 33142495 PMCID: PMC7647792 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Egg-laying hens have a unique bone development pattern due to the medullary bone formation and high bone turnover rate. The role of long-term supplementation of an intermediate form of vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD), on skeletal development of pullets and laying hens is not well established. Exploring its effects on layer bone development will help develop a strategy for preventing laying hen osteoporosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of long-term supplementation of 25OHD in layer diets on bone 3-dimensional structural development. A total of 390 1-day-old Hy-Line W36 pullets were randomly allocated to 3 treatments with 10 replicate cages and 13 birds/cage. Dietary treatments were 1) vitamin D3 at 2,760 IU/kg, 2) vitamin D3 at 5,520 IU/kg, and 3) vitamin D3 at 2,760 IU/kg plus 25OHD at 2,760 IU (69 μg)/kg. The level of 25OHD in the serum was tested throughout the whole experimental period (0–95 wk). Bone growth rate (BGR) was measured at 10 wk using a calcein injection technique. Femurs were scanned using Micro-CT for 3D structural analysis, and the whole-body composition analysis was performed using a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry method at 17, 60, and 95 wk. Dietary supplementation of 25OHD significantly increased 25OHD level in the serum from 0 to 95 wk. During the rearing period (0–17 wk), 25OHD increased BGR, cortical tissue volume, and bone marrow area at 17 wk, simultaneously. 25OHD created more pores in cortical bone, which resulted in a lower cortical bone mineral density (BMD) but without alerting bone mineral content (BMC). This effect allowed more space for mineral deposition in bones during the later egg-laying period. At 60 wk, the 25OHD group had significantly greater BMD, which led to the highest total BMC, cortical volume, and trabecular bone connectivity. At 95 wk, the birds fed 25OHD had significantly higher cortical bone volume and lower porosity. The 25OHD group also had higher total BMD and medullary bone volume but a lower BMC and volume of trabecular bone than vitamin D3 or double dosage vitamin D3 treatment. This indicated that the bone resorption rate was lower in cortical bone than that in trabecular bone in the late laying period. In conclusion, supplementation with dietary 25OHD could stimulate bone growth and increase bone volume in pullets to provide more space for mineral deposition during the laying period with positive effects on laying hen bone quality.
Collapse
|
45
|
The Effect of Dietary Rye Inclusion and Xylanase Supplementation on Structural Organization of Bone Constitutive Phases in Laying Hens Fed a Wheat-Corn Diet. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112010. [PMID: 33142930 PMCID: PMC7692776 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary rye inclusion and xylanase supplementation on the bone quality of ISA Brown laying hens. Ninety-six laying hens were assigned to four groups: fed with wheat-corn diet or rye-wheat-corn diet (25% of hybrid rye inclusion) or nonsupplemented or supplemented with xylanase (200 mg/kg of feed) for a period of 25 weeks, from the 26th to the 50th week of age. X-ray absorptiometry, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to provide comprehensive information about the structural organization of bone constitutive phases of the tibia mid-diaphysis in hens from all treatment groups. Bone hydroxyapatite size was not affected by diet. Xylanase supplementation influenced the carbonate-to-phosphate ratio and crystallinity index in hens fed with both diets. Xylanase had more pronounced effects on bone mineral density and collagen maturity in hens fed with the rye-wheat-corn diet versus those fed with the wheat-corn diet. The results of this study showed that modern rye varieties, when supplemented with exogenous xylanase, can be introduced to the diet of laying hens without any adverse effects on bone structure.
Collapse
|
46
|
Chen C, Turner B, Applegate TJ, Litta G, Kim WK. Role of long-term supplementation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 on egg production and egg quality of laying hen. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6899-6906. [PMID: 33248605 PMCID: PMC7704968 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD) on pullet and egg-laying hen growth performance, egg production, and egg quality. Three hundred and ninety 1-day-old Hy-Line W36 pullets were randomly allocated to 3 treatments with 10 replicated cages and 13 birds per cage. Dietary treatments were vitamin D3 at 2,760 IU/kg (D); vitamin D3 at 5,520 IU/kg (DD), and vitamin D3 at 2,760 IU/kg plus 25OHD at 2,760 IU (69 μg)/kg (25D). Body weight and feed intake were recorded at the end of each stage: starter 1 (0–3 wk), starter 2 (4–6 wk), grower (7–12 wk), developer (13–15 wk), prelay (15–17 wk), peaking (18–38 wk), layer 2 (39–48 wk), layer 3 (49–60 wk), layer 4 (61–75 wk), and layer 5 (76–95 wk). Egg production was recorded daily. Egg quality was evaluated every 8 wk starting from 25 wk. There was no difference in growth performance during the rearing period (0–17 wk). In the laying period (18–95 wk), DD showed lower feed intake at layer 2, but higher intake at layer 3 along with lower hen day production (HDP) from 22 to 48 wk compared to the other treatments. During the same period, the DD group laid smaller eggs with higher specific gravity and shell thickness compared with the other treatments or D alone at 40 wk, which may be partly due to the lower body weight. In contrast, 25D had better feed conversion ratio (feed intake per dozen of eggs) at layer 2, and higher overall (22–60 wk) HDP compared with DD. For the egg quality analysis, at 25 and 33 wk, both DD and 25D had higher Haugh unit compared with D. However, 25OHD has no effects on eggshell quality during the entire production period and no beneficial effects on egg production during the later laying period (after 60 wk). In summary, long-term and early supplementation of 25OHD has positive effects on egg production and egg quality, and the beneficial effects were mainly observed during the early laying stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Chen
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - B Turner
- DSM Nutritional Products, North America, Animal Nutrition and Health, Parsippany, NJ 07054, USA
| | - T J Applegate
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Gilberto Litta
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - W K Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
The adaptability of Hy-Line Brown laying hens to low-phosphorus diets supplemented with phytase. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3525-3531. [PMID: 32616248 PMCID: PMC7597811 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Body phosphorus homeostasis network allows laying hens to adapt to wide range of changes in dietary phosphorus levels. Phytase hydrolyzes phytate rendering phosphorus and reduces the laying hens' requirements for inorganic phosphate rock. Here, we demonstrate that there is no need to keep large safety margins in dietary phosphorus when hens are fed with phytase. Hy-Line Brown laying hens (n = 504) were randomly assigned to 7 treatments (6 replicates of 12 birds). A corn-soybean meal–based diet, with no inorganic phosphate rock, was formulated to contain 0.12% nonphytate phosphorus (nPP), 3.8% calcium, and 2,000 FTU/kg phytase. Inorganic phosphate rock (di-calcium phosphate) was supplemented into the basal diet to create 6 other diets containing 0.17, 0.22, 0.27, 0.32, 0.37, and 0.42% nPP. Levels of calcium carbonate and zeolite powder were adjusted to make sure all the 7 experimental diets contained the same nutrition levels (including calcium and phytase) except nPP. The diets were subjected to laying hens from 29 to 40 wk of age. As a result, when supplemented with 2,000 FTU/kg phytase, extra supplementation of inorganic phosphate rock had no effects (P > 0.05) on serum phosphorus levels, serum calcium levels, laying performance (laying rate, egg weight, feed intake, feed-to-egg ratio, and unqualified egg rate), egg quality (shell thickness, shell strength, albumen height, yolk color, and Haugh unit), and tibia quality parameters (breaking strength and ash, calcium, and phosphorus contents). Extra supplementation of inorganic phosphate rock linearly increased (P < 0.01) fecal phosphorus excretion and linearly decreased (P = 0.032) the apparent metabolizability of dietary phosphorus. While serum hormones and intestine gene expressions were varied within treatments, no consistent changes were found. In conclusion, the supplementation of inorganic phosphate rock (provided 0.05–0.30% extra nPP) to phytase-containing basal diets (2,000 FTU/kg; nPP = 0.12%) provided limited benefits to egg production performance in laying hens from 29 to 40 wk of age. Further investigating the body phosphorus homeostasis would help to understand the nutritional and physiological reasonability of formulating low-phosphorus diets in the laying hen industry.
Collapse
|