Modulating Th2 Cell Immunity for the Treatment of Asthma

Airway epithelial cells as drivers of severe asthma pathogenesis

Our understanding of the airway epithelium's role in driving asthma pathogenesis has evolved over time. From being regarded primarily as a physical barrier that could be damaged via inflammation, the epithelium is now known to actively contribute to asthma development through interactions with the immune system. The airway epithelium contains multiple cell types with specialized functions spanning barrier action, mucociliary clearance, immune cell recruitment, and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Environmental insults may cause direct or indirect injury to the epithelium leading to impaired barrier function, epithelial remodelling, and increased release of inflammatory mediators. In severe asthma, the epithelial barrier repair process is inhibited and the response to insults is exaggerated, driving downstream inflammation. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms also maintain dysregulation of the epithelial barrier, adding to disease chronicity. Here, we review the role of the airway epithelium in severe asthma and how targeting the epithelium can contribute to asthma treatment.

Secondary Non-Response to Biologic Treatment in Patients with Severe Asthma

Biologic therapies have revolutionized the management of severe asthma (SA), offering significant symptom control and reduced exacerbations for many patients. However, up to 25% of individuals do not show satisfactory responses to these treatments and are categorized as non-responders. Definitions of response and primary non-response to biologics in SA are well-established. In secondary nonresponse, patients show initial response to biological treatment in the first 6-12 months but later lose asthma control, and in SA this phenomenon remains undefined and unstudied in literature. We present 4 cases of severe asthma treated with different biologic agents. All patients demonstrated significant clinical improvement during the first 12 months of therapy but followed by a gradual loss of asthma control, indicative of secondary nonresponse. We discuss the clinical features, potential mechanisms, and implications of secondary nonresponse to biologics in severe asthma, highlighting an unmet need for further research to define this phenomenon and guide future therapeutic strategies.

Intranasal Immunotherapy with Allergen-Loaded Extracellular Vesicles from Mast Cells Alleviates Allergic Asthma Inflammation in a Murine Model

Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only treatment that can alter the course of allergic diseases by inducing immune tolerance through long-term, repeated low-dose allergen exposure. Nonetheless, AIT persistently faces challenges necessitating resolution, particularly in relation to treatment duration, the incidence of adverse reactions, and patient adherence. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising drug delivery carriers for medications, vaccines, and targeted antibodies. Previously, we demonstrated that intravenous bone marrow-derived mast cell EVs (BMMC-EVs) can reduce allergic airway inflammation in asthmatic mice by interacting with free IgE. This study explores the potential of intranasally administered BMMC-EVs loaded with dermatophagoides farinae extracts to induce local immune tolerance and more effectively alleviate allergic asthma in mice. BMMC were co-cultured with the crude extract of dermatophagoides farina (DfE). BMMC-EVs-DfE were obtained and analyzed for the presence and concentration of DfE. The allergic asthma model was sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of DfE and Al(OH)3 in BALB/c mice. Mice were immunized with PBS, BMMC-EVs-DfE, BMMC-EVs, and DfE intranasally. Then, mice were challenged with DfE after treatment. Effects of immunization were analyzed based on lung histology, bronchoalveolar lavage cell counts, lung cytokine levels, and plasma antibody levels. There were no deaths or signs of systemic toxicity noted in association with the BMMC-EVs-DfE, BMMC-EVs, and DfE immunized mice. BMMC-EVs-DfE immunization could decrease the total cells, macrophages and eosinophils number in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and attenuate goblet cell hyperplasia and MUC5AC expression in lung tissue. DfE specific IgE and IgG3 antibody, and histamine levels were significantly suppressed by BMMC-EVs-DfE immunization, while DfE specific IgG1 and IgG2a levels were increased. Moreover, BMMC-EVs-DfE can regulate the Th1/Th2 balance toward Th1 via increasing the IFN-γ and decreasing the IL-4 levels. We demonstrate here that BMMC-EVs-DfE could efficiently prevent allergic asthma inflammation, rebuild Th1/Th2 balance, reduce goblet hyperplasia and mucus production. BMMC-EVs-DfE as a platform for allergen delivery that effectively inhibits asthma airway inflammation.

USP14 inhibits sensitization-mediated degradation of KDM4D to epigenetically regulate dendritic cell tolerogenic capacity and mitigates airway allergy

Numerous immune disorders are caused by the dysfunction of dendritic cells (DC). The mechanism has not been fully comprehended yet. This research is designed to regulate the epigenetic status of lysine-specific demethylase 4D (KDM4D) to enhance DC's immune tolerogenic capacity. In this study, an airway allergy (AA) mouse model was established with dust mite extracts (DME) as the specific antigen. A mouse strain carrying Kdm4d-deficient DCs was employed in the experiments to assess the role of KDM4D in modulating DC's immune tolerogenic functions. The results showed that mice carrying Kdm4d-deficient DCs (KO mice) showed spontaneous Th2 polarization in the airways. Reduced quantities of KDM4D were detected in airway naive DCs (nDCs) of AA mice. The parameters of AA response had a negative correlation with the quantity of KDM4D. The immune tolerogenic capacity of airway nDCs was impaired in KO mice as well as in AA mice. The Il10 promoter was found to be hypermethylated in airway nDCs of AA mice and KO mice. The low quantity of deubiquitinating enzyme 14 (USP14) was related to the high level of hyper ubiquitination observed in KDM4D in the Il10 promoter locus of airway nDCs of AA mice. Exposure to recombinant USP14 increased the quantity of KDM4D in nDCs, restoring the immune tolerogenic capacity of nDCs in AA mice. In conclusion, dysfunctional tolerogenicity is caused by low levels of KDM4D in airway nDCs from AA mice. USP14 restores the tolerogenic capacity of nDCs in AA mice and mitigates experimental AA.

Aspergillus Serologic Findings and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Bronchiectasis: Data From the European Bronchiectasis Registry

BACKGROUND

Aspergillus species cause diverse clinical manifestations in bronchiectasis including allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), Aspergillus sensitization (AS), and raised IgG indicating exposure to, or infection with, Aspergillus.

RESEARCH QUESTION

What are the prevalence and clinical significance of Aspergillus-associated conditions in individuals with bronchiectasis?

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Patients with bronchiectasis enrolled into the European Bronchiectasis Registry from 2015 through 2022 with laboratory testing for Aspergillus lung disease (total IgE, IgE specific to Aspergillus or Aspergillus skin test, or IgG specific to Aspergillus and blood eosinophil counts) were included for analysis. Modified International Society for Human and Anima Mycology ABPA working group criteria (2024) were used to define ABPA.

RESULTS

Nine thousand nine hundred fifty-three patients were included. Six hundred eight patients (6.1%) were classified as having ABPA, 570 patients (5.7%) showed AS, 806 patients (8.1%) showed raised Aspergillus-specific IgG without AS, 184 patients (1.8%) showed both AS and had raised Aspergillus-specific IgG levels, and 619 patients (6.2%) demonstrated eosinophilic bronchiectasis (elevated eosinophil counts without evidence of Aspergillus lung disease). The remaining 72% showed negative Aspergillus serologic findings. Patients with ABPA, AS, or raised Aspergillus-specific IgG demonstrated more severe disease, with worse lung function and more frequent exacerbations at baseline. During long-term follow-up, patients with raised Aspergillus-specific IgG experienced higher exacerbation frequency and more severe exacerbations. AS was associated with increased exacerbations and hospitalizations only in patients not receiving inhaled corticosteroids.

INTERPRETATION

Aspergillus lung disease is common in bronchiectasis. Raised IgG levels to Aspergillus were associated with significantly worse outcomes, whereas ABPA and AS were associated with severe disease and exacerbations with a risk that is attenuated by inhaled corticosteroid use.

Safranal restores RUNX3-mediated immunoregulation by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome in allergic asthma

Safranal is an active ingredient with pharmacological anti-inflammatory effects derived from Crocus sativus essential oil. To explore the comprehensive effects of Safranal on airway inflammation, airway hyperreactivity, and remodeling and its potential mechanisms through the allergic asthma model, an in vitro model of ASMC cells stimulated by TNF-α was established. The cells were transfected with si-RUNX3 and RUNX3 overexpression plasmids, and DEX was used as a positive control. The expression of RUNX3 was detected by western blot and immunofluorescence. The levels of inflammatory factors were measured by ELISA, while flow cytometry detected the anti-apoptotic effects and ROS production. Subsequently, OVA-sensitized WT mice and RUNX3-KO mice were administered with DEX and Safranal for 2 weeks to establish a mouse model of allergic asthma, and changes in airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammatory manifestations, and airway remodeling were detected. The mechanism of Safranal was verified by detecting the expression of RUNX3, inflammation, and fibrosis-related proteins in the lung tissues. By modulating the NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway, Safranal significantly alleviated the negative effects caused by RUNX3 suppression in vivo and in vitro. We propose that Safranal is a potential active compound for the treatment of asthma, and its clinical application value in allergic asthma should be further explored.

The synergistic effects of PM2.5 and high-fat diet on Th1/Th2 balance in model mice with asthma

Background

Particulate matter, ambient particulate matter with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5) is closely associated with asthma, and a high-fat diet is also a risk factor for the condition. In many cities in China, exposure to PM2.5 and consumption of a high-fat diet coexist. The Th1/Th2 balance is the immunological foundation for the onset and progression of asthma, and it is more accurate to describe asthma symptoms in terms of changes in this balance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PM2.5 and high-fat diet the combined effects on Th1/Th2 balance in asthma immune.

Methods

Given this background, our study examined the effects of PM2.5 and high-fat diets on the Th1/Th2 balance and proposed potential molecular mechanisms for asthma development induced by these factors. In this study, male BALB/c mice and ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized asthma mice subjected to either a normal or high-fat diet were exposed to PM2.5 or filtered air for one month. We evaluated the effects of PM2.5 and high-fat diets on asthma using histopathology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, transcriptome sequencing, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results

We found that PM2.5 exposure increased the secretion of Th2-related inflammatory mediators, while a high-fat diet increased the secretion of Th1-related inflammatory mediators. However, the combined effects still predominantly favored a Th2 skew. PM2.5 exposure shifted the Th1/Th2 balance toward Th2, whereas a high-fat diet shifted it toward Th1. The combination of PM2.5 exposure and a high-fat diet resulted in a less pronounced Th2 polarization compared to PM2.5 exposure alone.

Conclusions

PM2.5 exposure and short-term high-fat diet both exacerbate asthma but there is an opposite direction of modulation of the Th1/Th2 balance.

Zhichuanling injection improves bronchial asthma by attenuation airway inflammation and epithelia-mesenchymal transition

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Zhichuanling (ZCL) Injection, is a compound formulation containing extracts of mahuang (Herba Ephedrae, dried stem or aerial part of Ephedra sinica Stapf), bitter almond (Semen Armeniacae Amarum, seeds of Prunus armeniaca var. sibirica (L.) K. Koch), yangjinhua (flower of Datura metel L.) and Fructus Forsythiae (fruits of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl). Intramuscular injection of ZCL has been used in the clinical practice to control asthma. The aerosol inhalation of ZCL has been shown to be effective on allergic bronchial asthma. However, the underlying mechanisms remain established.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate the underling mechanism by which ZCL inhibits the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma.

METHODS

The guinea pig tracheal rings and human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells were used to assess ZCL's impact on acetylcholine (Ach) induced tracheal contraction, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) induced bronchial inflammation, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) induced airway remodeling. Cell viability and gene expression were assessed using MTT assays, qPCR. RNA-seq (gene expression analysis) was employed to explore the novel mechanisms of ZCL in OVA-induced bronchial asthma.

RESULTS

In this study, we found that ZCL reduces Ach-induced contraction of isolated guinea pig trachea, suppress TNF-α-induced interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 and TGF-β1-induced E-cadherin, α-SMA, Vimentin, N-cadherin mRNA expression in the 16HBE. Transcriptomic analysis of lung tissue from mice with OVA-induced bronchial asthma suggests that ZCL may alleviate asthma symptoms by modulating BPIFA1, HIF3Α, CTXN3, GRFA3, PPEF1, KSR2, and CDSN.

CONCLUSION

ZCL alleviates asthma by suppressing tracheal contractions, inflammation, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. ZCL effect on asthma is likely through the upregulation of BPIFA1 expression thus providing the molecular insight for the treatment of asthma. The findings suggest that ZCL holds promise as a asthma therapeutic approach, and further research is needed to explore its full clinical potential. Future studies should focus on optimizing dosage, evaluating long-term efficacy, and investigating potential synergistic effects with existing treatments to enhance asthma management and patient outcomes.

Younger severe asthma patients with interleukin 4 (CC variant) and dupilumab treatment are more likely to achieve clinical remission

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Asthma is a complex condition characterized by variable respiratory symptoms and chronic inflammation. In recent years, the use of biologics in severe asthma patients led to significant improvements in symptom control and disease outcomes. This has prompted healthcare providers to explore the possibility of achieving clinical remission (CR). This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of clinical remission in severe asthma patients treated with biologics. Additionally, to identify factors associated with achieving clinical remission.

METHODS

The study recruited 116 patients from a national severe asthma registry in Kuwait, focusing on patients who had been treated with biologic therapy for at least 12 months. CR was defined as the absence of exacerbations and oral corticosteroids (OCS) use, an Asthma Control Test (ACT) score of ≥ 20, Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ-6) score of ≤ 0.75 and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) ≥ 80% predicted. Data were collected on demographics, clinical, and functional parameters; including biomarkers such as blood eosinophils count (BEC), total immunoglobulin E (IgE), and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), as well as the polymorphism patterns of the interleukin-4 (IL-4) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) genes.

RESULTS

Patients with severe asthma were predominantly female (68.9%) with an average age of 54.09 years. Most had adult-onset asthma (67.3%), comorbid allergic rhinitis (AR) (81.03%), and experienced frequent exacerbations, with a median of four corticosteroids-requiring flare-ups per year. The allergic eosinophilic phenotype was common (74.14%), and a significant portion carried the CC genotype of the IL-4 gene (51.72%) or the GG genotype of the TNFα gene (57.76%). Biologic therapy significantly improved asthma control, reduced exacerbations and OCS use while improved lung function (p = 0.001 for all). About 18.1% of patients achieved CR after at least 12 months of biologic therapy, with dupilumab being the most effective, especially in biologic-naive patients. A multiple logistic regression analysis found that increasing age was negatively associated with CR (OR 0.95, p = 0.02), while the CC genotype of the IL-4 gene (OR 4.57, p = 0.008) and the use of dupilumab (OR 3.63, p = 0.001) were strong positive predictors of CR.

CONCLUSION

This study suggested that CR can be achieved in patients with severe asthma. However, biologic therapy, particularly dupilumab, offers a promising avenue for achieving CR in comparison to other biologics, especially in younger patients with specific genetic profiles (CC genotype of the IL-4 gene).

Single-cell and chromatin accessibility profiling reveals regulatory programs of pathogenic Th2 cells in allergic asthma

Lung pathogenic T helper type 2 (pTh2) cells are important in mediating allergic asthma, but fundamental questions remain regarding their heterogeneity and epigenetic regulation. Here we investigate immune regulation in allergic asthma by single-cell RNA sequencing in mice challenged with house dust mite, in the presence and absence of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) function. Our analyses indicate two distinct highly proinflammatory subsets of lung pTh2 cells and pinpoint thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and Tumour Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily (TNFRSF) members as important drivers to generate pTh2 cells in vitro. Using our in vitro model, we uncover how signalling via TSLP and a TNFRSF member shapes chromatin accessibility at the type 2 cytokine gene loci by modulating HDAC1 repressive function. In summary, we have generated insights into pTh2 cell biology and establish an in vitro model for investigating pTh2 cells that proves useful for discovering molecular mechanisms involved in pTh2-mediated allergic asthma.

Pharmacological inhibition of MutT homolog 1 (MTH1) in allergic airway inflammation as a novel treatment strategy

BACKGROUND

Despite progress in the treatment of asthma, there is an unmet need for additional therapeutic strategies, not least to avoid side-effects of corticosteroids. The enzyme MutT homolog 1 (MTH1) hydrolyzes oxidized purines and prevents their insertion to DNA. Small molecule inhibition of MTH1 has shown promising therapeutic effects in both cancer and inflammatory conditions. In this study, a small molecule inhibitor of MTH1 (TH1579), was investigated in models of allergic inflammation.

METHODS

In vitro, effects on T cell proliferation and apoptosis were investigated. Furthermore, a murine model, using female BALB/c mice, of OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation was used to investigate effects from MTH1-inhibition in vivo.

RESULTS

Inhibition of MTH1 prevented T cell proliferation in vitro and induced apoptosis in isolated human CD4+ T cells. However, the viability of isolated human eosinophils was unaffected by MTH1 inhibition in vitro. Pharmacological inhibition of MTH1 in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation reduced mucus production, recruitment of inflammatory cells, such as T cells and eosinophils in the BAL fluid and lung tissue, reduced plasma levels of total IgE and OVA-specific IgE, IgG, and IgG1, as well as reduced IL-13 levels in BAL fluid, lung tissue and plasma.

CONCLUSION

MTH1 inhibition reduced proliferation and promoted apoptosis of T cells in vitro. In vivo, TH1579 dampened the type 2 associated immune response in a murine model. These findings suggest that MTH1 could serve as a novel target to treat allergic airway inflammation.

TLR7/8 signaling activation enhances the potency of human pluripotent stem cell-derived eosinophils in cancer immunotherapy for solid tumors

BACKGROUND

Efficient tumor T-cell infiltration is crucial for the effectiveness of T-cell-based therapies against solid tumors. Eosinophils play crucial roles in recruiting T cells in solid tumors. Our group has previously generated induced eosinophils (iEOs) from human pluripotent stem cells and exhibited synergistic efficacy with CAR-T cells in solid tumor inhibition. However, administrated eosinophils might influx into inflammatory lungs, posing a potential safety risk. Mitigating the safety concern and enhancing efficacy is a promising development direction for further application of eosinophils.

METHODS

We developed a new approach to generate eosinophils with enhanced potency from human chemically reprogrammed induced pluripotent stem cells (hCiPSCs) with the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 signaling agonist R848.

RESULTS

R848-activated iEOs (R-iEOs) showed significantly decreased influx to the inflamed lungs, indicating a lower risk of causing airway disorders. Furthermore, these R-iEOs had enhanced anti-tumor functions, preferably accumulated at tumor sites, and further increased T-cell infiltration. The combination of R-iEOs and CAR-T cells suppressed tumor growth in mice. Moreover, the chemo-trafficking signaling increased in R-iEOs, which may contribute to the decreased lung influx of R-iEOs and the increased tumor recruitment of T cells.

CONCLUSION

Our study provides a novel approach to alleviate the potential safety concerns associated with eosinophils while increasing T-cell infiltration in solid tumors. This finding offers a prospective strategy for incorporating eosinophils to improve CAR-T-cell immunotherapy for solid tumors in the future.

Inositol polyphosphate multikinase regulates Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation by controlling Akt-mTOR signaling

Activated proinflammatory T helper (Th) cells, including Th1 and Th17 cells, drive immune responses against pathogens and contribute to autoimmune diseases. We show that the expression of inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK), an enzyme essential for inositol phosphate metabolism, is highly induced in Th1 and Th17 subsets. Deletion of IPMK in CD4+ T cells leads to diminished Th1- and Th17-mediated responses, reducing resistance to Leishmania major and attenuating experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. IPMK-deficient CD4+ T cells show impaired activation and Th17 differentiation, linked to the decreased activation of Akt, mTOR, and STAT3. Mechanistically, IPMK functions as a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to regulate phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) production, promoting T cell activation and effector functions. In IPMK-deficient CD4+ T cells, T cell receptor-stimulated PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 generation is abolished by wortmannin, suggesting IPMK acts in a wortmannin-sensitive manner. These findings establish IPMK as a critical regulator of Th1 and Th17 differentiation, underscoring its role in maintaining immune homeostasis.

Bioinformatics and Network Pharmacology Identify the Therapeutic Role of Guominkang in Allergic Asthma by Inhibiting PI3K/Akt Signaling

Background

As a classical regulating formula, Guominkang (GMK) has been extensively employed in clinical practice to treat the allergic asthma (AA) and alleviate allergy symptoms, however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. The aim of this study was to explored the mechanism of action through which GMK combats AA.

Methods

Potential target genes for the compounds were identified from the database and subjected to functional enrichment analysis. Subsequently, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed in order to screen the core target and confirmed by molecular docking. An asthma model was further developed in mice and airway hyperresponsiveness and lung pathological changes were observed following drug administration. The expression of PI3K and AKT proteins in lung tissues was then detected by Western blotting. Subsequently, the GSE104468 data were normalised and visualised using the R language, compared to the PI3K-Akt pathway gene set to identify overlapping genes, constructed a PPI network and analysed correlations between genes.

Results

267 compounds and 475 disease-relevant GMK targets have been obtained, primarily in the areas of chemokine binding, drug binding, and PI3K-Akt pathway modulation. Molecular docking simulations revealed that predicted targets (PI3K, TNF, IL6, AKT1, SRC, TP53, and STAT3) could be closely bonded with component of GMK. According to in vivo experiments, GMK could reduce mucus obstruction and airway inflammation (P < 0.05), decrease airway hyperresponsiveness (P < 0.05), and inhibited the PI3K-Akt pathway (P < 0.05). After normalising the genes in the dataset between AA and healthy individuals, GO showed that 388 DEGs were associated with PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. The PPI network showed that the overlapping gene were located in the centre of asthma-associated network and that exhibited a correlation with the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

Conclusion

Based on our findings, GMK potentially acts via the PI3K/Akt pathway and alleviates allergic symptoms in AA.

Exploring Asthma as a Protective Factor in COVID-19 Outcomes

Asthma has long been associated with increased susceptibility to viral respiratory infections, leading to significant exacerbations and poorer clinical outcomes. Contrarily and interestingly, emerging data and research surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic have shown that patients with asthma infected with SARS-CoV-2 experienced decreased severity of disease, lower hospitalization rates, as well as decreased morbidity and mortality. Research has shown that eosinophils could enhance immune defense against viral infections, while inhaled corticosteroids can assist in controlling systematic inflammation. Moreover, reduced ACE-2 expression in individuals with asthma may restrict viral entry, and the Th2 immune response may offset the Th1 response typically observed in severe COVID-19 patients. These factors may help explain the favorable outcomes seen in asthmatic patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. This review highlights potential protective mechanisms seen in asthmatic patients, including eosinophilia, the use of inhaled corticosteroids, reduced ACE-2 expression, and a dominate Th2 immune response. Such a study will be helpful to better manage patients with asthma who have contracted COVID-19.

Guben Kechuan granule attenuates bronchial asthma by inhibiting NF-κB/STAT3 signaling pathway-mediated apoptosis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Chronic asthma caused by allergies is a lung illness marked by airway remodeling and hyperresponsiveness. Guben Kechuan (GK) granule is a clinically proven formula for treating lung disease. It relieves cough and helps to clear phlegm, but the mechanisms underlying its treatment for asthma are not clear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

We aimed to elucidate the efficacy and potential mechanisms by which GK ameliorates allergic asthma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS) identified the main chemical components of GK. The efficacy of GK was studied in an ovalbumin/alum (OVA)/AL(OH)3-sensitized rat model of bronchial asthma by measuring cytokine concentrations in serum and alveolar lavage samples, examining tissue pathology, and performing leukocyte counts. The mechanisms underlying its effectiveness in asthma were investigated by both transcriptomic and proteomic analyses.

RESULTS

GK relieved asthma-induced airway inflammation and remodeling, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, and decreased the levels of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10. Analysis of the transcriptomic and proteomic results found that asthma activated the transcription factors STAT3 and NF-κB and induced oxidative-stress damage and apoptosis. GK was found to reduce Bax and caspase-3 expression, increase Bcl-2 expression, and inhibit asthma-induced apoptosis. GK downregulated the expression of the transcription factors STAT3 and NF-kB, which decreased the inflammatory response. Decreases in CAT, SOD, and GSH reduced asthma-induced oxidative-stress damage.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings provide evidence that GK alleviates bronchial asthma by inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress damage mediated by the NF-κB/STAT3 signaling pathway.

Evaluating the Anti-inflammatory Potential of JN-KI3: The Therapeutic Role of PI3Kγ-Selective Inhibitors in Asthma Treatment

Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by the involvement of numerous inflammatory cells and factors. Therefore, targeting airway inflammation is one of the crucial strategies for developing novel drugs in the treatment of asthma. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma (PI3Kγ) has been demonstrated to have a significant impact on inflammation and immune responses, thus emerging as a promising therapeutic target for airway inflammatory disease, including asthma. There are few studies reporting on the therapeutic effects of PI3Kγ-selective inhibitors in asthma disease. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and therapeutic effects of PI3Kγ-selective inhibitor JN-KI3 for treating asthma by utilizing both in vivo and in vitro approaches, thereby proving that PI3Kγ-selective inhibitors could be valuable in the treatment of asthma. In RAW264.7 macrophages, JN-KI3 effectively suppressed C5a-induced Akt phosphorylation in a concentration-dependent manner, with no discernible toxicity observed in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, JN-KI3 can inhibit the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells, leading to the suppression of transcription and expression of the classical inflammatory cytokines in a concentration-dependent manner. Finally, an ovalbumin-induced murine asthma model was constructed to evaluate the initial therapeutic effect of JN-KI3 for treating asthma. Oral administration of JN-KI3 inhibited the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the expression of T-helper type 2 cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, which was associated with the suppression of the PI3K signaling pathway. Lung tissue and immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that JN-KI3 inhibited the accumulation of inflammatory cells around the bronchus and blood vessels, as well as the secretion of mucus and excessive deposition of collagen around the airway. In addition, it reduced the infiltration of white blood cells into the lungs. In summary, JN-KI3 shows promise as a candidate for the treatment of asthma. Our study also suggests that the inhibitory effects of PI3Kγ on inflammation could offer an additional therapeutic strategy for pulmonary inflammatory diseases.

Maternal aspartame exposure alters lung Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in offspring through nuclear factor-κB activation

BACKGROUND

Epidemiological evidence suggests that maternal intake of nonnutritive sweeteners is positively associated with early childhood asthma incidence. We investigated the effects of maternal aspartame exposure during pregnancy and lactation on lung Th1/Th2 cytokine balance and intestinal microbiota in offspring and explored the mechanisms that mediate these effects.

METHOD

Pregnant BALB/c mice were randomly divided on gestational day 7 into two dietary intervention groups: control (drinking water only) and aspartame (drinking water +0.25 g/L aspartame) groups. The dams nursed their offspring for 3 weeks. On postnatal day 21, heart blood samples were collected, and immunoglobulin E levels were measured. Microorganisms from the lower gastrointestinal tract were sampled using a culture-independent approach. Lung tissues were harvested for biochemical analyses.

RESULTS

Maternal aspartame exposure increased the body weight of the dams from gestational day 7 to postnatal day 21 and the body weight of the offspring from birth to postnatal day 21. Maternal aspartame exposure significantly increased the levels of Th2 cytokines (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-5, and IL-13) and IL-17 and immunoglobulin E but reduced that of a Th1 cytokine (interferon-γ) in the offspring's lung tissues. The altered Th1/Th2 balance was accompanied by increased lung nuclear factor-κB activation. The bacterial composition and alpha-diversity of the gut microbiota of the offspring did not differ significantly between the control and aspartame groups.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest maternal aspartame exposure influences lung Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in offspring through nuclear factor-κB activation.

Inherent metabolic preferences differentially regulate the sensitivity of Th1 and Th2 cells to ribosome-inhibiting antibiotics

Mitochondrial translation is essential to maintain mitochondrial function and energy production. Mutations in genes associated with mitochondrial translation cause several developmental disorders, and immune dysfunction is observed in many such patients. Besides genetic mutations, several antibiotics targeting bacterial ribosomes are well-established to inhibit mitochondrial translation. However, the effect of such antibiotics on different immune cells is not fully understood. Here, we addressed the differential effect of mitochondrial translation inhibition on different subsets of helper T cells (Th) of mice and humans. Inhibition of mitochondrial translation reduced the levels of mitochondrially encoded electron transport chain subunits without affecting their nuclear-encoded counterparts. As a result, mitochondrial oxygen consumption reduced dramatically, but mitochondrial mass was unaffected. Most importantly, we show that inhibition of mitochondrial translation induced apoptosis, specifically in Th2 cells. This increase in apoptosis was associated with higher expression of Bim and Puma, two activators of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. We propose that this difference in the sensitivity of Th1 and Th2 cells to mitochondrial translation inhibition reflects the intrinsic metabolic demands of these subtypes. Though Th1 and Th2 cells exhibit similar levels of oxidative phosphorylation, Th1 cells exhibit higher levels of aerobic glycolysis than Th2 cells. Moreover, Th1 cells are more sensitive to the inhibition of glycolysis, while higher concentrations of glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose are required to induce cell death in the Th2 lineage. These observations reveal that selection of metabolic pathways for substrate utilization during differentiation of Th1 and Th2 lineages is a fundamental process conserved across species.

Predictive Factors for Long-Term High Responders to Upadacitinib Treatment in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis

Background: Upadacitinib, a Janus kinase 1 inhibitor, is an effective medicine for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD). Identifying long-term responders to upadacitinib is crucial for optimal treatment strategies in real-world clinical practice. To identify predictive factors for long-term high responders to upadacitinib 15 mg or 30 mg, defined as achievers of investigator's global assessment (IGA) 0/1 with ≥2-point improvement from baseline IGA at week 48. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted from August 2021 to September 2023 on 63 AD patients treated with upadacitinib 15 mg and 31 patients with 30 mg. Patients of each group were categorized into long-term high responders (achievers of IGA 0/1 at week 48) and low responders (non-achievers). We compared baseline values of clinical indexes and laboratory parameters between long-term responders and nonresponders. Results: In 15 mg group, long-term high responders showed lower rate of bronchial asthma (BA), lower values of baseline eczema area and severity index (EASI) of head and neck, IgE, and systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) compared with low responders. In 30 mg group, long-term high responders showed lower baseline levels of IgE compared with low responders. Conclusion: Patients with lower baseline EASI of head and neck, IgE, or SIRI or without BA and those with lower baseline IgE may have a higher potential to become long-term high responders to upadacitinib 15 mg and 30 mg treatment, respectively.

Multiomic Integration Analysis for Monitoring Severe Asthma Treated With Mepolizumab or Omalizumab

RATIONALE

Biologics are becoming increasingly important in the management of severe asthma. However, little is known about the systemic immunometabolic consequences of Th2 response blockage.

OBJECTIVES

To provide a better immunometabolic understanding of the effects of mepolizumab and omalizumab treatments by identifying potential biomarkers for monitoring.

METHODS

In this exploratory longitudinal study severe asthmatic patients were followed for 18 months after initiating mepolizumab (n = 36) or Omalizumab (n = 20) treatment. Serum samples were collected before, 6, and 18 months after treatment. Targeted omic approaches were performed to analyze inflammatory metabolites (n = 35) and proteins (n = 45). Multiomic integration was performed individually for each treatment applying supervised analysis Data Integration Analysis for Biomarker discovery using Latent cOmponents (DIABLO) framework. Then, potential biomarkers were confirmed using multivariate ROC analyses and correlated with clinical variables along treatment.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

Mepolizumab and omalizumab were both effective (improved clinical variables) and showed different and specific metabolic and protein profiles in severe asthmatic patients during treatment. Multiomic integration and multivariate ROC analyses identified specific biomarkers, such as arachidonic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, propionylcarnitine, bilirubin, CCL11, and TNFSF10, which can explain the differences observed with Mepolizumab treatment over 18 months and significantly correlate with clinical improvement. However, no significant biomolecules and no discriminative multivariate ROC curves were found for Omalizumab treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results provide a comprehensive insight into the differential effects of mepolizumab and omalizumab on the immunometabolic kinetics of the inflammatory response in severe asthma. We identified a set of biomolecules with potential for monitoring mepolizumab treatment which could be useful for personalized medicine.

Exploring the molecular mechanisms of asthma across multiple datasets

BACKGROUND

Asthma, a prevalent chronic respiratory disorder, remains enigmatic, notwithstanding considerable advancements in our comprehension. Continuous efforts are crucial for discovering novel molecular targets and gaining a comprehensive understanding of its pathogenesis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, we analyzed gene expression data from 212 individuals, including asthma patients and healthy controls, to identify 267 differentially expressed genes, among which C1orf64 and C7orf26 emerged as potential key genes in asthma pathogenesis. Various bioinformatics tools, including differential gene expression analysis, pathway enrichment, drug target prediction, and single-cell analysis, were employed to explore the potential roles of the genes.

RESULTS

Quantitative PCR demonstrated differential expression of C1orf64 and C7orf26 in the asthmatic airway epithelial tissue, implying their potential involvement in asthma pathogenesis. GSEA enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment of these genes in signaling pathways associated with asthma progression, such as ABC transporters, cell cycle, CAMs, DNA replication, and the Notch signaling pathway. Drug target prediction, based on upregulated and downregulated differential expression, highlighted potential asthma treatments, including Tyrphostin-AG-126, Cephalin, Verrucarin-a, and Emetine. The selection of these drugs was based on their significance in the analysis and their established anti-inflammatory and antiviral invasion properties. Utilizing Seurat and Celldex packages for single-cell sequencing analysis unveiled disease-specific gene expression patterns and cell types. Expression of C1orf64 and C7orf26 in T cells, NK cells, and B cells, instrumental in promoting hallmark features of asthma, was observed, suggesting their potential influence on asthma development and progression.

CONCLUSION

This study uncovers novel genetic aspects of asthma, highlighting potential therapeutic pathways. It exemplifies the power of integrative bioinformatics in decoding complex disease patterns. However, these findings require further validation, and the precise roles of C1orf64 and C7orf26 in asthma warrant additional investigation to validate their therapeutic potential.

Integrated nasopharyngeal airway metagenome and asthma genetic risk endotyping of severe bronchiolitis in infancy and risk of childhood asthma

BACKGROUND

Infants with bronchiolitis are at increased risk of developing asthma. Growing evidence suggests bronchiolitis is a heterogeneous condition. However, little is known about its biologically distinct subgroups based on the integrated metagenome and asthma genetic risk signature and their longitudinal relationships with asthma development.

METHODS

In a multicentre prospective cohort study of infants with severe bronchiolitis (i.e. bronchiolitis requiring hospitalisation), we profiled nasopharyngeal airway metagenome and virus at hospitalisation, and calculated the polygenic risk score of asthma. Using similarity network fusion clustering approach, we identified integrated metagenome-asthma genetic risk endotypes. In addition, we examined their longitudinal association with the risk of developing asthma by the age of 6 years.

RESULTS

Out of 450 infants with bronchiolitis (median age 3 months), we identified five distinct endotypes, characterised by their nasopharyngeal metagenome, virus and asthma genetic risk profiles. Compared with endotype A infants (who clinically resembled "classic" bronchiolitis), endotype E infants (characterised by a high abundance of Haemophilus influenzae, high proportion of rhinovirus (RV)-A and RV-C infections and high asthma genetic risk) had a significantly higher risk of developing asthma (16.7% versus 35.9%; adjusted OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.02-4.97; p=0.046). The pathway analysis showed that endotype E had enriched microbial pathways (e.g. glycolysis, l-lysine, arginine metabolism) and host pathways (e.g. interferons, interleukin-6/Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription-3, fatty acids, major histocompatibility complex and immunoglobin-related) (false discovery rate (FDR)<0.05). Additionally, endotype E had a significantly higher proportion of neutrophils (FDR<0.05).

CONCLUSION

In this multicentre prospective cohort study of infant bronchiolitis, the clustering analysis of integrated-omics data identified biologically distinct endotypes with differential risks of developing asthma.

Silencing TRIM8 alleviates allergic asthma and suppressing Th2 differentiation through inhibiting NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Allergic asthma is a primary type of asthma and characterized by T helper 2 (Th2) cells -mediated inflammation. Tripartite motif containing 8 (TRIM8) protein is involved in immunoreaction and inflammatory response in many diseases. However, its role in allergic asthma remains unclear. Medical databank showed that TRIM8 was increased in lung of ovalbumin (OVA)-challenged mice. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of TRIM8 on allergic asthma and Th2 development.

METHODS

Asthma were induced by OVA challenge in mice, and the adenovirus vector loaded with TRIM8 knockdown sequence was delivered into asthma mice by nasal inhalation. The percentage of Th2 cells in lung was assessed by flow cytometric analysis, and the contents of Th2 cytokines (interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were assessed with ELISA. In vitro Th2 induction was performed in CD4+ cells from mouse spleen, the expression of Th2 molecules (IL-4, IL-5 and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3)) were measured by real-time PCR. In addition, the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) signaling was determined.

RESULTS

TRIM8 was highly expressed in the lung tissues of asthmatic mice and Th2-induced CD4+ cells. OVA challenge-induced Th2 development and Th2 cytokine secretion were restrained by silencing of TRIM8 in vivo. Similarly, the Th2 differentiation in vitro was also suppressed by TRIM8 knockdown. TRIM8 inhibited the NF-κB/NLRP3 activity by blocking transforming growth factor-beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), and the effects of TRIM8 were abrogated by overexpression of NLRP3.

CONCLUSIONS

Silencing TRIM8 relieved the asthmatic injury in mice and excessive Th2 development via inhibiting the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. It is indicated that TRIM8 may contribute to the airway inflammation in allergic asthma via activating the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. The current study provided a novel potential target for allergic asthma treatment.

House dust mites stimulate thymic stromal lymphopoietin production in human bronchial epithelial cells and promote airway remodeling through activation of PAR2 and ERK signaling pathway

House dust mites (HDM) are common aeroallergens linked to airway inflammation and remodeling in asthma. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) may mediate these immune responses. However, how the epithelium influences fibroblasts toward airway remodeling remains unclear. We hypothesize that HDM stimulates human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) to produce TSLP via PAR2 activation, driving fibroblasts toward remodeling processes. HBECs were treated with HDM, with or without the PAR2 antagonist FSLLRY-NH2 (FSL), and TSLP expression was measured by qPCR and ELISA. Phosphorylation of MAPKs was assessed by western blotting. Human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) were exposed to recombinant TSLP or conditioned medium (CM) from HDM-stimulated HBECs, with or without anti-TSLP antibodies. Fibroblast proliferation and collagen production were assessed as remodeling markers. HDM increased ERK phosphorylation (not p38 or JNK) and TSLP expression at mRNA and protein levels. FSL preincubation significantly reduced ERK phosphorylation and TSLP production: HDM-stimulated CM induced fibroblast proliferation and collagen production, effects suppressed by anti-TSLP or FSL. Direct treatment with recombinant TSLP also promoted fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis. These findings suggest that HDM promotes HBEC-to-HLF paracrine interactions via PAR2-ERK-TSLP axis, participating in airway remodeling. PAR2 antagonists may represent potential therapeutic targets for HDM-induced remodeling processes.

Turmeric extract alleviates airway inflammation via oxidative stress-driven MAPKs/MMPs pathway

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) extract (CLE) has been shown to elicit several pharmacological properties and is widely used in Asian traditional medicine. Herein, we assessed the impact of CLE on airway inflammation in BALB/c mice and A549 cells to clarify the underlying mechanism. An asthmatic mouse model was established by administering ovalbumin (OVA). CLE (100 or 300 mg/kg/day) was orally administered daily from days 18 to 23, with dexamethasone (3 mg/kg/day) used as the positive control. Human airway epithelial cells, A549, were stimulated using recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α. The CLE100 and CLE400 groups exhibited a significant downregulation in eosinophil counts, cytokine levels, and immunoglobulin-E levels. Moreover, CLE administration dose-dependently suppressed oxidative stress and airway inflammation in the lung tissue. CLE administration inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. In vitro, CLE treatment reduced mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines, MAPK phosphorylation, and the expression and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Additionally, 50 µg/mL CLE and 2.5 µg/mL curcumin showed similar anti-inflammatory effects. Collectively, our findings revealed that CLE could suppress airway inflammation in asthmatic mice and A549 cells via oxidative stress-driven MAPK/MMPs signaling, suggesting that CLE could be developed as a potential treatment option for patients with asthma.

IL-4 Downregulates PD-L1 Level Via SOCS1 Upregulation-Induced JNK Deactivation to Enhance Antitumor Immunity in In Vitro Colorectal Cancer

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) controls cell growth and immune system regulation in tumorigenesis and can inhibit the growth of colon cancer cell lines, but the possible mechanism is unclear. In this study, we investigated the possible mechanism of IL-4 in colorectal cancer (CRC) through in vitro experiments. CRC cells received treatment with IL-4 (50 ng/mL), investigating the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1)-related mechanism underlying the role of IL-4 in the progression and immunosuppression of CRC. The malignant processes of CRC cells and CD8+T cell-mediated immune response in CRC cells were determined by CCK-8, Transwell, wound healing, and flow cytometry assays. Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), SOCS1 expressions, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation in CRC cells were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and/or Western blot. IL-4 repressed the malignant processes, yet promoted the apoptosis of CRC cells. Besides, IL-4 downregulated PD-L1 level, upregulated SOCS1 level, and restrained JNK activation in CRC cells, while enhancing CRC cell-killing effect of CD8+T cells. IL-4-induced effects on the aforementioned malignant processes of CRC cells and the killing effect of CD8+T cells toward CRC cells were all reversed when SOCS1 was knocked down in the CRC cells. IL-4 downregulates PD-L1 level via SOCS1 upregulation-induced JNK deactivation to enhance antitumor immunity in in vitro CRC. The study provides a theoretical basis for the clinical application of IL-4 in antitumor immunity in CRC.

Phytotherapeutic BS012 and Its Active Component Ameliorate Allergic Asthma via Inhibition of Th2-Mediated Immune Response and Apoptosis

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the lungs that results in airway inflammation and narrowing. BS012 is an herbal remedy containing Asarum sieboldii, Platycodon grandiflorum, and Cinnamomum cassia extracts. To elucidate the anti-asthma effect of BS012, this study analyzed the immune response, respiratory protection, and changes in metabolic mechanisms in an ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma mouse model. Female BALB/c mice were exposed to ovalbumin to induce allergic asthma. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma were analyzed for interleukin and immunoglobulin E levels. Histological analyses of the lungs were performed to measure morphological changes. Apoptosis-related mediators were assayed by western blotting. Plasma and lung tissue metabolomic analyses were performed to investigate the metabolic changes. A T-helper-2-like differentiated cell model was used to identify the active components of BS012. BS012 treatment improved inflammatory cell infiltration, mucus production, and goblet cell hyperplasia in lung tissues. BS012 also significantly downregulated ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin E in plasma and T-helper-2-specific cytokines, interleukin-4 and -5, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The lungs of ovalbumin-inhaled mice exhibited nerve growth factor-mediated apoptotic protein expression, which was significantly attenuated by BS012 treatment. Ovalbumin-induced abnormalities in amino acid and lipid metabolism were improved by BS012 in correlation with its anti-inflammatory properties and normalization of energy metabolism. Additionally, the differentiated cell model revealed that N-isobutyl-dodecatetraenamide is an active component that contributes to the anti-allergic properties of BS012. The current findings demonstrate the anti-allergic and respiratory protective functions of BS012 against allergic asthma, which can be considered a therapeutic candidate.

Artemisia argyi essential oil alleviates asthma by regulating 5-LOX-CysLTs and IDO-1-KYN pathways: Insights from metabolomics

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Artemisia argyi essential oil (AAEO) is a traditional herbal remedy for asthma. However, the potential effect of AAEO on asthma has not been elucidated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate the protective properties of AAEO upon asthma and elucidate its mechanism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The effects of AAEO in asthma were assessed by histology and biochemical analysis. Then, we integrated real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry and metabolomics analysis to reveal its mechanism.

RESULTS

In vivo, AAEO reduced the counts of white blood cells (WBCs) and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), ameliorated pathologic alterations in lung tissues, and inhibited secretion of OVA-sIgE and muc5ac. Metabolomics results showed that AAEO can exert therapeutic effects on asthmatic mice by regulating disordered arachidonic acid metabolism and tryptophan metabolism. Further studies shown that AAEO inhibited the expression of 5-LOX and reduced the accumulation of CysLTs in mice. Meanwhile, AAEO promoted the activity of IDO-1, facilitated the conversion of tryptophan to kynurenine, and regulated the imbalance of Treg/Th17 immunity. Immunohistochemical results showed that AAEO promoted the expression of IDO-1. RT-qPCR results showed that AAEO promoted the expression of IL-10 and Foxp3 mRNA, and inhibited the expression of IL-17A and RORγt mRNA, thus regulated the imbalance of Treg/Th17 immunity and exerted its therapeutic effects.

CONCLUSION

AAEO treatment not only attenuates the clinical symptoms of asthma but is also involved in regulating lung tissue metabolism. The anti-asthmatic activity of AAEO may be achieved by reprogramming 5-LOX-CysLTs and IDO-1-KYN pathways.

Fluconazole worsened lung inflammation, partly through lung microbiome dysbiosis in mice with ovalbumin-induced asthma

Innate immunity in asthma may be influenced by alterations in lung microbiota, potentially affecting disease severity. This study investigates the differences in lung inflammation and microbiome between asthma-ovalbumin (OVA) administered with and without fluconazole treatment in C57BL/6 mice. Additionally, the role of inflammation was examined in an in vitro study using a pulmonary cell line. At 30 days post-OVA administration, allergic asthma mice exhibited increased levels of IgE and IL-4 in serum and lung tissue, higher pathological scores, and elevated eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) compared to control mice. Asthma inflammation was characterized by elevated serum IL-6, increased lung cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10), and higher fungal abundance confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fluconazole-treated asthma mice displayed higher levels of cytokines in serum and lung tissue (TNF-α and IL-6), increased pathological scores, and a higher number of mononuclear cells in BALF, with undetectable fungal levels compared to untreated mice. Lung microbiome analysis revealed similarities between control and asthma mice; however, fluconazole-treated asthma mice exhibited higher Bacteroidota levels, lower Firmicutes, and reduced bacterial abundance. Pro-inflammatory cytokine production was increased in supernatants of the pulmonary cell line (NCI-H292) after co-stimulation with LPS and beta-glucan (BG) compared to LPS alone. Fluconazole treatment in OVA-induced asthma mice exacerbated inflammation, partially due to fungi and Gram-negative bacteria, as demonstrated by LPS+BG-activated pulmonary cells. Therefore, fluconazole should be reserved for treating fungal asthma rather than asthma caused by other etiologies.

Mitigation of allergic asthma in mice: A compound mixture comprising luteolin, arbutin, and marmesin from Gerbera Piloselloides Herba by suppression of PI3K/Akt pathway

Background

Gerberae Piloselloidis Herba (GPH) exhibits notable efficacy in alleviating allergic asthma. Previous studies in our research have identified a mixture of luteolin, arbutin, and marmesin as effective components of GPH in treating allergic asthma. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanism of these active components.

Method

Using an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma mouse model, various treatment groups were administered, including GPH, the active component mixture (termed "Mixture") containing luteolin, arbutin, and marmesin, and a positive drug (dexamethasone, DEX). Relevant indices were assessed, including behavioral characteristics, inflammatory cell counts, cytokine levels, histopathological examination of lung tissue, apoptosis, and expression of key proteins such as Caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt, and p-Akt. The effect of the Mixture on the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was further verified using the PI3K inhibitor LY294002.

Results

The Mixture significantly alleviated asthma symptoms, decreased IgE levels, cytokine levels (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and TNF-α), and the number of inflammatory cells in serum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), leading to the alleviation of lung pathological lesions. Additionally, the Mixture reduced the expression of Bax and Caspase-3 while increasing Bcl-2 expression, resulting in mitigated apoptosis in lung tissue. Furthermore, there appeared a decrease in the levels of PI3K and p-PI3K, as well as the ratio of p-Akt to Akt in the Mixture group, indicating the suppression of PI3K and Akt phosphorylation. Interestingly, the effects of the Mixture were comparable to those of GPH, LY294002, or the combination of LY294002 with the Mixture.

Conclusion

The study confirms that the Mixture containing luteolin, arbutin, and marmesin indeed alleviates allergic asthma induced by OVA in mice by suppressing the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. These findings highlight the potential of the GPH-derived Mixture as a novel therapeutic for the treatment of allergic asthma.

The multifaceted potential of TPT1 as biomarker and therapeutic target

Tumor Protein Translationally-Controlled 1 (TPT1) is a highly conserved gene found across eukaryotic species. The protein encoded by TPT1 is ubiquitously expressed both intracellularly and extracellularly across various tissues, and its levels are influenced by various external factors. TPT1 interacts with several key proteins, including p53, MCL1, and immunoglobulins, highlighting its crucial role in cellular processes. The dysregulation of TPT1 expression has been documented in a wide range of diseases, indicating its potential as a valuable biomarker. Additionally, targeting TPT1 presents a promising approach for treating and preventing various conditions. This review will assess the potential of TPT1 as a biomarker and evaluate the effectiveness of current strategies designed to inhibit TPT1 in disease contexts.

Flagellin conjugated Per a 10 and its T cell peptides attenuate airway inflammation and restore cellular function

Adjuvants were used to modulate response towards relevant immune cells. The present study aims to investigate FlaA-conjugated Per a 10 and T cell peptides in amelioration of allergic airway disease in mice. Mice given Per a 10 showed allergic features with higher cellular infiltration, IgE, Th-2 cytokines and alarmins. Fusion protein treatment reduced lung inflammation (p < 0.0001) and cellular infiltrates (p < 0.001) with higher IgG2a/IgE indicating resolution of disease. Immunotherapy with FPT1 and FPT3 reduces IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 levels (p < 0.0001) with a fourfold increase in IFN-γ secretion in BALF. FPT1- and FPT3-treated mice have increased IL-10 and TGF-β levels (p < 0.001) with CD4+Foxp3+ T cells (p < 0.01) indicating Treg response. There was enhanced expression of claudin-1 (1.7-fold) and occludin (fourfold) in lungs of FPT1- and FPT3-treated mice with reduced TSLP (p < 0.01) and IL-33 (p < 0.0001) secretion in BALF indicating recovery of epithelial function. Peptide-conjugated FlaA proteins showed protective immunity in mice and have potential for immunotherapy with restoration of cellular function.

Analysis of the potential molecular mechanisms of asthma and gastroesophageal reflux disease

OBJECTIVE

Asthma and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) often occur simultaneously, with GERD being a comorbidity of asthma. This study aimed to explore the biological markers related to asthma and GERD by bioinformatics analysis.

METHODS

Initially, gene expression datasets for asthma and GERD were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, and subsequent differential expression analysis yielded 620 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for asthma and 2367 DEGs for GERD. The intersection of these two gene sets yielded a total of 84 DEGs. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses revealed that these genes may be involved in steroid hormone secretion and cellular stress response. Five hub genes (PTGDR2, CPA3, FCER1A, TPSAB1, and IL1RL1) were identified by a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and topological algorithm.

RESULTS

Enrichment analysis results indicated that hub genes may be involved in hormone secretion and disease development, particularly in regulating the renin-angiotensin system and systemic arterial blood pressure. PTGDR2, CPA3, TPSAB1, and IL1RL1 were upregulated in both asthma and GERD patient groups, while FCER1A was upregulated in asthma patients but downregulated in GERD patients. Through drug prediction, 22 drugs targeting hub genes PTGDR2, FCER1A, and TPSAB1 were identified. By constructing a transcription factor (TF)-target gene network, we found that eight TFs may regulate the expression of PTGDR2, FCER1A, and IL1RL1.

CONCLUSION

Hence, Asthma and GERD were related to steroid hormone secretion and the renin-angiotensin system.

Nobiletin, as a Novel PDE4B Inhibitor, Alleviates Asthma Symptoms by Activating the cAMP-PKA-CREB Signaling Pathway

Asthma is a chronic airway inflammation that is considered a serious public health concern worldwide. Nobiletin (5,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethyl flavonoid), an important compound isolated from several traditional Chinese medicines, especially Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, is widely used for a number of indications, including cancer, allergic diseases, and chronic inflammation. However, the mechanism by which nobiletin exerts its anti-asthmatic effect remains unclear. In this research, we comprehensively demonstrated the anti-asthmatic effects of nobiletin in an animal model of asthma. It was found that nobiletin significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory cells and cytokines in mice and alleviated airway hyperresponsiveness. To explore the target of nobiletin, we identified PDE4B as the target of nobiletin through pharmacophore modeling, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, SPR, and enzyme activity assays. Subsequently, it was found that nobiletin could activate the cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway downstream of PDE4B in mouse lung tissues. Additionally, we studied the anti-inflammatory and anti-airway remodeling effects of nobiletin in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells and TGF-β1-induced ASM cells, confirming the activation of the cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway by nobiletin. Further validation in PDE4B-deficient RAW264.7 cells confirmed that the increase in cAMP levels induced by nobiletin depended on the inhibition of PDE4B. In conclusion, nobiletin exerts anti-asthmatic activity by targeting PDE4B and activating the cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway.

PIM1 signaling in immunoinflammatory diseases: an emerging therapeutic target

PIM1, the proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus, is a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family. It is involved in many biological events, such as cell survival, cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, and cell migration, and has been widely studied in malignant diseases. However, recent studies have shown that PIM1 plays a prominent role in immunoinflammatory diseases, including autoimmune uveitis, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis. PIM1 can function in inflammatory signal transduction by phosphorylating multiple inflammatory protein substrates and mediating macrophage activation and T lymphocyte cell specification, thus participating in the development of multiple immunoinflammatory diseases. Moreover, the inhibition of PIM1 has been demonstrated to ameliorate certain immunoinflammatory disorders. Based on these studies, we suggest PIM1 as a potential therapeutic target for immunoinflammatory diseases and a valid candidate for future research. Herein, for the first time, we provide a detailed review that focuses on the roles of PIM1 in the pathogenesis of immunoinflammatory diseases.

Baicalin Attenuates Type 2 Immune Responses in a Mouse Allergic Asthma Model through Inhibiting the Production of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin

INTRODUCTION

Baicalin is a flavonoid chemical extracted and purified from the traditional Chinese medicine named Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, which possesses broad pharmacological properties. Our work aimed to explore the protective role of baicalin in allergic asthma and its potential mechanisms on regulating type 2 immune response.

METHODS

Mice were injected intraperitoneally with ovalbumin (OVA) twice, further challenged with OVA aerosol for continuous 5 days. For baicalin group, mice were pre-administrated with baicalin. After the final challenge, the immune cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood were examined. The cytokines were evaluated by ELISA. Histological inspections were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and Periodic Acid-Schiff staining. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) expression in lungs were detected using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.

RESULTS

The eosinophils infiltrating in BALF were reduced remarkably in baicalin-treated asthmatic mice. Baicalin decreased OVA-induced inflammatory cytokines and total serum immunoglobulin E secretion significantly. Moreover, baicalin alleviated the asthmatic pathological changes and substantially suppressed TSLP expression in the lung tissues.

CONCLUSION

Our study indicates that baicalin attenuates OVA-induced allergic asthma in mice effectively by suppressing type 2 immune responses, which might provide a novel insight into the anti-asthmatic activity of baicalin.

Christensenella minuta protects and restores intestinal barrier in a colitis mouse model by regulating inflammation

Christensenella minuta DSM 22607 has recently been suggested as a potential microbiome-based therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) because it displays strong anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we aimed to decipher the mechanism(s) underlying the DSM 22607-mediated beneficial effects on the host in a mouse model of chemically induced acute colitis. We observed that C. minuta plays a key role in the preservation of the epithelial barrier and the management of DNBS-induced inflammation by inhibiting interleukin (IL)-33 and Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 8 (Tnfrsf8) gene expression. We also showed that DSM 22607 abundance was positively correlated with Akkermansia sp. and Dubosiella sp. and modulated microbial metabolites in the cecum. These results offer new insights into the biological and molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of C. minuta DSM 22607 by protecting the intestinal barrier integrity and regulating inflammation.

Daphnetin alleviates allergic airway inflammation by inhibiting T-cell activation and subsequent JAK/STAT6 signaling

Allergic asthma is a major health burden on society as a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and muscle tightening around the airways in response to inhaled allergens. Daphne kiusiana Miquel is a medicinal plant that can suppress allergic airway inflammation; however, its specific molecular mechanisms of action are unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms by which D. kiusiana inhibits allergic airway inflammation. We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of the ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of D. kiusiana and its major compound, daphnetin, on murine T lymphocyte EL4 cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin in vitro and on asthmatic mice stimulated with ovalbumin in vivo. The EA fraction and daphnetin inhibited T-helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine secretion, serum immunoglobulin E production, mucus secretion, and inflammatory cell recruitment in vivo. In vitro, daphnetin suppressed intracellular Ca2+ mobilization (a critical regulator of nuclear factor of activated T cells) and functions of the activator protein 1 transcription factor to reduce interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 expression. Daphnetin effectively suppressed the IL-4/-13-induced activation of Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) signaling in vitro and in vivo, thereby inhibiting the expression of GATA3 and PDEF, two STAT6-target genes responsible for producing Th2 cytokines and mucins. These findings indicate that daphnetin suppresses allergic airway inflammation by stabilizing intracellular Ca2+ levels and subsequently inactivating the JAK/STAT6/GATA3/PDEF pathway, suggesting that daphnetin is a promising alternative to existing asthma treatments.

The differential proteomic response to ischemic stroke in appalachian subjects treated with mechanical thrombectomy

INTRODUCTION

The Appalachia region of North America is known to have significant health disparities, specifically, worse risk factors and outcomes for stroke. Appalachians are more likely to have comorbidities related to stroke, such as diabetes, obesity, and tobacco use, and are often less likely to have stroke interventions, such as mechanical thrombectomy (MT), for emergent large vessel occlusion (ELVO). As our Comprehensive Stroke Center directly serves stroke subjects from both Appalachian and non-Appalachian areas, inflammatory proteomic biomarkers were identified associated with stroke outcomes specific to subjects residing in Appalachia.

METHODS

There were 81 subjects that met inclusion criteria for this study. These subjects underwent MT for ELVO, and carotid arterial blood samples acquired at time of intervention were sent for proteomic analysis. Samples were processed in accordance with the Blood And Clot Thrombectomy Registry And Collaboration (BACTRAC; clinicaltrials.gov; NCT03153683). Statistical analyses were utilized to examine whether relationships between protein expression and outcomes differed by Appalachian status for functional (NIH Stroke Scale; NIHSS and Modified Rankin Score; mRS), and cognitive outcomes (Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MoCA).

RESULTS

No significant differences were found in demographic data or co-morbidities when comparing Appalachian to non-Appalachian subjects. However, time from stroke onset to treatment (last known normal) was significantly longer and edema volume significantly higher in patients from Appalachia. Further, when comparing Appalachian to non-Appalachian subjects, there were significant unadjusted differences in the NIHSS functional outcome. A comprehensive analysis of 184 proteins from Olink proteomic (92 Cardiometabolic and 92 Inflammation panels) showed that the association between protein expression outcomes significantly differed by Appalachian status for seven proteins for the NIHSS, two proteins for the MoCA, and three for the mRS.

CONCLUSION

Our study utilizes an ELVO tissue bank and registry to investigate the intracranial/intravascular proteomic environment occurring at the time of thrombectomy. We found that patients presenting from Appalachian areas have different levels of proteomic expression at the time of MT when compared to patients presenting from non-Appalachian areas. These proteins differentially relate to stroke outcome and could be used as prognostic biomarkers, or as targets for novel therapies. The identification of a disparate proteomic response in Appalachian patients provides initial insight to the biological basis for health disparity. Nevertheless, further investigations through community-based studies are imperative to elucidate the underlying causes of this differential response.

Body Weight and Allergic Asthma: A Narrative Review

Obesity is a known risk factor for asthma development, progression, and exacerbation. Nevertheless, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms explaining how obesity contributes to the development and progression of asthma have yet to be established. Here, we review human studies examining the associations between asthma and obesity, focusing on the literature from the past 10 years. Overall, current evidence suggests that while both asthma and obesity are complex diseases with significant heterogeneity, they both share various features of chronic inflammation. Furthermore, the interactions between asthma and obesity likely involve allergen-specific T helper type 2 (type 2) immune responses, as well as diverse non-type 2 inflammatory pathways. However, despite considerable progress, studies to date have not definitively elucidated the mechanisms that account for the observed association. A large-scale population-based study combined with translational immunological research, including targeted asthma therapies and pharmacological weight loss therapies, may be required to properly dissect the details of obesity-related asthma pathophysiology.

Respiratory Status in Children and Exposure to Animal Allergens-The Problem of Reverse Causality in Cross-Sectional Studies

BACKGROUND

Some epidemiological studies suggest that early exposure to animal allergens during infancy reduces the risk of bronchial asthma in school-age children. However, the observed associations in some cases may be an effect of the study used (epidemiological observational studies, especially a cross-sectional study) and indicate reverse causality.

AIM

This study aimed to determine the association between exposure to animal allergens and the prevalence of respiratory diseases, including bronchial asthma, considering the potential impact of reverse causality on the observed relationships.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

An analysis of data from a cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted in 2020 involving 3237 primary school students aged 7-15 years in the Silesian Province (Southern Poland) was carried out. The parents of students completed a questionnaire based on The International Study on Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). The relationship between the occurrence of chronic cough, wheezing, and dyspnea in the last 12 months, night waking due to dyspnea, and asthma in the presence of pets was assessed. Exposure to animal allergens was determined by answering the question, "Are there any furry or feathered animals in the home?" with three response options: "yes; they have been in the past; no" (Scenario 1). For the analyses and to reveal a potential reverse causality effect, the last two response categories regarding pet ownership were combined to form a "no" category in Scenario 2, and the first two answers were combined into a "yes" category in Scenario 3. A chi-square test was used to assess the relationship between variables, and a statistical significance level of p < 0.05 was adopted.

RESULTS

Chronic cough affected 9.5% of children, wheezing in the last 12 months-9.2%, night waking due to dyspnea-5.8%, dyspnea in the last 12 months-4.8%, bronchial asthma-9.2%. Analysis considering the category of having or not having pets (yes vs. no) showed that bronchial asthma was statistically significantly more common in children who did not have pets at home (10.9% vs. 7.9%, p = 0.002). A similar situation was observed for wheezing in the past 12 months (10.7% vs. 8.1%; p = 0.01) and nocturnal awakening due to dyspnea (6.8% vs. 5.1%, p = 0.03). No statistically significant differences were observed for the other symptoms. Analysis by time of pet ownership (a. present; b. present but in the past; c. not present) highlighted similar relationships. Asthma (a. 7.7% vs. b. 13.4% vs. c. 7.7%; p = 0.004), wheezing in the past 12 months (a. 8.1% vs. b. 8.9% vs. c. 10.9%, p = 0.03) and night waking (a. 5.0% vs. b. 4.5% vs. c. 7.1%; p = 0.04) were more common in children without pets and those who had owned pets in the past. The highest proportion of children with asthma was in homes where pets were present in the past.

CONCLUSIONS

Analyses indicating a relationship between a higher prevalence of asthma and some respiratory symptoms, and the absence of pets cannot be considered as a casual association. The analysis conducted did not reveal a reverse causality effect. The results of observational epidemiological studies, especially a cross-sectional study, should always be interpreted with caution, considering possible distortions and conclusions drawn.

Progesterone modulates the immune microenvironment to suppress ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation by inhibiting NETosis

Studies have demonstrated that prior to puberty, girls have a lower incidence and severity of asthma symptoms compared to boys. This study aimed to explore the role of progesterone (P4), a sex hormone, in reducing inflammation and altering the immune microenvironment in a mouse model of allergic asthma induced by OVA. Female BALB/c mice with or without ovariectomy to remove the influence of sex hormones were used for the investigations. Serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung tissue samples were collected for analysis. The results indicated that P4 treatment was effective in decreasing inflammation and mucus secretion in the lungs of OVA-induced allergic asthma mice. P4 treatment also reduced the influx of inflammatory cells into the BALF and increased the levels of Th1 and Th17 cytokines while decreasing the levels of Th2 and Treg cytokines in both BALF and lung microenvironment CD45+ T cells. Furthermore, P4 inhibited the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lungs, suppressed NETosis, and reduced the number of pulmonary CD4+ T cells while increasing the number of regulatory T cells. The neutrophil elastase inhibitor GW311616A also suppressed airway inflammation and mucus production and modified the secretion of immune Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cytokines in lung CD45+ immune cells. These changes led to an alteration of the immunological milieu with increased Th1 and Th17 cells, accompanied by decreased Th2, Treg, and CD44+ T cells, similar to the effects of P4 treatment. Treatment with P4 inhibited NETosis by suppressing the p38 pathway activation, leading to reduced reactive oxygen species production. Moreover, P4 treatment hindered the release of double-stranded DNA during NETosis, thereby influencing the immune microenvironment in the lungs. These findings suggest that P4 treatment may be beneficial in reducing inflammation associated with allergic asthma by modulating the immune microenvironment. In conclusion, this research indicates the potential of P4 as a therapeutic agent for ameliorating inflammation in OVA-induced allergic asthma mice.

Linkage of serum ITIH4 with Th2 signature cytokine, inflammation, exacerbation risk and severity in childhood asthma

Aim: ITIH4 has anti-inflammatory properties toward eosinophilic/neutrophilic inflammation. This study aimed to explore clinical value of ITIH4 in childhood asthma.Materials & methods: Serum ITIH4 and inflammatory cytokines were determined in 120 childhood asthma patients by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results: In the entire and acute exacerbation patients, ITIH4 positively associated with IFN-γ, but negatively related to proinflammatory cytokines. ITIH4 was lowest in patients with acute exacerbation, followed by chronic persistent, and highest in clinical remission. By receiver-operating characteristic analysis, ITIH4 potentially estimated acute exacerbation asthma risk. Moreover, ITIH4 negatively related to exacerbation severity in acute exacerbation patients.Conclusion: Serum ITIH4 negatively links with Th2 cell signature cytokine, proinflammatory cytokines, exacerbation risk and severity in childhood asthma.

The relationship between neighborhood economic deprivation and asthma-associated emergency department visits in Maryland

Background

Asthma represents a substantial public health challenge in the United States, affecting over 25 million adults. This study investigates the impact of neighborhood economic deprivation on asthma-associated Emergency Department (ED) visits in Maryland, using the Distressed Communities Index (DCI) for analysis.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of Maryland's Emergency Department Databases from January 2018 to December 2020 was conducted, focusing on asthma-associated ED visits.

Results

The study involved 185,317 ED visits, majority of which were females (56.3%) and non-Hispanic whites (65.2%). A significant association was found between increased neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and asthma-related ED visits. The poorest neighborhoods showed the highest rates of such visits. Compared to prosperous areas, neighborhoods classified from Comfortable to Distressed had progressively higher odds for asthma-related ED visits (Comfortable: OR = 1.14, Distressed OR = 1.65). Other significant asthma predictors included obesity, female gender, tobacco smoking, and older age.

Conclusion

There is a substantive association between higher asthma-related ED visits and high neighborhood economic deprivation, underscoring the impact of socioeconomic factors on health outcomes.

Public health implications

Addressing healthcare disparities and improving access to care in economically distressed neighborhoods is crucial. Targeted interventions, such as community health clinics and asthma education programs, can help mitigate the impact of neighborhood disadvantage.

Cang-ai volatile oil alleviates nasal inflammation via Th1/Th2 cell imbalance regulation in a rat model of ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis

We previously revealed that Cang-ai volatile oil (CAVO) regulates T-cell activity, enhancing the immune response in people with chronic respiratory diseases. However, the effects of CAVO on allergic rhinitis (AR) have not been investigated. Herein, we established an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced AR rat model to determine these effects. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to OVA for 3 weeks. CAVO or loratadine (positive control) was given orally once daily for 2 weeks to OVA-exposed rats. Behavior modeling nasal allergies was observed. Nasal mucosa, serum, and spleen samples of AR rats were analyzed. CAVO treatment significantly reduced the number of nose rubs and sneezes, and ameliorated several hallmarks of nasal mucosa tissue remodeling: inflammation, eosinophilic infiltration, goblet cell metaplasia, and mast cell hyperplasia. CAVO administration markedly upregulated expressions of interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-12, and downregulated expressions of serum tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, immunoglobulin-E, and histamine. CAVO therapy also increased production of IFN-γ and T-helper type 1 (Th1)-specific T-box transcription factor (T-bet) of the cluster of differentiation-4+ T-cells in splenic lymphocytes, and protein and mRNA expressions of T-bet in nasal mucosa. In contrast, levels of the Th2 cytokine IL-4 and Th2-specific transcription factor GATA binding protein-3 were suppressed by CAVO. These cumulative findings demonstrate that CAVO therapy can alleviate AR by regulating the balance between Th1 and Th2 cells.

Gingival-derived mesenchymal stem cells alleviate allergic asthma inflammation via HGF in animal models

Allergic asthma is a chronic non-communicable disease characterized by lung tissue inflammation. Current treatments can alleviate the clinical symptoms to some extent, but there is still no cure. Recently, the transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has emerged as a potential approach for treating allergic asthma. Gingival-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs), a type of MSC recently studied, have shown significant therapeutic effects in various experimental models of autoimmune diseases. However, their application in allergic diseases has yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, using an OVA-induced allergic asthma model, we demonstrated that GMSCs decrease CD11b+CD11c+ proinflammatory dendritic cells (DCs), reduce Th2 cells differentiation, and thus effectively diminish eosinophils infiltration. We also identified that the core functional factor, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) secreted by GMSCs, mediated its effects in relieving airway inflammation. Taken together, our findings indicate GMSCs as a potential therapy for allergic asthma and other related diseases.

β-glucan mitigates ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation by preventing oxidative stress and CD8+ T cell infiltration

BACKGROUND

Bronchial asthma is a severe respiratory condition characterized by airway inflammation, remodeling, and oxidative stress. β-Glucan (BG) is a polysaccharide found in fungal cell walls with powerful immunomodulatory properties. This study examined and clarified the mechanisms behind BG's ameliorativeactivitiesin an allergic asthma animal model.

METHOD

BG was extracted from Chaga mushroom and characterized using FT-IR, UV-visible, zeta potential, and 1H NMR analysis. The mice were divided into five groups, including control, untreated asthmatic, dexamethasone (Dexa)-treated (1 mg/kg), and BG (30 and 100 mg/kg)-treated groups.

RESULTS

BG treatment reduced nasal scratching behavior, airway-infiltrating inflammatory cells, and serum levels of IgE significantly. Additionally, BG attenuated oxidative stress biomarkers by lowering malonaldehyde (MDA) concentrations and increasing the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT). Immunohistochemical and flow cytometric analyses have confirmed the suppressive effect of BG on the percentage of airway-infiltrating cytotoxic CD8+ T cells.

CONCLUSION

The findings revealed the role of CD8+ T cells in the pathogenesis of asthma and the role of BG as a potential therapeutic agent for asthma management through the suppression of airway inflammation and oxidative stress.

SIRT1: An Intermediator of Key Pathways Regulating Pulmonary Diseases

Silent information regulator type-1 (SIRT1), a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+-dependent deacetylase, is a member of the sirtuins family and has unique protein deacetylase activity. SIRT1 participates in physiological as well as pathophysiological processes by targeting a wide range of protein substrates and signalings. In this review, we described the latest progress of SIRT1 in pulmonary diseases. We have introduced the basic information and summarized the prominent role of SIRT1 in several lung diseases, such as acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and aging-related diseases.

The impact of formaldehyde exposure on lung inflammatory disorders: Insights into asthma, bronchitis, and pulmonary fibrosis

Lung inflammatory disorders are a major global health burden, impacting millions of people and raising rates of morbidity and death across many demographic groups. An industrial chemical and common environmental contaminant, formaldehyde (FA) presents serious health concerns to the respiratory system, including the onset and aggravation of lung inflammatory disorders. Epidemiological studies have shown significant associations between FA exposure levels and the incidence and severity of several respiratory diseases. FA causes inflammation in the respiratory tract via immunological activation, oxidative stress, and airway remodelling, aggravating pre-existing pulmonary inflammation and compromising lung function. Additionally, FA functions as a respiratory sensitizer, causing allergic responses and hypersensitivity pneumonitis in sensitive people. Understanding the complicated processes behind formaldehyde-induced lung inflammation is critical for directing targeted strategies aimed at minimizing environmental exposures and alleviating the burden of formaldehyde-related lung illnesses on global respiratory health. This abstract explores the intricate relationship between FA exposure and lung inflammatory diseases, including asthma, bronchitis, allergic inflammation, lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis.