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Scott KA, Kojima H, Ropek N, Warren CD, Zhang TL, Hogg SJ, Webster C, Zhang X, Rahman J, Melillo B, Cravatt BF, Lyu J, Abdel-Wahab O, Vinogradova EV. Covalent Targeting of Splicing in T Cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.18.572199. [PMID: 38187674 PMCID: PMC10769204 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.18.572199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite significant interest in therapeutic targeting of splicing, few chemical probes are available for the proteins involved in splicing. Here, we show that elaborated stereoisomeric acrylamide chemical probe EV96 and its analogues lead to a selective T cell state-dependent loss of interleukin 2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) by targeting one of the core splicing factors SF3B1. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the state-dependency stems from a combination of differential protein turnover rates and availability of functional mRNA pools that can be depleted due to extensive alternative splicing. We further introduce a comprehensive list of proteins involved in splicing and leverage both cysteine- and protein-directed activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) data with electrophilic scout fragments to demonstrate covalent ligandability for many classes of splicing factors and splicing regulators in primary human T cells. Taken together, our findings show how chemical perturbation of splicing can lead to immune state-dependent changes in protein expression and provide evidence for the broad potential to target splicing factors with covalent chemistry.
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Passeron T, King B, Seneschal J, Steinhoff M, Jabbari A, Ohyama M, Tobin DJ, Randhawa S, Winkler A, Telliez JB, Martin D, Lejeune A. Inhibition of T-cell activity in alopecia areata: recent developments and new directions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1243556. [PMID: 38022501 PMCID: PMC10657858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1243556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease that has a complex underlying immunopathogenesis characterized by nonscarring hair loss ranging from small bald patches to complete loss of scalp, face, and/or body hair. Although the etiopathogenesis of AA has not yet been fully characterized, immune privilege collapse at the hair follicle (HF) followed by T-cell receptor recognition of exposed HF autoantigens by autoreactive cytotoxic CD8+ T cells is now understood to play a central role. Few treatment options are available, with the Janus kinase (JAK) 1/2 inhibitor baricitinib (2022) and the selective JAK3/tyrosine kinase expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (TEC) inhibitor ritlecitinib (2023) being the only US Food and Drug Administration-approved systemic medications thus far for severe AA. Several other treatments are used off-label with limited efficacy and/or suboptimal safety and tolerability. With an increased understanding of the T-cell-mediated autoimmune and inflammatory pathogenesis of AA, additional therapeutic pathways beyond JAK inhibition are currently under investigation for the development of AA therapies. This narrative review presents a detailed overview about the role of T cells and T-cell-signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of AA, with a focus on those pathways targeted by drugs in clinical development for the treatment of AA. A detailed summary of new drugs targeting these pathways with expert commentary on future directions for AA drug development and the importance of targeting multiple T-cell-signaling pathways is also provided in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Passeron
- University Côte d’Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice, Department of Dermatology, Nice, France
- University Côte d’Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | - Brett King
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Julien Seneschal
- Department of Dermatology and Paediatric Dermatology, National Reference Centre for Rare Skin Diseases, Saint-André Hospital, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux University, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), ImmunoConcept, UMR5164, Bordeaux, France
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali Jabbari
- Department of Dermatology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Manabu Ohyama
- Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Desmond J. Tobin
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Carty SA, Murga-Zamalloa CA, Wilcox RA. SOHO State of the Art Updates and Next Questions | New Pathways and New Targets in PTCL: Staying on Target. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2023; 23:561-574. [PMID: 37142534 PMCID: PMC10565700 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
While the peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL) remain a therapeutic challenge, and increasingly account for a disproportionate number of lymphoma-related deaths, improved understanding of disease pathogenesis and classification, and the development of novel therapeutic agents over the past decade, all provide reasons for a more optimistic outlook in the next. Despite their genetic and molecular heterogeneity, many PTCL are dependent upon signaling input provided by antigen, costimulatory, and cytokine receptors. While gain-of-function alterations effecting these pathways are recurrently observed in many PTCL, more often than not, signaling remains ligand-and tumor microenvironment (TME)-dependent. Consequently, the TME and its constituents are increasingly recognized as "on target". Utilizing a "3 signal" model, we will review new-and old-therapeutic targets that are relevant for the more common nodal PTCL subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon A Carty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Ryan A Wilcox
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
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Liang H, Kong X, Cao Z, Wang H, Liu E, Sun F, Qi J, Zhang Q, Zhou Y. Bioinformatics and Raman spectroscopy-based identification of key pathways and genes enabling differentiation between acute myeloid leukemia and T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1194353. [PMID: 37266435 PMCID: PMC10229868 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1194353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) are two of the most prevalent hematological malignancies diagnosed among adult leukemia patients, with both being difficult to treat and associated with high rates of recurrence and mortality. In the present study, bioinformatics approaches were used to analyze both of these types of leukemia in an effort to identify characteristic gene expression patterns that were subsequently validated via Raman spectroscopy. For these analyses, four Gene Expression Omnibus datasets (GSE13204, GSE51082, GSE89565, and GSE131184) pertaining to acute leukemia were downloaded, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were then identified through comparisons of AML and T-ALL patient samples using the R Bioconductor package. Shared DEGs were then subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses and were used to establish a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. In total, 43 and 129 upregulated and downregulated DEGs were respectively identified. Enrichment analyses indicated that these DEGs were closely tied to immune function, collagen synthesis and decomposition, inflammation, the synthesis and decomposition of lipopolysaccharide, and antigen presentation. PPI network module clustering analyses further led to the identification of the top 10 significantly upregulated and downregulated genes associated with disease incidence. These key genes were then validated in patient samples via Raman spectroscopy, ultimately confirming the value of these genes as tools that may aid the differential diagnosis and treatment of AML and T-ALL. Overall, these results thus highlight a range of novel pathways and genes that are linked to the incidence and progression of AML and T-ALL, providing a list of important diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers that have the potential to aid in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of these devastating malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaodong Kong
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhijie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Ertao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Fanfan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianwei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, China
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5
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Jiang B, Weinstock DM, Donovan KA, Sun HW, Wolfe A, Amaka S, Donaldson NL, Wu G, Jiang Y, Wilcox RA, Fischer ES, Gray NS, Wu W. ITK degradation to block T cell receptor signaling and overcome therapeutic resistance in T cell lymphomas. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:383-393.e6. [PMID: 37015223 PMCID: PMC10151063 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) is essential for T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and plays an integral role in T cell proliferation and differentiation. Unlike the ITK homolog BTK, no inhibitors of ITK are currently US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved. In addition, recent studies have identified mutations within BTK that confer resistance to both covalent and non-covalent inhibitors. Here, as an alternative strategy, we report the development of BSJ-05-037, a potent and selective heterobifunctional degrader of ITK. BSJ-05-037 displayed enhanced anti-proliferative effects relative to its parent inhibitor BMS-509744, blocked the activation of NF-kB/GATA-3 signaling, and increased the sensitivity of T cell lymphoma cells to cytotoxic chemotherapy both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, targeted degradation of ITK is a novel approach to modulate TCR signal strength that could have broad application for the investigation and treatment of T cell-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baishan Jiang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - David M Weinstock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Katherine A Donovan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Ashley Wolfe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sam Amaka
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nicholas L Donaldson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gongwei Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ryan A Wilcox
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eric S Fischer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, ChEM-H, Stanford Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Wenchao Wu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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August A. Degrading the signal amplifier: ITK as a target for targeted protein degradation. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:337-339. [PMID: 37084715 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Jiang and colleagues show for the first time that the Tec kinase ITK can be targeted using PROTAC approaches. This new modality has implications for the treatment of T cell lymphomas, but also potentially for the treatment of T cell-mediated inflammatory diseases, that depend on ITK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery August
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell Center for Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Defense, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell Center for Health Equity, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Thelen F, Wissmann S, Ruef N, Stein JV. The Tec Kinase Itk Integrates Naïve T Cell Migration and In Vivo Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:716405. [PMID: 34566971 PMCID: PMC8458560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.716405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Naïve T cells (TN) constitutively recirculate through secondary lymphatic organs (SLOs), where they scan dendritic cells (DCs) for cognate peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complexes (pMHC). Continuous trafficking between SLOs not only enables rapid clonal selection but also ensures TN homeostasis by providing access to prosurvival signals from TCR, IL-7R, and the chemokine receptor CCR7. Inside the lymphoid tissue, CCR7-mediated TN motility is mainly driven by the Rac activator DOCK2, with a separate contribution by a phosphoinositide-3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ)-dependent pathway. Tec tyrosine kinases and the Rac activator Tiam1 constitute prominent downstream effectors of PI3K signaling. Yet, the precise role of Tec kinase versus Tiam1 signaling during CCR7-mediated TN migration and homeostasis remains incompletely understood. Here, we examined the function of the Tec family member interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (Itk) and Tiam1 during TN migration in vitro and in vivo using intravital microscopy. Itk deficiency caused a mild decrease in CCR7-triggered TN migration, mirroring observations made with PI3Kγ;-/- T cells, while lack of Tiam1 did not affect TN motility. In silico modeling suggested that reduced migration in the absence of Itk does not result in a substantial decrease in the frequency of TN encounters with DCs within the lymphoid tissue. In contrast, Itk was important to maintain in vivo homeostasis of CD4+ TN, also in MHCII-deficient hosts. Taken together, our data suggest that Itk contributes to TN migration and survival by integrating chemokine receptor and TCR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavian Thelen
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Zürich and University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Wissmann
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nora Ruef
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jens V Stein
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Hallumi E, Shalah R, Lo WL, Corso J, Oz I, Beach D, Wittman S, Isenberg A, Sela M, Urlaub H, Weiss A, Yablonski D. Itk Promotes the Integration of TCR and CD28 Costimulation through Its Direct Substrates SLP-76 and Gads. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2322-2337. [PMID: 33931484 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The costimulatory receptor CD28 synergizes with the TCR to promote IL-2 production, cell survival, and proliferation; yet the obligatory interdependence of TCR and CD28 signaling is not well understood. Upon TCR stimulation, Gads, a Grb2-family adaptor, bridges the interaction of two additional adaptors, LAT and SLP-76, to form a TCR-induced effector signaling complex. SLP-76 binds the Tec-family tyrosine kinase, Itk, which phosphorylates SLP-76 Y173 and PLC-γ1 Y783. In this study, we identified TCR-inducible, Itk-mediated phosphorylation of Gads Y45 in a human T cell line and in mouse primary T cells. Y45 is found within the N-terminal SH3 domain of Gads, an evolutionarily conserved domain with no known signaling function. Gads Y45 phosphorylation depended on the interaction of Gads with SLP-76 and on the dimerization-dependent binding of Gads to phospho-LAT. We provide evidence that Itk acts through SLP-76 and Gads to promote the TCR/CD28-induced activation of the RE/AP transcriptional element from the IL-2 promoter. Two Itk-related features of SLP-76, Y173 and a proline-rich Itk SH3 binding motif on SLP-76, were dispensable for activation of NFAT but selectively required for the TCR/CD28-induced increase in cytoplasmic and nuclear c-Rel and consequent RE/AP activation. We provide evidence that unphosphorylated, monomeric Gads mediates an RE/AP-directed inhibitory activity that is mitigated upon Gads dimerization and Y45 phosphorylation. This study illuminates a new, to our knowledge, regulatory module, in which TCR-induced, Itk-mediated phosphorylation sites on SLP-76 and Gads control the transcriptional response to TCR/CD28 costimulation, thus enforcing the obligatory interdependence of the TCR and CD28 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Hallumi
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rose Shalah
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Wan-Lin Lo
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jasmin Corso
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ilana Oz
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dvora Beach
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Samuel Wittman
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amy Isenberg
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Meirav Sela
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.,Bioanalytics Research Group, Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Deborah Yablonski
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Peled M, Tocheva AS, Adam K, Mor A. VRK2 inhibition synergizes with PD-1 blockade to improve T cell responses. Immunol Lett 2021; 233:42-47. [PMID: 33741379 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade enhances T cell mediated anti-tumor immunity but many patients do not respond and a significant proportion develops inflammatory toxicities. To develop better therapeutics and to understand the signaling pathways downstream of PD-1 we performed phosphoproteomic analysis of PD-1 and identified vaccinia related kinase 2 (VRK2) as a key mediator of PD-1 signaling. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we discovered that VRK2 is required for PD-1-induced phosphorylation of the protein p21 activated kinase 2 (PAK2), and for the inhibition of IL-2, IL-8, and IFN-γ secretion. Moving into in vivo syngeneic tumor models, pharmacologic inhibition of VRK2 in combination with PD-1 blockade enhanced tumor clearance through T cell activation. This study suggests that VRK2 is a unique therapeutic target and that combination of VRK2 inhibitors with PD-1 blockade may improve cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Peled
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anna S Tocheva
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kieran Adam
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Adam Mor
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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10
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McGee MC, August A, Huang W. TCR/ITK Signaling in Type 1 Regulatory T cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1278:115-124. [PMID: 33523446 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6407-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells can modulate inflammation through multiple direct and indirect molecular and cellular mechanisms and have demonstrated potential for anti-inflammatory therapies. Tr1 cells do not express the master transcription factor of conventional regulatory T cells, Foxp3, but express high levels of the immunomodulatory cytokine, IL-10. IL-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) is conserved between mouse and human and is highly expressed in T cells. ITK signaling downstream of the T-cell receptor (TCR) is critical for T-cell subset differentiation and function. Upon activation by TCR, ITK is critical for Ras activation, leading to downstream activation of MAPKs and upregulation of IRF4, which further enable Tr1 cell differentiation and suppressive function. We summarize here the structure, signaling pathway, and function of ITK in T-cell lineage designation, with an emphasis on Tr1 cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C McGee
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Weishan Huang
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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11
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Andreotti AH, Joseph RE, Conley JM, Iwasa J, Berg LJ. Multidomain Control Over TEC Kinase Activation State Tunes the T Cell Response. Annu Rev Immunol 2019; 36:549-578. [PMID: 29677469 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Signaling through the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) activates a series of tyrosine kinases. Directly associated with the TCR, the SRC family kinase LCK and the SYK family kinase ZAP-70 are essential for all downstream responses to TCR stimulation. In contrast, the TEC family kinase ITK is not an obligate component of the TCR cascade. Instead, ITK functions as a tuning dial, to translate variations in TCR signal strength into differential programs of gene expression. Recent insights into TEC kinase structure have provided a view into the molecular mechanisms that generate different states of kinase activation. In resting lymphocytes, TEC kinases are autoinhibited, and multiple interactions between the regulatory and kinase domains maintain low activity. Following TCR stimulation, newly generated signaling modules compete with the autoinhibited core and shift the conformational ensemble to the fully active kinase. This multidomain control over kinase activation state provides a structural mechanism to account for ITK's ability to tune the TCR signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy H Andreotti
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA; ,
| | - Raji E Joseph
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA; ,
| | - James M Conley
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA; ,
| | - Janet Iwasa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA;
| | - Leslie J Berg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA; ,
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12
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Cooperative assembly of a four-molecule signaling complex formed upon T cell antigen receptor activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E11914-E11923. [PMID: 30510001 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817142115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell antigen receptor encounters foreign antigen during the immune response. Receptor engagement leads to activation of specific protein tyrosine kinases, which then phosphorylate multiple enzymes and adapter proteins. One such enzyme, phospholipase-Cγ1, is responsible for cleavage of a plasma membrane lipid substrate, a phosphoinositide, into two second messengers, diacylglycerol, which activates several enzymes including protein kinase C, and an inositol phosphate, which induces intracellular calcium elevation. In T cells, phospholipase-Cγ1 is recruited to the plasma membrane as part of a four-protein complex containing three adapter molecules. We have used recombinant proteins and synthetic phosphopeptides to reconstitute this quaternary complex in vitro. Extending biophysical tools to study concurrent interactions of the four protein components, we demonstrated the formation and determined the composition of the quaternary complex using multisignal analytical ultracentrifugation, and we characterized the thermodynamic driving forces of assembly by isothermal calorimetry. We demonstrate that the four proteins reversibly associate in a circular arrangement of binding interfaces, each protein interacting with two others. Three interactions are of high affinity, and the fourth is of low affinity, with the assembly of the quaternary complex exhibiting significant enthalpy-entropy compensation as in an entropic switch. Formation of this protein complex enables subsequent recruitment of additional molecules needed to activate phospholipase-Cγ1. Understanding the formation of this complex is fundamental to full characterization of a central pathway in T cell activation. Such knowledge is critical to developing ways in which this pathway can be selectively inhibited.
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13
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Gaud G, Roncagalli R, Chaoui K, Bernard I, Familiades J, Colacios C, Kassem S, Monsarrat B, Burlet-Schiltz O, de Peredo AG, Malissen B, Saoudi A. The costimulatory molecule CD226 signals through VAV1 to amplify TCR signals and promote IL-17 production by CD4 + T cells. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/538/eaar3083. [PMID: 29991650 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aar3083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The activation of T cells requires the guanine nucleotide exchange factor VAV1. Using mice in which a tag for affinity purification was attached to endogenous VAV1 molecules, we analyzed by quantitative mass spectrometry the signaling complex that assembles around activated VAV1. Fifty VAV1-binding partners were identified, most of which had not been previously reported to participate in VAV1 signaling. Among these was CD226, a costimulatory molecule of immune cells. Engagement of CD226 induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of VAV1 and synergized with T cell receptor (TCR) signals to specifically enhance the production of interleukin-17 (IL-17) by primary human CD4+ T cells. Moreover, co-engagement of the TCR and a risk variant of CD226 that is associated with autoimmunity (rs763361) further enhanced VAV1 activation and IL-17 production. Thus, our study reveals that a VAV1-based, synergistic cross-talk exists between the TCR and CD226 during both physiological and pathological T cell responses and provides a rational basis for targeting CD226 for the management of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Gaud
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Romain Roncagalli
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Karima Chaoui
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5089, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Bernard
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Julien Familiades
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Céline Colacios
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Sahar Kassem
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Bernard Monsarrat
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5089, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5089, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Anne Gonzalez de Peredo
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5089, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France.,Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Abdelhadi Saoudi
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, Toulouse 31300, France.
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14
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Afifiyan N, Tillman B, French BA, Sweeny O, Masouminia M, Samadzadeh S, French SW. The role of Tec kinase signaling pathways in the development of Mallory Denk Bodies in balloon cells in alcoholic hepatitis. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 103:191-199. [PMID: 28935395 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Several research strategies have been used to study the pathogenesis of alcoholic hepatitis (AH). These strategies have shown that various signaling pathways are the target of alcohol in liver cells. However, few have provided specific mechanisms associated with Mallory-Denk Bodies (MDBs) formed in Balloon cells in AH. The formation of MDBs in these hepatocytes is an indication that the mechanisms of protein quality control have failed. The MDB is the result of aggregation and accumulation of proteins in the cytoplasm of balloon degenerated liver cells. To understand the mechanisms that failed to degrade and remove proteins in the hepatocyte from patients suffering from alcoholic hepatitis, we investigated the pathways that showed significant up regulation in the AH liver biopsies compared to normal control livers (Liu et al., 2015). Analysis of genomic profiles of AH liver biopsies and control livers by RNA-seq revealed different pathways that were up regulated significantly. In this study, the focus was on Tec kinase signaling pathways and the genes that significantly interrupt this pathway. Quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence staining results, indicated that several genes and proteins are significantly over expressed in the livers of AH patients that affect the Tec kinase signaling to PI3K which leads to activation of Akt and its downstream effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Afifiyan
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W. Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - B Tillman
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W. Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - B A French
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W. Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - O Sweeny
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W. Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - M Masouminia
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W. Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - S Samadzadeh
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W. Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - S W French
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W. Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States.
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15
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McKercher MA, Guan X, Tan Z, Wuttke DS. Multimodal Recognition of Diverse Peptides by the C-Terminal SH2 Domain of Phospholipase C-γ1 Protein. Biochemistry 2017; 56:2225-2237. [PMID: 28376302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SH2 domains recognize phosphotyrosine (pY)-containing peptide ligands and play key roles in the regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase pathways. Each SH2 domain has individualized specificity, encoded in the amino acids neighboring the pY, for defined targets that convey their distinct functions. The C-terminal SH2 domain (PLCC) of the phospholipase C-γ1 full-length protein (PLCγ1) typically binds peptides containing small and hydrophobic amino acids adjacent to the pY, including a peptide derived from platelet-derived growth factor receptor B (PDGFRB) and an intraprotein recognition site (Y783 of PLCγ1) involved in the regulation of the protein's lipase activity. Remarkably, PLCC also recognizes unexpected peptides containing amino acids with polar or bulky side chains that deviate from this pattern. This versatility in recognition specificity may allow PLCγ1 to participate in diverse, previously unrecognized, signaling pathways in response to binding chemically dissimilar partners. We have used structural approaches, including nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray crystallography, to elucidate the mechanisms of noncognate peptide binding to PLCC by ligands derived from receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB2 and from the insulin receptor. The high-resolution peptide-bound structures reveal that PLCC has a relatively static backbone but contains a chemically rich protein surface comprised of a combination of hydrophobic pockets and amino acids with charged side chains. We demonstrate that this expansive and chemically diverse PLCC interface, in addition to peptide conformational plasticity, permits PLCC to recognize specific noncognate peptide ligands with multimodal specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A McKercher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Xiaoyang Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Zhongping Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Deborah S Wuttke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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16
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Kapnick SM, Stinchcombe JC, Griffiths GM, Schwartzberg PL. Inducible T Cell Kinase Regulates the Acquisition of Cytolytic Capacity and Degranulation in CD8 + CTLs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2699-2711. [PMID: 28213500 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with mutations in inducible T cell kinase (ITK) are susceptible to viral infections, particularly EBV, suggesting that these patients have defective function of CD8+ CTLs. In this study, we evaluated the effects of ITK deficiency on cytolysis in murine CTLs deficient in ITK, and both human and murine cells treated with an ITK inhibitor. We find that ITK deficiency leads to a global defect in the cytolysis of multiple targets. The absence of ITK both affected CTL expansion and delayed the expression of cytolytic effectors during activation. Furthermore, absence of ITK led to a previously unappreciated intrinsic defect in degranulation. Nonetheless, these defects could be overcome by early or prolonged exposure to IL-2, or by addition of IL-12 to cultures, revealing that cytokine signaling could restore the acquisition of effector function in ITK-deficient CD8+ T cells. Our results provide new insight into the effect of ITK and suboptimal TCR signaling on CD8+ T cell function, and how these may contribute to phenotypes associated with ITK deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senta M Kapnick
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Jane C Stinchcombe
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
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17
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Janssen WJM, Geluk HCA, Boes M. F-actin remodeling defects as revealed in primary immunodeficiency disorders. Clin Immunol 2016; 164:34-42. [PMID: 26802313 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are a heterogeneous group of immune-related diseases. PIDs develop due to defects in gene-products that have consequences to immune cell function. A number of PID-proteins is involved in the remodeling of filamentous actin (f-actin) to support the generation of a contact zone between the antigen-specific T cell and antigen presenting cell (APC): the immunological synapse (IS). IS formation is the first step towards T-cell activation and essential for clonal expansion and acquisition of effector function. We here evaluated PIDs in which aberrant f-actin-driven IS formation may contribute to the PID disease phenotypes as seen in patients. We review examples of such contributions to PID phenotypes from literature, and highlight cases in which PID-proteins were evaluated for a role in f-actin polymerization and IS formation. We conclude with the proposition that patient groups might benefit from stratifying them in distinct functional groups in regard to their f-actin remodeling phenotypes in lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J M Janssen
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H C A Geluk
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Boes
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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18
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Sun Y, Peng I, Webster JD, Suto E, Lesch J, Wu X, Senger K, Francis G, Barrett K, Collier JL, Burch JD, Zhou M, Chen Y, Chan C, Eastham-Anderson J, Ngu H, Li O, Staton T, Havnar C, Jaochico A, Jackman J, Jeet S, Riol-Blanco L, Wu LC, Choy DF, Arron JR, McKenzie BS, Ghilardi N, Ismaili MHA, Pei Z, DeVoss J, Austin CD, Lee WP, Zarrin AA. Inhibition of the kinase ITK in a mouse model of asthma reduces cell death and fails to inhibit the inflammatory response. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra122. [PMID: 26628680 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aab0949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2)-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) mediates T cell receptor (TCR) signaling primarily to stimulate the production of cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, from T helper 2 (TH2) cells. Compared to wild-type mice, ITK knockout mice are resistant to asthma and exhibit reduced lung inflammation and decreased amounts of TH2-type cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. We found that a small-molecule selective inhibitor of ITK blocked TCR-mediated signaling in cultured TH2 cells, including the tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1) and the secretion of IL-2 and TH2-type cytokines. Unexpectedly, inhibition of the kinase activity of ITK during or after antigen rechallenge in an ovalbumin-induced mouse model of asthma failed to reduce airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. Rather, in mice, pharmacological inhibition of ITK resulted in T cell hyperplasia and the increased production of TH2-type cytokines. Thus, our studies predict that inhibition of the kinase activity of ITK may not be therapeutic in patients with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglian Sun
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ivan Peng
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Joshua D Webster
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Eric Suto
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Justin Lesch
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Xiumin Wu
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kate Senger
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - George Francis
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kathy Barrett
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jenna L Collier
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason D Burch
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Meijuan Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Connie Chan
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Hai Ngu
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Olga Li
- Department of Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tracy Staton
- Department of Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Charles Havnar
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Allan Jaochico
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Janet Jackman
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Surinder Jeet
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lorena Riol-Blanco
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lawren C Wu
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - David F Choy
- Department of Immunology, Tissue Growth, and Repair Diagnostics Discovery, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Joseph R Arron
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Brent S McKenzie
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nico Ghilardi
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Zhonghua Pei
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason DeVoss
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Cary D Austin
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ali A Zarrin
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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19
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Balagopalan L, Kortum RL, Coussens NP, Barr VA, Samelson LE. The linker for activation of T cells (LAT) signaling hub: from signaling complexes to microclusters. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:26422-9. [PMID: 26354432 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r115.665869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the cloning of the critical adapter, LAT (linker for activation of T cells), more than 15 years ago, a combination of multiple scientific approaches and techniques continues to provide valuable insights into the formation, composition, regulation, dynamics, and function of LAT-based signaling complexes. In this review, we will summarize current views on the assembly of signaling complexes nucleated by LAT. LAT forms numerous interactions with other signaling molecules, leading to cooperativity in the system. Furthermore, oligomerization of LAT by adapter complexes enhances intracellular signaling and is physiologically relevant. These results will be related to data from super-resolution microscopy studies that have revealed the smallest LAT-based signaling units and nanostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Balagopalan
- From the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4256
| | - Robert L Kortum
- the Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, and
| | - Nathan P Coussens
- the Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Valarie A Barr
- From the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4256
| | - Lawrence E Samelson
- From the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4256,
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20
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Roybal KT, Mace EM, Clark DJ, Leard AD, Herman A, Verkade P, Orange JS, Wülfing C. Modest Interference with Actin Dynamics in Primary T Cell Activation by Antigen Presenting Cells Preferentially Affects Lamellal Signaling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133231. [PMID: 26237588 PMCID: PMC4523178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic subcellular distributions of signaling system components are critical regulators of cellular signal transduction through their control of molecular interactions. Understanding how signaling activity depends on such distributions and the cellular structures driving them is required for comprehensive insight into signal transduction. In the activation of primary murine T cells by antigen presenting cells (APC) signaling intermediates associate with various subcellular structures, prominently a transient, wide, and actin-associated lamellum extending from an interdigitated T cell:APC interface several micrometers into the T cell. While actin dynamics are well established as general regulators of cellular organization, their role in controlling signaling organization in primary T cell:APC couples and the specific cellular structures driving it is unresolved. Using modest interference with actin dynamics with a low concentration of Jasplakinolide as corroborated by costimulation blockade we show that T cell actin preferentially controls lamellal signaling localization and activity leading downstream to calcium signaling. Lamellal localization repeatedly related to efficient T cell function. This suggests that the transient lamellal actin matrix regulates T cell signaling associations that facilitate T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kole T. Roybal
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Emily M. Mace
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Abramson Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Danielle J. Clark
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alan D. Leard
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Herman
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan S. Orange
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Abramson Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Granum S, Sundvold-Gjerstad V, Gopalakrishnan RP, Berge T, Koll L, Abrahamsen G, Sorlie M, Spurkland A. The kinase Itk and the adaptor TSAd change the specificity of the kinase Lck in T cells by promoting the phosphorylation of Tyr192. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra118. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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22
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Deakin A, Duddy G, Wilson S, Harrison S, Latcham J, Fulleylove M, Fung S, Smith J, Pedrick M, McKevitt T, Felton L, Morley J, Quint D, Fattah D, Hayes B, Gough J, Solari R. Characterisation of a K390R ITK kinase dead transgenic mouse--implications for ITK as a therapeutic target. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107490. [PMID: 25250764 PMCID: PMC4174519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 inducible tyrosine kinase (ITK) is expressed in T cells and plays a critical role in signalling through the T cell receptor. Evidence, mainly from knockout mice, has suggested that ITK plays a particularly important function in Th2 cells and this has prompted significant efforts to discover ITK inhibitors for the treatment of allergic disease. However, ITK is known to have functions outside of its kinase domain and in general kinase knockouts are often not good models for the behaviour of small molecule inhibitors. Consequently we have developed a transgenic mouse where the wild type Itk allele has been replaced by a kinase dead Itk allele containing an inactivating K390R point mutation (Itk-KD mice). We have characterised the immune phenotype of these naive mice and their responses to airway inflammation. Unlike Itk knockout (Itk−/−) mice, T-cells from Itk-KD mice can polymerise actin in response to CD3 activation. The lymph nodes from Itk-KD mice showed more prominent germinal centres than wild type mice and serum antibody levels were significantly abnormal. Unlike the Itk−/−, γδ T cells in the spleens of the Itk-KD mice had an impaired ability to secrete Th2 cytokines in response to anti-CD3 stimulation whilst the expression of ICOS was not significantly different to wild type. However ICOS expression is markedly increased on αβCD3+ cells from the spleens of naïve Itk-KD compared to WT mice. The Itk-KD mice were largely protected from inflammatory symptoms in an Ovalbumin model of airway inflammation. Consequently, our studies have revealed many similarities but some differences between Itk−/−and Itk-KD transgenic mice. The abnormal antibody response and enhanced ICOS expression on CD3+ cells has implications for the consideration of ITK as a therapeutic target.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/immunology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein/immunology
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Pneumonia/drug therapy
- Pneumonia/genetics
- Pneumonia/immunology
- Point Mutation
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Deakin
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Duddy
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Wilson
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Harrison
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Judi Latcham
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Mick Fulleylove
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia Fung
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Smith
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Pedrick
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Tom McKevitt
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh Felton
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Morley
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Quint
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Dilniya Fattah
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Hayes
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Jade Gough
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Solari
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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23
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Chylek LA, Akimov V, Dengjel J, Rigbolt KTG, Hu B, Hlavacek WS, Blagoev B. Phosphorylation site dynamics of early T-cell receptor signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104240. [PMID: 25147952 PMCID: PMC4141737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In adaptive immune responses, T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling impacts multiple cellular processes and results in T-cell differentiation, proliferation, and cytokine production. Although individual protein-protein interactions and phosphorylation events have been studied extensively, we lack a systems-level understanding of how these components cooperate to control signaling dynamics, especially during the crucial first seconds of stimulation. Here, we used quantitative proteomics to characterize reshaping of the T-cell phosphoproteome in response to TCR/CD28 co-stimulation, and found that diverse dynamic patterns emerge within seconds. We detected phosphorylation dynamics as early as 5 s and observed widespread regulation of key TCR signaling proteins by 30 s. Development of a computational model pointed to the presence of novel regulatory mechanisms controlling phosphorylation of sites with central roles in TCR signaling. The model was used to generate predictions suggesting unexpected roles for the phosphatase PTPN6 (SHP-1) and shortcut recruitment of the actin regulator WAS. Predictions were validated experimentally. This integration of proteomics and modeling illustrates a novel, generalizable framework for solidifying quantitative understanding of a signaling network and for elucidating missing links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily A. Chylek
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Vyacheslav Akimov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center; Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS); BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies; ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kristoffer T. G. Rigbolt
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center; Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS); BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies; ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bin Hu
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - William S. Hlavacek
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Blagoy Blagoev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
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24
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Zhong Y, Johnson AJ, Byrd JC, Dubovsky JA. Targeting Interleukin-2-Inducible T-cell Kinase (ITK) in T-Cell Related Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 2:1-11. [PMID: 27917390 DOI: 10.14304/surya.jpr.v2n6.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
IL2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK), a member of the Tec family tyrosine kinases, is the predominant Tec kinase in T cells and natural killer (NK) cells mediating T cell receptor (TCR) and Fc receptor (Fc R) initiated signal transduction. ITK deficiency results in impaired T and NK cell functions, leading to various disorders including malignancies, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. In this mini-review, the role of ITK in T cell signaling and the development of small molecule inhibitors of ITK for the treatment of T-cell related disorders is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhong
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Amy J Johnson
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - John C Byrd
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jason A Dubovsky
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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25
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Roybal KT, Sinai P, Verkade P, Murphy RF, Wülfing C. The actin-driven spatiotemporal organization of T-cell signaling at the system scale. Immunol Rev 2014; 256:133-47. [PMID: 24117818 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
T cells are activated through interaction with antigen-presenting cells (APCs). During activation, receptors and signaling intermediates accumulate in diverse spatiotemporal distributions. These distributions control the probability of signaling interactions and thus govern information flow through the signaling system. Spatiotemporally resolved system-scale investigation of signaling can extract the regulatory information thus encoded, allowing unique insight into the control of T-cell function. Substantial technical challenges exist, and these are briefly discussed herein. While much of the work assessing T-cell spatiotemporal organization uses planar APC substitutes, we focus here on B-cell APCs with often stark differences. Spatiotemporal signaling distributions are driven by cell biologically distinct structures, a large protein assembly at the interface center, a large invagination, the actin-supported interface periphery as extended by smaller individual lamella, and a newly discovered whole-interface actin-driven lamellum. The more than 60 elements of T-cell activation studied to date are dynamically distributed between these structures, generating a complex organization of the signaling system. Signal initiation and core signaling prefer the interface center, while signal amplification is localized in the transient lamellum. Actin dynamics control signaling distributions through regulation of the underlying structures and drive a highly undulating T-cell/APC interface that imposes substantial constraints on T-cell organization. We suggest that the regulation of actin dynamics, by controlling signaling distributions and membrane topology, is an important rheostat of T-cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kole T Roybal
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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26
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Babich A, Burkhardt JK. Coordinate control of cytoskeletal remodeling and calcium mobilization during T-cell activation. Immunol Rev 2014; 256:80-94. [PMID: 24117814 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+) mobilization and cytoskeletal reorganization are key hallmarks of T-cell activation, and their interdependence has long been recognized. Recent advances in the field have elucidated the molecular pathways that underlie these events and have revealed several points of intersection. Ca(2+) signaling can be divided into two phases: initial events leading to release of Ca(2+) from endoplasmic reticulum stores, and a second phase involving STIM 1 (stromal interaction molecule 1) clustering and CRAC (calcium release activated calcium) channel activation. Cytoskeletal dynamics promote both phases. During the first phase, the actin cytoskeleton promotes mechanotransduction and serves as a dynamic scaffold for microcluster assembly. Proteins that drive actin polymerization such as WASp (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein) and HS1 (hematopoietic lineage cell-specific protein 1) promote signaling through PLCγ1 (phospholipase Cγ1) and release of Ca(2+) from endoplasmic reticulum stores. During the second phase, the WAVE (WASP-family verprolin homologous protein) complex and the microtubule cytoskeleton promote STIM 1 clustering at sites of plasma membrane apposition, opening Orai channels. In addition, gross cell shape changes and organelle movements buffer local Ca(2+) levels, leading to sustained Ca(2+) mobilization. Conversely, elevated intracellular Ca(2+) activates cytoskeletal remodeling. This can occur indirectly, via calpain activity, and directly, via Ca(2+) -dependent cytoskeletal regulatory proteins such as myosin II and L-plastin. While it is true that the cytoskeleton regulates Ca(2+) responses and vice versa, interdependence between Ca(2+) and the cytoskeleton also encompasses signaling events that occur in parallel, downstream of shared intermediates. Inositol cleavage by PLCγ1 simultaneously triggers both endoplasmic reticulum store release and diacylglycerol-dependent microtubule organizing center reorientation, while depleting the pool of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, an activator of multiple actin-regulatory proteins. The close interdependence of Ca(2+) signaling and cytoskeletal dynamics in T cells provides positive feedback mechanisms for T-cell activation and allows for finely tuned responses to extracellular cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Babich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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27
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Jain N, Miu B, Jiang JK, McKinstry KK, Prince A, Swain SL, Greiner DL, Thomas CJ, Sanderson MJ, Berg LJ, Kang J. CD28 and ITK signals regulate autoreactive T cell trafficking. Nat Med 2013; 19:1632-7. [PMID: 24270545 PMCID: PMC4005518 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Activation of self-reactive T cells and their trafficking to target tissues leads to autoimmune organ destruction. Mice lacking the co-inhibitory receptor cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) develop fatal autoimmunity characterized by lymphocytic infiltration into nonlymphoid tissues. Here, we demonstrate that the CD28 co-stimulatory pathway regulates the trafficking of self-reactive Ctla4(-/-) T cells to tissues. Concurrent ablation of the CD28-activated Tec family kinase ITK does not block spontaneous T cell activation but instead causes self-reactive Ctla4(-/-) T cells to accumulate in secondary lymphoid organs. Despite excessive spontaneous T cell activation and proliferation in lymphoid organs, Itk(-/-); Ctla4(-/-) mice are otherwise healthy, mount antiviral immune responses and exhibit a long lifespan. We propose that ITK specifically licenses autoreactive T cells to enter tissues to mount destructive immune responses. Notably, ITK inhibitors mimic the null mutant phenotype and also prevent pancreatic islet infiltration by diabetogenic T cells in mouse models of type 1 diabetes, highlighting their potential utility for the treatment of human autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Jain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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28
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Helou YA, Nguyen V, Beik SP, Salomon AR. ERK positive feedback regulates a widespread network of tyrosine phosphorylation sites across canonical T cell signaling and actin cytoskeletal proteins in Jurkat T cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69641. [PMID: 23874979 PMCID: PMC3714263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Competing positive and negative signaling feedback pathways play a critical role in tuning the sensitivity of T cell receptor activation by creating an ultrasensitive, bistable switch to selectively enhance responses to foreign ligands while suppressing signals from self peptides. In response to T cell receptor agonist engagement, ERK is activated to positively regulate T cell receptor signaling through phosphorylation of Ser59 Lck. To obtain a wide-scale view of the role of ERK in propagating T cell receptor signaling, a quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of 322 tyrosine phosphorylation sites by mass spectrometry was performed on the human Jurkat T cell line in the presence of U0126, an inhibitor of ERK activation. Relative to controls, U0126-treated cells showed constitutive decreases in phosphorylation through a T cell receptor stimulation time course on tyrosine residues found on upstream signaling proteins (CD3 chains, Lck, ZAP-70), as well as downstream signaling proteins (VAV1, PLCγ1, Itk, NCK1). Additional constitutive decreases in phosphorylation were found on the majority of identified proteins implicated in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton pathway. Although the majority of identified sites on T cell receptor signaling proteins showed decreases in phosphorylation, Tyr598 of ZAP-70 showed elevated phosphorylation in response to U0126 treatment, suggesting differential regulation of this site via ERK feedback. These findings shed new light on ERK’s role in positive feedback in T cell receptor signaling and reveal novel signaling events that are regulated by this kinase, which may fine tune T cell receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ynes A. Helou
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Vinh Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Samantha P. Beik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Arthur R. Salomon
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Joseph N, Reicher B, Barda-Saad M. The calcium feedback loop and T cell activation: how cytoskeleton networks control intracellular calcium flux. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:557-68. [PMID: 23860253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During T cell activation, the engagement of a T cell with an antigen-presenting cell (APC) results in rapid cytoskeletal rearrangements and a dramatic increase of intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) concentration, downstream to T cell antigen receptor (TCR) ligation. These events facilitate the organization of an immunological synapse (IS), which supports the redistribution of receptors, signaling molecules and organelles towards the T cell-APC interface to induce downstream signaling events, ultimately supporting T cell effector functions. Thus, Ca(2+) signaling and cytoskeleton rearrangements are essential for T cell activation and T cell-dependent immune response. Rapid release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores, e.g. the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), triggers the opening of Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels, residing in the plasma membrane. These channels facilitate a sustained influx of extracellular Ca(2+) across the plasma membrane in a process termed store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE). Because CRAC channels are themselves inhibited by Ca(2+) ions, additional factors are suggested to enable the sustained Ca(2+) influx required for T cell function. Among these factors, we focus here on the contribution of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. The TCR-mediated increase in intracellular Ca(2+) evokes a rapid cytoskeleton-dependent polarization, which involves actin cytoskeleton rearrangements and microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) reorientation. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of Ca(2+) flux and cytoskeletal rearrangements, and further describe the way by which the cytoskeletal networks feedback to Ca(2+) signaling by controlling the spatial and temporal distribution of Ca(2+) sources and sinks, modulating TCR-dependent Ca(2+) signals, which are required for an appropriate T cell response. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Reciprocal influences between cell cytoskeleton and membrane channels, receptors and transporters. Guest Editor: Jean Claude Hervé.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Joseph
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Barak Reicher
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Mira Barda-Saad
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
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30
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The zinc-binding region of IL-2 inducible T cell kinase (Itk) is required for interaction with Gα13 and activation of serum response factor. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1074-82. [PMID: 23454662 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tec family kinases play critical roles in the activation of immune cells. In particular, Itk is important for the activation of T cells via the T cell Receptor (TcR), however, molecules that cooperate with Itk to activate downstream targets remain little explored. Here we show that Itk interacts with the heterotrimeric G-protein α subunit Gα13 during TcR triggering. This interaction requires membrane localization of both partners, and is partially dependent on GDP- and GTP-bound states of Gα13. Furthermore, we find that Itk interacts with Gα13 via the zinc binding regions within its Tec homology domain. The interaction between Itk and Gα13 also results in tyrosine phosphorylation of Gα13, however this is not required for the interaction. Itk enhances Gα13 mediated activation of serum response factor (SRF) transcriptional activity dependent on its ability to interact with Gα13, but its kinase activity is not required to enhance SRF activity. These data reveal a new pathway regulated by Itk in cells, and suggest cross talk between Itk and G-protein signaling downstream of the TcR.
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Damien Charrier
- Chemistry Department at Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RW, UK
| | - Ronald MA Knegtel
- Chemistry Department at Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RW, UK
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32
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Schiralli Lester GM, Akiyama H, Evans E, Singh J, Gummuluru S, Henderson AJ. Interleukin 2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) facilitates efficient egress of HIV-1 by coordinating Gag distribution and actin organization. Virology 2013; 436:235-43. [PMID: 23260110 PMCID: PMC3598624 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) influences T cell signaling by coordinating actin polymerization and polarization as well as recruitment of kinases and adapter proteins. ITK regulates multiple steps of HIV-1 replication, including virion assembly and release. Fluorescent microscopy was used to examine the functional interactions between ITK and HIV-1 Gag during viral particle release. ITK and Gag colocalized at the plasma membrane and were concentrated at sites of F-actin accumulation and membrane lipid rafts in HIV-1 infected T cells. There was polarized staining of ITK, Gag, and actin towards sites of T cell conjugates. Small molecule inhibitors of ITK disrupted F-actin capping, perturbed Gag-ITK colocalization, inhibited virus like particle release, and reduced HIV replication in primary human CD4+ T cells. These data provide insight as to how ITK influences HIV-1 replication and suggest that targeting host factors that regulate HIV-1 egress provides an innovative strategy for controlling HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian M. Schiralli Lester
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany Street, EBRC 648, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Hisashi Akiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Erica Evans
- Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, MA, United States
| | | | - Suryaram Gummuluru
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andrew J. Henderson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany Street, EBRC 648, Boston, MA 02118, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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33
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Sherman E, Barr V, Samelson LE. Super-resolution characterization of TCR-dependent signaling clusters. Immunol Rev 2013; 251:21-35. [PMID: 23278738 PMCID: PMC3539238 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Multi-molecular signaling complexes drive the earliest events of immune cell activation via immunoreceptors with unexplained specificity and speed. Fluorescence microscopy has shown that these complexes form microclusters at the plasma membrane of activated T cells upon engagement of their antigen receptors (TCRs). Although crucial for cell function, much remains to be learned about the molecular content, fine structure, formation mechanisms, and function of these microclusters. Recent advancements in super-resolution microscopy have enabled the study of signaling microclusters at the single molecule level with resolution down to approximately 20 nm. These techniques have now helped to characterize the size distributions of signaling clusters at the plasma membrane of intact cells and to shed light on the formation mechanisms that govern their assembly. Surprisingly, dynamic and functional nanostructures have been identified within the signaling clusters. We expect that these novel methodologies, combined with older techniques, will shed new light on the nature of signaling clusters and their critical role in T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilon Sherman
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4256, USA.
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34
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Bartelt RR, Houtman JCD. The adaptor protein LAT serves as an integration node for signaling pathways that drive T cell activation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 5:101-10. [PMID: 23150273 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
T cells are essential for the adaptive immune response to pathogens. However, dysfunctional T cell activity has been implicated in numerous diseases, including the failure of organ transplants, allergic reactions, asthma, autoimmune disorders, and coronary artery disease. T cell responses to pathogens require the induction of the primary activating receptor, the T cell receptor (TCR), along with other costimulatory and adhesion receptors. Signal transduction pathways activated downstream of these receptors drive T cell responses required for the immune response and disease progression. A key question in our understanding of the mechanism of T cell activation is how signaling pathways emanating from multiple receptors integrate together to alter T cell effector functions. One integration node for intracellular signaling is the membrane-associated adaptor protein linker for the activation of T cells or LAT. Upon stimulation of the TCR and other receptors, LAT is phosphorylated at several tyrosines residues on its cytoplasmic tail. This leads to the binding of SH2 domain-containing proteins and their associated molecules and the formation of large multiprotein complexes. These dynamic and highly regulated signaling complexes facilitate the production of second messengers, activate downstream pathways, induce actin cytoskeleton polymerization, and stimulate the activity of multiple transcription factors. Thus, signaling pathways from several receptors feed into LAT, which then integrates this information and selectively induces pathways critical for T cell activation and the adaptive immune response.
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35
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Gorentla BK, Zhong XP. T cell Receptor Signal Transduction in T lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 2012:5. [PMID: 23946894 PMCID: PMC3740441 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.s12-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) recognizes self or foreign antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Engagement of the TCR triggers the formation of multi-molecular signalosomes that lead to the generation of second messengers and subsequent activation of multiple distal signaling cascades, such as the Ca+2-calcineurin-NFAT, RasGRP1-Ras-Erk1/2, PKCθ-IKK-NFκB, and TSC1/2-mTOR pathways. These signaling cascades control many aspects of T cell biology. Mechanisms have been evolved to fine-tune TCR signaling to maintain T cell homeostasis and self-tolerance, and to properly mount effective responses to microbial infection. Defects or deregulation of TCR signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balachandra K Gorentla
- Pediatric Biology Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon, 122016, India
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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36
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Ksionda O, Saveliev A, Köchl R, Rapley J, Faroudi M, Smith-Garvin JE, Wülfing C, Rittinger K, Carter T, Tybulewicz VLJ. Mechanism and function of Vav1 localisation in TCR signalling. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:5302-14. [PMID: 22956543 PMCID: PMC3561853 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.105148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigen-specific binding of T cells to antigen presenting cells results in recruitment of signalling proteins to microclusters at the cell-cell interface known as the immunological synapse (IS). The Vav1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor plays a critical role in T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signalling, leading to the activation of multiple pathways. We now show that it is recruited to microclusters and to the IS in primary CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, we show that this recruitment depends on the SH2 and C-terminal SH3 (SH3B) domains of Vav1, and on phosphotyrosines 112 and 128 of the SLP76 adaptor protein. Biophysical measurements show that Vav1 binds directly to these residues on SLP76 and that efficient binding depends on the SH2 and SH3B domains of Vav1. Finally, we show that the same two domains are critical for the phosphorylation of Vav1 and its signalling function in TCR-induced calcium flux. We propose that Vav1 is recruited to the IS by binding to SLP76 and that this interaction is critical for the transduction of signals leading to calcium flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ksionda
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, UK
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37
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Guo W, Liu R, Ono Y, Ma AH, Martinez A, Sanchez E, Wang Y, Huang W, Mazloom A, Li J, Ning J, Maverakis E, Lam KS, Kung HJ. Molecular characteristics of CTA056, a novel interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase inhibitor that selectively targets malignant T cells and modulates oncomirs. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:938-47. [PMID: 22899868 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.079889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (Itk) is a member of the Btk (Bruton's tyrosine kinase) family of tyrosine kinases. Itk plays an important role in normal T-cell functions and in the pathophysiology of both autoimmune diseases and T-cell malignancies. Here, we describe the initial characterization of a selective inhibitor, 7-benzyl-1-(3-(piperidin-1-yl)propyl)-2-(4-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-g]quinoxalin-6(5H)-one (CTA056), that was developed through screening a 9600-compound combinatorial solution phase library, followed by molecular modeling, and extensive structure-activity relationship studies. CTA056 exhibits the highest inhibitory effects toward Itk, followed by Btk and endothelial and epithelial tyrosine kinase. Among the 41 cancer cell lines analyzed, CTA056 selectively targets acute lymphoblastic T-cell leukemia and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Normal T cells are minimally affected. Incubation of Jurkat and MOLT-4 cells with CTA056 resulted in the inhibition of the phosphorylation of Itk and its effectors including PLC-γ, Akt, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, as well as the decreased secretion of targeted genes such as interleukin-2 and interferon-γ. Jurkat cells also underwent apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner when incubated with CTA056. The potent apoptosis-inducing potential of CTA056 is reflected by the significant modulation of microRNAs involved in survival pathways and oncogenesis. The in vitro cytotoxic effect on malignant T cells is further validated in a xenograft model. The selective expression and activation of Itk in malignant T cells, as well as the specificity of CTA056 for Itk, make this molecule a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of T-cell leukemia and lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchang Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,,University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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Hey F, Czyzewicz N, Jones P, Sablitzky F. DEF6, a novel substrate for the Tec kinase ITK, contains a glutamine-rich aggregation-prone region and forms cytoplasmic granules that co-localize with P-bodies. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:31073-84. [PMID: 22829599 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.346767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Localization of DEF6 (SLAT/IBP), a Rho-family guanine nucleotide exchange factor, to the center of the immune synapse is dependent upon ITK, a Tec-family kinase that regulates the spatiotemporal organization of components of T cell signaling pathways and Cdc42-dependent actin polymerization. Here we demonstrate that ITK both interacts with DEF6 and phosphorylates DEF6 at tyrosine residues Tyr(210) and Tyr(222). Expression of a GFP-tagged Y210E-Y222E phosphomimic resulted in the formation of DEF6 cytoplasmic granules that co-localized with decapping enzyme 1 (DCP1), a marker of P-bodies; sites of mRNA degradation. Similarly treatment of cells with puromycin or sodium arsenite, reagents that arrest translation, also resulted in the accumulation of DEF6 in cytoplasmic granules. Bioinformatics analysis identified a glutamine-rich, heptad-repeat region; a feature of aggregating proteins, within the C-terminal region of DEF6 with the potential to promote granule formation through a phosphorylation-dependent unmasking of this region. These data suggest that in addition to its role as a GEF, DEF6 may also function in regulating mRNA translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Hey
- School of Biology, Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
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39
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August A, Ragin MJ. Regulation of T-cell responses and disease by tec kinase Itk. Int Rev Immunol 2012; 31:155-65. [PMID: 22449075 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.668981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Itk is a member of the Tec family tyrosine kinases involved in T-cell receptor signaling. The authors review the background and most recent findings of the role of Itk T-cell activation and development of αβ T cells. They also discuss the role of Itk in development of nonconventional T cells, including CD8(+) innate memory phenotype T cells, different γδ T-cell populations, and invariant NKT cells. They close by reviewing the regulation of T helper differentiation and cytokine secretion, the immune response to infectious disease, and diseases such as allergic asthma and atopic dermatitis by Itk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery August
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
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In Vivo Consequences of Disrupting SH3-Mediated Interactions of the Inducible T-Cell Kinase. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2012; 2012:694386. [PMID: 22649724 PMCID: PMC3357558 DOI: 10.1155/2012/694386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
ITK-SH3-mediated interactions, both with exogenous ligands and via intermolecular self-association with ITK-SH2, have been shown to be important for regulation of ITK activity. The biological significance of these competing SH3 interactions is not completely understood. A mutant of ITK where substitution of the SH3 domain with that of the related kinase BTK (ITK-BTK(SH3)) was used to disrupt intermolecular self-association of ITK while maintaining canonical binding to exogenous ligands such as SLP-76. ITK-BTK(SH3) displays reduced association with SLP-76 leading to inefficient transphosphorylation, reduced phosphorylation of PLCγ1, and diminished Th2 cytokine production. In contrast, ITK-BTK(SH3) displays no defect in its localization to the T-cell-APC contact site. Another mutation, Y511F, in the activation loop of ITK, impairs ITK activation. T cells expressing ITK-Y511F display defective phosphorylation of ITK and its downstream target PLCγ1, as well as significant inhibition of Th2 cytokines. In contrast, the inducible localization of ITK-Y511F to the T cell-APC contact site and its association with SLP-76 are not affected. The presented data lend further support to the hypothesis that precise interactions between ITK and its signaling partners are required to support ITK signaling downstream of the TCR.
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41
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Knyazhitsky M, Moas E, Shaginov E, Luria A, Braiman A. Vav1 oncogenic mutation inhibits T cell receptor-induced calcium mobilization through inhibition of phospholipase Cγ1 activation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:19725-35. [PMID: 22474331 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.309799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust elevation of the cytosolic calcium concentration is a crucial early step for T cell activation triggered by the T cell antigen receptor. Vav1 is a proto-oncogene expressed in hematopoietic cells that is indispensable for transducing the calcium-mobilizing signal. Following T cell receptor stimulation, Vav1 facilitates formation of signaling microclusters through multiple interactions with other proteins participating in the signaling cascade. Truncation of the N terminus of Vav1 produces its oncogenic version, which is unable to support normal calcium flux following T cell activation. We show here that truncation of the N-terminal region of Vav1 alters the fine structure of protein complexes in the signaling clusters, affecting the interaction of Vav1 with phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1). This alteration is accompanied by a decrease in PLCγ1 phosphorylation and inhibition of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production. We suggest that the structural integrity of the N-terminal region of Vav1 is important for the proper formation of the Vav1-associated signaling complexes. The oncogenic truncation of this region elicits conformational changes that interfere with the Vav1-mediated activation of PLCγ1 and that inhibit calcium mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Knyazhitsky
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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Boucheron N, Ellmeier W. The Role of Tec Family Kinases in the Regulation of T-helper-cell Differentiation. Int Rev Immunol 2012; 31:133-54. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.664798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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43
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Fan K, Jia Y, Wang S, Li H, Wu D, Wang G, Chen JL. Role of Itk signalling in the interaction between influenza A virus and T-cells. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:987-997. [PMID: 22302878 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.041228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the T-cell-mediated immune response to influenza virus has been studied extensively, little information is available on the direct interaction between influenza virus and T-cells that pertains to severe diseases in humans and animals. To address these issues, we utilized the BALB/c mouse model combined with primary T-cells infected with A/WSN/33 influenza virus to investigate whether influenza virus has an affinity for T-cells in vivo. We observed that small proportions of CD4(+) T-cells and CD8(+) T-cells in spleen and thymus expressed viral proteins in infected mice. A significant proportion of mouse primary T-cells displayed expression of α-2,6 sialic acid-linked influenza virus receptor and were infected directly by influenza A virus. These experiments reveal that there exists a population of T-cells that is susceptible to influenza A virus infection. Furthermore, we employed human Jurkat T-cells to investigate the virus-T-cell interaction, with particular emphasis on understanding whether Itk (interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase), a Tec family tyrosine kinase that regulates T-cell activation, is involved in virus infection of T-cells. Interestingly, influenza virus infection resulted in an increased recruitment of Itk to the plasma membrane and an increased level of phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1) phosphorylation, suggesting that Itk/PLC-γ1 signalling is activated by the virus infection. We demonstrated that depletion of Itk inhibited the replication of influenza A virus, whereas overexpression of Itk increased virus replication. These results indicate that Itk is required for efficient replication of influenza virus in infected T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, PR China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, PR China
| | - Yinping Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, PR China
| | - Song Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, PR China
| | - Hua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, PR China
| | - Defeng Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Guoshun Wang
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine and Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, PR China
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Singleton KL, Gosh M, Dandekar RD, Au-Yeung BB, Ksionda O, Tybulewicz VLJ, Altman A, Fowell DJ, Wülfing C. Itk controls the spatiotemporal organization of T cell activation. Sci Signal 2012; 4:ra66. [PMID: 21971040 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During T cell activation by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), the diverse spatiotemporal organization of components of T cell signaling pathways modulates the efficiency of activation. Here, we found that loss of the tyrosine kinase interleukin-2 (IL-2)-inducible T cell kinase (Itk) in mice altered the spatiotemporal distributions of 14 of 16 sensors of T cell signaling molecules in the region of the interface between the T cell and the APC, which reduced the segregation of signaling intermediates into distinct spatiotemporal patterns. Activation of the Rho family guanosine triphosphatase Cdc42 at the center of the cell-cell interface was impaired, although the total cellular amount of active Cdc42 remained intact. The defect in Cdc42 localization resulted in impaired actin accumulation at the T cell-APC interface in Itk-deficient T cells. Reconstitution of cells with active Cdc42 that was specifically directed to the center of the interface restored actin accumulation in Itk-deficient T cells. Itk also controlled the central localization of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor SLAT [Switch-associated protein 70 (SWAP-70)-like adaptor of T cells], which may contribute to the activation of Cdc42 at the center of the interface. Together, these data illustrate how control of the spatiotemporal organization of T cell signaling controls critical aspects of T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentner L Singleton
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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The secret life of kinases: functions beyond catalysis. Cell Commun Signal 2011; 9:23. [PMID: 22035226 PMCID: PMC3215182 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-9-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation participates in the regulation of all fundamental biological processes, and protein kinases have been intensively studied. However, while the focus was on catalytic activities, accumulating evidence suggests that non-catalytic properties of protein kinases are essential, and in some cases even sufficient for their functions. These non-catalytic functions include the scaffolding of protein complexes, the competition for protein interactions, allosteric effects on other enzymes, subcellular targeting, and DNA binding. This rich repertoire often is used to coordinate phosphorylation events and enhance the specificity of substrate phosphorylation, but also can adopt functions that do not rely on kinase activity. Here, we discuss such kinase independent functions of protein and lipid kinases focussing on kinases that play a role in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and motility.
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Sequential phosphorylation of SLP-76 at tyrosine 173 is required for activation of T and mast cells. EMBO J 2011; 30:3160-72. [PMID: 21725281 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cooperatively assembled signalling complexes, nucleated by adaptor proteins, integrate information from surface receptors to determine cellular outcomes. In T and mast cells, antigen receptor signalling is nucleated by three adaptors: SLP-76, Gads and LAT. Three well-characterized SLP-76 tyrosine phosphorylation sites recruit key components, including a Tec-family tyrosine kinase, Itk. We identified a fourth, evolutionarily conserved SLP-76 phosphorylation site, Y173, which was phosphorylated upon T-cell receptor stimulation in primary murine and Jurkat T cells. Y173 was required for antigen receptor-induced phosphorylation of phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1) in both T and mast cells, and for consequent downstream events, including activation of the IL-2 promoter in T cells, and degranulation and IL-6 production in mast cells. In intact cells, Y173 phosphorylation depended on three, ZAP-70-targeted tyrosines at the N-terminus of SLP-76 that recruit and activate Itk, a kinase that selectively phosphorylated Y173 in vitro. These data suggest a sequential mechanism whereby ZAP-70-dependent priming of SLP-76 at three N-terminal sites triggers reciprocal regulatory interactions between Itk and SLP-76, which are ultimately required to couple active Itk to its substrate, PLC-γ1.
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Choi S, Schwartz RH. Impairment of immunological synapse formation in adaptively tolerant T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:805-16. [PMID: 21685322 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive tolerance is a hyporesponsive state in which lymphocyte Ag receptor signaling becomes desensitized after prolonged in vivo encounter with Ag. The molecular mechanisms underlying this hyporesponsive state in T cells are not fully understood, although a major signaling block has been shown to be present at the level of ZAP70 phosphorylation of linker for activation of T cells (LAT). In this study, we investigated the ability of adaptively tolerant mouse T cells to form conjugates with Ag-bearing APCs and to translocate signaling molecules into the interface between the T cells and APCs. Compared with naive or preactivated T cells, adaptively tolerant T cells showed no dramatic impairment in their formation of conjugates with APCs. In contrast, there was a large impairment in immunological synapse formation. Adaptively tolerant T cells were defective in their translocation of signaling molecules, such as ZAP70, LAT, and phospholipase C γ1, into the T cell-APC contact sites. Although Ag-induced activation of VAV1 was normal, VAV's recruitment into the synapse was also impaired. Interestingly, expressions of both IL-2-inducible T cell kinase and growth factor receptor-bound protein 2-related adaptor downstream of SHC were decreased by 60-80% in adaptively tolerant T cells. These decreases, in addition to the impairment in LAT phosphorylation by ZAP70, appear to be the major impediments to the phosphorylation of SLP76 (SRC homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa) and the recruitment of VAV1, which are important for stable immunological synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seeyoung Choi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0420, USA
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48
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Qi Q, Kannan AK, August A. Structure and function of Tec family kinase Itk. Biomol Concepts 2011; 2:223-32. [PMID: 25962031 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2011.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Itk is a member of the Tec family of kinases that is expressed predominantly in T cells. Itk regulates the T cell receptor signaling pathway to modulate T cell development and T helper cell differentiation, particularly Th2 differentiation. Itk is also important for the development and function of iNKT cells. In this review we discuss current progress on our understanding of the structure, activation and signaling pathway of Itk, in addition to inhibitors that have been developed, which target this kinase. We also place in context the function of Itk, available inhibitors and potential use in treating disease.
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49
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Functional cooperation between the proteins Nck and ADAP is fundamental for actin reorganization. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:2653-66. [PMID: 21536650 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01358-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell antigen receptor (TCR) activation triggers profound changes in the actin cytoskeleton. In addition to controlling cellular shape and polarity, this process regulates vital T cell responses, such as T cell adhesion, motility, and proliferation. These depend on the recruitment of the signaling proteins Nck and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) to the site of TCR activation and on the functional properties of the adapter proteins linker for activation of T cells (LAT) and SH2-domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa (SLP76). We now demonstrate that Nck is necessary but insufficient for the recruitment of WASp. We show that two pathways lead to SLP76-dependent actin rearrangement. One requires the SLP76 acidic domain, crucial to association with the Nck SH2 domain, and another requires the SLP76 SH2 domain, essential for interaction with the adhesion- and degranulation-promoting adapter protein ADAP. Functional cooperation between Nck and ADAP mediates SLP76-WASp interactions and actin rearrangement. We also reveal the molecular mechanism linking ADAP to actin reorganization.
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50
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Itk: the rheostat of the T cell response. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2011; 2011:297868. [PMID: 21747996 PMCID: PMC3116522 DOI: 10.1155/2011/297868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Itk plays a key role in TCR-initiated signaling that directly and significantly affects the regulation of PLCγ1 and the consequent mobilization of Ca2+. Itk also participates in the regulation of cytoskeletal reorganization as well as cellular adhesion, which is necessary for a productive T cell response. The functional cellular outcome of these molecular regulations by Itk renders it an important mediator of T cell development and differentiation. This paper encompasses the structure of Itk, the signaling parameters leading to Itk activation, and Itk effects on molecular pathways resulting in functional cellular outcomes. The incorporation of these factors persuades one to believe that Itk serves as a modulator, or rheostat, critically fine-tuning the T cell response.
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