1
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Susa KJ, Bradshaw GA, Eisert RJ, Schilling CM, Kalocsay M, Blacklow SC, Kruse AC. A spatiotemporal map of co-receptor signaling networks underlying B cell activation. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114332. [PMID: 38850533 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The B cell receptor (BCR) signals together with a multi-component co-receptor complex to initiate B cell activation in response to antigen binding. Here, we take advantage of peroxidase-catalyzed proximity labeling combined with quantitative mass spectrometry to track co-receptor signaling dynamics in Raji cells from 10 s to 2 h after BCR stimulation. This approach enables tracking of 2,814 proximity-labeled proteins and 1,394 phosphosites and provides an unbiased and quantitative molecular map of proteins recruited to the vicinity of CD19, the signaling subunit of the co-receptor complex. We detail the recruitment kinetics of signaling effectors to CD19 and identify previously uncharacterized mediators of B cell activation. We show that the glutamate transporter SLC1A1 is responsible for mediating rapid metabolic reprogramming and for maintaining redox homeostasis during B cell activation. This study provides a comprehensive map of BCR signaling and a rich resource for uncovering the complex signaling networks that regulate activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Susa
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Gary A Bradshaw
- Department of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robyn J Eisert
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Charlotte M Schilling
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marian Kalocsay
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Stephen C Blacklow
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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2
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Susa KJ, Kruse AC, Blacklow SC. Tetraspanins: structure, dynamics, and principles of partner-protein recognition. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:509-522. [PMID: 37783654 PMCID: PMC10980598 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Tetraspanins are a large, highly conserved family of four-pass transmembrane (TM) proteins that play critical roles in a variety of essential cellular functions, including cell migration, protein trafficking, maintenance of membrane integrity, and regulation of signal transduction. Tetraspanins carry out these biological functions primarily by interacting with partner proteins. Here, we summarize significant advances that have revealed fundamental principles underpinning structure-function relationships in tetraspanins. We first review the structural features of tetraspanin ectodomains and full-length apoproteins, and then discuss how recent structural studies of tetraspanin complexes have revealed plasticity in partner-protein recognition that enables tetraspanins to bind to remarkably different protein families, viral proteins, and antibody fragments. Finally, we discuss major questions and challenges that remain in studying tetraspanin complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Susa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Stephen C Blacklow
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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3
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Testa U, Leone G, Pelosi E, Castelli G, Hohaus S. CAR-T Cell Therapy in Large B Cell Lymphoma. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2023; 15:e2023066. [PMID: 38028399 PMCID: PMC10631715 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2023.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Large B-cell lymphomas (LBCLs) are among the most frequent (about 30%) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Despite the aggressive behavior of these lymphomas, more than 60% of patients can be cured with first-line chemoimmunotherapy using the R-CHOP regimen. Patients with refractory or relapsing disease show a poor outcome even when treated with second-line therapies. CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells are emerging as an efficacious second-line treatment strategy for patients with LBCL. Three CD19-CAR-T-cell products received FDA and EMA approval. CAR-T cell therapy has also been explored for treating high-risk LBCL patients in the first-line setting and for patients with central nervous system involvement. Although CD19-CAR-T therapy has transformed the care of refractory/relapsed LBCL, about 60% of these patients will ultimately progress or relapse following CD19-CAR-T; therefore, it is fundamental to identify predictive criteria of response to CAR-T therapy and to develop salvage therapies for patients relapsing after CD19-CAR-T therapies. Moreover, ongoing clinical trials evaluate bispecific CAR-T cells targeting both CD19 and CD20 or CD19 and CD22 as a tool to improve the therapeutic efficacy and reduce the number of refractory/relapsing patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Leone
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Radiologiche Ed Ematologiche, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefan Hohaus
- Dipartimento Di Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica Ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy. Sezione Di Ematologia
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Radiologiche Ed Ematologiche, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
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4
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Reth M. Discovering immunoreceptor coupling and organization motifs. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1253412. [PMID: 37731510 PMCID: PMC10507400 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1253412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently determined cryo-EM structures of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and B cell antigen receptor (BCR) show in molecular details the interactions of the ligand-binding part with the signaling subunits but they do not reveal the signaling mechanism of these antigen receptors. Without knowing the molecular basis of antigen sensing by these receptors, a rational design of optimal vaccines is not possible. The existence of conserved amino acids (AAs) that are not involved in the subunit interaction suggests that antigen receptors form higher complexes and/or have lateral interactors that control their activity. Here, I describe evolutionary conserved leucine zipper (LZ) motifs within the transmembrane domains (TMD) of antigen and coreceptor components that are likely to be involved in the oligomerization and lateral interaction of antigen receptor complexes on T and B cells. These immunoreceptor coupling and organization motifs (ICOMs) are also found within the TMDs of other important receptor types and viral envelope proteins. This discovery suggests that antigen receptors do not function as isolated entities but rather as part of an ICOM-based interactome that controls their nanoscale organization on resting cells and their dynamic remodeling on activated lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Reth
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signaling Research Centers CIBSS and BIOSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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5
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Quagliano A, Gopalakrishnapillai A, Barwe SP. Tetraspanins set the stage for bone marrow microenvironment-induced chemoprotection in hematologic malignancies. Blood Adv 2023; 7:4403-4413. [PMID: 37561544 PMCID: PMC10432613 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023010476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, relapse still remains a consistent issue. One of the primary contributors to relapse is the bone marrow microenvironment providing a sanctuary to malignant cells. These cells interact with bone marrow components such as osteoblasts and stromal cells, extracellular matrix proteins, and soluble factors. These interactions, mediated by the cell surface proteins like cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs), induce intracellular signaling that leads to the development of bone marrow microenvironment-induced chemoprotection (BMC). Although extensive study has gone into these CAMs, including the development of targeted therapies, very little focus in hematologic malignancies has been put on a family of cell surface proteins that are just as important for mediating bone marrow interactions: the transmembrane 4 superfamily (tetraspanins; TSPANs). TSPANs are known to be important mediators of microenvironmental interactions and metastasis based on numerous studies in solid tumors. Recently, evidence of their possible role in hematologic malignancies, specifically in the regulation of cellular adhesion, bone marrow homing, intracellular signaling, and stem cell dynamics in malignant hematologic cells has come to light. Many of these effects are facilitated by associations with CAMs and other receptors on the cell surface in TSPAN-enriched microdomains. This could suggest that TSPANs play an important role in mediating BMC in hematologic malignancies and could be used as therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss TSPAN structure and function in hematologic cells, their interactions with different cell surface and signaling proteins, and possible ways to target/inhibit their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Quagliano
- Lisa Dean Moseley Foundation Institute for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours Children’s Hospital, Wilmington, DE
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Anilkumar Gopalakrishnapillai
- Lisa Dean Moseley Foundation Institute for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours Children’s Hospital, Wilmington, DE
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Sonali P. Barwe
- Lisa Dean Moseley Foundation Institute for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours Children’s Hospital, Wilmington, DE
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
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6
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Abu-Saleh N, Kuo CC, Jiang W, Levy R, Levy S. The molecular mechanism of CD81 antibody inhibition of metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305042120. [PMID: 37339209 PMCID: PMC10293848 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305042120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastases are reduced in CD81KO mice. In addition, a unique anti-CD81 antibody, 5A6, inhibits metastasis in vivo and invasion and migration in vitro. Here, we probed the structural components of CD81 required for the antimetastatic activity induced by 5A6. We found that the removal of either cholesterol or the intracellular domains of CD81 did not affect inhibition by the antibody. We show that the uniqueness of 5A6 is due not to increased affinity but rather to its recognition of a specific epitope on the large extracellular loop of CD81. Finally, we present a number of CD81 membrane-associated partners that may play a role in mediating the 5A6 antimetastatic attributes, including integrins and transferrin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niroz Abu-Saleh
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Chiung-Chi Kuo
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Wei Jiang
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Ronald Levy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Shoshana Levy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
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7
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Susa KJ, Bradshaw GA, Eisert RJ, Schilling CM, Kalocsay M, Blacklow SC, Kruse AC. A Spatiotemporal Map of Co-Receptor Signaling Networks Underlying B Cell Activation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.17.533227. [PMID: 36993395 PMCID: PMC10055206 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.17.533227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The B cell receptor (BCR) signals together with a multi-component co-receptor complex to initiate B cell activation in response to antigen binding. This process underlies nearly every aspect of proper B cell function. Here, we take advantage of peroxidase-catalyzed proximity labeling combined with quantitative mass spectrometry to track B cell co-receptor signaling dynamics from 10 seconds to 2 hours after BCR stimulation. This approach enables tracking of 2,814 proximity-labeled proteins and 1,394 quantified phosphosites and provides an unbiased and quantitative molecular map of proteins recruited to the vicinity of CD19, the key signaling subunit of the co-receptor complex. We detail the recruitment kinetics of essential signaling effectors to CD19 following activation, and then identify new mediators of B cell activation. In particular, we show that the glutamate transporter SLC1A1 is responsible for mediating rapid metabolic reprogramming immediately downstream of BCR stimulation and for maintaining redox homeostasis during B cell activation. This study provides a comprehensive map of the BCR signaling pathway and a rich resource for uncovering the complex signaling networks that regulate B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J. Susa
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Current address: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gary A. Bradshaw
- Department of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robyn J. Eisert
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Charlotte M. Schilling
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marian Kalocsay
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephen C. Blacklow
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andrew C. Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Lead contact
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8
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Bailly S, Cartron G, Chaganti S, Córdoba R, Corradini P, Düll J, Ferrarini I, Osborne W, Rosenwald A, Sancho J, Tilly H, Van Den Neste E, Viardot A, Visco C. Targeting CD19 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: An expert opinion paper. Hematol Oncol 2022; 40:505-517. [PMID: 35488888 PMCID: PMC9796473 DOI: 10.1002/hon.3013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous, early-stage expression, efficient internalization, limited off-target effects, and high disease specificity of CD19 make it an attractive therapeutic target. Currently available anti-CD19 therapies have demonstrated particular promise in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Selection of the most appropriate treatment strategy should be based on individual patient characteristics and the goal of therapy. However, evidence and knowledge about the sequencing of anti-CD19 therapies are limited. Here, we review the current evidence for CD19 as a target in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and consider approaches to the use of anti-CD19 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bailly
- Département d’HématologieCliniques Universitaires Saint‐LucBrusselsBelgium
| | - Guillaume Cartron
- Department of HaematologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de MontpellierUMR‐CNRS 5535MontpellierFrance
| | | | - Raul Córdoba
- Department of HematologyFundación Jiménez Díaz University HospitalHealth Research Institute IIS‐FJDMadridSpain
| | - Paolo Corradini
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei TumoriUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Johannes Düll
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IIUniversitätsklinikum WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Isacco Ferrarini
- Department of MedicineSection of HematologyUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Wendy Osborne
- Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustNewcastleUK
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of PathologyUniversity of Würzburg, and Comprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenWürzburgGermany
| | | | - Hervé Tilly
- Department of Hematology and U1245Centre Henri Becquerel and University of RouenRouenFrance
| | - Eric Van Den Neste
- Département d’HématologieCliniques Universitaires Saint‐LucBrusselsBelgium
| | - Andreas Viardot
- Department of Internal Medicine IIIUniversity Hospital UlmUlmGermany
| | - Carlo Visco
- Department of MedicineSection of HematologyUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
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9
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Witkowski MT, Lee S, Wang E, Lee AK, Talbot A, Ma C, Tsopoulidis N, Brumbaugh J, Zhao Y, Roberts KG, Hogg SJ, Nomikou S, Ghebrechristos YE, Thandapani P, Mullighan CG, Hochedlinger K, Chen W, Abdel-Wahab O, Eyquem J, Aifantis I. NUDT21 limits CD19 levels through alternative mRNA polyadenylation in B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1424-1432. [PMID: 36138187 PMCID: PMC9611506 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01314-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
B cell progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) treatment has been revolutionized by T cell-based immunotherapies-including chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy (CAR-T) and the bispecific T cell engager therapeutic, blinatumomab-targeting surface glycoprotein CD19. Unfortunately, many patients with B-ALL will fail immunotherapy due to 'antigen escape'-the loss or absence of leukemic CD19 targeted by anti-leukemic T cells. In the present study, we utilized a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screening approach to identify modulators of CD19 abundance on human B-ALL blasts. These studies identified a critical role for the transcriptional activator ZNF143 in CD19 promoter activation. Conversely, the RNA-binding protein, NUDT21, limited expression of CD19 by regulating CD19 messenger RNA polyadenylation and stability. NUDT21 deletion in B-ALL cells increased the expression of CD19 and the sensitivity to CD19-specific CAR-T and blinatumomab. In human B-ALL patients treated with CAR-T and blinatumomab, upregulation of NUDT21 mRNA coincided with CD19 loss at disease relapse. Together, these studies identify new CD19 modulators in human B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Witkowski
- Department of Pathology and Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA.
| | - Soobeom Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, New York University (NYU), New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric Wang
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, USA
| | - Anna K Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexis Talbot
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaos Tsopoulidis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justin Brumbaugh
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Yaqi Zhao
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kathryn G Roberts
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Simon J Hogg
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sofia Nomikou
- Department of Pathology and Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yohana E Ghebrechristos
- Department of Pathology and Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Palaniraja Thandapani
- Department of Pathology and Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Konrad Hochedlinger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin Eyquem
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Parker Institute of Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- Department of Pathology and Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Abstract
Single-pass transmembrane receptors (SPTMRs) represent a diverse group of integral membrane proteins that are involved in many essential cellular processes, including signal transduction, cell adhesion, and transmembrane transport of materials. Dysregulation of the SPTMRs is linked with many human diseases. Despite extensive efforts in past decades, the mechanisms of action of the SPTMRs remain incompletely understood. One major hurdle is the lack of structures of the full-length SPTMRs in different functional states. Such structural information is difficult to obtain by traditional structural biology methods such as X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The recent rapid development of single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has led to an exponential surge in the number of high-resolution structures of integral membrane proteins, including SPTMRs. Cryo-EM structures of SPTMRs solved in the past few years have tremendously improved our understanding of how SPTMRs function. In this review, we will highlight these progresses in the structural studies of SPTMRs by single-particle cryo-EM, analyze important structural details of each protein involved, and discuss their implications on the underlying mechanisms. Finally, we also briefly discuss remaining challenges and exciting opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cai
- Departments of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75231, USA
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- Departments of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75231, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75231, USA
- Corresponding Author: Xuewu Zhang, Department of pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Xiao-chen Bai
- Departments of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75231, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75231, USA
- Corresponding Author: Xiao-chen Bai, Department of Biophysics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
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11
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Tetraspanins interweave EV secretion, endosomal network dynamics and cellular metabolism. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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12
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Novel CD81 Mutations in a Chinese Patient Led to IgA Nephropathy and Impaired BCR Signaling. J Clin Immunol 2022; 42:1672-1684. [PMID: 35849269 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CD81 deficiency is an extremely rare primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by severe and recurrent infections, IgA-related nephropathy, and profound hypogammaglobulinemia. Only one patient has been reported so far, and the pathogenesis remains unclear. Here, we identified a new case of CD81 deficiency and described its pathogenesis. METHODS We analyzed the clinical, genetic, and immunological features of the patient with CD81 deficiency, and explored the pathogenesis of her antibody deficiencies. RESULTS The major manifestation of this patient was unexpectedly not recurrent infections but IgA nephropathy with aberrant serum galactose-deficient IgA1. Whole-exome sequencing revealed novel biallelic mutations in CD81 gene that abolished the surface expression of CD81. B cells from the patient lack membrane CD19 and showed reduced switched memory B cells and transitional B cells. Decreased expression of key molecules pY and pBTK in BCR signaling were demonstrated by confocal microscopy. RNA sequencing revealed that genes associated with BCR signaling and immunoglobulins were downregulated in CD81-deficient B cells. In addition, the patient showed increased frequency of T follicular helper cells that biased to Th1-like subsets. CONCLUSION We reported the second patient with CD81 deficiency in the world and illustrated aberrant BCR signaling in the patient, therefore helping to unravel the mechanism of antibody deficiency in CD81-deficient patients.
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13
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Lebel E, Nachmias B, Pick M, Gross Even-Zohar N, Gatt ME. Understanding the Bioactivity and Prognostic Implication of Commonly Used Surface Antigens in Multiple Myeloma. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11071809. [PMID: 35407416 PMCID: PMC9000075 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11071809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) progression is dependent on its interaction with the bone marrow microenvironment and the immune system and is mediated by key surface antigens. Some antigens promote adhesion to the bone marrow matrix and stromal cells, while others are involved in intercellular interactions that result in differentiation of B-cells to plasma cells (PC). These interactions are also involved in malignant transformation of the normal PC to MM PC as well as disease progression. Here, we review selected surface antigens that are commonly used in the flow cytometry analysis of MM for identification of plasma cells (PC) and the discrimination between normal and malignant PC as well as prognostication. These include the markers: CD38, CD138, CD45, CD19, CD117, CD56, CD81, CD27, and CD28. Furthermore, we will discuss the novel marker CD24 and its involvement in MM. The bioactivity of each antigen is reviewed, as well as its expression on normal vs. malignant PC, prognostic implications, and therapeutic utility. Understanding the role of these specific surface antigens, as well as complex co-expressions of combinations of antigens, may allow for a more personalized prognostic monitoring and treatment of MM patients.
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14
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Hosokawa K, Ishimaru H, Watanabe T, Fujimuro M. Pax5 mediates the transcriptional activation of the CD81 gene. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22919. [PMID: 34824296 PMCID: PMC8616915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD81 is an integral membrane protein of the tetraspanin family and forms complexes with a variety of other cell surface membrane proteins. CD81 is involved in cell migration and B cell activation. However, the mechanism of the transcriptional regulation of the CD81 gene remains unclear. Here, we revealed that CD81 transcriptional activation was required for binding of the transcription factor Pax5 at the Pax5-binding sequence (-54)GCGGGAC(-48) located upstream of the transcriptional start site (TSS) of the CD81 gene. The reporter assay showed that the DNA sequence between - 130 and - 39 bp upstream of the TSS of the CD81 gene had promoter activity for CD81 transcription. The DNA sequence between - 130 and - 39 bp upstream of TSS of CD81 harbors two potential Pax5-binding sequences (-87)GCGTGAG(-81) and (-54)GCGGGAC(-48). Reporter, electrophoresis mobility shift, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays disclosed that Pax5 bound to the (-54)GCGGGAC(-48) in the promoter region of the CD81 gene in order to activate CD81 transcription. Pax5 overexpression increased the expression level of CD81 protein, while the Pax5-knockdown by shRNA decreased CD81 expression. Moreover, we found that the expression level of CD81 was positively correlated with Pax5 expression in human tumor cell lines. Because CD81 was reported to be involved in cell migration, we evaluated the effects of Pax5 overexpression by wound healing and transwell assays. The data showed that overexpression of either Pax5 or CD81 promoted the epithelial cell migration. Thus, our findings provide insights into the transcriptional mechanism of the CD81 gene through transcription factor Pax5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Hosokawa
- grid.411212.50000 0000 9446 3559Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-Shichonocho 1, Yamashinaku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, 607-8412 Japan
| | - Hanako Ishimaru
- grid.411212.50000 0000 9446 3559Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-Shichonocho 1, Yamashinaku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, 607-8412 Japan
| | - Tadashi Watanabe
- grid.411212.50000 0000 9446 3559Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-Shichonocho 1, Yamashinaku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, 607-8412 Japan ,grid.267625.20000 0001 0685 5104Present Address: Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0215 Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujimuro
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-Shichonocho 1, Yamashinaku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, 607-8412, Japan.
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15
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Laurent E, Sieber A, Salzer B, Wachernig A, Seigner J, Lehner M, Geyeregger R, Kratzer B, Jäger U, Kunert R, Pickl WF, Traxlmayr MW. Directed Evolution of Stabilized Monomeric CD19 for Monovalent CAR Interaction Studies and Monitoring of CAR-T Cell Patients. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:1184-1198. [PMID: 33843201 PMCID: PMC8155657 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CD19 is among the most relevant targets in cancer immunotherapy. However, its extracellular domain (ECD) is prone to aggregation and misfolding, representing a major obstacle for the development and analysis of CD19-targeted therapeutics. Here, we engineered stabilized CD19-ECD (termed SuperFolder) variants, which also showed improved expression rates and, in contrast to the wild type protein, they could be efficiently purified in their monomeric forms. Despite being considerably more stable, these engineered mutants largely preserved the wild type sequence (>98.8%). We demonstrate that the variant SF05 enabled the determination of the monovalent affinity between CD19 and a clinically approved FMC63-based CAR, as well as monitoring and phenotypic characterization of CD19-directed CAR-T cells in the blood of lymphoma patients. We anticipate that the SuperFolder mutants generated in this study will be highly valuable tools for a range of applications in basic immunology and CD19-targeted cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Laurent
- Department of Biotechnology and BOKU Core Facility Biomolecular and Cellular Analysis, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Sieber
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Salzer
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute, Zimmermannplatz 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Wachernig
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jacqueline Seigner
- Department of Chemistry, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Lehner
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute, Zimmermannplatz 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - René Geyeregger
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute, Zimmermannplatz 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Kratzer
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 19, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Jäger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried F. Pickl
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 19, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael W. Traxlmayr
- Department of Chemistry, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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16
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CD81 knockout promotes chemosensitivity and disrupts in vivo homing and engraftment in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood Adv 2021; 4:4393-4405. [PMID: 32926125 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapse remains a major obstacle to achieving 100% overall survival rate in pediatric hematologic malignancies like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Relapse often results from the development of chemoresistance. One of the mechanisms of chemoresistance involves ALL cell interactions with the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, providing a sanctuary. This phenomenon is known as BM microenvironment-induced chemoprotection. Members of the transmembrane 4 superfamily (tetraspanins; TSPANs) are known to mediate microenvironmental interactions and have been extensively studied in solid tumors. Although the TSPAN family member CD81 is a minimal residual disease marker, its biological role in ALL is not well characterized. We show for the first time that CD81 knockout induces chemosensitivity, reduces cellular adhesion, and disrupts in vivo BM homing and engraftment in B-ALL. This chemosensitization is mediated through control of Bruton tyrosine kinase signaling and induction of p53-mediated cell death. We then show how CD81-related signaling can be disrupted by treatment with the epigenetic drug combination of DNA hypomethylating agent azacitidine (aza) and histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat (pano), which we previously used to sensitize ALL cells to chemotherapy under conditions that promote BM microenvironment-induced chemoprotection. Aza/pano-mediated modulation of CD81 surface expression is involved in decreasing BM load by promoting ALL cell mobilization from BM to peripheral blood and increasing response to chemotherapy in disseminated patient-derived xenograft models. This study identifies the novel role of CD81 in BM microenvironment-induced chemoprotection and delineates the mechanism by which aza/pano successfully sensitizes ALL cells via modulation of CD81.
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17
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Central human B cell tolerance manifests with a distinctive cell phenotype and is enforced via CXCR4 signaling in hu-mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021570118. [PMID: 33850015 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021570118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Central B cell tolerance, the process restricting the development of many newly generated autoreactive B cells, has been intensely investigated in mouse cells while studies in humans have been hampered by the inability to phenotypically distinguish autoreactive and nonautoreactive immature B cell clones and the difficulty in accessing fresh human bone marrow samples. Using a human immune system mouse model in which all human Igκ+ B cells undergo central tolerance, we discovered that human autoreactive immature B cells exhibit a distinctive phenotype that includes lower activation of ERK and differential expression of CD69, CD81, CXCR4, and other glycoproteins. Human B cells exhibiting these characteristics were observed in fresh human bone marrow tissue biopsy specimens, although differences in marker expression were smaller than in the humanized mouse model. Furthermore, the expression of these markers was slightly altered in autoreactive B cells of humanized mice engrafted with some human immune systems genetically predisposed to autoimmunity. Finally, by treating mice and human immune system mice with a pharmacologic antagonist, we show that signaling by CXCR4 is necessary to prevent both human and mouse autoreactive B cell clones from egressing the bone marrow, indicating that CXCR4 functionally contributes to central B cell tolerance.
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18
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Susa KJ, Rawson S, Kruse AC, Blacklow SC. Cryo-EM structure of the B cell co-receptor CD19 bound to the tetraspanin CD81. Science 2021; 371:300-305. [PMID: 33446559 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd9836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Signaling through the CD19-CD81 co-receptor complex, in combination with the B cell receptor, is a critical determinant of B cell development and activation. It is unknown how CD81 engages CD19 to enable co-receptor function. Here, we report a 3.8-angstrom structure of the CD19-CD81 complex bound to a therapeutic antigen-binding fragment, determined by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The structure includes both the extracellular domains and the transmembrane helices of the complex, revealing a contact interface between the ectodomains that drives complex formation. Upon binding to CD19, CD81 opens its ectodomain to expose a hydrophobic CD19-binding surface and reorganizes its transmembrane helices to occlude a cholesterol binding pocket present in the apoprotein. Our data reveal the structural basis for CD19-CD81 complex assembly, providing a foundation for rational design of therapies for B cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Susa
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shaun Rawson
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Stephen C Blacklow
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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19
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Zhao Y, Aldoss I, Qu C, Crawford JC, Gu Z, Allen EK, Zamora AE, Alexander TB, Wang J, Goto H, Imamura T, Akahane K, Marcucci G, Stein AS, Bhatia R, Thomas PG, Forman SJ, Mullighan CG, Roberts KG. Tumor-intrinsic and -extrinsic determinants of response to blinatumomab in adults with B-ALL. Blood 2021; 137:471-484. [PMID: 32881995 PMCID: PMC7845009 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020006287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Blinatumomab, a bispecific antibody that directs CD3+ T cells to CD19+ tumor cells, shows variable efficacy in B-progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). To determine tumor-intrinsic and -extrinsic determinants of response, we studied 44 adults with relapsed or refractory B-ALL (including 2 minimal residual disease positive) treated with blinatumomab using bulk tumor and single-cell sequencing. The overall response rate in patients with hematological disease was 55%, with a high response rate in those with CRLF2-rearranged Philadelphia chromosome-like ALL (12 [75%] of 16). Pretreatment samples of responders exhibited a tumor-intrinsic transcriptomic signature of heightened immune response. Multiple mechanisms resulted in loss of CD19 expression, including CD19 mutations, CD19-mutant allele-specific expression, low CD19 RNA expression, and mutations in CD19 signaling complex member CD81. Patients with low hypodiploid ALL were prone to CD19- relapse resulting from aneuploidy-mediated loss of the nonmutated CD19 allele. Increased expression of a CD19 isoform with intraexonic splicing of exon 2, CD19 ex2part, at baseline or during therapy was associated with treatment failure. These analyses demonstrate both tumor-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors influence blinatumomab response. We show that CD19 mutations are commonly detected in CD19- relapse during blinatumomab treatment. Identification of the CD19 ex2part splice variant represents a new biomarker predictive of blinatumomab therapy failure.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Aneuploidy
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD19/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD19/genetics
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/physiology
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/drug therapy
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Recurrence
- Retrospective Studies
- Salvage Therapy
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Single-Cell Analysis
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Zhao
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Ibrahim Aldoss
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Chunxu Qu
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Zhaohui Gu
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Emma K Allen
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Anthony E Zamora
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Jeremy Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Hiroaki Goto
- Division of Hemato-Oncology/Regenerative Medicine, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Imamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koshi Akahane
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan; and
| | - Guido Marcucci
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Anthony S Stein
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Ravi Bhatia
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Stephen J Forman
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | | | - Kathryn G Roberts
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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20
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Caveolin-1, tetraspanin CD81 and flotillins in lymphocyte cell membrane organization, signaling and immunopathology. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:2387-2397. [PMID: 33242069 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system relies on B and T lymphocytes to ensure a specific and long-lasting protection of an individual from a wide range of potential pathogenic hits. Lymphocytes are highly potent and efficient in eliminating pathogens. However, lymphocyte activation must be tightly regulated to prevent incorrect activity that could result in immunopathologies, such as autoimmune disorders or cancers. Comprehensive insight into the molecular events underlying lymphocyte activation is of enormous importance to better understand the function of the immune system. It provides the basis to design therapeutics to regulate lymphocyte activation in pathological scenarios. Most reported defects in immunopathologies affect the regulation of intracellular signaling pathways. This highlights the importance of these molecules, which control lymphocyte activation and homeostasis impacting lymphocyte tolerance to self, cytokine production and responses to infections. Most evidence for these defects comes from studies of disease models in genetically engineered mice. There is an increasing number of studies focusing on lymphocytes derived from patients which supports these findings. Many indirectly involved proteins are emerging as unexpected regulators of the immune system. In this mini-review, we focus in proteins that regulate plasma membrane (PM) compartmentalization and thereby impact the steady state and the activation of immunoreceptors, namely the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and the B cell antigen receptor (BCR). Some of these membrane proteins are shown to be involved in immune abnormalities; others, however, are not thoroughly investigated in the context of immune pathogenesis. We aim to highlight them and stimulate future research avenues.
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21
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Palor M, Stejskal L, Mandal P, Lenman A, Alberione MP, Kirui J, Moeller R, Ebner S, Meissner F, Gerold G, Shepherd AJ, Grove J. Cholesterol sensing by CD81 is important for hepatitis C virus entry. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16931-16948. [PMID: 32900848 PMCID: PMC7863897 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CD81 plays a central role in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Recent structural analysis of CD81 indicates that it contains an intramembrane cholesterol-binding pocket and that interaction with cholesterol may regulate a conformational switch in the large extracellular domain of CD81. Therefore, CD81 possesses a potential cholesterol-sensing mechanism; however, its relevance for protein function is thus far unknown. In this study we investigate CD81 cholesterol sensing in the context of its activity as a receptor for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Structure-led mutagenesis of the cholesterol-binding pocket reduced CD81-cholesterol association but had disparate effects on HCV entry, both reducing and enhancing CD81 receptor activity. We reasoned that this could be explained by alterations in the consequences of cholesterol binding. To investigate this further we performed molecular dynamic simulations of CD81 with and without cholesterol; this identified a potential allosteric mechanism by which cholesterol binding regulates the conformation of CD81. To test this, we designed further mutations to force CD81 into either the open (cholesterol-unbound) or closed (cholesterol-bound) conformation. The open mutant of CD81 exhibited reduced HCV receptor activity, whereas the closed mutant enhanced activity. These data are consistent with cholesterol sensing switching CD81 between a receptor active and inactive state. CD81 interactome analysis also suggests that conformational switching may modulate the assembly of CD81-partner protein networks. This work furthers our understanding of the molecular mechanism of CD81 cholesterol sensing, how this relates to HCV entry, and CD81's function as a molecular scaffold; these insights are relevant to CD81's varied roles in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machaela Palor
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lenka Stejskal
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Piya Mandal
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annasara Lenman
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology & Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - María Pía Alberione
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jared Kirui
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rebecca Moeller
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Ebner
- Experimental Systems Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Felix Meissner
- Experimental Systems Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Institute of Innate Immunity, Department of Systems Immunology and Proteomics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gisa Gerold
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology & Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Adrian J Shepherd
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Grove
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College, London, United Kingdom.
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22
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van Deventer S, Arp AB, van Spriel AB. Dynamic Plasma Membrane Organization: A Complex Symphony. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 31:119-129. [PMID: 33248874 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Membrane protein organization is essential for proper cellular functioning and the result of a dynamic exchange between protein monomers, nanoscale protein clusters, and microscale higher-order structures. This exchange is affected by both lipid bilayer intrinsic factors, such as lipid rafts and tetraspanins, and extrinsic factors, such as cortical actin and galectins. Because membrane organizers act jointly like instruments in a symphony, it is challenging to define the 'key' organizers. Here, we posit, for the first time, definitions of key intrinsic and extrinsic membrane organizers. Tetraspanin nanodomains are key organizers that are often overlooked. We discuss how different key organizers can collaborate, which is important to get a full grasp of plasma membrane biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd van Deventer
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Abbey B Arp
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemiek B van Spriel
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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23
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Parker KR, Migliorini D, Perkey E, Yost KE, Bhaduri A, Bagga P, Haris M, Wilson NE, Liu F, Gabunia K, Scholler J, Montine TJ, Bhoj VG, Reddy R, Mohan S, Maillard I, Kriegstein AR, June CH, Chang HY, Posey AD, Satpathy AT. Single-Cell Analyses Identify Brain Mural Cells Expressing CD19 as Potential Off-Tumor Targets for CAR-T Immunotherapies. Cell 2020; 183:126-142.e17. [PMID: 32961131 PMCID: PMC7640763 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD19-directed immunotherapies are clinically effective for treating B cell malignancies but also cause a high incidence of neurotoxicity. A subset of patients treated with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells or bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) antibodies display severe neurotoxicity, including fatal cerebral edema associated with T cell infiltration into the brain. Here, we report that mural cells, which surround the endothelium and are critical for blood-brain-barrier integrity, express CD19. We identify CD19 expression in brain mural cells using single-cell RNA sequencing data and confirm perivascular staining at the protein level. CD19 expression in the brain begins early in development alongside the emergence of mural cell lineages and persists throughout adulthood across brain regions. Mouse mural cells demonstrate lower levels of Cd19 expression, suggesting limitations in preclinical animal models of neurotoxicity. These data suggest an on-target mechanism for neurotoxicity in CD19-directed therapies and highlight the utility of human single-cell atlases for designing immunotherapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Blood-Brain Barrier/immunology
- Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/adverse effects
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/adverse effects
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Neoplasms
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Single-Cell Analysis/methods
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Parker
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Denis Migliorini
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology and Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Eric Perkey
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathryn E Yost
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aparna Bhaduri
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Puneet Bagga
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Functional and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar; Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Neil E Wilson
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Khatuna Gabunia
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Scholler
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas J Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vijay G Bhoj
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ravinder Reddy
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Suyash Mohan
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ivan Maillard
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arnold R Kriegstein
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carl H June
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Avery D Posey
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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24
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Yang Y, Liu XR, Greenberg ZJ, Zhou F, He P, Fan L, Liu S, Shen G, Egawa T, Gross ML, Schuettpelz LG, Li W. Open conformation of tetraspanins shapes interaction partner networks on cell membranes. EMBO J 2020; 39:e105246. [PMID: 32974937 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanins, including CD53 and CD81, regulate a multitude of cellular processes through organizing an interaction network on cell membranes. Here, we report the crystal structure of CD53 in an open conformation poised for partner interaction. The large extracellular domain (EC2) of CD53 protrudes away from the membrane surface and exposes a variable region, which is identified by hydrogen-deuterium exchange as the common interface for CD53 and CD81 to bind partners. The EC2 orientation in CD53 is supported by an extracellular loop (EC1). At the closed conformation of CD81, however, EC2 disengages from EC1 and rotates toward the membrane, thereby preventing partner interaction. Structural simulation shows that EC1-EC2 interaction also supports the open conformation of CD81. Disrupting this interaction in CD81 impairs the accurate glycosylation of its CD19 partner, the target for leukemia immunotherapies. Moreover, EC1 mutations in CD53 prevent the chemotaxis of pre-B cells toward a chemokine that supports B-cell trafficking and homing within the bone marrow, a major CD53 function identified here. Overall, an open conformation is required for tetraspanin-partner interactions to support myriad cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Zev J Greenberg
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fengbo Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Peng He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lingling Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shixuan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Guomin Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Takeshi Egawa
- Department of Pediatrics Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Laura G Schuettpelz
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Weikai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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25
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Thornton N, Karamatic Crew V, Tilley L, Green CA, Tay CL, Griffiths RE, Singleton BK, Spring F, Walser P, Alattar AG, Jones B, Laundy R, Storry JR, Möller M, Wall L, Charlewood R, Westhoff CM, Lomas-Francis C, Yahalom V, Feick U, Seltsam A, Mayer B, Olsson ML, Anstee DJ. Disruption of the tumour-associated EMP3 enhances erythroid proliferation and causes the MAM-negative phenotype. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3569. [PMID: 32678083 PMCID: PMC7366909 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinically important MAM blood group antigen is present on haematopoietic cells of all humans except rare MAM-negative individuals. Its molecular basis is unknown. By whole-exome sequencing we identify EMP3, encoding epithelial membrane protein 3 (EMP3), as a candidate gene, then demonstrate inactivating mutations in ten known MAM-negative individuals. We show that EMP3, a purported tumour suppressor in various solid tumours, is expressed in erythroid cells. Disruption of EMP3 by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in an immortalised human erythroid cell line (BEL-A2) abolishes MAM expression. We find EMP3 to associate with, and stabilise, CD44 in the plasma membrane. Furthermore, cultured erythroid progenitor cells from MAM-negative individuals show markedly increased proliferation and higher reticulocyte yields, suggesting an important regulatory role for EMP3 in erythropoiesis and control of cell production. Our data establish MAM as a new blood group system and demonstrate an interaction of EMP3 with the cell surface signalling molecule CD44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Thornton
- International Blood Group Reference Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, Bristol, UK.
| | - Vanja Karamatic Crew
- International Blood Group Reference Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, Bristol, UK
| | - Louise Tilley
- International Blood Group Reference Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, Bristol, UK
| | - Carole A Green
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, NHS Blood and Transplant and NIHR Blood and Transplant Unit in Red Cell Products, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Chwen Ling Tay
- International Blood Group Reference Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, Bristol, UK
| | - Rebecca E Griffiths
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, NHS Blood and Transplant and NIHR Blood and Transplant Unit in Red Cell Products, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Belinda K Singleton
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, NHS Blood and Transplant and NIHR Blood and Transplant Unit in Red Cell Products, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Frances Spring
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, NHS Blood and Transplant and NIHR Blood and Transplant Unit in Red Cell Products, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Piers Walser
- International Blood Group Reference Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, Bristol, UK
| | - Abdul Ghani Alattar
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Jones
- International Blood Group Reference Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, Bristol, UK
| | - Rosalind Laundy
- International Blood Group Reference Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, Bristol, UK
| | - Jill R Storry
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Office of Medical Services, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Möller
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lorna Wall
- Reference Laboratory, New Zealand Blood Service, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Vered Yahalom
- Magen David Adom, National Blood Services, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ute Feick
- Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Blood Donor Service, Institute Bad Kreuznach, Bad Kreuznach, Germany
| | - Axel Seltsam
- German Red Cross Blood Service NSTOB, Institute Springe, Springe, Germany
| | - Beate Mayer
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin L Olsson
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Office of Medical Services, Lund, Sweden
| | - David J Anstee
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, NHS Blood and Transplant and NIHR Blood and Transplant Unit in Red Cell Products, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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26
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Escape From ALL-CARTaz: Leukemia Immunoediting in the Age of Chimeric Antigen Receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 25:217-222. [PMID: 31135529 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has been transformative for the treatment of B-cell malignancies, with CD19- and CD22-directed CARs being prime examples. However, immunoediting and ensuing antigen loss remain the major obstacles to curative therapy in up to 25% of patients. For example, to achieve the CD19-negative phenotype, malignant cells can pick from a broad array of mechanisms, including focal loss-of-function mutations, dysregulated trafficking to the cell surface, alternative splicing, and lineage switching. In other cases, where resistance is mediated by insufficient antigen density, trogocytosis has been proposed as a possible underlying mechanism. To overcome these barriers, compensatory strategies will be needed, which could include using combinatorial CARs, harnessing epitope spreading, and targeting tumor neoantigens.
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27
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Yeung L, Anderson JML, Wee JL, Demaria MC, Finsterbusch M, Liu YS, Hall P, Smith BC, Dankers W, Elgass KD, Wicks IP, Kwok HF, Wright MD, Hickey MJ. Leukocyte Tetraspanin CD53 Restrains α 3 Integrin Mobilization and Facilitates Cytoskeletal Remodeling and Transmigration in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:521-532. [PMID: 32532837 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The importance of tetraspanin proteins in regulating migration has been demonstrated in many diverse cellular systems. However, the function of the leukocyte-restricted tetraspanin CD53 remains obscure. We therefore hypothesized that CD53 plays a role in regulating leukocyte recruitment and tested this hypothesis by examining responses of CD53-deficient mice to a range of inflammatory stimuli. Deletion of CD53 significantly reduced neutrophil recruitment to the acutely inflamed peritoneal cavity. Intravital microscopy revealed that in response to several inflammatory and chemotactic stimuli, absence of CD53 had only minor effects on leukocyte rolling and adhesion in postcapillary venules. In contrast, Cd53-/- mice showed a defect in leukocyte transmigration induced by TNF, CXCL1 and CCL2, and a reduced capacity for leukocyte retention on the endothelial surface under shear flow. Comparison of adhesion molecule expression in wild-type and Cd53-/- neutrophils revealed no alteration in expression of β2 integrins, whereas L-selectin was almost completely absent from Cd53-/- neutrophils. In addition, Cd53-/- neutrophils showed defects in activation-induced cytoskeletal remodeling and translocation to the cell periphery, responses necessary for efficient transendothelial migration, as well as increased α3 integrin expression. These alterations were associated with effects on inflammation, so that in Cd53-/- mice, the onset of neutrophil-dependent serum-induced arthritis was delayed. Together, these findings demonstrate a role for tetraspanin CD53 in promotion of neutrophil transendothelial migration and inflammation, associated with CD53-mediated regulation of L-selectin expression, attachment to the endothelial surface, integrin expression and trafficking, and cytoskeletal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Yeung
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Alfred Research Alliance, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Jeremy M L Anderson
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Janet L Wee
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Alfred Research Alliance, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Maria C Demaria
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Alfred Research Alliance, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Michaela Finsterbusch
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Yuxin S Liu
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Pam Hall
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Brodie C Smith
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Wendy Dankers
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Kirstin D Elgass
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ian P Wicks
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.,Department of Rheumatology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; and
| | - Hang Fai Kwok
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Mark D Wright
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Alfred Research Alliance, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Michael J Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia;
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28
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Don MD, Lim W, Lo A, Cox B, Huang Q, Kitahara S, Lopategui J, Alkan S. Improved Recognition of Hematogones From Precursor B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia by a Single Tube Flow Cytometric Analysis. Am J Clin Pathol 2020; 153:790-798. [PMID: 32068791 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To improve diagnostic accuracy in differentiating hematogones from leukemic blasts in cases of precursor B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (B-ALL), particularly those that are posttreatment or after bone marrow transplant, and to provide an algorithmic approach to this diagnostic challenge. METHODS A seven-color antibody panel including CD10, CD19, CD45, CD38, CD34, CD58, and CD81 was generated to assess the feasibility of a single tube panel and provide an algorithmic approach to distinguish hematogones from B-ALL. Fifty-three cases were analyzed, and results were correlated with histology and ancillary studies. RESULTS There was a significant difference in mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) for CD81 and CD58 when comparing hematogones and B-ALL populations (P < .001). B-ALL cases had a mean (SD) MFI of 24.6 (27.5; range, 2-125) for CD81 and 135.6 (72.6; range, 48-328) for CD58. Hematogones cases had a mean (SD) MFI of 70.2 (19.2; range, 42-123) for CD81 and 38.8 (9.4; range, 23-58) for CD58. CONCLUSIONS The flow cytometry panel with the above markers and utilization of the proposed algorithmic approach provide differentiation of hematogones from B-ALL. This includes rare cases of hematogones and B-ALL overlap where additional ancillary studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Don
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Washington Lim
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Amanda Lo
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Brian Cox
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Qin Huang
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sumire Kitahara
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jean Lopategui
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Serhan Alkan
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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29
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Susa KJ, Seegar TCM, Blacklow SC, Kruse AC. A dynamic interaction between CD19 and the tetraspanin CD81 controls B cell co-receptor trafficking. eLife 2020; 9:e52337. [PMID: 32338599 PMCID: PMC7228769 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD81 and its binding partner CD19 are core subunits of the B cell co-receptor complex. While CD19 belongs to the extensively studied Ig superfamily, CD81 belongs to a poorly understood family of four-pass transmembrane proteins called tetraspanins. Tetraspanins play important physiological roles by controlling protein trafficking and other processes. Here, we show that CD81 relies on its ectodomain to traffic CD19 to the cell surface. Moreover, the anti-CD81 antibody 5A6, which binds selectively to activated B cells, recognizes a conformational epitope on CD81 that is masked when CD81 is bound to CD19. Mutations of CD81 in this interface suppress its CD19 export activity. These data indicate that the CD81 - CD19 interaction is dynamically regulated upon B cell activation and this dynamism can be exploited to regulate B cell function. These results are not only valuable for understanding B cell biology, but also have important implications for understanding tetraspanin function generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Susa
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Tom CM Seegar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Stephen C Blacklow
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer BiologyBostonUnited States
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
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30
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Hosokawa K, Ishimaru H, Watanabe T, Fujimuro M. The Lysosome Pathway Degrades CD81 on the Cell Surface by Poly-ubiquitination and Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 43:540-545. [PMID: 31902824 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CD81 is a highly conserved four-transmembrane protein in mammals and widely expressed on many tissues. It belongs to the tetraspanin family and forms complexes with various cell surface membrane proteins. It also functions in cell migration and B-cell activation, which is induced by CD81 complexing with CD19, CD21 and the B-cell receptor. Thus, CD81 is thought to play a key role in regulating cell function and fate. However, little is known about the degradation mechanism of CD81. Here we found that CD81 on the plasma membrane is degraded by the lysosome pathway via endocytosis. The expression levels of CD81 in HEK293T cells treated with a proteasome inhibitor (lactacystin) and lysosome inhibitors (chloroquine and bafilomycin A1) were analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression of CD81 on the cell surface was increased by the lysosome inhibitors, but not lactacystin. A pulldown assay revealed that CD81 was conjugated with a K63- and K29-linked poly-ubiquitin chain before its degradation, and the poly-ubiquitination site was Lys8 at the N-terminal intracellular domain of CD81. Furthermore, mutant CD81, in which Lys8 was substituted with alanine (Ala), extended the CD81 half-life compared with wildtype. CD81 was mainly localized on the plasma membrane in normal cells, but also co-localized with lysosomal LAMP1 and early endosomal EEA1 in chloroquine-treated cells. Furthermore, a clathrin-mediated endocytosis inhibitor, chlorpromazine, stabilized CD81 expression on the cell surface. Hence, we demonstrated that CD81 is internalized by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and subsequently degraded via a lysosome pathway requiring the K63- and K29-linked poly-ubiquitination of CD81.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Hosokawa
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
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31
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Targeting the Tetraspanins with Monoclonal Antibodies in Oncology: Focus on Tspan8/Co-029. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020179. [PMID: 30769765 PMCID: PMC6406856 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanins are exposed at the surface of cellular membranes, which allows for the fixation of cognate antibodies. Developing specific antibodies in conjunction with genetic data would largely contribute to deciphering their biological behavior. In this short review, we summarize the main functions of Tspan8/Co-029 and its role in the biology of tumor cells. Based on data collected from recently reported studies, the possibilities of using antibodies to target Tspan8 in immunotherapy or radioimmunotherapy approaches are also discussed.
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32
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CD19 Alterations Emerging after CD19-Directed Immunotherapy Cause Retention of the Misfolded Protein in the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00383-18. [PMID: 30104252 PMCID: PMC6189457 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00383-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously described a mechanism of acquired resistance of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia to CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CART) immunotherapy. It was based on in-frame insertions in or skipping of CD19 exon 2. To distinguish between epitope loss and defects in surface localization, we used retroviral transduction and genome editing to generate cell lines expressing CD19 exon 2 variants (CD19ex2vs) bearing vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSVg) tags. These lines were negative by live-cell flow cytometry with an anti-VSVg antibody and resistant to killing by VSVg-directed antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), suggestive of a defect in surface localization. Indeed, pulse-chase and α-mannosidase inhibitor assays showed that all CD19ex2vs acquired endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-specific high-mannose-type sugars but not complex-type glycans synthesized in the Golgi apparatus. When fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP), CD19ex2vs (including a mutant lacking the relevant disulfide bond) showed colocalization with ER markers, implying protein misfolding. Mass spectrometric profiling of CD19-interacting proteins demonstrated that CD19ex2vs fail to bind to the key tetraspanin CD81 and instead interact with ER-resident chaperones, such as calnexin, and ER transporters involved in antigen presentation. Thus, even the intact domains of CD19ex2vs cannot be easily targeted with ADCs or current CD19 CARTs but could serve as sources of peptides for major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted presentation and T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated killing.
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33
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Pennell CA, Barnum JL, McDonald-Hyman CS, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Riddle MJ, Xiong Z, Loschi M, Thangavelu G, Campbell HM, Storlie MD, Refaeli Y, Furlan SN, Jensen MC, Kean LS, Miller JS, Tolar J, Osborn MJ, Blazar BR. Human CD19-Targeted Mouse T Cells Induce B Cell Aplasia and Toxicity in Human CD19 Transgenic Mice. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1423-1434. [PMID: 29735365 PMCID: PMC5986973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy for CD19+ B cell malignancies can be limited by acute toxicities and immunoglobulin replacement needs due to B cell aplasia from persistent CAR T cells. Life-threatening complications include cytokine release syndrome and neurologic adverse events, the exact etiologies of which are unclear. To elucidate the underlying toxicity mechanisms and test potentially safer CAR T cells, we developed a mouse model in which human CD19 (hCD19)-specific mouse CAR T cells were adoptively transferred into mice whose normal B cells express a hCD19 transgene at hemizygous levels. Compared to homozygous hCD19 transgenic mice that have ∼75% fewer circulating B cells, hemizygous mice had hCD19 frequencies and antigen density more closely simulating human B cells. Hemizygous mice given a lethal dose of hCD19 transgene-expressing lymphoma cells and treated with CAR T cells had undetectable tumor levels. Recipients experienced B cell aplasia and antigen- and dose-dependent acute toxicities mirroring patient complications. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon γ (IFN-γ), and inflammatory pathway transcripts were enriched in affected tissues. As in patients, antibody-mediated neutralization of IL-6 (and IFN-γ) blunted toxicity. Apparent behavioral abnormalities associated with decreased microglial cells point to CAR-T-cell-induced neurotoxicity. This model will prove useful in testing strategies designed to improve hCD19-specific CAR T cell safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Pennell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Cancer Center, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Jessie L Barnum
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Cameron S McDonald-Hyman
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Angela Panoskaltsis-Mortari
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Megan J Riddle
- Stem Cell Institute, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zhengming Xiong
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Michael Loschi
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Govindarajan Thangavelu
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Heather M Campbell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Cancer Center, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Meghan D Storlie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Cancer Center, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yosef Refaeli
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Scott N Furlan
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Michael C Jensen
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Leslie S Kean
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Miller
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Stem Cell Institute, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mark J Osborn
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Gies V, Schickel JN, Jung S, Joublin A, Glauzy S, Knapp AM, Soley A, Poindron V, Guffroy A, Choi JY, Gottenberg JE, Anolik JH, Martin T, Soulas-Sprauel P, Meffre E, Korganow AS. Impaired TLR9 responses in B cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. JCI Insight 2018. [PMID: 29515028 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.96795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells play a central role in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathophysiology but dysregulated pathways leading to a break in B cell tolerance remain unclear. Since Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) favors the elimination of autoreactive B cells in the periphery, we assessed TLR9 function in SLE by analyzing the responses of B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) isolated from healthy donors and patients after stimulation with CpG, a TLR9 agonist. We found that SLE B cells from patients without hydroxychloroquine treatment displayed defective in vitro TLR9 responses, as illustrated by the impaired upregulation of B cell activation molecules and the diminished production of various cytokines including antiinflammatory IL-10. In agreement with CD19 controlling TLR9 responses in B cells, decreased expression of the CD19/CD21 complex on SLE B cells was detected as early as the transitional B cell stage. In contrast, TLR7 function was preserved in SLE B cells, whereas pDCs from SLE patients properly responded to TLR9 stimulation, thereby revealing that impaired TLR9 function in SLE was restricted to B cells. We conclude that abnormal CD19 expression and TLR9 tolerogenic function in SLE B cells may contribute to the break of B cell tolerance in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Gies
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/Laboratory of Excellence Médalis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Autoimmune Diseases, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Schickel
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sophie Jung
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/Laboratory of Excellence Médalis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,Reference Center for Oral Rare Diseases (O-Rares), "Pôle de Médecine et de Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, University Hospital - Faculty of Dentistry, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Aurélie Joublin
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/Laboratory of Excellence Médalis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMC), Strasbourg, France
| | - Salomé Glauzy
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Knapp
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/Laboratory of Excellence Médalis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMC), Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Soley
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/Laboratory of Excellence Médalis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMC), Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Poindron
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Autoimmune Diseases, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Aurélien Guffroy
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/Laboratory of Excellence Médalis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Autoimmune Diseases, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jin-Young Choi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jacques-Eric Gottenberg
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/Laboratory of Excellence Médalis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,UFR Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Rheumatology, National Reference Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jennifer H Anolik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Thierry Martin
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/Laboratory of Excellence Médalis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Autoimmune Diseases, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France.,UFR Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pauline Soulas-Sprauel
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/Laboratory of Excellence Médalis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Autoimmune Diseases, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France.,UFR Pharmaceutical Sciences, Strasbourg University, Illkirch, France
| | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anne-Sophie Korganow
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/Laboratory of Excellence Médalis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Autoimmune Diseases, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France.,UFR Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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35
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Pérez-Martínez CA, Maravillas-Montero JL, Meza-Herrera I, Vences-Catalán F, Zlotnik A, Santos-Argumedo L. Tspan33 is Expressed in Transitional and Memory B Cells, but is not Responsible for High ADAM10 Expression. Scand J Immunol 2017; 86:23-30. [PMID: 28449222 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tetraspanins are a family of transmembrane proteins that form membrane microdomains. They play important roles in migration, adhesion and other cellular processes. TspanC8, a subfamily of tetraspanins, was found to associate and promote ADAM10 trafficking and cell surface localization. One of its members, Tspan33, is expressed in activated B cells. Using RT-PCR and flow cytometry, we analysed the pattern of expression of Tspan33 in B cells from healthy donors. We found Tspan33 expression in early and late stages of B cell development. However, Tspan33 expression did not correlate with ADAM10 surface expression. We also found expression of Tspan33 early in the activation process. Given its predominant expression in activated B cells and in several lymphomas, but not in naive B cells, we hypothesize that Tspan33 could be a potential target for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Pérez-Martínez
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - I Meza-Herrera
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - F Vences-Catalán
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - A Zlotnik
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - L Santos-Argumedo
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
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36
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Reducing isoform complexity of human tetraspanins by optimized expression in Dictyostelium discoideum enables high-throughput functional read-out. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 135:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Ma Y, Walsh MJ, Bernhardt K, Ashbaugh CW, Trudeau SJ, Ashbaugh IY, Jiang S, Jiang C, Zhao B, Root DE, Doench JG, Gewurz BE. CRISPR/Cas9 Screens Reveal Epstein-Barr Virus-Transformed B Cell Host Dependency Factors. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 21:580-591.e7. [PMID: 28494239 PMCID: PMC8938989 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes endemic Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and immunosuppression-related lymphomas. These B cell malignancies arise by distinct transformation pathways and have divergent viral and host expression programs. To identify host dependency factors resulting from these EBV+, B cell-transformed cell states, we performed parallel genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 loss-of-function screens in BL and lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). These highlighted 57 BL and 87 LCL genes uniquely important for their growth and survival. LCL hits were enriched for EBV-induced genes, including viral super-enhancer targets. Our systematic approach uncovered key mechanisms by which EBV oncoproteins activate the PI3K/AKT pathway and evade tumor suppressor responses. LMP1-induced cFLIP was found to be critical for LCL defense against TNFα-mediated programmed cell death, whereas EBV-induced BATF/IRF4 were critical for BIM suppression and MYC induction in LCLs. Finally, EBV super-enhancer-targeted IRF2 protected LCLs against Blimp1-mediated tumor suppression. Our results identify viral transformation-driven synthetic lethal targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Ma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael J Walsh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katharina Bernhardt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Camille W Ashbaugh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen J Trudeau
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Isabelle Y Ashbaugh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sizun Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chang Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bo Zhao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David E Root
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - John G Doench
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Benjamin E Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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38
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Azarsiz E, Karaca NE, Aksu G, Kutukculer N. Reference values for B-cell surface markers and co-receptors associated with primary immune deficiencies in healthy Turkish children. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2017; 30:194-200. [PMID: 28449602 PMCID: PMC5806800 DOI: 10.1177/0394632017707609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to evaluate B-lymphocyte subsets of patients with primary immunodeficiencies, the normal values for national healthy children have to be used as a reference. Recently, B-cell co-receptor markers (CD19, CD21, and CD81) and CD20, CD22, and CD27 deficiencies have been reported in relation with different primary immunodeficiency diseases. The objective of this study was to establish national reference values for B-lymphocyte co-receptors and some surface markers, CD20, CD22, CD27, as well as classic lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of healthy children. A total of 90 healthy children were included in this study. Complete blood counts were performed and cells with CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD16/56, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD27, and CD81 surface markers were simultaneously detected by flow cytometry. The children were evaluated in three age subgroups, 0–1, 1–6, and >6 years, and minimum, maximum, mean, mean minus standard deviation, and 2.5–97.5 percentile values were all determined. By establishing reliable reference ranges for these surface markers, we hoped to help identifying and classifying some primary immunodeficiency patients, especially those defined as unclassified hypogammaglobulinemia and those without definite diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Azarsiz
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Edeer Karaca
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Guzide Aksu
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Necil Kutukculer
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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39
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Differentiation stage of myeloma plasma cells: biological and clinical significance. Leukemia 2016; 31:382-392. [PMID: 27479184 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The notion that plasma cells (PCs) are terminally differentiated has prevented intensive research in multiple myeloma (MM) about their phenotypic plasticity and differentiation. Here, we demonstrated in healthy individuals (n=20) that the CD19-CD81 expression axis identifies three bone marrow (BM)PC subsets with distinct age-prevalence, proliferation, replication-history, immunoglobulin-production, and phenotype, consistent with progressively increased differentiation from CD19+CD81+ into CD19-CD81+ and CD19-CD81- BMPCs. Afterwards, we demonstrated in 225 newly diagnosed MM patients that, comparing to normal BMPC counterparts, 59% had fully differentiated (CD19-CD81-) clones, 38% intermediate-differentiated (CD19-CD81+) and 3% less-differentiated (CD19+CD81+) clones. The latter patients had dismal outcome, and PC differentiation emerged as an independent prognostic marker for progression-free (HR: 1.7; P=0.005) and overall survival (HR: 2.1; P=0.006). Longitudinal comparison of diagnostic vs minimal-residual-disease samples (n=40) unraveled that in 20% of patients, less-differentiated PCs subclones become enriched after therapy-induced pressure. We also revealed that CD81 expression is epigenetically regulated, that less-differentiated clonal PCs retain high expression of genes related to preceding B-cell stages (for example: PAX5), and show distinct mutation profile vs fully differentiated PC clones within individual patients. Together, we shed new light into PC plasticity and demonstrated that MM patients harbouring less-differentiated PCs have dismal survival, which might be related to higher chemoresistant potential plus different molecular and genomic profiles.
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40
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Koliha N, Wiencek Y, Heider U, Jüngst C, Kladt N, Krauthäuser S, Johnston ICD, Bosio A, Schauss A, Wild S. A novel multiplex bead-based platform highlights the diversity of extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2016; 5:29975. [PMID: 26901056 PMCID: PMC4762227 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v5.29975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The surface protein composition of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is related to the originating cell and may play a role in vesicle function. Knowledge of the protein content of individual EVs is still limited because of the technical challenges to analyse small vesicles. Here, we introduce a novel multiplex bead-based platform to investigate up to 39 different surface markers in one sample. The combination of capture antibody beads with fluorescently labelled detection antibodies allows the analysis of EVs that carry surface markers recognized by both antibodies. This new method enables an easy screening of surface markers on populations of EVs. By combining different capture and detection antibodies, additional information on relative expression levels and potential vesicle subpopulations is gained. We also established a protocol to visualize individual EVs by stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy. Thereby, markers on single EVs can be detected by fluorophore-conjugated antibodies. We used the multiplex platform and STED microscopy to show for the first time that NK cell–derived EVs and platelet-derived EVs are devoid of CD9 or CD81, respectively, and that EVs isolated from activated B cells comprise different EV subpopulations. We speculate that, according to our STED data, tetraspanins might not be homogenously distributed but may mostly appear as clusters on EV subpopulations. Finally, we demonstrate that EV mixtures can be separated by magnetic beads and analysed subsequently with the multiplex platform. Both the multiplex bead-based platform and STED microscopy revealed subpopulations of EVs that have been indistinguishable by most analysis tools used so far. We expect that an in-depth view on EV heterogeneity will contribute to our understanding of different EVs and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Koliha
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | | | - Ute Heider
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Christian Jüngst
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Nikolay Kladt
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Astrid Schauss
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Wild
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany;
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41
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Izumi Y, Motoishi M, Furuse K, Furuse M. A tetraspanin regulates septate junction formation in Drosophila midgut. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1155-64. [PMID: 26848177 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.180448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Septate junctions (SJs) are membrane specializations that restrict the free diffusion of solutes through the paracellular pathway in invertebrate epithelia. In arthropods, two morphologically different types of septate junctions are observed; pleated (pSJs) and smooth (sSJs), which are present in ectodermally and endodermally derived epithelia, respectively. Recent identification of sSJ-specific proteins, Mesh and Ssk, in Drosophila indicates that the molecular compositions of sSJs and pSJs differ. A deficiency screen based on immunolocalization of Mesh identified a tetraspanin family protein, Tsp2A, as a newly discovered protein involved in sSJ formation in Drosophila Tsp2A specifically localizes at sSJs in the midgut and Malpighian tubules. Compromised Tsp2A expression caused by RNAi or the CRISPR/Cas9 system was associated with defects in the ultrastructure of sSJs, changed localization of other sSJ proteins, and impaired barrier function of the midgut. In most Tsp2A mutant cells, Mesh failed to localize to sSJs and was distributed through the cytoplasm. Tsp2A forms a complex with Mesh and Ssk and these proteins are mutually interdependent for their localization. These observations suggest that Tsp2A cooperates with Mesh and Ssk to organize sSJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Izumi
- Division of Cerebral Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Minako Motoishi
- Laboratory of Regeneration Biology, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan)
| | - Kyoko Furuse
- Division of Cerebral Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cerebral Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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42
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Noy PJ, Yang J, Reyat JS, Matthews AL, Charlton AE, Furmston J, Rogers DA, Rainger GE, Tomlinson MG. TspanC8 Tetraspanins and A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) Interact via Their Extracellular Regions: EVIDENCE FOR DISTINCT BINDING MECHANISMS FOR DIFFERENT TspanC8 PROTEINS. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3145-57. [PMID: 26668317 PMCID: PMC4751363 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.703058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) is a ubiquitously expressed transmembrane metalloprotease that cleaves the extracellular regions from its transmembrane substrates. ADAM10 is essential for embryonic development and is implicated in cancer, Alzheimer, and inflammatory diseases. The tetraspanins are a superfamily of 33 four-transmembrane proteins in mammals, of which the TspanC8 subgroup (Tspan5, 10, 14, 15, 17, and 33) promote ADAM10 intracellular trafficking and enzymatic maturation. However, the interaction between TspanC8s and ADAM10 has only been demonstrated in overexpression systems and the interaction mechanism remains undefined. To address these issues, an antibody was developed to Tspan14, which was used to show co-immunoprecipitation of Tspan14 with ADAM10 in primary human cells. Chimeric Tspan14 constructs demonstrated that the large extracellular loop of Tspan14 mediated its co-immunoprecipitation with ADAM10, and promoted ADAM10 maturation and trafficking to the cell surface. Chimeric ADAM10 constructs showed that membrane-proximal stalk, cysteine-rich, and disintegrin domains of ADAM10 mediated its co-immunoprecipitation with Tspan14 and other TspanC8s. This TspanC8-interacting region was required for ADAM10 exit from the endoplasmic reticulum. Truncated ADAM10 constructs revealed differential TspanC8 binding requirements for the stalk, cysteine-rich, and disintegrin domains. Moreover, Tspan15was the only TspanC8 to promote cleavage of the ADAM10 substrate N-cadherin, whereas Tspan14 was unique in reducing cleavage of the platelet collagen receptor GPVI. These findings suggest that ADAM10 may adopt distinct conformations in complex with different TspanC8s, which could impact on substrate selectivity. Furthermore, this study identifies regions of TspanC8s and ADAM10 for potential interaction-disrupting therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Noy
- From the School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom and
| | - Jing Yang
- From the School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom and
| | - Jasmeet S Reyat
- From the School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom and
| | - Alexandra L Matthews
- From the School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom and
| | - Alice E Charlton
- From the School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom and
| | - Joanna Furmston
- From the School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom and
| | - David A Rogers
- From the School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom and
| | - G Ed Rainger
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael G Tomlinson
- From the School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom and
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43
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Vences-Catalán F, Kuo CC, Levy S. Role of an arginine-lysine rich motif in maturation and trafficking of CD19. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:319-23. [PMID: 26111452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Normal expression of CD19 on the surface of B cells requires the presence of the tetraspanin molecule CD81. Previous studies have shown that surface expression of CD19 is highly reduced in CD81-deficient mouse B cells and that it is completely absent in an antibody deficient human patient with a mutation in the CD81 gene. The current study explored the contribution of an arginine-lysine rich motif, present in the membrane-proximal cytoplasmic domain of CD19, for the maturation and trafficking of this molecule. We demonstrate that this motif plays a role in the maturation and recycling of CD19 but in a CD81-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Vences-Catalán
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chiung-Chi Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shoshana Levy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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44
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Filipova J, Rihova L, Vsianska P, Kufova Z, Kryukova E, Kryukov F, Hajek R. Flow cytometry in immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis: Short review. Leuk Res 2015; 39:S0145-2126(15)30345-3. [PMID: 26422558 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) has found its application in clinical diagnosis and evaluation of monoclonal gammopathies (MG). Although, research has been mainly focused on multiple myeloma (MM), nowadays FCM becomes to be potential tool in the field of AL amyloidosis. Clonal plasma cells identification and specific phenotype profile detection is important for diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis of AL amyloidosis. Therefore, FCM could be a perspective method for study not only MM but also AL amyloidosis. This review provides an overview and possibilities of FCM application in AL amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Filipova
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Rihova
- Department of Clinical Hematology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Babak Myeloma Group, Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Vsianska
- Department of Clinical Hematology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Babak Myeloma Group, Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kufova
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava and Faculty of Medicine OU, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Kryukova
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava and Faculty of Medicine OU, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Fedor Kryukov
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava and Faculty of Medicine OU, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hajek
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava and Faculty of Medicine OU, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
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Vences-Catalán F, Kuo CC, Sagi Y, Chen H, Kela-Madar N, van Zelm MC, van Dongen JJM, Levy S. A mutation in the human tetraspanin CD81 gene is expressed as a truncated protein but does not enable CD19 maturation and cell surface expression. J Clin Immunol 2015; 35:254-63. [PMID: 25739915 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-015-0148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A homozygous mutation in a splice site of the CD81 gene was identified previously in a patient, as the cause in a case of common variable immune deficiency (CVID). CD19 expression is reduced in mice that lack CD81; however, B cells in this patient lacked completely CD19 surface expression. The mutation led to an absence of the CD81 protein on the cell surface and it was assumed that the CD81 protein was not produced. Here we demonstrate that a truncated human CD81 mutant (CD81mut) was actually produced, but retained intracellularly. We also demonstrate that the truncated CD81mut protein is in close proximity to the intracellularly sequestered CD19. However, this interaction does not enable normal CD19 maturation and surface expression. In addition, we show that specific domains of CD81 enable retrieval and trafficking of human CD19 to the cell surface. Finally, we demonstrate that surface expression of CD19 requires CD81, even in non-B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Vences-Catalán
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
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46
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Cheong CM, Chow AWS, Fitter S, Hewett DR, Martin SK, Williams SA, To LB, Zannettino ACW, Vandyke K. Tetraspanin 7 (TSPAN7) expression is upregulated in multiple myeloma patients and inhibits myeloma tumour development in vivo. Exp Cell Res 2015; 332:24-38. [PMID: 25637218 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased expression of the tetraspanin TSPAN7 has been observed in a number of cancers; however, it is unclear how TSPAN7 plays a role in cancer progression. METHODS We investigated the expression of TSPAN7 in the haematological malignancy multiple myleoma (MM) and assessed the consequences of TSPAN7 expression in the adhesion, migration and growth of MM plasma cells (PC) in vitro and in bone marrow (BM) homing and tumour growth in vivo. Finally, we characterised the association of TSPAN7 with cell surface partner molecules in vitro. RESULTS TSPAN7 was found to be highly expressed at the RNA and protein level in CD138(+) MM PC from approximately 50% of MM patients. TSPAN7 overexpression in the murine myeloma cell line 5TGM1 significantly reduced tumour burden in 5TGM1/KaLwRij mice 4 weeks after intravenous adminstration of 5TGM1 cells. While TSPAN7 overexpression did not affect cell proliferation in vitro, TSPAN7 increased 5TGM1 cell adhesion to BM stromal cells and transendothelial migration. In addition, TSPAN7 was found to associate with the molecular chaperone calnexin on the cell surface. CONCLUSION These results suggest that elevated TSPAN7 may be associated with better outcomes for up to 50% of MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Man Cheong
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia
| | - Annie W S Chow
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia; Department of Haematology, SA Pathology, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia
| | - Stephen Fitter
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia
| | - Duncan R Hewett
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia
| | - Sally K Martin
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia; Department of Haematology, SA Pathology, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia
| | - Sharon A Williams
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia
| | - L Bik To
- Department of Haematology, SA Pathology, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia; Department of Haematology, SA Pathology, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia; Centre for Cancer Biology and Hanson Institute, SA Pathology, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia; Centre for Personalised Cancer Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000SA, Australia
| | - Kate Vandyke
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia; Department of Haematology, SA Pathology, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia.
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Abstract
A case of a young girl diagnosed with an antibody deficiency syndrome serves to highlight the role of CD81 in B cell biology. Moreover, this case illustrates a fundamental function of the tetraspanin family, namely their association with partner proteins. Characterization of the patient's B cells revealed lack of surface CD19 although both of her CD19 alleles were normal. Further analysis determined that her antibody deficiency syndrome was due to a mutation in the CD81 gene, which did not enable expression of CD19 on the surface of the patient's B cells. Actually, the partnership of CD81 with CD19 and the dependency of CD19 for its trafficking to the cell surface expression were first documented in CD81-deficient mice. CD81 is a widely expressed protein, yet the mutation in the antibody-deficient patient impaired mostly her B cell function. CD81 is required for multiple normal physiological functions, which have been subverted by major human pathogens, such as hepatitis C virus. However, this review will focus on the function of CD81 in cells of the adaptive immune system. Specifically, it will highlight studies focusing on the different roles of CD81 in B and T cells and on its function in B-T cell interactions.
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48
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Liang Y, Eng WS, Colquhoun DR, Dinglasan RR, Graham DR, Mahal LK. Complex N-linked glycans serve as a determinant for exosome/microvesicle cargo recruitment. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32526-37. [PMID: 25261472 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.606269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, also known as microvesicles (EMVs), are nano-sized membranous particles secreted from nearly all mammalian cell types. These nanoparticles play critical roles in many physiological processes including cell-cell signaling, immune activation, and suppression and are associated with disease states such as tumor progression. The biological functions of EMVs are highly dependent on their protein composition, which can dictate pathogenicity. Although some mechanisms have been proposed for the regulation of EMV protein trafficking, little attention has been paid to N-linked glycosylation as a potential sorting signal. Previous work from our laboratory found a conserved glycan signature for EMVs, which differed from that of the parent cell membranes, suggesting a potential role for glycosylation in EMV biogenesis. In this study, we further explore the role of glycosylation in EMV protein trafficking. We identify EMV glycoproteins and demonstrate alteration of their recruitment as a function of their glycosylation status upon pharmacological manipulation. Furthermore, we show that genetic manipulation of the glycosylation levels of a specific EMV glycoprotein, EWI-2, directly impacts its recruitment as a function of N-linked glycan sites. Taken together, our data provide strong evidence that N-linked glycosylation directs glycoprotein sorting into EMVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxuan Liang
- From the Biomedical Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003-6688
| | - William S Eng
- From the Biomedical Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003-6688
| | - David R Colquhoun
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, and
| | - Rhoel R Dinglasan
- W. Harry Feistone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - David R Graham
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, and
| | - Lara K Mahal
- From the Biomedical Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003-6688,
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49
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Andreu Z, Yáñez-Mó M. Tetraspanins in extracellular vesicle formation and function. Front Immunol 2014; 5:442. [PMID: 25278937 PMCID: PMC4165315 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 870] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a novel mechanism of intercellular communication as vehicles for intercellular transfer of functional membrane and cytosolic proteins, lipids, and RNAs. Microvesicles, ectosomes, shedding vesicles, microparticles, and exosomes are the most common terms to refer to the different kinds of EVs based on their origin, composition, size, and density. Exosomes have an endosomal origin and are released by many different cell types, participating in different physiological and/or pathological processes. Depending on their origin, they can alter the fate of recipient cells according to the information transferred. In the last two decades, EVs have become the focus of many studies because of their putative use as non-invasive biomarkers and their potential in bioengineering and clinical applications. In order to exploit this ability of EVs many aspects of their biology should be deciphered. Here, we review the mechanisms involved in EV biogenesis, assembly, recruitment of selected proteins, and genetic material as well as the uptake mechanisms by target cells in an effort to understand EV functions and their utility in clinical applications. In these contexts, the role of proteins from the tetraspanin superfamily, which are among the most abundant membrane proteins of EVs, will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoraida Andreu
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa , Madrid , Spain
| | - María Yáñez-Mó
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa , Madrid , Spain
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50
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Abstract
Tetraspanins are a family of proteins with four transmembrane domains that play a role in many aspects of cell biology and physiology; they are also used by several pathogens for infection and regulate cancer progression. Many tetraspanins associate specifically and directly with a limited number of proteins, and also with other tetraspanins, thereby generating a hierarchical network of interactions. Through these interactions, tetraspanins are believed to have a role in cell and membrane compartmentalization. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we describe the basic principles underlying tetraspanin-based assemblies and highlight examples of how tetraspanins regulate the trafficking and function of their partner proteins that are required for the normal development and function of several organs, including, in humans, the eye, the kidney and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Charrin
- Inserm, U1004, F-94807, Villejuif, France Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, F-94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Stéphanie Jouannet
- Inserm, U1004, F-94807, Villejuif, France Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, F-94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Claude Boucheix
- Inserm, U1004, F-94807, Villejuif, France Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, F-94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Eric Rubinstein
- Inserm, U1004, F-94807, Villejuif, France Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, F-94807 Villejuif, France
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