1
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Cruz de Casas P, Knöpper K, Dey Sarkar R, Kastenmüller W. Same yet different - how lymph node heterogeneity affects immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:358-374. [PMID: 38097778 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Lymph nodes are secondary lymphoid organs in which immune responses of the adaptive immune system are initiated and regulated. Distributed throughout the body and embedded in the lymphatic system, local lymph nodes are continuously informed about the state of the organs owing to a constant drainage of lymph. The tissue-derived lymph carries products of cell metabolism, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, pathogens and circulating immune cells. Notably, there is a growing body of evidence that individual lymph nodes differ from each other in their capacity to generate immune responses. Here, we review the structure and function of the lymphatic system and then focus on the factors that lead to functional heterogeneity among different lymph nodes. We will discuss how lymph node heterogeneity impacts on cellular and humoral immune responses and the implications for vaccination, tumour development and tumour control by immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Cruz de Casas
- Max Planck Research Group, Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Knöpper
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rupak Dey Sarkar
- Max Planck Research Group, Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Max Planck Research Group, Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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2
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Ruchti F, Tuor M, Mathew L, McCarthy NE, LeibundGut-Landmann S. γδ T cells respond directly and selectively to the skin commensal yeast Malassezia for IL-17-dependent fungal control. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011668. [PMID: 38215167 PMCID: PMC10810444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Stable microbial colonization of the skin depends on tight control by the host immune system. The lipid-dependent yeast Malassezia typically colonizes skin as a harmless commensal and is subject to host type 17 immunosurveillance, but this fungus has also been associated with diverse skin pathologies in both humans and animals. Using a murine model of Malassezia exposure, we show that Vγ4+ dermal γδ T cells expand rapidly and are the major source of IL-17A mediating fungal control in colonized skin. A pool of memory-like Malassezia-responsive Vγ4+ T cells persisted in the skin, were enriched in draining lymph nodes even after fungal clearance, and were protective upon fungal re-exposure up to several weeks later. Induction of γδT17 immunity depended on IL-23 and IL-1 family cytokine signalling, whereas Toll-like and C-type lectin receptors were dispensable. Furthermore, Vγ4+ T cells from Malassezia-exposed hosts were able to respond directly and selectively to Malassezia-derived ligands, independently of antigen-presenting host cells. The fungal moieties detected were shared across diverse species of the Malassezia genus, but not conserved in other Basidiomycota or Ascomycota. These data provide novel mechanistic insight into the induction and maintenance of type 17 immunosurveillance of skin commensal colonization that has significant implications for cutaneous health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Ruchti
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Meret Tuor
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Liya Mathew
- Centre for Immunobiology, Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil E McCarthy
- Centre for Immunobiology, Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Su F, Zhang Y, Maimaiti S, Chen S, Shen Y, Feng M, Guo Z, Tan L, He J. Mechanisms and characteristics of subcapsular sinus macrophages in tumor immunity: a narrative review. Transl Cancer Res 2023; 12:3779-3791. [PMID: 38192994 PMCID: PMC10774050 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-23-2032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objective Lymph nodes constitute an integral component of the secondary lymphoid organs, housing a diverse population of macrophages. Macrophages exhibit heterogeneity in terms of localization, phenotype and ontogeny. Recent evidence has established that subcapsular sinus macrophages (SCSMs) are the initial cells exposed to antigens from afferent lymph vessels, playing a crucial role in the host immune response against invading pathogens and tumor cells. In order to summarize the role and mechanisms of SCSM in tumor immunity, this study systematically reviews research on SCSMs in tumor immunity. Methods A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science to identify articles investigating clinical significance and mechanisms of SCSMs. Study eligibility was independently evaluated by two authors based on the assessment of titles, abstracts and full-texts. Key Content and Findings The narrative review included a total of 17 studies. Previous research consistently showed that a high level of SCSM in patients with various carcinomas is associated with a favorable long-term prognosis. SCSM acts as the front-line defender in antitumor activity, engaging in intricate communication with other immune cells. Moreover, SCSM could directly and indirectly modulate tumor immunity, and the integrity of SCSM layer is interrupted in disease status. Several studies explored the feasibility of targeting SCSM to activate immunity against tumors. However, the direct molecular interactions and alternation in signal pathway in the tumor immunity of SCSM are less well established in previous researches. Conclusions This narrative review underscores the critical role of SCSM in tumor immunity. Future studies should focus on the deeper mechanism underlying SCSMs and explore their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Su
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yutao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Shanglin Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxing Shen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxiang Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Guo
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijie Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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4
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Viúdez-Pareja C, Kreft E, García-Caballero M. Immunomodulatory properties of the lymphatic endothelium in the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1235812. [PMID: 37744339 PMCID: PMC10512957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1235812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is an intricate complex and dynamic structure composed of various cell types, including tumor, stromal and immune cells. Within this complex network, lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) play a crucial role in regulating immune responses and influencing tumor progression and metastatic dissemination to lymph node and distant organs. Interestingly, LECs possess unique immunomodulatory properties that can either promote or inhibit anti-tumor immune responses. In fact, tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis can facilitate tumor cell dissemination and metastasis supporting immunoevasion, but also, different molecular mechanisms involved in LEC-mediated anti-tumor immunity have been already described. In this context, the crosstalk between cancer cells, LECs and immune cells and how this communication can shape the immune landscape in the TME is gaining increased interest in recent years. In this review, we present a comprehensive and updated report about the immunomodulatory properties of the lymphatic endothelium within the TME, with special focus on primary tumors and tumor-draining lymph nodes. Furthermore, we outline emerging research investigating the potential therapeutic strategies targeting the lymphatic endothelium to enhance anti-tumor immune responses. Understanding the intricate mechanisms involved in LEC-mediated immune modulation in the TME opens up new possibilities for the development of innovative approaches to fight cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Viúdez-Pareja
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Andalucía Tech, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga)-Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ewa Kreft
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Andalucía Tech, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga)-Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
| | - Melissa García-Caballero
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Andalucía Tech, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga)-Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
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5
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Ishikawa J, Suto A, Abe K, Hayashi Y, Suga K, Tanaka S, Kageyama T, Iwata A, Suzuki K, Suzuki K, Nakajima H. IL-21 is required for the maintenance and pathogenesis of murine Vγ4 + IL-17-producing γδT cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1211620. [PMID: 37662923 PMCID: PMC10473412 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1211620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine IL-17-producing γδT (γδT17) cells are divided into two subsets: natural γδT17 (nγδT17) cells, whose development is restricted to the fetal thymus, and inducible γδT17 cells, which require antigen exposure for their IL-17 production and are presumed to develop from Rorc + Il17a - CCR9 + immature γδT17 cells in the adult thymus and whose T cell receptor (TCR) is biased toward Vγ4. Although IL-23 is known to be involved in developing γδT17 cells, the roles of other cytokines, such as IL-21, which is involved in developing Th17 cells like IL-23, in the development, maintenance, and pathophysiology of γδT17 cells remain unknown. Here, we show that IL-21 is dispensable for the fetal thymic development of nγδT17 cells but is required for the peripheral maintenance of Vγ4+nγδT17 cells. Upon stimulation with γδTCR, IL-1 plus IL-21 induces the proliferation of Vγ4+nγδT17 cells via STAT3 as effectively as IL-1 plus IL-23. Using bone marrow chimeric mice, we demonstrated that immature γδT17 cells are produced de novo in the adult mice from donor adult bone marrow cells and that IL-21 is dispensable for their development. Instead, IL-21 is required to expand newly induced Vγ4+γδT17 cells in the periphery upon immunization. Finally, using adoptive transfer experiments of γδT17 cells, we found that IL-21 receptors on γδT17 cells are involved in maintaining Vγ4+γδT17 cells, subsequent infiltration of Th17 cells into the spinal cord, and exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Collectively, IL-21 plays a vital role in the maintenance and pathogenesis of Vγ4+γδT17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Ishikawa
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akira Suto
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuya Abe
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuki Hayashi
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kensuke Suga
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tanaka
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kageyama
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Arifumi Iwata
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Suzuki
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kotaro Suzuki
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakajima
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba, Japan
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6
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Arroz-Madeira S, Bekkhus T, Ulvmar MH, Petrova TV. Lessons of Vascular Specialization From Secondary Lymphoid Organ Lymphatic Endothelial Cells. Circ Res 2023; 132:1203-1225. [PMID: 37104555 PMCID: PMC10144364 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.322136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, harbor highly specialized and compartmentalized niches. These niches are optimized to facilitate the encounter of naive lymphocytes with antigens and antigen-presenting cells, enabling optimal generation of adaptive immune responses. Lymphatic vessels of lymphoid organs are uniquely specialized to perform a staggering variety of tasks. These include antigen presentation, directing the trafficking of immune cells but also modulating immune cell activation and providing factors for their survival. Recent studies have provided insights into the molecular basis of such specialization, opening avenues for better understanding the mechanisms of immune-vascular interactions and their applications. Such knowledge is essential for designing better treatments for human diseases given the central role of the immune system in infection, aging, tissue regeneration and repair. In addition, principles established in studies of lymphoid organ lymphatic vessel functions and organization may be applied to guide our understanding of specialization of vascular beds in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Arroz-Madeira
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland (S.A.M., T.V.P.)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Switzerland (S.A.M., T.V.P.)
| | - Tove Bekkhus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden (T.B., M.H.U.)
| | - Maria H. Ulvmar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden (T.B., M.H.U.)
| | - Tatiana V. Petrova
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland (S.A.M., T.V.P.)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Switzerland (S.A.M., T.V.P.)
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7
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Barber-Axthelm IM, Wragg KM, Esterbauer R, Amarasena TH, Barber-Axthelm VR, Wheatley AK, Gibbon AM, Kent SJ, Juno JA. Phenotypic and functional characterization of pharmacologically expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in pigtail macaques. iScience 2023; 26:106269. [PMID: 36936791 PMCID: PMC10014287 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
While gaining interest as treatment for cancer and infectious disease, the clinical efficacy of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-based immunotherapeutics has to date been limited. An improved understanding of γδ T cell heterogeneity across lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues, before and after pharmacological expansion, is required. Here, we describe the phenotype and tissue distribution of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells at steady state and following in vivo pharmacological expansion in pigtail macaques. Intravenous phosphoantigen administration with subcutaneous rhIL-2 drove robust expansion of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in blood and pulmonary mucosa, while expansion was confined to the pulmonary mucosa following intratracheal antigen administration. Peripheral blood Vγ9Vδ2 T cell expansion was polyclonal, and associated with a significant loss of CCR6 expression due to IL-2-mediated receptor downregulation. Overall, we show the tissue distribution and phenotype of in vivo pharmacologically expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can be altered based on the antigen administration route, with implications for tissue trafficking and the clinical efficacy of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac M. Barber-Axthelm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Kathleen M. Wragg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Robyn Esterbauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Thakshila H. Amarasena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Valerie R.B. Barber-Axthelm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Adam K. Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Anne M. Gibbon
- Monash Animal Research Platform, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Corresponding author
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8
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Asashima H, Axisa PP, Pham THG, Longbrake EE, Ruff WE, Lele N, Cohen I, Raddassi K, Sumida TS, Hafler DA. Impaired TIGIT expression on B cells drives circulating follicular helper T cell expansion in multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:156254. [PMID: 36250467 PMCID: PMC9566906 DOI: 10.1172/jci156254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell depletion in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) markedly prevents new MRI-detected lesions and disease activity, suggesting the hypothesis that altered B cell function leads to the activation of T cells driving disease pathogenesis. Here, we performed comprehensive analyses of CD40 ligand- (CD40L-) and IL-21-stimulated memory B cells from patients with MS and healthy age-matched controls, modeling the help of follicular helper T cells (Tfh cells), and found a differential gene expression signature in multiple B cell pathways. Most striking was the impaired TIGIT expression on MS-derived B cells mediated by dysregulation of the transcription factor TCF4. Activated circulating Tfh cells (cTfh cells) expressed CD155, the ligand of TIGIT, and TIGIT on B cells revealed their capacity to suppress the proliferation of IL-17-producing cTfh cells via the TIGIT/CD155 axis. Finally, CCR6+ cTfh cells were significantly increased in patients with MS, and their frequency was inversely correlated with that of TIGIT+ B cells. Together, these data suggest that the dysregulation of negative feedback loops between TIGIT+ memory B cells and cTfh cells in MS drives the activated immune system in this disease.
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9
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Chen X, Zheng Y, Liu S, Yu W, Liu Z. CD169 + subcapsular sinus macrophage-derived microvesicles are associated with light zone follicular dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1581-1594. [PMID: 35907260 PMCID: PMC9804338 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are a specialized type of stromal cells that exclusively reside in B-cell follicles. When inflammation occurs, the FDC network is reorganized to support germinal center (GC) polarization into the light zone (LZ) and dark zone (DZ). Despite the indispensable role of FDCs in supporting humoral responses, the FDC regulatory requirements remain incompletely defined. In this study, we unexpectedly observed an accumulation of CD169+ subcapsular sinus macrophage (SSM)-derived microvesicles (MVs) in the B-cell zone, which were tightly associated with the FDC network. Interestingly, a selective deposition of CD169+ MVs was detected in both GC LZ FDCs in secondary follicles and on predetermined LZ FDCs in primary follicles. The ablation of CD169+ MVs, resulting from SSM depletion, resulted in significantly decreased expression of LZ-related genes in FDCs. In addition, we found that CD169+ MVs could colocalize with fluorescently tagged antigen-containing immune complexes (ICs), supporting a possible role of CD169+ MVs in transporting antigens to the FDC network. Thus, our data reveal intimate crosstalk between FDCs and SSMs located outside B-cell follicles via SSM-released MVs, providing a novel perspective on the mechanisms underlying the regulation of FDC maturation and polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Shanghai Institute of ImmunologyDepartment of Immunology and Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yuhan Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of ImmunologyDepartment of Immunology and Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Siming Liu
- Shanghai Institute of ImmunologyDepartment of Immunology and Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Wenjing Yu
- Shanghai Institute of ImmunologyDepartment of Immunology and Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Zhiduo Liu
- Shanghai Institute of ImmunologyDepartment of Immunology and Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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10
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Ataide MA, Knöpper K, Cruz de Casas P, Ugur M, Eickhoff S, Zou M, Shaikh H, Trivedi A, Grafen A, Yang T, Prinz I, Ohlsen K, Gomez de Agüero M, Beilhack A, Huehn J, Gaya M, Saliba AE, Gasteiger G, Kastenmüller W. Lymphatic migration of unconventional T cells promotes site-specific immunity in distinct lymph nodes. Immunity 2022; 55:1813-1828.e9. [PMID: 36002023 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic transport of molecules and migration of myeloid cells to lymph nodes (LNs) continuously inform lymphocytes on changes in drained tissues. Here, using LN transplantation, single-cell RNA-seq, spectral flow cytometry, and a transgenic mouse model for photolabeling, we showed that tissue-derived unconventional T cells (UTCs) migrate via the lymphatic route to locally draining LNs. As each tissue harbored a distinct spectrum of UTCs with locally adapted differentiation states and distinct T cell receptor repertoires, every draining LN was thus populated by a distinctive tissue-determined mix of these lymphocytes. By making use of single UTC lineage-deficient mouse models, we found that UTCs functionally cooperated in interconnected units and generated and shaped characteristic innate and adaptive immune responses that differed between LNs that drained distinct tissues. Lymphatic migration of UTCs is, therefore, a key determinant of site-specific immunity initiated in distinct LNs with potential implications for vaccination strategies and immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Ataide
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Konrad Knöpper
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paulina Cruz de Casas
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Milas Ugur
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Eickhoff
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mangge Zou
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Haroon Shaikh
- Department of Medicine II and Pediatrics, Würzburg University Hospital, ZEMM, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Apurwa Trivedi
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Department of Immunology, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Anika Grafen
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tao Yang
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Systems Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Knut Ohlsen
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mercedes Gomez de Agüero
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Beilhack
- Department of Medicine II and Pediatrics, Würzburg University Hospital, ZEMM, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mauro Gaya
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Department of Immunology, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Antoine-Emmanuel Saliba
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Georg Gasteiger
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.
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11
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Abstract
The lymphatic system, composed of initial and collecting lymphatic vessels as well as lymph nodes that are present in almost every tissue of the human body, acts as an essential transport system for fluids, biomolecules and cells between peripheral tissues and the central circulation. Consequently, it is required for normal body physiology but is also involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases, most notably cancer. The important role of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels and lymphangiogenesis in the formation of lymph node metastasis has been elucidated during the last two decades, whereas the underlying mechanisms and the relation between lymphatic and peripheral organ dissemination of cancer cells are incompletely understood. Lymphatic vessels are also important for tumor-host communication, relaying molecular information from a primary or metastatic tumor to regional lymph nodes and the circulatory system. Beyond antigen transport, lymphatic endothelial cells, particularly those residing in lymph node sinuses, have recently been recognized as direct regulators of tumor immunity and immunotherapy responsiveness, presenting tumor antigens and expressing several immune-modulatory signals including PD-L1. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries in this rapidly evolving field and highlight strategies and challenges of therapeutic targeting of lymphatic vessels or specific lymphatic functions in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar C Dieterich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlotta Tacconi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Ducoli
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Bastow CR, Kara EE, Tyllis TS, Vinuesa CG, McColl SR, Comerford I. TFR Cells Express Functional CCR6 But It Is Dispensable for Their Development and Localization During Splenic Humoral Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:873586. [PMID: 35812408 PMCID: PMC9257258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.873586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular T cells including T follicular helper (TFH) and T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells are essential in supporting and regulating the quality of antibody responses that develop in the germinal centre (GC). Follicular T cell migration during the propagation of antibody responses is largely attributed to the chemokine receptor CXCR5, however CXCR5 is reportedly redundant in migratory events prior to formation of the GC, and CXCR5-deficient TFH and TFR cells are still capable of localizing to GCs. Here we comprehensively assess chemokine receptor expression by follicular T cells during a model humoral immune response in the spleen. In addition to the known follicular T cell chemokine receptors Cxcr5 and Cxcr4, we show that follicular T cells express high levels of Ccr6, Ccr2 and Cxcr3 transcripts and we identify functional expression of CCR6 protein by both TFH and TFR cells. Notably, a greater proportion of TFR cells expressed CCR6 compared to TFH cells and gating on CCR6+CXCR5hiPD-1hi T cells strongly enriched for TFR cells. Examination of Ccr6-/- mice revealed that CCR6 is not essential for development of the GC response in the spleen, and mixed bone marrow chimera experiments found no evidence for an intrinsic requirement for CCR6 in TFR cell development or localisation during splenic humoral responses. These findings point towards multiple functionally redundant chemotactic signals regulating T cell localisation in the GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron R. Bastow
- Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ervin E. Kara
- Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Timona S. Tyllis
- Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Carola G. Vinuesa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Shaun R. McColl
- Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Iain Comerford
- Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Iain Comerford,
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13
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Zhang Y, Garcia-Ibanez L, Ulbricht C, Lok LSC, Pike JA, Mueller-Winkler J, Dennison TW, Ferdinand JR, Burnett CJM, Yam-Puc JC, Zhang L, Alfaro RM, Takahama Y, Ohigashi I, Brown G, Kurosaki T, Tybulewicz VLJ, Rot A, Hauser AE, Clatworthy MR, Toellner KM. Recycling of memory B cells between germinal center and lymph node subcapsular sinus supports affinity maturation to antigenic drift. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2460. [PMID: 35513371 PMCID: PMC9072412 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29978-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection or vaccination leads to the development of germinal centers (GC) where B cells evolve high affinity antigen receptors, eventually producing antibody-forming plasma cells or memory B cells. Here we follow the migratory pathways of B cells emerging from germinal centers (BEM) and find that many BEM cells migrate into the lymph node subcapsular sinus (SCS) guided by sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). From the SCS, BEM cells may exit the lymph node to enter distant tissues, while some BEM cells interact with and take up antigen from SCS macrophages, followed by CCL21-guided return towards the GC. Disruption of local CCL21 gradients inhibits the recycling of BEM cells and results in less efficient adaption to antigenic variation. Our findings thus suggest that the recycling of antigen variant-specific BEM cells and transport of antigen back to GC may support affinity maturation to antigenic drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Laura Garcia-Ibanez
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Carolin Ulbricht
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laurence S C Lok
- University of Cambridge Molecular Immunity Unit, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeremy A Pike
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Thomas W Dennison
- University of Cambridge Molecular Immunity Unit, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R Ferdinand
- University of Cambridge Molecular Immunity Unit, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cameron J M Burnett
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Juan C Yam-Puc
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Raul Maqueda Alfaro
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Thymus Biology Section, Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Izumi Ohigashi
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Geoffrey Brown
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | | | - Antal Rot
- Centre for Microvascular Research, The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University London, EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
- Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University London, EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- University of Cambridge Molecular Immunity Unit, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kai-Michael Toellner
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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14
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Hu W, Shang R, Yang J, Chen C, Liu Z, Liang G, He W, Luo G. Skin γδ T Cells and Their Function in Wound Healing. Front Immunol 2022; 13:875076. [PMID: 35479079 PMCID: PMC9035842 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.875076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For the skin immune system, γδ T cells are important components, which help in defensing against damage and infection of skin. Compared to the conventional αβ T cells, γδ T cells have their own differentiation, development and activation characteristics. In adult mice, dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs), Vγ4 and Vγ6 γδ T cells are the main subsets of skin, the coordination and interaction among them play a crucial role in wound repair. To get a clear overview of γδ T cells, this review synopsizes their derivation, development, colonization and activation, and focuses their function in acute and chronic wound healing, as well as the underlining mechanism. The aim of this paper is to provide cues for the study of human epidermal γδ T cells and the potential treatment for skin rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wengang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruoyu Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiacai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangping Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Guangping Liang, ; Weifeng He, ; Gaoxing Luo,
| | - Weifeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Guangping Liang, ; Weifeng He, ; Gaoxing Luo,
| | - Gaoxing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Guangping Liang, ; Weifeng He, ; Gaoxing Luo,
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15
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Huang JY, Lyons-Cohen MR, Gerner MY. Information flow in the spatiotemporal organization of immune responses. Immunol Rev 2022; 306:93-107. [PMID: 34845729 PMCID: PMC8837692 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses must be rapid, tightly orchestrated, and tailored to the encountered stimulus. Lymphatic vessels facilitate this process by continuously collecting immunological information (ie, antigens, immune cells, and soluble mediators) about the current state of peripheral tissues, and transporting these via the lymph across the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes (LNs), which are critical meeting points for innate and adaptive immune cells, are strategically located along the lymphatic network to intercept this information. Within LNs, immune cells are spatially organized, allowing them to efficiently respond to information delivered by the lymph, and to either promote immune homeostasis or mount protective immune responses. These responses involve the activation and functional cooperation of multiple distinct cell types and are tailored to the specific inflammatory conditions. The natural patterns of lymph flow can also generate spatial gradients of antigens and agonists within draining LNs, which can in turn further regulate innate cell function and localization, as well as the downstream generation of adaptive immunity. In this review, we explore how information transmitted by the lymph shapes the spatiotemporal organization of innate and adaptive immune responses in LNs, with particular focus on steady state and Type-I vs. Type-II inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Y Gerner
- Corresponding author: Michael Gerner, , Address: 750 Republican Street Seattle, WA 98109, Phone: 206-685-3610
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16
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Teng F, Tachó-Piñot R, Sung B, Farber DL, Worgall S, Hammad H, Lambrecht BN, Hepworth MR, Sonnenberg GF. ILC3s control airway inflammation by limiting T cell responses to allergens and microbes. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110051. [PMID: 34818549 PMCID: PMC8635287 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) critically regulate host-microbe
interactions in the gastrointestinal tract, but their role in the airway remains
poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that lymphoid-tissue-inducer (LTi)-like
ILC3s are enriched in the lung-draining lymph nodes of healthy mice and humans.
These ILC3s abundantly express major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC
class II) and functionally restrict the expansion of allergen-specific
CD4+ T cells upon experimental airway challenge. In a mouse model
of house-dust-mite-induced allergic airway inflammation, MHC class
II+ ILC3s limit T helper type 2 (Th2) cell responses,
eosinophilia, and airway hyperresponsiveness. Furthermore, MHC class
II+ ILC3s limit a concomitant Th17 cell response and airway
neutrophilia. This exacerbated Th17 cell response requires exposure of the lung
to microbial stimuli, which can be found associated with house dust mites. These
findings demonstrate a critical role for antigen-presenting ILC3s in
orchestrating immune tolerance in the airway by restricting pro-inflammatory T
cell responses to both allergens and microbes. In this study, Teng et al. demonstrate that an innate immune cell type,
ILC3, is enriched in the lung draining lymph node of healthy humans and mice and
functions to limit airway inflammation through antigen presentation and control
of T cell responses directed against allergens or microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Teng
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roser Tachó-Piñot
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Biin Sung
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stefan Worgall
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew R Hepworth
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Gregory F Sonnenberg
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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17
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Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Heterogeneity and Functional Diversity of Lymphatic Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111976. [PMID: 34769408 PMCID: PMC8584409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) line the lymphatic vasculature and play a central role in the immune response. LECs have abilities to regulate immune transport, to promote immune cell survival, and to cross present antigens to dendritic cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA) technology has accelerated new discoveries in the field of lymphatic vascular biology. This review will summarize these new findings in regard to embryonic development, LEC heterogeneity with associated functional diversity, and interactions with other cells. Depending on the organ, location in the lymphatic vascular tree, and micro-environmental conditions, LECs feature unique properties and tasks. Furthermore, adjacent stromal cells need the support of LECs for fulfilling their tasks in the immune response, such as immune cell transport and antigen presentation. Although aberrant lymphatic vasculature has been observed in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases, the knowledge on LEC heterogeneity and functional diversity in these diseases is limited. Combining scRNA sequencing data with imaging and more in-depth functional experiments will advance our knowledge of LECs in health and disease. Building the case, the LEC could be put forward as a new therapeutic target in chronic inflammatory diseases, counterweighting the current immune-cell focused therapies.
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18
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Liu HY, Giraud A, Seignez C, Ahl D, Guo F, Sedin J, Walden T, Oh JH, van Pijkeren JP, Holm L, Roos S, Bertilsson S, Phillipson M. Distinct B cell subsets in Peyer's patches convey probiotic effects by Limosilactobacillus reuteri. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:198. [PMID: 34602091 PMCID: PMC8487498 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal Peyer's patches (PPs) form unique niches for bacteria-immune cell interactions that direct host immunity and shape the microbiome. Here we investigate how peroral administration of probiotic bacterium Limosilactobacillus reuteri R2LC affects B lymphocytes and IgA induction in the PPs, as well as the downstream consequences on intestinal microbiota and susceptibility to inflammation. RESULTS The B cells of PPs were separated by size to circumvent activation-dependent cell identification biases due to dynamic expression of markers, which resulted in two phenotypically, transcriptionally, and spatially distinct subsets: small IgD+/GL7-/S1PR1+/Bcl6, CCR6-expressing pre-germinal center (GC)-like B cells with innate-like functions located subepithelially, and large GL7+/S1PR1-/Ki67+/Bcl6, CD69-expressing B cells with strong metabolic activity found in the GC. Peroral L. reuteri administration expanded both B cell subsets and enhanced the innate-like properties of pre-GC-like B cells while retaining them in the sub-epithelial compartment by increased sphingosine-1-phosphate/S1PR1 signaling. Furthermore, L. reuteri promoted GC-like B cell differentiation, which involved expansion of the GC area and autocrine TGFβ-1 activation. Consequently, PD-1-T follicular helper cell-dependent IgA induction and production was increased by L. reuteri, which shifted the intestinal microbiome and protected against dextran-sulfate-sodium induced colitis and dysbiosis. CONCLUSIONS The Peyer's patches sense, enhance and transmit probiotic signals by increasing the numbers and effector functions of distinct B cell subsets, resulting in increased IgA production, altered intestinal microbiota, and protection against inflammation. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, PR China
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, PO box 571, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Antoine Giraud
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, PO box 571, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cedric Seignez
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, PO box 571, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David Ahl
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, PO box 571, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Feilong Guo
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, PO box 571, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John Sedin
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, PO box 571, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Walden
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, PO box 571, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jee-Hwan Oh
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | | | - Lena Holm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, PO box 571, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Roos
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Bertilsson
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75651 Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mia Phillipson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, PO box 571, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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Wu JW, Jung Y, Yeh SCA, Seo Y, Runnels JM, Burns CS, Mizoguchi T, Ito K, Spencer JA, Lin CP. Intravital fluorescence microscopy with negative contrast. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255204. [PMID: 34351959 PMCID: PMC8341626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in intravital microscopy (IVM) have enabled the studies of cellular organization and dynamics in the native microenvironment of intact organisms with minimal perturbation. The abilities to track specific cell populations and monitor their interactions have opened up new horizons for visualizing cell biology in vivo, yet the success of standard fluorescence cell labeling approaches for IVM comes with a "dark side" in that unlabeled cells are invisible, leaving labeled cells or structures to appear isolated in space, devoid of their surroundings and lacking proper biological context. Here we describe a novel method for "filling in the void" by harnessing the ubiquity of extracellular (interstitial) fluid and its ease of fluorescence labelling by commonly used vascular and lymphatic tracers. We show that during routine labeling of the vasculature and lymphatics for IVM, commonly used fluorescent tracers readily perfuse the interstitial spaces of the bone marrow (BM) and the lymph node (LN), outlining the unlabeled cells and forming negative contrast images that complement standard (positive) cell labeling approaches. The method is simple yet powerful, offering a comprehensive view of the cellular landscape such as cell density and spatial distribution, as well as dynamic processes such as cell motility and transmigration across the vascular endothelium. The extracellular localization of the dye and the interstitial flow provide favorable conditions for prolonged Intravital time lapse imaging with minimal toxicity and photobleaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwell W. Wu
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yookyung Jung
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shu-Chi A. Yeh
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yongwan Seo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Judith M. Runnels
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christian S. Burns
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- NSF-CREST Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Machines and the Health Science Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Toshihide Mizoguchi
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Departments of Cell Biology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ito
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Departments of Cell Biology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Joel A. Spencer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- NSF-CREST Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Machines and the Health Science Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Charles P. Lin
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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20
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Wu G, Murugesan G, Nagala M, McCraw A, Haslam SM, Dell A, Crocker PR. Activation of regulatory T cells triggers specific changes in glycosylation associated with Siglec-1-dependent inflammatory responses. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:134. [PMID: 35224210 PMCID: PMC8844539 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16834.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Siglec-1 is a macrophage lectin-like receptor that mediates sialic acid-dependent cellular interactions. Its upregulation on macrophages in autoimmune disease was shown previously to promote inflammation through suppressing the expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Here we investigate the molecular basis for Siglec-1 binding to Tregs using in vitro-induced cells as a model system. Methods: Glycosylation changes that affect Siglec‑1 binding were studied by comparing activated and resting Tregs using RNA-Seq, glycomics, proteomics and binding of selected antibodies and lectins. A proximity labelling and proteomics strategy was used to identify Siglec-1 counter-receptors expressed on activated Tregs. Results: Siglec-1 binding was strongly upregulated on activated Tregs, but lost under resting conditions. Glycomics revealed changes in N-glycans and glycolipids following Treg activation and we observed changes in expression of multiple 'glycogenes' that could lead to the observed increase in Siglec-1 binding. Proximity labelling of intact, living cells identified 49 glycoproteins expressed by activated Tregs that may function as Siglec-1 counter-receptors. These represent ~5% of the total membrane protein pool and were mainly related to T cell activation and proliferation. We demonstrate that several of these counter-receptors were upregulated following activation of Tregs and provide initial evidence that their altered glycosylation may also be important for Siglec-1 binding. Conclusions: We provide the first comprehensive analysis of glycan changes that occur in activated Tregs, leading to recognition by the macrophage lectin, Siglec-1 and suppression of Treg expansion. We furthermore provide insights into glycoprotein counter-receptors for Siglec-1 expressed by activated Tregs that are likely to be important for suppressing Treg expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wu
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Gavuthami Murugesan
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Manjula Nagala
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Alex McCraw
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Stuart M. Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Paul R. Crocker
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, DD1 5EH, UK
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21
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Lisk C, Yuen R, Kuniholm J, Antos D, Reiser ML, Wetzler LM. CD169+ Subcapsular Macrophage Role in Antigen Adjuvant Activity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:624197. [PMID: 33815376 PMCID: PMC8012505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.624197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines have played a pivotal role in improving public health, however, many infectious diseases lack an effective vaccine. Controlling the spread of infectious diseases requires continuing studies to develop new and improved vaccines. Our laboratory has been investigating the immune enhancing mechanisms of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand-based adjuvants, including the TLR2 ligand Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane protein, PorB. Adjuvant use of PorB increases costimulatory factors on antigen presenting cells (APC), increases antigen specific antibody production, and cytokine producing T cells. We have demonstrated that macrophage expression of MyD88 (required for TLR2 signaling) is an absolute requirement for the improved antibody response induced by PorB. Here-in, we specifically investigated the role of subcapsular CD169+ marginal zone macrophages in antibody production induced by the use of TLR-ligand based adjuvants (PorB and CpG) and non-TLR-ligand adjuvants (aluminum salts). CD169 knockout mice and mice treated with low dose clodronate treated animals (which only remove marginal zone macrophages), were used to investigate the role of these macrophages in adjuvant-dependent antibody production. In both sets of mice, total antigen specific immunoglobulins (IgGs) were diminished regardless of adjuvant used. However, the greatest reduction was seen with the use of TLR ligands as adjuvants. In addition, the effect of the absence of CD169+ macrophages on adjuvant induced antigen and antigen presenting cell trafficking to the lymph nodes was examined using immunofluorescence by determining the relative extent of antigen loading on dendritic cells (DCs) and antigen deposition on follicular dendritic cells (FDC). Interestingly, only vaccine preparations containing PorB had significant decreases in antigen deposition in lymphoid follicles and germinal centers in CD169 knockout mice or mice treated with low dose clodronate as compared to wildtype controls. Mice immunized with CpG containing preparations demonstrated decreased FDC networks in the mice treated with low dose clodronate. Conversely, alum containing preparations only demonstrated significant decreases in IgG in CD169 knockout mice. These studies stress that importance of subcapsular macrophages and their unique role in adjuvant-mediated antibody production, potentially due to an effect of these adjuvants on antigen trafficking to the lymph node and deposition on follicular dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lisk
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rachel Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeff Kuniholm
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Danielle Antos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Lee M. Wetzler
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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22
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Shannon MJ, Mace EM. Natural Killer Cell Integrins and Their Functions in Tissue Residency. Front Immunol 2021; 12:647358. [PMID: 33777044 PMCID: PMC7987804 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.647358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane receptors associated with adhesion and migration and are often highly differentially expressed receptors amongst natural killer cell subsets in microenvironments. Tissue resident natural killer cells are frequently defined by their differential integrin expression compared to other NK cell subsets, and integrins can further localize tissue resident NK cells to tissue microenvironments. As such, integrins play important roles in both the phenotypic and functional identity of NK cell subsets. Here we review the expression of integrin subtypes on NK cells and NK cell subsets with the goal of better understanding how integrin selection can dictate tissue residency and mediate function from the nanoscale to the tissue environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily M. Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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23
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Matti C, D'Uonnolo G, Artinger M, Melgrati S, Salnikov A, Thelen S, Purvanov V, Strobel TD, Spannagel L, Thelen M, Legler DF. CCL20 is a novel ligand for the scavenging atypical chemokine receptor 4. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:1137-1154. [PMID: 32533638 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ma0420-295rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CCL20 is broadly produced by endothelial cells in the liver, the lung, in lymph nodes and mucosal lymphoid tissues, and recruits CCR6 expressing leukocytes, particularly dendritic cells, mature B cells, and subpopulations of T cells. How CCL20 is systemically scavenged is currently unknown. Here, we identify that fluorescently labeled human and mouse CCL20 are efficiently taken-up by the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR4. CCL20 shares ACKR4 with the homeostatic chemokines CCL19, CCL21, and CCL25, although with a lower affinity. We demonstrate that all 4 human chemokines recruit β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2 to human ACKR4. Similarly, mouse CCL19, CCL21, and CCL25 equally activate the human receptor. Interestingly, at the same chemokine concentration, mouse CCL20 did not recruit β-arrestins to human ACKR4. Further cross-species analysis suggests that human ACKR4 preferentially takes-up human CCL20, whereas mouse ACKR4 similarly internalizes mouse and human CCL20. Furthermore, we engineered a fluorescently labeled chimeric chemokine consisting of the N-terminus of mouse CCL25 and the body of mouse CCL19, termed CCL25_19, which interacts with and is taken-up by human and mouse ACKR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Matti
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Giulia D'Uonnolo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Marc Artinger
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Serena Melgrati
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Angela Salnikov
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir Purvanov
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Tobias D Strobel
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Spannagel
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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24
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Affandi AJ, Grabowska J, Olesek K, Lopez Venegas M, Barbaria A, Rodríguez E, Mulder PPG, Pijffers HJ, Ambrosini M, Kalay H, O'Toole T, Zwart ES, Kazemier G, Nazmi K, Bikker FJ, Stöckl J, van den Eertwegh AJM, de Gruijl TD, Storm G, van Kooyk Y, den Haan JMM. Selective tumor antigen vaccine delivery to human CD169 + antigen-presenting cells using ganglioside-liposomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:27528-27539. [PMID: 33067394 PMCID: PMC7959579 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006186117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Priming of CD8+ T cells by dendritic cells (DCs) is crucial for the generation of effective antitumor immune responses. Here, we describe a liposomal vaccine carrier that delivers tumor antigens to human CD169/Siglec-1+ antigen-presenting cells using gangliosides as targeting ligands. Ganglioside-liposomes specifically bound to CD169 and were internalized by in vitro-generated monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) and macrophages and by ex vivo-isolated splenic macrophages in a CD169-dependent manner. In blood, high-dimensional reduction analysis revealed that ganglioside-liposomes specifically targeted CD14+ CD169+ monocytes and Axl+ CD169+ DCs. Liposomal codelivery of tumor antigen and Toll-like receptor ligand to CD169+ moDCs and Axl+ CD169+ DCs led to cytokine production and robust cross-presentation and activation of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Finally, Axl+ CD169+ DCs were present in cancer patients and efficiently captured ganglioside-liposomes. Our findings demonstrate a nanovaccine platform targeting CD169+ DCs to drive antitumor T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alsya J Affandi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna Grabowska
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna Olesek
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Lopez Venegas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- DC4U, 3621 ZA Breukelen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Barbaria
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ernesto Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick P G Mulder
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helen J Pijffers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martino Ambrosini
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom O'Toole
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eline S Zwart
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Kazemier
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kamran Nazmi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floris J Bikker
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Stöckl
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alfons J M van den Eertwegh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomaterials, Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- DC4U, 3621 ZA Breukelen, The Netherlands
| | - Joke M M den Haan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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25
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Li A, Zhang N, Zhao Z, Chen Y, Zhang L. Overexpression of B7-H4 promotes renal cell carcinoma progression by recruiting tumor-associated neutrophils via upregulation of CXCL8. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:1535-1544. [PMID: 32724395 PMCID: PMC7377185 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune checkpoint molecule B7 family member H4 (B7-H4) plays a similar role to programmed death-ligand 1 in tumor immune evasion by regulating T-cell-mediated immune responses. However, besides the role in T-cell immunity, B7-H4 also affects tumor cell biology by promoting tumor cell proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis. In order to explore the effect of B7-H4 on tumor cell biology, it is necessary to investigate the gene expression profile when B7-H4 is overexpressed. In the present study, 786-O cells were transfected to stably express B7-H4. A microarray technique was subsequently used to screen B7-H4-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in B7-H4/786-O cells compared with negative control (NC)/786-O cells. The protein expression of the upregulated DEGs, including non-metastatic cells 5, NME/NM23 family member 5 (NME5), membrane metalloendopeptidase (MME), vascular non-inflammatory molecule 1 (VNN1), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 7, tumor necrosis factor, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) 8, CXCL1 and C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 2, was investigated using western blotting. Kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma mRNA-sequencing data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas revealed that chemokines, including CXCL1/2/3, CXCL8, MMP7 and CCL20, were positively correlated with B7-H4 gene expression. Furthermore, 59 clinical renal cell carcinoma tissues were collected and analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. The results revealed the positive correlation of B7-H4 with CCL20 and CXCL8, and validated the DEGs identified in tumor cell lines. 786-O transfectants were inoculated into non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice, and tumor growth was investigated. B7-H4 overexpression promoted tumor growth and administration of anti-CXCL8 antibody reversed this effect. Furthermore, B7-H4 overexpression increased the number of tumor-infiltrating neutrophils while inhibition of CXCL8 abrogated this effect. These data indicated that recruitment of neutrophils in the tumor microenvironment by CXCL8 serves an important role in the tumor promotion effect of B7-H4. The present study revealed a novel mechanism of B7-H4 in tumor promotion in addition to T cell inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Li
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Ningyue Zhang
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Zhiming Zhao
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yali Chen
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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26
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Dhenni R, Phan TG. The geography of memory B cell reactivation in vaccine-induced immunity and in autoimmune disease relapses. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:62-86. [PMID: 32472583 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Memory B cells (Bmem) provide an active second layer of defense against re-infection by pathogens that have bypassed the passive first layer provided by neutralizing antibodies. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of Bmem heterogeneity in terms of their origin (germinal center-dependent vs center-independent), phenotype (canonical vs atypical vs age-associated B cells), trafficking (recirculating vs tissue-resident), and fate (plasma cell vs germinal center differentiation). The development of transgenic models and intravital imaging technologies has made it possible to track the cellular dynamics of Bmem reactivation by antigen, their interactions with follicular memory T cells, and differentiation into plasma cells in subcapsular proliferative foci in the lymph nodes of immune animals. Such in situ studies have reinforced the importance of geography in shaping the outcome of the secondary antibody response. We also review the evidence for Bmem reactivation and differentiation into short-lived plasma cells in the pathogenesis of disease flares in relapsing-remitting autoimmune diseases. Elucidating the mechanisms that control the Bmem fate decision to differentiate into plasma cells or germinal center B cells will aid future efforts to more precisely engineer fit-for-purpose vaccines as well as to treat antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Dhenni
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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27
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Differential retention of lymph-borne CD8 memory T cell subsets in the subcapsular sinus of resting and inflamed lymph nodes. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:1317-1319. [PMID: 32398805 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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28
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Xiang M, Grosso RA, Takeda A, Pan J, Bekkhus T, Brulois K, Dermadi D, Nordling S, Vanlandewijck M, Jalkanen S, Ulvmar MH, Butcher EC. A Single-Cell Transcriptional Roadmap of the Mouse and Human Lymph Node Lymphatic Vasculature. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:52. [PMID: 32426372 PMCID: PMC7204639 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell transcriptomics promise to revolutionize our understanding of the vasculature. Emerging computational methods applied to high-dimensional single-cell data allow integration of results between samples and species and illuminate the diversity and underlying developmental and architectural organization of cell populations. Here, we illustrate these methods in the analysis of mouse lymph node (LN) lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) at single-cell resolution. Clustering identifies five well-delineated subsets, including two medullary sinus subsets not previously recognized as distinct. Nearest neighbor alignments in trajectory space position the major subsets in a sequence that recapitulates the known features and suggests novel features of LN lymphatic organization, providing a transcriptional map of the lymphatic endothelial niches and of the transitions between them. Differences in gene expression reveal specialized programs for (1) subcapsular ceiling endothelial interactions with the capsule connective tissue and cells; (2) subcapsular floor regulation of lymph borne cell entry into the LN parenchyma and antigen presentation; and (3) pathogen interactions and (4) LN remodeling in distinct medullary subsets. LEC of the subcapsular sinus floor and medulla, which represent major sites of cell entry and exit from the LN parenchyma respectively, respond robustly to oxazolone inflammation challenge with enriched signaling pathways that converge on both innate and adaptive immune responses. Integration of mouse and human single-cell profiles reveals a conserved cross-species pattern of lymphatic vascular niches and gene expression, as well as specialized human subsets and genes unique to each species. The examples provided demonstrate the power of single-cell analysis in elucidating endothelial cell heterogeneity, vascular organization, and endothelial cell responses. We discuss the findings from the perspective of LEC functions in relation to niche formations in the unique stromal and highly immunological environment of the LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglan Xiang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Rubén Adrián Grosso
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Akira Takeda
- MediCity Research Laboratory and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Junliang Pan
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Tove Bekkhus
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kevin Brulois
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Denis Dermadi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Sofia Nordling
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Michael Vanlandewijck
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Karolinska Institutet/AstraZeneca Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (KI/AZ ICMC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- MediCity Research Laboratory and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria H. Ulvmar
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eugene C. Butcher
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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29
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Martens R, Permanyer M, Werth K, Yu K, Braun A, Halle O, Halle S, Patzer GE, Bošnjak B, Kiefer F, Janssen A, Friedrichsen M, Poetzsch J, Kohli K, Lueder Y, Gutierrez Jauregui R, Eckert N, Worbs T, Galla M, Förster R. Efficient homing of T cells via afferent lymphatics requires mechanical arrest and integrin-supported chemokine guidance. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1114. [PMID: 32111837 PMCID: PMC7048855 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14921-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known regarding lymph node (LN)-homing of immune cells via afferent lymphatics. Here, we show, using a photo-convertible Dendra-2 reporter, that recently activated CD4 T cells enter downstream LNs via afferent lymphatics at high frequencies. Intra-lymphatic immune cell transfer and live imaging data further show that activated T cells come to an instantaneous arrest mediated passively by the mechanical 3D-sieve barrier of the LN subcapsular sinus (SCS). Arrested T cells subsequently migrate randomly on the sinus floor independent of both chemokines and integrins. However, chemokine receptors are imperative for guiding cells out of the SCS, and for their subsequent directional translocation towards the T cell zone. By contrast, integrins are dispensable for LN homing, yet still contribute by increasing the dwell time within the SCS and by potentially enhancing T cell sensing of chemokine gradients. Together, these findings provide fundamental insights into mechanisms that control homing of lymph-derived immune cells. Immune cells mostly enter lymph nodes (LN) from blood circulation, but whether afferent lymphatics contributes to LN entry is unclear. Here, the authors show, using a photo-convertible reporter, that T cells in afferent lymphatics frequently enter LN and become arrested in the subcapsular sinus, with chemokines and integrins further guiding their migration in the LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieke Martens
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Permanyer
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kathrin Werth
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai Yu
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Asolina Braun
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olga Halle
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Halle
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Berislav Bošnjak
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Friedemann Kiefer
- Mammalian Cell Signaling Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Anika Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jenny Poetzsch
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karan Kohli
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yvonne Lueder
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Nadine Eckert
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tim Worbs
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Galla
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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30
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Abstract
The influx and efflux of cells and antigens to and from the draining lymph nodes largely take place through the subcapsular, cortical and medullary sinus systems. Recent analyses in mice and humans have revealed unexpected diversity in the lymphatic endothelial cells, which form the distinct regions of the sinuses. As a semipermeable barrier, the lymphatic endothelial cells regulate the sorting of lymph-borne antigens to the lymph node parenchyma and can themselves serve as antigen-presenting cells. The leukocytes entering the lymph node via the sinus system and the lymphocytes egressing from the parenchyma migrate through the lymphatic endothelial cell layer. The sinus lymphatic endothelial cells also orchestrate the organogenesis of lymph nodes, and they undergo bidirectional signalling with other sinus-resident cells, such as subcapsular sinus macrophages, to generate a unique lymphatic niche. In this Review, we consider the structural and functional basis of how the lymph node sinus system coordinates immune responses under physiological conditions, and in inflammation and cancer.
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31
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Lämmermann T, Kastenmüller W. Concepts of GPCR-controlled navigation in the immune system. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:205-231. [PMID: 30977203 PMCID: PMC6487968 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
G‐protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is essential for the spatiotemporal control of leukocyte dynamics during immune responses. For efficient navigation through mammalian tissues, most leukocyte types express more than one GPCR on their surface and sense a wide range of chemokines and chemoattractants, leading to basic forms of leukocyte movement (chemokinesis, haptokinesis, chemotaxis, haptotaxis, and chemorepulsion). How leukocytes integrate multiple GPCR signals and make directional decisions in lymphoid and inflamed tissues is still subject of intense research. Many of our concepts on GPCR‐controlled leukocyte navigation in the presence of multiple GPCR signals derive from in vitro chemotaxis studies and lower vertebrates. In this review, we refer to these concepts and critically contemplate their relevance for the directional movement of several leukocyte subsets (neutrophils, T cells, and dendritic cells) in the complexity of mouse tissues. We discuss how leukocyte navigation can be regulated at the level of only a single GPCR (surface expression, competitive antagonism, oligomerization, homologous desensitization, and receptor internalization) or multiple GPCRs (synergy, hierarchical and non‐hierarchical competition, sequential signaling, heterologous desensitization, and agonist scavenging). In particular, we will highlight recent advances in understanding GPCR‐controlled leukocyte navigation by intravital microscopy of immune cells in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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32
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Lu E, Cyster JG. G-protein coupled receptors and ligands that organize humoral immune responses. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:158-172. [PMID: 30977196 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
B-cell responses are dynamic processes that depend on multiple types of interactions. Rare antigen-specific B cells must encounter antigen and specialized systems are needed-unique to each lymphoid tissue type-to ensure this happens efficiently. Lymphoid tissue barrier cells act to ensure that pathogens, while being permitted entry for B-cell recognition, are blocked from replication or dissemination. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells often need to be primed by dendritic cells before supporting B-cell responses. For most responses, antigen-specific helper T cells and B cells need to interact, first to initiate clonal expansion and the plasmablast response, and later to support the germinal center (GC) response. Newly formed plasma cells need to travel to supportive niches. GC B cells must become confined to the follicle center, organize into dark and light zones, and interact with Tfh cells. Memory B cells need to be positioned for rapid responses following reinfection. Each of these events requires the actions of multiple G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their ligands, including chemokines and lipid mediators. This review will focus on the guidance cue code underlying B-cell immunity, with an emphasis on findings from our laboratory and on newer advances in related areas. We will discuss our recent identification of geranylgeranyl-glutathione as a ligand for P2RY8. Our goal is to provide the reader with a focused knowledge about the GPCRs guiding B-cell responses and how they might be therapeutic targets, while also providing examples of how multiple types of GPCRs can cooperate or act iteratively to control cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Lu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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33
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Haberman AM, Gonzalez DG, Wong P, Zhang TT, Kerfoot SM. Germinal center B cell initiation, GC maturation, and the coevolution of its stromal cell niches. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:10-27. [PMID: 30874342 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the developing GC response, B cell survival and fate choices made at the single cell level are dependent on signals received largely through interactions with other cells, often with cognate T cells. The type of signals that a given B cell can encounter is dictated by its location within tissue microarchitecture. The focus of this review is on the initiation and evolution of the GC response at the earliest time points. Here, we review the key factors influencing the progression of GC B cell differentiation that are both stage and context dependent. Finally, we describe the coevolution of niches within and surrounding the GC that influence the outcome of the GC response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Haberman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David G Gonzalez
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Patrick Wong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Steven M Kerfoot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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34
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Stoler-Barak L, Biram A, Davidzohn N, Addadi Y, Golani O, Shulman Z. B cell dissemination patterns during the germinal center reaction revealed by whole-organ imaging. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2515-2530. [PMID: 31492809 PMCID: PMC6829594 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated long-lasting protection from harmful pathogens depends on collaboration of immune cells within immunological niches. Stoler-Barak et al. introduce an approach that enables the visualization of all the germinal center niches and activated B cells within intact lymph nodes. Germinal centers (GCs) are sites wherein B cells proliferate and mutate their immunoglobulins in the dark zone (DZ), followed by affinity-based selection in the light zone (LZ). Here, we mapped the location of single B cells in the context of intact lymph nodes (LNs) throughout the GC response, and examined the role of BCR affinity in dictating their position. Imaging of entire GC structures and proximal single cells by light-sheet fluorescence microscopy revealed that individual B cells that previously expressed AID are located within the LN cortex, in an area close to the GC LZ. Using in situ photoactivation, we demonstrated that B cells migrate from the LZ toward the GC outskirts, while DZ B cells are confined to the GC. B cells expressing very-low-affinity BCRs formed GCs but were unable to efficiently disperse within the follicles. Our findings reveal that BCR affinity regulates B cell positioning during the GC response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Stoler-Barak
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Biram
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Natalia Davidzohn
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoseph Addadi
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ofra Golani
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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35
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Gordon S, Plüddemann A. The Mononuclear Phagocytic System. Generation of Diversity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1893. [PMID: 31447860 PMCID: PMC6696592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We are living through an unprecedented accumulation of data on gene expression by macrophages, reflecting their origin, distribution, and localization within all organs of the body. While the extensive heterogeneity of the cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system is evident, the functional significance of their diversity remains incomplete, nor is the mechanism of diversification understood. In this essay we review some of the implications of what we know, and draw attention to issues to be clarified in further research, taking advantage of the powerful genetic, cellular, and molecular tools now available. Our thesis is that macrophage specialization and functions go far beyond immunobiology, while remaining an essential contributor to innate as well as adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamon Gordon
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Plüddemann
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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36
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Takeda A, Hollmén M, Dermadi D, Pan J, Brulois KF, Kaukonen R, Lönnberg T, Boström P, Koskivuo I, Irjala H, Miyasaka M, Salmi M, Butcher EC, Jalkanen S. Single-Cell Survey of Human Lymphatics Unveils Marked Endothelial Cell Heterogeneity and Mechanisms of Homing for Neutrophils. Immunity 2019; 51:561-572.e5. [PMID: 31402260 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels form a critical component in the regulation of human health and disease. While their functional significance is increasingly being recognized, the comprehensive heterogeneity of lymphatics remains uncharacterized. Here, we report the profiling of 33,000 lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in human lymph nodes (LNs) by single-cell RNA sequencing. Unbiased clustering revealed six major types of human LECs. LECs lining the subcapsular sinus (SCS) of LNs abundantly expressed neutrophil chemoattractants, whereas LECs lining the medullary sinus (MS) expressed a C-type lectin CD209. Binding of a carbohydrate Lewis X (CD15) to CD209 mediated neutrophil binding to the MS. The neutrophil-selective homing by MS LECs may retain neutrophils in the LN medulla and allow lymph-borne pathogens to clear, preventing their spread through LNs in humans. Our study provides a comprehensive characterization of LEC heterogeneity and unveils a previously undefined role for medullary LECs in human immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Takeda
- MediCity Research Laboratory and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maija Hollmén
- MediCity Research Laboratory and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Denis Dermadi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Junliang Pan
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and The Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Francis Brulois
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Riina Kaukonen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tapio Lönnberg
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pia Boström
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Koskivuo
- Department of Plastic and General Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki Irjala
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Finland
| | - Masayuki Miyasaka
- MediCity Research Laboratory and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Interdisciplinary Program for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Marko Salmi
- MediCity Research Laboratory and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eugene C Butcher
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and The Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- MediCity Research Laboratory and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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37
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Chen H, Eling N, Martinez‐Jimenez CP, O'Brien LM, Carbonaro V, Marioni JC, Odom DT, de la Roche M. IL-7-dependent compositional changes within the γδ T cell pool in lymph nodes during ageing lead to an unbalanced anti-tumour response. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47379. [PMID: 31283095 PMCID: PMC6680116 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201847379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
How the age-associated decline of immune function leads to increased cancer incidence is poorly understood. Here, we have characterised the cellular composition of the γδ T-cell pool in peripheral lymph nodes (pLNs) upon ageing. We find that ageing has minimal cell-intrinsic effects on function and global gene expression of γδ T cells, and γδTCR diversity remains stable. However, ageing alters TCRδ chain usage and clonal structure of γδ T-cell subsets. Importantly, IL-17-producing γδ17 T cells dominate the γδ T-cell pool of aged mice-mainly due to the selective expansion of Vγ6+ γδ17 T cells and augmented γδ17 polarisation of Vγ4+ T cells. Expansion of the γδ17 T-cell compartment is mediated by increased IL-7 expression in the T-cell zone of old mice. In a Lewis lung cancer model, pro-tumourigenic Vγ6+ γδ17 T cells are exclusively activated in the tumour-draining LN and their infiltration into the tumour correlates with increased tumour size in aged mice. Thus, upon ageing, substantial compositional changes in γδ T-cell pool in the pLN lead to an unbalanced γδ T-cell response in the tumour that is associated with accelerated tumour growth.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/genetics
- Aging/immunology
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/pathology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Immunophenotyping
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-7/genetics
- Interleukin-7/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/classification
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/classification
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Tumor Burden/genetics
- Tumor Burden/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung‐Chang Chen
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Nils Eling
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- European Molecular Biology LaboratoryEuropean Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL‐EBI), Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUK
| | - Celia Pilar Martinez‐Jimenez
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUK
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | | | | | - John C Marioni
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- European Molecular Biology LaboratoryEuropean Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL‐EBI), Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUK
| | - Duncan T Odom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUK
- Division of Signalling and Functional GenomicsGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Maike de la Roche
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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38
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Functional interactions between innate lymphoid cells and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:599-613. [PMID: 31350531 PMCID: PMC6982279 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are enriched at barrier surfaces of the mammalian body where they rapidly respond to host, microbial or environmental stimuli to promote immunity or tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, ILCs are dysregulated in multiple human diseases. Over the past decade, substantial advances have been made in identifying the heterogeneity and functional diversity of ILCs, which have revealed striking similarities to T cell subsets. However, emerging evidence indicates that ILCs also have a complex role in directly influencing the adaptive immune response in the context of development, homeostasis, infection or inflammation. In turn, adaptive immunity reciprocally regulates ILCs, which indicates that these interactions are a crucial determinant of immune responses within tissues. Here, we summarize our current understanding of functional interactions between ILCs and the adaptive immune system, discuss limitations and future areas of investigation, and consider the potential for these interactions to be therapeutically harnessed to benefit human health.
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39
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Laidlaw BJ, Gray EE, Zhang Y, Ramírez-Valle F, Cyster JG. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 restrains egress of γδ T cells from the skin. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1487-1496. [PMID: 31160320 PMCID: PMC6605748 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of a population of IL-17-committed γδ T cells in the dermis is important in promoting tissue immunity. However, the signals facilitating γδ T cell retention within the dermis remain poorly understood. Here, we find that sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) acts in a cell-intrinsic manner to oppose γδ T cell migration from the dermis to the skin draining lymph node (dLN). Migration of dermal γδ T cells to the dLN under steady-state conditions occurs in an S1PR1-dependent manner. S1PR1 and CD69 are reciprocally expressed on dermal γδ T cells, with loss of CD69 associated with increased S1PR1 expression and enhanced migration to the dLN. γδ T cells lacking both S1PR2 and CD69 are impaired in their maintenance within the dermis. These findings provide a mechanism for how IL-17+ γδ T cells establish residence within the dermis and identify a role for S1PR2 in restraining the egress of tissue-resident lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Laidlaw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Elizabeth E Gray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Francisco Ramírez-Valle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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40
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Tan L, Sandrock I, Odak I, Aizenbud Y, Wilharm A, Barros-Martins J, Tabib Y, Borchers A, Amado T, Gangoda L, Herold MJ, Schmidt-Supprian M, Kisielow J, Silva-Santos B, Koenecke C, Hovav AH, Krebs C, Prinz I, Ravens S. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Identifies the Adaptation of Scart1+ Vγ6+ T Cells to Skin Residency as Activated Effector Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 27:3657-3671.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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41
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Camara A, Cordeiro OG, Alloush F, Sponsel J, Chypre M, Onder L, Asano K, Tanaka M, Yagita H, Ludewig B, Flacher V, Mueller CG. Lymph Node Mesenchymal and Endothelial Stromal Cells Cooperate via the RANK-RANKL Cytokine Axis to Shape the Sinusoidal Macrophage Niche. Immunity 2019; 50:1467-1481.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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42
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van Dinther D, Veninga H, Iborra S, Borg EGF, Hoogterp L, Olesek K, Beijer MR, Schetters STT, Kalay H, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, Franken KL, Cham LB, Lang KS, van Kooyk Y, Sancho D, Crocker PR, den Haan JMM. Functional CD169 on Macrophages Mediates Interaction with Dendritic Cells for CD8 + T Cell Cross-Priming. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1484-1495. [PMID: 29425504 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Splenic CD169+ macrophages are located in the marginal zone to efficiently capture blood-borne pathogens. Here, we investigate the requirements for the induction of CD8+ T cell responses by antigens (Ags) bound by CD169+ macrophages. Upon Ag targeting to CD169+ macrophages, we show that BATF3-dependent CD8α+ dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for DNGR-1-mediated cross-priming of CD8+ T cell responses. In addition, we demonstrate that CD169, a sialic acid binding lectin involved in cell-cell contact, preferentially binds to CD8α+ DCs and that Ag transfer to CD8α+ DCs and subsequent T cell activation is dependent on the sialic acid-binding capacity of CD169. Finally, functional CD169 mediates optimal CD8+ T cell responses to modified vaccinia Ankara virus infection. Together, these data indicate that the collaboration of CD169+ macrophages and CD8α+ DCs for the initiation of effective CD8+ T cell responses is facilitated by binding of CD169 to sialic acid containing ligands on CD8α+ DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieke van Dinther
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henrike Veninga
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Salvador Iborra
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ellen G F Borg
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leoni Hoogterp
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna Olesek
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke R Beijer
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd T T Schetters
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Juan J Garcia-Vallejo
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kees L Franken
- Department of Immunohematology and Bloodtransfusion, LUMC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lamin B Cham
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David Sancho
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul R Crocker
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Joke M M den Haan
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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43
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Vilgelm AE, Richmond A. Chemokines Modulate Immune Surveillance in Tumorigenesis, Metastasis, and Response to Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:333. [PMID: 30873179 PMCID: PMC6400988 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are small secreted proteins that orchestrate migration and positioning of immune cells within the tissues. Chemokines are essential for the function of the immune system. Accumulating evidence suggest that chemokines play important roles in tumor microenvironment. In this review we discuss an association of chemokine expression and activity within the tumor microenvironment with cancer outcome. We summarize regulation of immune cell recruitment into the tumor by chemokine-chemokine receptor interactions and describe evidence implicating chemokines in promotion of the "inflamed" immune-cell enriched tumor microenvironment. We review both tumor-promoting function of chemokines, such as regulation of tumor metastasis, and beneficial chemokine roles, including stimulation of anti-tumor immunity and response to immunotherapy. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic strategies target tumor-promoting chemokines or induce/deliver beneficial chemokines within the tumor focusing on pre-clinical studies and clinical trials going forward. The goal of this review is to provide insight into comprehensive role of chemokines and their receptors in tumor pathobiology and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Vilgelm
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Ann Richmond
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
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44
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Moran I, Grootveld AK, Nguyen A, Phan TG. Subcapsular Sinus Macrophages: The Seat of Innate and Adaptive Memory in Murine Lymph Nodes. Trends Immunol 2018; 40:35-48. [PMID: 30502023 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Subcapsular sinus (SCS) macrophages are strategically positioned at the lymph-tissue interface in the lymph node to trap and present antigen to B cells. Recent murine data has shown that SCS macrophages also prevent the systemic spread of lymph-borne pathogens and are capable of activating a diverse range of innate effector and adaptive memory cells, including follicular memory T cells and memory B cells (Bmems), that are either pre-positioned or rapidly recruited to the subcapsular niche following infection and inflammation. Furthermore, Bmems are rapidly reactivated to differentiate into plasma cells in subcapsular proliferative foci (SPF). Thus, understanding how SCS macrophages coordinate both innate and adaptive memory responses in the subcapsular niche can provide new opportunities to bolster immunity against pathogens and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imogen Moran
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Abigail K Grootveld
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Akira Nguyen
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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45
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Grabowska J, Lopez-Venegas MA, Affandi AJ, den Haan JMM. CD169 + Macrophages Capture and Dendritic Cells Instruct: The Interplay of the Gatekeeper and the General of the Immune System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2472. [PMID: 30416504 PMCID: PMC6212557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the seminal discovery of dendritic cells (DCs) by Steinman and Cohn in 1973, there has been an ongoing debate to what extent macrophages and DCs are related and perform different functions. The current view is that macrophages and DCs originate from different lineages and that only DCs have the capacity to initiate adaptive immunity. Nevertheless, as we will discuss in this review, lymphoid tissue resident CD169+ macrophages have been shown to act in concert with DCs to promote or suppress adaptive immune responses for pathogens and self-antigens, respectively. Accordingly, we propose a functional alliance between CD169+ macrophages and DCs in which a division of tasks is established. CD169+ macrophages are responsible for the capture of pathogens and are frequently the first cell type infected and thereby provide a confined source of antigen. Subsequently, cross-presenting DCs interact with these antigen-containing CD169+ macrophages, pick up antigens and activate T cells. The cross-priming of T cells by DCs is enhanced by the localized production of type I interferons (IFN-I) derived from CD169+ macrophages and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) that induces DC maturation. The interaction between CD169+ macrophages and DCs appears not only to be essential for immune responses against pathogens, but also plays a role in the induction of self-tolerance and immune responses against cancer. In this review we will discuss the studies that demonstrate the collaboration between CD169+ macrophages and DCs in adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Grabowska
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Miguel A Lopez-Venegas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alsya J Affandi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joke M M den Haan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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46
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van Dinther D, Veninga H, Revet M, Hoogterp L, Olesek K, Grabowska J, Borg EGF, Kalay H, van Kooyk Y, den Haan JMM. Comparison of Protein and Peptide Targeting for the Development of a CD169-Based Vaccination Strategy Against Melanoma. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1997. [PMID: 30237798 PMCID: PMC6135888 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD169+ macrophages are part of the innate immune system and capture pathogens that enter secondary lymphoid organs such as the spleen and the lymph nodes. Their strategic location in the marginal zone of the spleen and the subcapsular sinus in the lymph node enables them to capture antigens from the blood and the lymph respectively. Interestingly, these specific CD169+ macrophages do not destroy the antigens they obtain, but instead, transfer it to B cells and dendritic cells (DCs) which facilitates the induction of strong adaptive immune responses. This latter characteristic of the CD169+ macrophages can be exploited by specifically targeting tumor antigens to CD169+ macrophages for the induction of specific T cell immunity. In the current study we target protein and peptide antigen as antibody-antigen conjugates to CD169+ macrophages. We monitored the primary, memory, and recall T cell responses and evaluated the anti-tumor immune responses after immunization. In conclusion, both protein and peptide targeting to CD169 resulted in strong primary, memory, and recall T cell responses and protective immunity against melanoma, which indicates that both forms of antigen can be further explored as anti-cancer vaccination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieke van Dinther
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henrike Veninga
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Revet
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Leoni Hoogterp
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna Olesek
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joanna Grabowska
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ellen G F Borg
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joke M M den Haan
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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47
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Moran I, Nguyen A, Khoo WH, Butt D, Bourne K, Young C, Hermes JR, Biro M, Gracie G, Ma CS, Munier CML, Luciani F, Zaunders J, Parker A, Kelleher AD, Tangye SG, Croucher PI, Brink R, Read MN, Phan TG. Memory B cells are reactivated in subcapsular proliferative foci of lymph nodes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3372. [PMID: 30135429 PMCID: PMC6105623 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05772-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-induced immunity depends on the generation of memory B cells (MBC). However, where and how MBCs are reactivated to make neutralising antibodies remain unknown. Here we show that MBCs are prepositioned in a subcapsular niche in lymph nodes where, upon reactivation by antigen, they rapidly proliferate and differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells in the subcapsular proliferative foci (SPF). This novel structure is enriched for signals provided by T follicular helper cells and antigen-presenting subcapsular sinus macrophages. Compared with contemporaneous secondary germinal centres, SPF have distinct single-cell molecular signature, cell migration pattern and plasma cell output. Moreover, SPF are found both in human and mouse lymph nodes, suggesting that they are conserved throughout mammalian evolution. Our data thus reveal that SPF is a seat of immunological memory that may be exploited to rapidly mobilise secondary antibody responses and improve vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imogen Moran
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Akira Nguyen
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Weng Hua Khoo
- Division of Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Danyal Butt
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Biologics Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Macquarie Park, NSW, 2113, Australia
| | - Katherine Bourne
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Clara Young
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Jana R Hermes
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Maté Biro
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Gary Gracie
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - C Mee Ling Munier
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Fabio Luciani
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - John Zaunders
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,St Vincent's Hospital Sydney Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew Parker
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,St Vincent's Hospital Sydney Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Peter I Croucher
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Division of Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Robert Brink
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Mark N Read
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
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48
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Asano K, Kikuchi K, Tanaka M. CD169 macrophages regulate immune responses toward particulate materials in the circulating fluid. J Biochem 2018; 164:77-85. [PMID: 29905851 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue macrophages comprise heterogeneous subsets that differ in localization, phenotype and ontogeny. They acquire tissue-specific phenotype in order to maintain normal tissue physiology. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the functions of CD169-positive macrophage subset residing in the lymphoid organs and intestinal tract. Strategically positioned at the interface between tissue and circulating fluid, CD169+ macrophages in the lymphoid organs capture blood- and lymph-borne particulate materials. Antigen information relayed by CD169+ macrophages to neighbouring immune cells is important for enhancement of antimicrobial and antitumour immunity as well as induction of tolerance. In the intestinal tract, CD169+ macrophages localize distantly from epithelial border. Following mucosal injury, they exacerbate inflammation by producing CCL8 that recruits inflammatory monocytes. As such, a better understanding of CD169+ macrophage phenotypes may enable the design of tissue-specific therapies for both immunological and non-immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Asano
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Kenta Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Masato Tanaka
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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49
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Abstract
Lymph nodes have been studied for decades as the main site of the adaptive immune response. In this Viewpoint, we outline how the lymph nodes have another less appreciated function as an active innate barrier. Lymph nodes drain lymphatic fluid from tissues that are exposed to the external environment, such as the skin, lung, or gut. Pathogens that travel through lymphatics should be able to enter the circulation, if it were not for the strategic localization of lymph nodes along lymphatics which prevent systemic access. There is growing evidence for several populations of innate immune cells in the lymph node that function to control pathogens. Understanding how the lymph node functions as an active innate barrier can contribute to improving defenses against dissemination of infections in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Bogoslowski
- Calvin, Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Paul Kubes
- Calvin, Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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50
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Peripheral Tissue Chemokines: Homeostatic Control of Immune Surveillance T Cells. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:734-747. [PMID: 30001872 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellular immunity is governed by a complex network of migratory cues that enable appropriate immune cell responses in a timely and spatially controlled fashion. This review focuses on the chemokines and their receptors regulating the steady-state localisation of immune cells within healthy peripheral tissues. Steady-state immune cell traffic is not well understood but is thought to involve constitutive (homeostatic) chemokines. The recent discovery of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) illustrates our need for understanding how chemokines control immune cell mobilisation and/or retention. These studies will be critical to unravel novel pathways for preserving tissue function (aging) and preventing tissue disease (vaccination).
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