Prospective multifunctional roles and pharmacological potential of dietary flavonoid narirutin

Pure total flavonoids from Citrus ameliorate NSAIDs-induced intestinal mucosal injury via regulation of exosomal LncRNA H19 and protective autophagy

Introduction

Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a class of prescription drugs with antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiplatelet effects. However, long-term use of NSAIDs will disrupt the intestinal mucosal barrier, causing erosion, ulcers, bleeding, and even perforation. Pure total flavonoids from Citrus (PTFC) is extracted from the dried peel of Citrus, showing a protective effect on intestinal mucosal barrier with unclear mechanisms.

Methods

In the present study, we used diclofenac (7.5 mg kg-1, i.g.) to induce a rat model of NSAIDs-related intestinal lesions. PTFC (50, 75, 100 mg·kg-1 d-1, i.g.) was administered 9 days before the initial diclofenac administration, followed by co-administration on the last 5 days. Exosomes were identified by western blotting and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and then co-cultured with IEC-6 cells. The expression of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) H19, autophagy-related 5 (Atg5), ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-1 were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The expression of light chain 3 (LC3)-I, LC3-II, ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin-1 proteins was tested by western blotting. The localization of both exosomes and autophagosomes was examined by immunofluorescent technique.

Results

The treatment of PTFC attenuated intestinal mucosal mechanical barrier function disturbance in diclofenac-induced NSAIDs rats. IEC-6 cells co-cultured with NSAIDs rats-derived exosomes possessed the lowest levels of protective autophagy, and severe intestinal barrier injuries. Cells co-cultured with the exosomes extracted from rats administrated PTFC exhibited an improvement of autophagy and intestinal mucosal mechanical barrier function. The prevention effect was proportional to the concentration of PTFC administered.

Conclusion

PTFC ameliorated NSAIDs-induced intestinal mucosal injury by down-regulating exosomal lncRNA H19 and promoting autophagy.

Narirutin-Rich Celluclast Extract from Mandarin (Citrus unshiu) Peel Alleviates High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Promotes Energy Metabolism in C57BL/6 Mice

Mandarin peel, a main by-product from the processing of citrus juice, has been highlighted for its various bioactivities and functional ingredients. Our previous study proved the inhibitory effects of Celluclast extract from mandarin peel (MPCE) on lipid accumulation and differentiation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the anti-obesity effect of MPCE in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis exhibited that narirutin and hesperidin are the main active components of MPCE. Our current results showed that MPCE supplementation decreased adiposity by reducing body and organ weights in HFD-induced obese mice. MPCE also reduced triglyceride (TG), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and leptin contents in the serum of HFD-fed mice. Moreover, MPCE significantly inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation by regulating the expression levels of proteins associated with lipid metabolism, including sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP1c), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). Furthermore, MPCE administration significantly inhibited both adipogenesis and lipogenesis, with modulation of energy metabolism by activating 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and lipolytic enzymes such as hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in the white adipose tissue (WAT). Altogether, our findings indicate that MPCE improves HFD-induced obesity and can be used as a curative agent in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals to alleviate obesity and related disorders.

A mechanistic review of the pharmacological potential of narirutin: a dietary flavonoid

Flavanones, a type of polyphenol, are found in substantial amounts in citrus fruits. When high- or moderate-dose orange juice consumption occurs, flavanones make up a significant portion of the total polyphenols in plasma. Disaccharide derivative narirutin, mainly dihydroxy flavanone, is found in citrus fruits. The substantial chemotherapeutic potential of narirutin has been amply demonstrated by numerous experimental studies. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to compile the research that has already been done showing narirutin to be a promising anticancer drug, with its mechanism of action being documented in treatment plans for various cancer forms. Narirutin functions in a variety of cancer cells by regulating several pathways that include cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, antiangiogenic, antimetastatic, and DNA repair. Narirutin has been shown to modify many molecular targets linked to the development of cancer, including drug transporters, cell cycle mediators, transcription factors, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these reviews offer important new information about narirutin's potential as a potent and promising drug candidate for use in medicines, functional foods, dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, and other products targeted at improving the treatment of cancer.

Narirutin Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Suppressing the TXNIP/NLRP3 Pathway

Narirutin (Nar) is a flavonoid that is abundantly present in citrus fruits and has attracted considerable attention because of its diverse pharmacological activities and low toxicity. Here, we evaluated the preventive effects of Nar in middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R)-injured mice and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R)-injured bEnd.3 cells. Pretreatment with Nar (150 mg/kg) for 7 days effectively reduced infarct volume, improved neurological deficits, and significantly inhibited neuronal death in the hippocampus and cortex in MCAO/R-injured mice. Moreover, anti-apoptotic effects of Nar (50 µM) were observed in OGD/R-injured bEnd.3 cells. In addition, Nar pre-administration regulated blood-brain barrier function by increasing tight junction-related protein expression after MCAO/R and OGD/R injury. Nar also inhibited NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation by reducing the expression of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) in vivo and in vitro. Taken together, these results provide new evidence for the use of Nar in the prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke.

Phytocompounds and Regulation of Flavonoids in In Vitro-Grown Safflower Plant Tissue by Abiotic Elicitor CdCl2

In this study, a Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) investigation of embryogenic callus and somatic embryo regenerated shoots of Carthamus tinctorius revealed the presence of a variety of sugars, sugar acids, sugar alcohols, fatty acids, organic acids, and amino acids of broad therapeutic value. The in vitro developed inflorescence contained a wide range of active compounds. In embryogenic calluses, important flavonoids like naringenin, myricetin, kaempferol, epicatechin gallate, rutin, pelargonidin, peonidin, and delphinidin were identified. To augment the synthesis of active compounds, the effect of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) elicitation was tested for various treatments (T1-T4) along with a control (T0). Varying concentrations of CdCl2 [0.05 mM (T1), 0.10 mM (T2), 0.15 mM (T3), and 0.20 mM (T4)] were added to the MS medium, and flavonoid accumulation was quantified through ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (UHPLC-MS/MS). The flavonoids naringenin, kaempferol, epicatechin gallate, pelargonidin, cyanidin, and delphinidin increased by 6.7-, 1.9-, 3.3-, 2.1-, 1.9-, and 4.4-fold, respectively, at T3, whereas quercetin, myricetin, rutin, and peonidin showed a linear increase with the increase in CdCl2 levels. The impacts of stress markers, i.e., ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), on defense responses in triggering synthesis were also evaluated. The maximum APX and SOD activity was observed at T3, while CAT activity was at its maximum at T2. The impact of elicitor on biochemical attributes like protein, proline, sugar, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was investigated. The maximum protein, proline, and sugar accumulation was noted at high elicitor dose T4, while the maximum MDA content was noted at T3. These elevated levels of biochemical parameters indicated stress in culture, and the amendment of CdCl2 in media thus could be a realistic approach for enhancing secondary metabolite synthesis in safflower.

"Delaying Rot Emergence in Persian Lime (Citrus×latifolia) Through Antifungal Hybrid Films Containing Litsea glaucescens Essential Oil"

Herein we describe the in situ inhibitory activity of three hybrid films (FL1, FL2, and FL3) against two wild strains of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Penicillium digitatum as causal agents of rot in Persian limes. The films FL2 and FL3 contained 1.0 and 1.3 % weight/volume Litsea glaucescens essential oil (LgEO) and significantly (p<0.05) delayed rot emergence in Persian limes caused by both pathogens up to 10 days. The physicochemical properties of LgEO and hybrid films were obtained, whereas detailed HPLC profiling revealed that fruit covered with these films significantly (p<0.01) preserved reducing sugars (sucrose, fructose, and glucose), organic acids (citric acid, ascorbic acid, malic acid, and oxalic acid), and flavonoids with nutraceutical activity (hesperidin, eriocitrin, naruritin, neohesperidin, diosmin, vitexin, rutin, and quercetin). This evidence sustains that the composites generated in this investigation improve the shelf life of Persian limes and conserve their nutraceutical content.

Jianpi Yangxue Qufeng compound alleviates atopic dermatitis via TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway

Background

Jianpi Yangxue Qufeng Compound (JPYXQFC) is a Chinese medicine widely used in the clinical treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) and has a significantly therapeutic effect. However, the mechanism of JPYXQFC in AD has been not understood clearly.

Objective

This study aimed to explore the effect of JPYXQFC on AD model cells and rats by regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Methods

The rats (n > 5) were given JPYXQFC decoction orally twice a day for three days, and their abdominal aortic blood was collected. HaCaT cell proliferation rate was tested by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays. We induced AD rat model through 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). AD rats were given oral JPYXQFC decoction and cetirizine (positive control). HaCaT cells were pretreated with JPYXQFC drug serum or cetirizine for 0.5 h and then stimulated with TNF-α/IFN-γ for 1 h. The mRNA levels of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, IL-4, IL-13, MCP1, TNF-α and TSLP were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (Q-RT-PCR), and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway protein expression was tested by Western blot. The total serum levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE), thymus and activation regulated chemokine/chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17 (TARC/CCL17) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The epidermal thickness was detected by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The dermatitis area and score were measured by a ruler and a four-point scoring method, respectively.

Results

JPYXQFC significantly inhibited mRNA and protein expression of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and Histone H3 in TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced HaCaT cells and DNFB-induced rats, decreased the mRNA of IL-4, IL-13, MCP1, CCL22, TSLP and the level of AD-related genes IgE and TAEC/CCL17 of TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced HaCaT cells. Meanwhile, JPYXQFC significantly reduced the dermatitis area and dermatitis score in DNFB-induced rats, inhibited the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, and upregulated FLG, as well as inhibited the levels of IgE and TARC/CCL17 in the serum of AD rats.

Conclusion

JPYXQFC alleviates AD by inhibiting the activation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway.

Antiadipogenic Effect of Citrus Flavonoids: Evidence from RNA Sequencing Analysis and Activation of AMPK in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

Citrus fruits are rich in dietary flavonoids and have many health benefits, but their antiadipogenic mechanism of action and their impact on lipid metabolism remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of citrus flavonoids, namely, hesperidin (HES), narirutin (NAR), nobiletin (NOB), sinensetin (SIN), and tangeretin (TAN), on preventing fat cell development by gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Among the citrus flavonoids tested, HES and NAR significantly reduced fat storage and triglyceride levels and increased glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Additionally, HES and NAR treatment increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) while reducing the protein expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGCR). Furthermore, in silico docking revealed that flavonoids activate AMPK. RNA sequencing analysis demonstrated that citrus flavonoids normalized the expression of 40 genes, which were either upregulated by more than 2-fold or downregulated by less than 0.6-fold including Acadv1, Acly, Akr1d1, Awat1, Cyp27a1, Decr1, Dhrs4, Elovl3, Fasn, G6pc, Gba, Hmgcs1, Mogat2, Lrp5, Sptlc3, and Snca to levels comparable to the control group. Altogether, HES and NAR among five citrus flavonoids showed antiadipogenic effects by regulating the expression of specific lipid metabolism genes partially restored to control levels in 3T3-L1 cells.

Cardioprotection of Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), Wood Apple (Limonia acidissima) and Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) on Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Rat Model

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacological efficacy of 3 functional foods (Water spinach, Wood apple, and Linseed) against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and oxidative stress in rat models.

Methods

Twenty-five Wistar Albino rats (male and female) were equally classified into 5 groups. Except for the normal control (NC) group, the animals received 2.5 mg/kg doxorubicin (DOX) intra-peritoneal injection at 48 hours intervals to create a dose of 15 mg/kg overall for 14 days. Simply a standard diet was given to the NC and DOX groups. In the 3 treatment groups such as water spinach (DOX + WS), wood apple (DOX + WA), and linseed (DOX + LS), rats were given 14 gm/day/rat fried water spinach, mashed wood apple, roasted linseed, respectively mixed with regular rat diet at 1:1 ratio. Blood and heart samples were collected by sacrificing all the rats on the last of the experiment day (the 15th day). LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), CK-MB (creatine kinase myocardial band), MDA (malondialdehyde), and SOD (superoxide dismutase) were analyzed. Additionally, histopathological analysis was conducted for final observation.

Results

The functional foods were indicated to lower the serum cardiac biomarkers (LDH and CK-MB) as well as stress marker (MDA) significantly (P < .05) and improved heart function and oxidative stress. However, the change in serum SOD level was noted as statistically insignificant (P > .05). The biochemical outcomes of the food intervention groups were supported by the histological findings found in those groups.

Conclusion

Consuming the investigated foods containing antioxidant phytochemicals may combat cardiac toxicity and oxidative stress. Nonetheless, thorough investigations and clinical monitoring are required to understand these functional foods' mechanism of action and dose-response effects in treating cardiotoxicity and oxidative stress.

Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. Seed Extract Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in the Androgen Receptor Positive LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cells

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common male cancer. Its incidence derives from the interaction between modifiable and non-modifiable factors. The progression of prostate cancer into a more aggressive phenotype is associated with chronic inflammation and increased ROS production. For their biological properties, some phytochemicals from fruits and vegetable emerge as a promise strategy for cancer progression delay. These bioactive compounds are found in the highest amounts in peels and seeds. Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. (PT) has been widely used in traditional medicine and retains anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anticancer effects. The seeds of P. trifoliata were exhaustively extracted by maceration with methanol as the solvent. The cell proliferation rate was performed by MTT and flow cytometry, while the apoptosis signals were analyzed by Western blotting and TUNEL assay. P. trifoliata seed extract reduced LNCaP and PC3 cell viability and induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1phase and apoptosis. In addition, a reduction in the AKT/mTOR pathway has been observed together with the up-regulation of stress-activated MAPK (p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase). Based on the study, the anti-growth effects of PT seed extract on prostate tumor cells give indications on the potential of the phytochemical drug for the treatment of this type of cancer. However, future in-depth studies are necessary to identify which components are mainly responsible for the anti-neoplastic response.

Chemical characterization and metabolic profiling of Xiao-Er-An-Shen Decoction by UPLC-QTOF/MS

Background: Xiao-Er-An-Shen decoction (XEASD), a TCM formula composed of sixteen Chinese medicinal herbs, has been used to alleviate tic disorders (TD) in clinical practice for many years. However, the chemical basis underlying the therapeutic effects of XEASD in the treatment of TD remains unknown. Purpose: The present study aimed to determine the major chemical components of XEASD and its prototype compounds and metabolites in mice biological samples. Methods: The chemical constituents in XEASD were identified using ultra-high Performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). Following this, XEASD was orally administered to mice, and samples of plasma, urine, feces, bile, and tissue were collected in order to identify effective compounds for the prevention or treatment of TD. Result: Of the total 184 compounds identified to be discriminated in the XEASD, comprising 44 flavonoids, 26 phenylpropanoids, 16 coumarins, 16 triterpenoids, 14 amino acids, 13 organic acids, 13 alkaloids, 13 ketones, 10 cyclic enol ether terpenes, 7 citrullines, 3 steroids, and 5 anthraquinones, and others. Furthermore, we summarized 54 prototype components and 78 metabolic products of XEASD, measured with biological samples, by estimating metabolic principal components, with four prototype compounds detected in plasma, 58 prototypes discriminated in urine, and 40 prototypes identified in feces. These results indicate that the Oroxylin A glucuronide from Citri reticulatae pericarpium (CRP) is a major compound with potential therapeutic effects identified in brain, while operating positive effect in inhibiting oxidative stress in vitro. Conclusion: In summary, our work delineates the chemical basis underlying the complexity of XEASD, providing insights into the therapeutic and metabolic pathways for TD. Various types of chemicals were explored in XEASD, including flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, coumarins, organic acids, triterpenoid saponins, and so on. This study can promote the further pharmacokinetic and pharmacological evaluation of XEASD.

Exploring therapeutic potential of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz leaf and bark focusing on antioxidant, antithrombotic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antidiarrheal properties

Background and Aims

The study aimed to evaluate the pharmacological properties of methanolic extracts of leaves and barks of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (family: Lythraceae) focusing on antioxidant, thrombolytic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, analgesic, and antidiarrheal effects.

Methods

1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, clot lysis, disc diffusion, and membrane stabilizing methods were employed to assess in vitro antioxidant, thrombolytic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties of the leaf and bark methanolic extracts (ME) of W. fruticosa and different organic solvents, that is, petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane (DCM), chloroform (CL), and aqueous (AQ) fractions. In addition, in vivo central and peripheral analgesic and antidiarrheal activities of both crude extracts were evaluated at two doses (200 and 400 mg/kg of body weight [bw]).

Results

All the extracts and fractions showed promising antioxidant properties by scavenging DDPH free radicals with IC50 of 6.11-20.79 μg/mL. AQ fraction (41.24%) of leaves and ME (44.90%) of bark exerted notable in vitro thrombolytic activity. The CL fraction of leaves and AQ fraction of the bark showed 43.16% and 45.37% inhibition of RBC hemolysis, respectively, compared to the inhibition of RBC hemolysis by aspirin in a hypotonic-induced membrane stabilizing assay. Besides, both extracts were observed to provide significant (p < 0.001) central and peripheral analgesic responses at both doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg bw. Furthermore, both doses of bark extract (p < 0.001) and the 400 mg/kg bw of leaf extract (p < 0.05) were observed to possess statistically significant antidiarrheal activity. Additionally, in an in vivo acute toxicity investigation, both extracts had a median lethal dose (LD50) greater than 5000 mg/kg bw, indicating their safety level.

Conclusion

The current study proves the ethnomedicinal uses of W. fruticosa; however, further studies are required for phytochemical screening to isolate the responsible bioactive compounds and discover the lead molecules from the plant species.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties of endophytic fungi isolated from Thysanolaena maxima Roxb., Dracaena spicata Roxb. and Aglaonema hookerianum Schott

BACKGROUND

Endophytic fungi have recently been recognized as an impressive source of natural biomolecules. The primary objective of the research was to isolate fungal endophytes from Thysanolaena maxima Roxb., Dracaena spicata Roxb. and Aglaonema hookerianum Schott. of Bangladesh and assess their pharmacological potentialities focusing on antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties.

METHODS

The fungal isolates were identified up to the genus level by analyzing their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Ethyl acetate extracts of all the fungal isolates were screened for different bioactivities, including antimicrobial (disc diffusion method), antioxidant (DPPH scavenging assay), and cytotoxic (brine shrimp lethality bioassay) activities.

RESULTS

Among the thirteen isolates, Fusarium sp. was the most recognized genus, while the others belonged to Colletotrichum sp. and Pestalotia sp. Comparing the bioactivity of all the extracts, Fusarium sp. was shown to be the most effective endophyte, followed by Colletotrichum sp. and Pestalotia sp. In the antimicrobial study, two isolates of Fusarium sp. (internal strain nos. DSLE-1 and AHPE-4) showed inhibitory activity against all the tested bacteria and the highest zone of inhibition (15.5 ± 0.4 mm) was exerted by AHPE-4 against Bacillus subtillis. All the fungal isolates produced mild to moderate free radical scavenging activity, where the highest antioxidant activity was revealed by one isolate of Fusarium sp. (internal strain no. AHPE-3) with an IC50 value of 84.94 ± 0.41 µg/mL. The majority of Fusarium sp. isolates exhibited notable cytotoxic activity, where AHPE-4 exhibited the highest cytotoxicity, having the LC50 value of 14.33 ± 4.5 µg/mL.

CONCLUSION

The findings of the study endorsed that the fungal endophytes isolated from T. maxima, D. spicata, and A. hookerianum hold potential as valuable origins of bioactive substances. Nevertheless, more comprehensive research is warranted, which could develop novel natural compounds from these endophytes to treat various infectious and cancerous diseases.

Assessment of Bio-Compounds Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Neuroprotective Effect of Red Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata rubra) Processed by Convective Drying at Different Temperatures

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, and no efficient therapy able to cure or slow down PD is available. In this study, dehydrated red cabbage was evaluated as a novel source of bio-compounds with neuroprotective capacity. Convective drying was carried out at different temperatures. Total phenolics (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), anthocyanins (TAC), and glucosinolates (TGC) were determined using spectrophotometry, amino acid profile by LC-DAD and fatty acid profile by GC-FID. Phenolic characterization was determined by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Cytotoxicity and neuroprotection assays were evaluated in SH-SY5Y human cells, observing the effect on preformed fibrils of α-synuclein. Drying kinetic confirmed a shorter processing time with temperature increase. A high concentration of bio-compounds was observed, especially at 90 °C, with TPC = 1544.04 ± 11.4 mg GAE/100 g, TFC = 690.87 ± 4.0 mg QE/100 g and TGC = 5244.9 ± 260.2 µmol SngE/100 g. TAC degraded with temperature. Glutamic acid and arginine were predominant. Fatty acid profiles were relatively stable and were found to be mostly C18:3n3. The neochlorogenic acid was predominant. The extracts had no cytotoxicity and showed a neuroprotective effect at 24 h testing, which can extend in some cases to 48 h. The present findings underpin the use of red cabbage as a functional food ingredient.

Dissecting the multifaced function of transcription factor EB (TFEB) in human diseases: From molecular mechanism to pharmacological modulation

The transcription factor EB (TFEB) is a transcription factor of the MiT/TFE family that translocations from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in response to various stimuli, including lysosomal stress and nutrient starvation. By activating genes involved in lysosomal function, autophagy, and lipid metabolism, TFEB plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation of TFEB has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, and inflammatory diseases. Therefore, modulating TFEB activity with agonists or inhibitors may have therapeutic potential. In this review, we reviewed the recently discovered regulatory mechanisms of TFEB and their impact on human diseases. Additionally, we also summarize the existing TFEB inhibitors and agonists (targeted and non-targeted) and discuss unresolved issues and future research directions in the field. In summary, this review sheds light on the crucial role of TFEB, which may pave the way for its translation from basic research to practical applications, bringing us closer to realizing the full potential of TFEB in various fields.

Chemico-pharmacological and computational studies of Ophiorrhiza fasciculata D. Don and Psychotria silhetensis Hook. f. focusing cytotoxic, thrombolytic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties

The current study sought to examine the pharmacological potentials of crude methanolic extracts of Ophiorrhiza fasciculata and Psychotria silhetensis, as well as their various solvent fractionates, with a focus on cytotoxic, thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities via in vitro and in silico approaches. The extensive chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses confirmed and characterized two compounds as (±)-licarin B (1) and stigmasterol (2) from O. fasciculata and P. silhetensis, respectively. Petroleum ether soluble fraction of O. fasciculata and the aqueous soluble fraction of P. silhetensis showed the lowest 50% lethal concentrations (1.41 and 1.94 μg/mL, respectively) in brine shrimp bioassay. Likewise, petroleum ether soluble fraction of O. fasciculata and aqueous soluble fraction of P. silhetensis showed the highest thrombolytic activity with 46.66% and 50.10% lyses of the clot, respectively. The methanol and dichloromethane soluble fractions of O. fasciculata reduced erythrocyte hemolysis by 64.03% and 37.08%, respectively, under hypotonic and heat-induced conditions, compared to 81.97% and 42.12% for standard acetylsalicylic acid. In antioxidant activity test, aqueous soluble fraction O. fasciculata (IC50 = 7.22 μg/mL) revealed promising antioxidant potentialities in comparison to standard butylated hydroxytoluene (IC50 = 21.20 μg/mL). In antibacterial screening, chloroform, and dichloromethane soluble fractions of P. silhetensis showed a mild antibacterial activity compared with the standard drug ciprofloxacin. Additionally, the molecular docking study corroborated the current in vitro findings, and the isolated two constituents had higher binding affinities toward epidermal growth factor receptor, tissue plasminogen activator, vFLIP-IKK gamma stapled peptide dimer, glutathione reductase, and dihydrofolate reductase enzyme than their corresponding standard drugs. In addition, the both isolated compounds exerted favorable pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and toxicological profiles with drug-like qualities in computational-based ADMET and drug likeliness analyses. The current research suggests that both plants have potential as a natural treatment for treating thrombosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. However, more thorough research is required to thoroughly screen for phytochemicals and pinpoint the precise mechanisms of action of the bioactive metabolites derived from these plants against a broad range of molecular targets.

Acupuncture-adjuvant therapies for treating perimenopausal depression: A network meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The issues related to the treatment of perimenopausal depression (PMD) are the side effects of antidepressants and hormone replacement therapy. The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency and safety of acupuncture and moxibustion in PMD patients.

METHODS

Databases, namely PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EMBASE, CNKI, CBM, VIP, and WanFang, were reviewed for related randomized controlled trials dated between database inception and November 22, 2022. The primary outcomes were the efficacy rate and the Hamilton Depression Scale score. The secondary outcomes were the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and estradiol and the Kupperman score. Odds ratios (ORs) were generated as the effect size for dichotomous outcomes, while the standard mean difference (SMD) ± standard deviation was used for continuous outcomes. Matrices were developed to demonstrate pairwise comparisons of regimens related to each endpoint. Utilizing Review Manager (RevMan) 5.3, Stata 16.0 and SPSS 21, data were analyzed.

RESULTS

In total, 27 studies involving 2269 PMD patients and 8 therapeutic measures were incorporated into the network meta-analysis (NMA). The NMA showed that warm acupuncture (OR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.00-2.44), electroacupuncture (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.00-1.8), abdominal acupuncture (OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.73-1.96), and common acupuncture (OR = 1.4, 95% CI: 0.9-2.17) were more effective than fluoxetine + menopausal hormone treatment in the treatment of PMD. The NMA also showed that, based on the Hamilton Depression Scale score, warm acupuncture was more effective than the other 4 acupuncture-related treatments, i.e., electroacupuncture (SMD = -1.22, 95% CI: -2.34 to -0.09), thread embedding (SMD = -1.31, 95% CI: -2.21 to -0.40), abdominal acupuncture (SMD = -1.33, 95% CI: -2.42 to -0.24), and common acupuncture (SMD = -1.46, 95% CI: -2.26 to -0.66). The cumulative ranking probability (SUCRA) showed that warm acupuncture (99.6%) was the best treatment method.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of this network meta-analysis may help patients and therapists choose the best acupuncture therapy for treating perimenopausal depression patients and furnish reliable evidence for guidelines.

Potential Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lonicera japonica and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Polyphenolic Extract (LCPE)

Dermatitis is an inflammatory condition of the outer layer of the skin that causes itching, blisters, redness, swelling, and often exudation, scabs, and peeling. Among them, purulent inflammation is a symptom that often occurs on the skin and appears in the form of boils and acne. Various studies are being conducted to treat these inflammatory diseases. Accordingly, Lonicera japonica and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Polyphenolic Extract (LCPE), which uses herbal preparations such as Lonicera japonica, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis, has been used to suppress inflammation since ancient times, and its anti-inflammatory effect can be observed in skin keratinocytes after inducing inflammation. In this study, the major polyphenolic compounds in LCPE were quantitatively determined by analyzing the data through peak values using high-performance chromatography (HPLC-MS/MS) coupled with mass spectrometry. Additionally, bioactive compounds targeting 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were analyzed by ultrafiltration integrated with LC. Several compounds with the most significant effects were selected (chlorogenic acid, narirutin, and isorhamnetin). Skin keratinocytes induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were treated with LCPE to show its anti-inflammatory effects. After LCPE treatment, inflammation-mediating cytokines such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were decreased. In addition, nuclear factor kappa (NF-кB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were inhibited in important pathways related to inflammation. Lastly, molecular modeling was performed to determine binding scores with inflammation-related proteins using molecular docking for the selected compounds. According to these results, LCPE is effective in treating keratinocytes induced by LPS and reducing inflammation and has potential antioxidant effects, and the polyphenol components have been identified.

A nano-Liposomal formulation potentiates antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and fibrinolytic activities of Allolobophora caliginosa coelomic fluid: formulation and characterization

BACKGROUND

Coelomic fluid, a pharmacologically active compound in earthworms, exhibits a range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer. However, the biological activities exerted by the coelomic fluid can be restrained by its low bioavailability and stability. Liposomes are progressively utilized as an entrapment system for natural bioactive compounds with poor bioavailability and stability, which could be appropriate for coelomic fluid. Thus, the present study was designed to fabricate, characterize, and evaluate the stability of liposomal formulation for Allolobophora caliginosa coelomic fluid (ACCF) as a natural antioxidant compound.

METHODS

The ACCF-liposomes were developed with a subsequent characterization of their physicochemical attributes. The physical stability, ACCF release behavior, and gastrointestinal stability were evaluated in vitro. The biological activities of ACCF and its liposomal formulation were also determined.

RESULTS

The liposomal formulation of ACCF had a steady characteristic absorption band at 201 nm and a transmittance of 99.20 ± 0.10%. Its average hydrodynamic particle size was 98 nm, with a PDI of 0.29 ± 0.04 and a negative zeta potential (-38.66 ± 0.33mV). TEM further confirmed the formation of vesicular, spherical nano-liposomes with unilamellar configuration. Additionally, a remarkable entrapment efficiency percent (77.58 ± 0.82%) with a permeability rate equal to 3.20 ± 0.31% and a high retention rate (54.16 ± 2.20%) for ACCF-liposomes were observed. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) result demonstrated that ACCF successfully entrapped inside liposomes. The ACCF-liposomes exhibited a slow and controlled ACCF release in vitro. Regarding stability studies, the liposomal formulation enhanced the stability of ACCF during storage and at different pH. Furthermore, ACCF-liposomes are highly stable in intestinal digestion conditions comparable to gastric digestion. The current study disclosed that liposomal formulation potentiates the biological activities of ACCF, especially antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and thrombolytic activities.

CONCLUSION

These promising results offer a novel approach to increasing the bioaccessibility of ACCF, which may be crucial for the development of pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical-enriched functional foods.

Green Assessment of Phenolic Acid Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Advanced Potato Mutant Lines through UPLC-qTOF-MS/MS Quantification

Potatoes are one of the most consumed crops worldwide. They contain a high amount of bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds and vitamins with important antioxidant activities, which makes this crop of high biological value for human health. The goal of this research was to biochemically evaluate polyphenol levels and antioxidant capacities in parent and control genotypes compared to advanced mutant potato lines in the M₁V₈ generation. This will reveal the genetic changes that result from induced mutagenesis. The quantified compounds and the evaluated antioxidant activity boost the health benefits of consuming the improved mutant potatoes. In the present study, the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of eighteen mutant and initial potato genotypes were analyzed by UPLC-qTOF-MS/MS and the ORAC method, respectively. In each of the hybrid combinations, mutant lines with an improved phenolic compound profile were observed. Representative samples from the third hybrid combination had notable increases in phenolic compound concentrations, as well as the presence of metabolites not found in the parental lines. With one exception, the remaining nine mutants showed significantly higher antioxidant capacities. The results will be used in future potato breeding programs, with participation of the valuable mutant lines containing new phenolic substances not present in the initial genotypes.

Valorization of polyphenolic compounds from food industry by-products for application in polysaccharide-based nanoparticles

In the last decades, evidence has indicated the beneficial properties of dietary polyphenols. In vitro and in vivo studies support that the regular intake of these compounds may be a strategy to reduce the risks of some chronic non-communicable diseases. Despite their beneficial properties, they are poorly bioavailable compounds. Thus, the main objective of this review is to explore how nanotechnology improves human health while reducing environmental impacts with the sustainable use of vegetable residues, from extraction to the development of functional foods and supplements. This extensive literature review discusses different studies based on the application of nanotechnology to stabilize polyphenolic compounds and maintain their physical-chemical stability. Food industries commonly generate a significant amount of solid waste. Exploring the bioactive compounds of solid waste has been considered a sustainable strategy in line with emerging global sustainability needs. Nanotechnology can be an efficient tool to overcome the challenge of molecular instability, especially using polysaccharides such as pectin as assembling material. Complex polysaccharides are biomaterials that can be extracted from citrus and apple peels (from the juice industries) and constitute promising wall material stabilizing chemically sensitive compounds. Pectin is an excellent biomaterial to form nanostructures, as it has low toxicity, is biocompatible, and is resistant to human enzymes. The potential extraction of polyphenols and polysaccharides from residues and their inclusion in food supplements may be a possible application to reduce environmental impacts and constitutes an approach for effectively including bioactive compounds in the human diet. Extracting polyphenolics from industrial waste and using nanotechnology may be feasible to add value to food by-products, reduce impacts on nature and preserve the properties of these compounds.

Alizarin enhancement of the abundance of ARGs and impacts on the microbial community in water

Alizarin, a dyestuff from herbs, showed effective inhibition effects on pathogenic bacteria, and thus has been frequently used in the world as the main alternative to antibiotics in the treatment of inflammations and pathogen infections. However, it was unclear whether alizarin played key a role in antibiotic-induced antibiotic-resistant gene (ARG) alterations and impacted microbial community shifts in aquatic environments. In this study, the effects of alizarin or co-exposure of alizarin with antibiotics on the fate of ARGs, class 1 integron-integrase gene (intI1), and microbial populations in lake water were investigated, and the potential hosts for ARGs were analyzed. The results showed that the absolute abundance of 16s rRNA gene, ARGs (tetA, tetC, and qnrS), and intI1 were increased during the treatment of alizarin. The combination of alizarin and antibiotics was superior to alizarin in its ability to promote population growth of bacteria and induce ARGs. Additionally, alizarin more significantly altered the community composition of microorganisms in water, which resulted in differences in bacterial communities and functions.

Neuroprotective effects of bornyl acetate on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via anti-inflammatory effects and maintaining blood-brain-barrier integrity

BACKGROUND

Bornyl acetate (BA), a chemical component of essential oil in the Pinus family, has yet to be actively studies in terms of its therapeutic effect on numerous diseases, including autoimmune diseases.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to investigate the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of BA on myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG_35-55)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice in an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), a representative autoimmune disease in central nervous system.

METHODS

BA (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) was orally treated to EAE mice once daily for 30 days after immunization for the behavioral test and for the 16th-18th days for the histopathological and molecular analyses, from the onset stage (8th day) of EAE symptoms.

RESULTS

BA mitigated behavioral dysfunction (motor disability) and demyelination in the spinal cord that were associated with the down-regulation of representative pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha), enzymes (cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase), and chemokines (monocyte chemotactic protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha, and regulated on activation), and decreased infiltration of microglia (CD11b⁺/CD45^+(low)) and macrophages (CD11b⁺/CD45^+(high)). The anti-inflammatory effect of BA was related to the inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-kappa B pathways. BA also reduced the recruitment/infiltration rates of CD4⁺ T, Th1, and Th17 cells into the spinal cords of EAE mice, which was related to reduced blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption.

CONCLUSION

These findings strongly suggest that BA may alleviate EAE due to its anti-inflammatory and BSCB protective activities. This indicates that BA is a potential therapeutic agent for treating autoimmune demyelinating diseases including MS.

An Analysis of the Clinical Medication Rules of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Based on Data Mining

Objective

The aim of the present study is to investigate the rules and characteristics of the clinical administration of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) using data mining methods.

Method

Medical cases of well-known contemporary TCM doctors treating PCOS were collected from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biomedical Literature Service System, Wanfang, Chinese Scientific Journals Database, and PubMed; the data were then characterized, and a standardized database of medical cases was built. This database was used to (1) count the frequency of syndrome types and the herbs used in medical cases by data mining methods and (2) analyze drug association rules and systematic clustering methods.

Results

A total of 330 papers were included, involving 382 patients and a total of 1,427 consultations. The most common syndrome type was kidney deficiency; sputum stasis was the core pathological product and causative factor. A total of 364 herbs were used. Among them, 22 herbs were used >300 times, including Danggui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix), Tusizi (Semen Cuscutae), Fuling (Poria), Xiangfu (Nutgrass Galingale Rhizome), and Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma). Additionally, 22 binomial associations were obtained from the analysis of association rules; five clustering formulae were obtained via the analysis of high-frequency drug clusters; and 27 core combinations were obtained by k-means clustering of formula.

Conclusion

In the treatment of PCOS, TCM is primarily employed as a combination approach involving tonifying the kidneys, strengthening the spleen, eliminating damp and dissolving phlegm, activating blood circulation, and resolving blood stasis. The core prescription is primarily a compound intervention based on the Cangfu Daotan pill, Liuwei Dihuang pill, and Taohong Siwu decoction.

Comparative metabolomics of flavonoids in twenty vegetables reveal their nutritional diversity and potential health benefits

Vegetables are rich in flavonoids and are widely consumed in our daily life. However, comprehensive information on flavonoids components in vegetable varieties and the distribution of flavonoids with health-promoting effects in different vegetables are rarely investigated. Here, we analyzed the constitution of flavonoids among 20 vegetables by widely-targeted metabolome analysis. A total of 403 flavonoids were detected and classified as flavonoid, flavonols, anthocyanins, isoflavones, flavonoid carbonoside, dihydroflavone, chalcones, flavanols, dihydroflavonol, tannin, proanthocyanidins, and other flavonoids. Interestingly, we found that the content and types of flavonoids in bean sprouts and hot pepper were relatively abundant, whereas those were lower in carrot, lettuce, and Zizania latifolia. Then, we characterized the representative flavonoids including flavonoid, flavonols, chalcones, and isoflavones, and related them to the health-promoting effects of vegetables. Finally, we examined the relevance of the flavonoids to antioxidant capacity. Both bean sprouts and hot pepper possessed higher antioxidant enzyme activity, which were responsible for their great antioxidant capacity. Our study established a database of major flavonoids components in vegetables and further provides a new hint for the selection and breeding of vegetables based on their health-promoting effects.

Evaluation and Optimization of Quality Based on the Physicochemical Characteristics and Metabolites Changes of Qingpi during Storage

Qingpi, the dried immature pericarp of Citrus reticulata Blanco, is a commonly used medicinal food with some health-promoting benefits. In general, it is essential that Qingpi be stored for a period of time, but there are no reports about the number of storage years needed to obtain the best quality of Qingpi. Our aim was to determine the best storage time of Qingpi by studying the physicochemical properties and metabolite changes in product stored from 1 to 5 years. As a result, the color of Qingpi became darker during storage. Both the levels of three flavonoids (hesperidin, nobiletin, and tangeretin) and total flavonoids (TFs) and the antioxidant activity decreased during storage and the total phenolics (TPs) content fluctuated during storage. Cluster analysis was performed on the color parameters measured using a color difference meter, revealing that the color of Qingpi differed before and after 3 years of storage. A total of 9 special differential metabolites were identified that could be used to distinguish the storage years of Qingpi. This is the first study to report the quality changes of Qingpi during storage. The optimized results of the quality evaluation indicated that Qingpi should be stored for no more than 3 years.

Naringin and Naringenin Polyphenols in Neurological Diseases: Understandings from a Therapeutic Viewpoint

The glycosides of two flavonoids, naringin and naringenin, are found in various citrus fruits, bergamots, tomatoes, and other fruits. These phytochemicals are associated with multiple biological functions, including neuroprotective, antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiadipogenic, and cardioprotective effects. The higher glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio in 3-NP-induced rats is attributed to the ability of naringin to reduce hydroxyl radical, hydroperoxide, and nitrite. However, although progress has been made in treating these diseases, there are still global concerns about how to obtain a solution. Thus, natural compounds can provide a promising strategy for treating many neurological conditions. Possible therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders include naringin and naringenin polyphenols. New experimental evidence shows that these polyphenols exert a wide range of pharmacological activity; particular attention was paid to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, as well as other neurological conditions such as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and chronic hyperglycemic peripheral neuropathy. Several preliminary investigations have shown promising evidence of neuroprotection. The main objective of this review was to reflect on developments in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of naringin and naringenin as potential neuroprotective medications. Furthermore, the configuration relationships between naringin and naringenin are discussed, as well as their plant sources and extraction methods.

Bioactive Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Ponciri Fructus

Ponciri Fructus is a crude drug obtained from the dried immature fruits of Poncirus trifoliata (L). Raf. (Syn. Citrus trifoliata L.). This study aims to compile and analyze the ethnomedicinal uses, bioactive constituents, and pharmacological activities of Ponciri Fructus. Various online bibliographic databases namely, SciFinder, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were used for collecting information on traditional uses, biological activities, and bioactive constituents. Concerning ethnomedicinal uses, Ponciri Fructus is extensively used in traditional Korean, Chinese, and Kampo medicines to mitigate allergic reactions, inflammation, edema, digestive complications, respiratory problems, spleen-related problems, liver complications, neuronal pain, hyperlipidemia, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular problems, hernia, sinusitis, and insomnia. Several studies have shown that Ponciri Fructus is a major source of diverse classes of bioactive compounds namely flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarins, phytosterols, and alkaloids. Several in vivo and in vitro pharmacological activity evaluations such as antidiabetic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antimelanogenic, gastroprotective, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects have been conducted from Ponciri Fructus. However, scientific investigations focusing on bioassay-guided isolation and identification of specific bioactive constituents are limited. Therefore, an in-depth scientific investigation of Ponciri Fructus focusing on bioassay-guided isolation, mechanism based pharmacological studies, pharmacokinetic studies, and evaluation of possible toxicities is necessary in the future.

The Generation of Nitric Oxide from Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-2: The Role of Dietary Nitrates and Their Implication in Cardiovascular Disease Management

Reduced bioavailability of the nitric oxide (NO) signaling molecule has been associated with the onset of cardiovascular disease. One of the better-known and effective therapies for cardiovascular disorders is the use of organic nitrates, such as glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), which increases the concentration of NO. Unfortunately, chronic use of this therapy can induce a phenomenon known as "nitrate tolerance", which is defined as the loss of hemodynamic effects and a reduction in therapeutic effects. As such, a higher dosage of GTN is required in order to achieve the same vasodilatory and antiplatelet effects. Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is a cardioprotective enzyme that catalyzes the bio-activation of GTN to NO. Nitrate tolerance is accompanied by an increase in oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and sympathetic activation, as well as a loss of the catalytic activity of ALDH2 itself. On the basis of current knowledge, nitrate intake in the diet would guarantee a concentration of NO such as to avoid (or at least reduce) treatment with GTN and the consequent onset of nitrate tolerance in the course of cardiovascular diseases, so as not to make necessary the increase in GTN concentrations and the possible inhibition/alteration of ALDH2, which aggravates the problem of a positive feedback mechanism. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize data relating to the introduction into the diet of some natural products that could assist pharmacological therapy in order to provide the NO necessary to reduce the intake of GTN and the phenomenon of nitrate tolerance and to ensure the correct catalytic activity of ALDH2.

Reversal of Peripheral Neuropathic Pain by the Small-Molecule Natural Product Narirutin via Block of Nav1.7 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel

Neuropathic pain is a refractory chronic disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Given that present painkillers have poor efficacy or severe side effects, developing novel analgesics is badly needed. The multiplex structure of active ingredients isolated from natural products provides a new source for phytochemical compound synthesis. Here, we identified a natural product, Narirutin, a flavonoid compound isolated from the Citrus unshiu, showing antinociceptive effects in rodent models of neuropathic pain. Using calcium imaging, whole-cell electrophysiology, western blotting, and immunofluorescence, we uncovered a molecular target for Narirutin's antinociceptive actions. We found that Narirutin (i) inhibits Veratridine-triggered nociceptor activities in L4-L6 rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, (ii) blocks voltage-gated sodium (Na_V) channels subtype 1.7 in both small-diameter DRG nociceptive neurons and human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cell line, (iii) does not affect tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) Na_V channels, and (iv) blunts the upregulation of Na_v1.7 in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-labeled DRG sensory neurons after spared nerve injury (SNI) surgery. Identifying Na_v1.7 as a molecular target of Narirutin may further clarify the analgesic mechanism of natural flavonoid compounds and provide an optimal idea to produce novel selective and efficient analgesic drugs.

Phytochemical and pharmacological profiling of Trewia nudiflora Linn. leaf extract deciphers therapeutic potentials against thrombosis, arthritis, helminths, and insects

The objective of the current study was to examine the phytochemical and in vitro thrombolytic, anti-arthritic, anthelmintic, and insecticidal effects of Trewia nudiflora (TN) methanolic leaf extract with its methanol (MTN), chloroform (CTN), and ethyl acetate (ETN) fractions. Pheretima posthuma and Tribolium castaneum were employed for evaluating the antihelmintic and insecticidal properties, respectively. All the tested extracts showed the presence of copious potential constituents in phytochemical analysis. Among all extracts, MTN extract exhibited the utmost clot lysis (35.95 ± 4.81%) property compared to standard streptokinase (SK) (53.77 ± 7.52%). All samples displayed striking protein denaturation activity in a dose-dependent manner (100–500 µg/mL), where the highest inhibition was observed for MTN (67.26 ± 6.39% at 500 µg/mL). Each extract demonstrated considerable anthelmintic activity at 25–75 mg/mL dose ranges. ETN showed the strongest anthelmintic activity at the highest dose. Among all samples, the CTN extract displayed the utmost mortality rate (77.22%) in the insecticidal test. The results of the study suggest that T. nudiflora leaf extracts may have potential against thrombosis, arthritis, helminths, and insects, which warrants the necessity of extensive isolation and identification of bioactive compounds to develop newer effective drugs upon preclinical and clinical investigations.

Herbal Tea Essences (HTE) Ameliorate HFD-Induced Obesity

Tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world. The health-promoting effects of tea and its individual constituents, including antiobesity and antihyperlipidaemia effects, have been well accepted. In this study, we evaluated the effects of herbal tea essence (HTE), a commercial product extracted from black tea, on HFD-induced obesity in mice. HTE effectively reduces the gain in body weight and improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity after HFD treatment. HTE inhibits lipid accumulation in the body and reduces serum lipid contents. Furthermore, HTE negatively regulates the expression levels of genes that control lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis and upregulates the expression of genes for lipid β oxidation. The regulatory effects of HTE on these genes may occur through activation of the AKT, IRS-1, and AMPK signalling pathways. Our observations suggest that HTE could be a promising option for nutritional intervention in the treatment of obesity.

Curcumin Prevents Diabetic Osteoporosis through Promoting Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis Coupling via NF-κB Signaling

Diabetic osteoporosis (DOP) is a metabolic disease which is characterized by impaired bone microarchitecture and reduced bone mineral density resulting from hyperglycemia. Curcumin, an effective component extracted from Curcuma longa, exhibits antioxidation, regulation of bone metabolism and hypoglycemic effects. The BMSC-mediated osteogenesis and angiogenesis coupling seems to be important in bone formation and regeneration. We aimed to explore the effect of curcumin on BMSC-mediated osteogenesis-angiogenesis coupling in high glucose conditions and underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that high glucose impaired the osteogenic and proangiogenic ability of BMSCs and that curcumin pretreatment rescued the BMSC dysfunction induced by high-concentration glucose. Inhibition of the high glucose-activated NF-κB signaling pathway has been found to contribute to the protective effects of curcumin on high glucose-inhibited coupling of osteogenesis and angiogenesis in BMSCs. Furthermore, accelerated bone loss and decreased type H vessels were observed in diabetic osteoporosis mice models. However, curcumin treatment prevented bone loss and promoted vessel formation in diabetic osteoporosis mice. Based on these results, we concluded that curcumin ameliorated diabetic osteoporosis by recovering the osteogenesis and angiogenesis coupling of BMSCs in hyperglycemia, partly through inhibiting the high glucose-activated NF-κB signaling pathway.

Multifaceted role of polyphenols in the treatment and management of neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are conditions that cause neuron structure and/or function to deteriorate over time. Genetic alterations may be responsible for several NDDs. However, a multitude of physiological systems can trigger neurodegeneration. Several NDDs, such as Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's, are assigned to oxidative stress (OS). Low concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are crucial for maintaining normal brain activities, as their increasing concentrations can promote neural apoptosis. OS-mediated neurodegeneration has been linked to several factors, including notable dysfunction of mitochondria, excitotoxicity, and Ca²⁺ stress. However, synthetic drugs are commonly utilized to treat most NDDs, and these treatments have been known to have side effects during treatment. According to providing empirical evidence, studies have discovered many occurring natural components in plants used to treat NDDs. Polyphenols are often safer and have lesser side effects. As, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin, celastrol, berberine, genistein, and luteolin have p-values less than 0.05, so they are typically considered to be statistically significant. These polyphenols could be a choice of interest as therapeutics for NDDs. This review highlighted to discusses the putative effectiveness of polyphenols against the most prevalent NDDs.

Electroacupuncture Modulates 5-HT4R-Mediated cAMP/PKA Signaling to Improve Intestinal Motility Disorders in a Thy1-αSyn Parkinson's Mouse Model

Constipation is one of the most common nonmotor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and often occurs before motor symptoms. Electroacupuncture effectively improves the symptoms of constipation in patients with PD. In the present study, we used thymus cell antigen 1-α-synuclein (Thy1-αSyn) transgenic mice as a model of intestinal motility disorders in PD to determine the therapeutic effect of electroacupuncture and the underlying mechanisms. Electroacupuncture significantly improved fecal excretion and accelerated the rate of small-intestinal propulsion in Thy1-αSyn mice by upregulating the serotonin concentration and the expression of the serotonin 4 receptor. Consequently, the downstream cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) pathway was affected, and to upregulate and downregulate, the expression of substance P was upregulated, and the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide was downregulated. In summary, electroacupuncture improved intestinal motility in PD mice by affecting serotonin levels, serotonin 4 receptor expression, and the cAMP/PKA pathway, providing a potentially effective and promising complementary and alternative therapy for relieving constipation symptoms in patients with PD.

Sustainable Dyeing and Functionalization of Different Fibers Using Orange Peel Extract’s Antioxidants

A diluted ethanol orange peel extract was used for sustainable dyeing and functionalization of different fabrics. The extract analysis was performed using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS; its total flavonoid (0.67 g RE/100 g d.w.) and antioxidant (2.81 g GAE/100 g d.w.) contents and antioxidant activity (IC50 of 65.5 µg/mL) were also determined. The extract dyeing performance at various dyebath pH values was evaluated using multifiber fabric. Among six fabrics, extract possessed the ability for dyeing wool, polyamide, and cellulose acetate (at pH 4.5), which color strength (K/S) values increased after washing (9.7–19.8 vs. 11.6–23.2). Extract:water ratio of 20:35 (v/v) was found to be sufficient for achieving satisfactory K/S values (i.e., 20.17, 12.56, and 10.38 for wool, polyamide, and cellulose acetate, respectively) that were slightly changed after washing. The optimal dyeing temperatures for wool, polyamide, and cellulose acetate are 55, 35, and 25 °C, while the equilibrium dye exhaustion at those temperatures was achieved after 45, 120, and 90 min, respectively. The color coordinate measurements revealed that wool and polyamide fabrics are yellower than cellulose acetate, while, compared to polyamide and cellulose acetate, wool is redder. Possible interactions between selected fabrics and extract compounds are suggested. All fabrics possessed excellent antioxidant activity (88.6–99.6%) both before and after washing. Cellulose acetate provided maximum bacterial reduction (99.99%) for Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, which in the case of Staphylococcus aureus remained unchanged after washing. Orange peel extract could be used for simultaneous dyeing and functionalization of wool and polyamide (excellent antioxidant activity) and cellulose acetate (excellent antioxidant and antibacterial activity) fabrics.

Zuo Jin Wan Reverses the Resistance of Colorectal Cancer to Oxaliplatin by Regulating the MALAT1/miR-200s/JNK Signaling Pathway

Background

Oxaliplatin (L-OHP) is a common chemotherapy drug used in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). Our previous work showed that Zuo Jin Wan (ZJW), a traditional Chinese medicine prescription, could improve sensitivity to L-OHP in the treatment of CRC, but the detailed mechanism is not clear. In previous mechanistic studies, we found that the miR-200s expression in CRC is associated with L-OHP sensitivity through regulation of MDR1/p-gp and the downstream c-JunN-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway. Moreover, lncRNA-MALAT1 offers great potential in the regulation of drug resistance by interacting with miR-200s. Therefore, in this work, we explored whether ZJW could reverse L-OHP resistance in CRC by regulating MALAT1, miR-200s, and the downstream signaling pathway.

Methods

Cell Counting Kit-8 and flow cytometry were used to detect the effects of ZJW combined with L-OHP on chemotherapy tolerance and cell apoptosis of HCT116/L-OHP cells. Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were used to detect the activation of the JNK signaling pathway and the protein and mRNA expression levels of the drug resistance-related MDR1/ABCB1 gene in HCT116/L-OHP cells treated with ZJW. The binding sites of MALAT1 and miR-200s were predicted by bioinformatics tools and confirmed by qRT-PCR. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of miR-200s and MALAT1 in HCT116/L-OHP cells treated with ZJW. A xenograft model of CRC in nude mice was established to observe the effect of ZJW combined with L-OHP on the growth of subcutaneously transplanted tumors. Apoptosis in tumor cells was detected by TUNEL staining. The activation of the JNK signaling pathway and the expression of drug resistance-related proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of miR-200s and the MALAT1 gene in the tumors.

Results

Our study showed that ZJW could significantly decrease the proliferation and promote apoptosis of HCT116/L-OHP cells treated with L-OHP. We further proved that ZJW could reverse the drug resistance of HCT116/L-OHP cells by reducing MALAT1, indirectly upregulating miR-200s, alleviating the activation of the JNK signaling axis, and downregulating the expression of resistance proteins such as MDR1/ABCB1 and ABCG2. ZJW combined with L-OHP inhibited the growth of subcutaneously transplanted tumors and induced apoptosis in nude mice. ZJW reduced the expression of MALAT1 and upregulated the expression of miR-200s in transplanted tumors. In addition, ZJW also alleviated the activation of the JNK signaling pathway while reducing the expression of MDR1/ABCB1 and ABCG2.

Conclusions

Our study identified that MALAT1 promotes colorectal cancer resistance to oxaliplatin by reducing the miR-200s expression. ZJW may reverse chemoresistance by inhibiting the expression of MALAT1 and regulating the miR-200s/JNK pathway, providing an experimental basis for the clinical application of ZJW in relieving chemotherapy resistance.

Mechanism of Yangxin Tongmai Decoction in the Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease with Blood Stasis Syndrome Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

This study aimed to explore the mechanism of Yangxin Tongmai decoction (YXTMD) in the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD) with blood stasis syndrome (BSS) using network pharmacology and molecular docking, and to verify these results through clinical trials. The active compounds of YXTMD were identified using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database, and the targets of the active compounds were predicted using the SwissTarget Prediction database. The targets of CHD and BSS were predicted using the GeneCards, OMIM, PharmGKB, TTD, and DrugBank databases. The common targets of “herb-disease-phenotype” were obtained using a Venn diagram, then used Cytoscape software 3.8.2 and its plug-in CytoNCA and STRING database to construct the “herb active compounds-common target” and protein–protein interaction networks. R language software and bioconductor plug-in were used for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. AutoDock was used for the molecular docking analysis. Finally, clinical trials were conducted to confirm the results of network pharmacology. Eighty-three active components were obtained, and the core active components were 5,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone, tetramethoxyluteolin, isosinensetin, sinensetin, and 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)chroman-4-one. A total of 140 common targets were identified, and the core targets were EGFR, VEGFA, AKT1, STAT3, TP53, ERBB2, and PIK3CA. Biological processes identified by the GO analysis primarily involved wound healing, regulation of body fluid levels, and vascular process in circulatory system. The cellular components were primarily located in the membrane raft, membrane microdomain, and plasma membrane raft. The primary molecular functions were activity of transmembrane receptor protein kinase, transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase, and protein tyrosine kinase. KEGG analysis showed that the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was closely related to the treatment of CHD with BSS by YXTMD. Molecular docking results showed that the core active components had a good binding activity with the core targets. The clinical trial results showed that YXTMD improved the BSS scores and decreased the serum levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Moreover, the levels of PI3k and AKt mRNA were upregulated and the levels of GSK-3β mRNA were downregulated. YXTMD has multicomponent, multitarget, and multipathway effects in the treatment of CHD with BSS, and its mechanism of action may involve activation of the PI3K-AKt signaling pathway, downregulation of GSK-3β, and mediation of in vivo lipid metabolism-based metabolic processes.

Network Pharmacology-Based Exploration of the Mechanism of Action of Shugan Hewei Recipe in the Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease with Anxiety and Depression

The Shugan Hewei recipe (SHR) is a well-recognized traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription that has been shown to significantly improve chest pain, acid regurgitation, and the mood of GERD. Nonetheless, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the active compounds and targets of SHR were predicted using network pharmacology. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were utilized to explore the therapeutic mechanism of SHR. Combined with the drug target obtained from network pharmacology, the therapeutic effect and mechanism of SHR were observed. SHR’s main active compounds included quercetin, kaempferol, and luteolin. The core targets of SHR and GERD were TGF-β1, IL-1β, IL-4, CXCL10, MAPK1, MAPK3, CXCL8, IL-10, IL-2, and FOS, involving virus infection, inflammatory response, and body immunity. The core targets of SHR during the treatment of mental disorders were GABRA1, GABRA2, GABRA3, GABRA5, and GABRA6, involving synaptic transmission and transmembrane movement. Animal experiments revealed that SHR could repair the lower esophageal mucosa, mediate inflammatory factors, and GABA receptors and improve the behavior of rats. Overall, our results substantiate that SHR has huge prospects for widespread application in treating GERD subjects with anxiety and depression.

Composition and Bioactivity of a Modified Huang-Lian-Jie-Du Decoction

Background. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRIs) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are key drugs in targeted cancer therapy. However, they may cause skin toxicity. We previously prepared a modified Huang-Lian-Jie-Du (mHLJD) decoction cream using 10 herbs, which effectively alleviated EGFRI/TKI-induced skin toxicity. In the present study, we identified the reference markers of the mHLJD decoction and investigated the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects of the mHLJD decoction extract. Methods. We performed high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the composition of the mHLJD decoction. Human epidermoid A431 cells were treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α to induce inflammation; then, the effects of the mHLJD decoction extract on the cytokine expression were determined using a cytokine array and by performing real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The antibacterial effects of the extract were examined using disk diffusion and microdilution assays. Results. HPLC results revealed that the mHLJD decoction primarily consisted of geniposide, berberine chloride, baicalin, coptisine, and palmatine. TNF-α treatment increased the expression of certain cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-8, M-CSF, and TGF-β2; however, pretreatment with the mHLJD decoction extract reduced their expression. The qPCR results demonstrated a decreased mRNA expression of IL-8, M-CSF, and TGF-β2. The antibacterial assay revealed that the extract exerted inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus, forming an inhibition zone at the minimum inhibitory concentrations of 3.125 and 6.25 mg/mL; however, the extract exerted no effects on Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusions. We developed an HPLC method to quantify the reference markers of the mHLJD decoction. The bioactivity analysis provided the potential mechanisms underlying the effects of the mHLJD decoction on EGFRI/TKI-induced skin toxicity.

Effect of Sopoongsan on Skin Inflammation and Hyperlocomotion in Socially Isolated Mice with Atopic Dermatitis

Psychological stress is a major exacerbating factor of atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Sopoongsan (SPS), a traditional herbal formula, has been indicated for the treatment of various skin disorders, including AD. This study investigated the effects of SPS on a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene- (DNCB-) induced AD mice model exposed to social isolation (SI) stress. The severity of the AD symptoms and behavioral abnormalities was evaluated. SPS reduced the clinical skin score as evaluated with the SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index and suppressed the cutaneous infiltration of T-lymphocyte cells, mast cells, and eosinophils in SI-AD mice. The SPS treatment decreased the total distance and mean speed and increased resting time in the open field test (OFT) for these mice. In addition, the time spent in the social zone in the social interaction test also improved when SPS treatment was given. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the SI-AD mice were reduced by the oral administration of SPS. HaCaT and BV2 cells were used for the in vitro experiments. The pretreatment with SPS reduced the protein levels of the thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) in the HaCaT cells stimulated with TNF-α and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) (TI). SPS also suppressed TNF-α and IL-6 secretion in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated BV2 cells. These results imply that SPS could be a promising candidate for the treatment of AD in patients under stress conditions and at risk of exacerbation.

Phenolic Constituents from Wendlandia tinctoria var. grandis (Roxb.) DC. Stem Deciphering Pharmacological Potentials against Oxidation, Hyperglycemia, and Diarrhea: Phyto-Pharmacological and Computational Approaches

Wendlandia tinctoria var. grandis (Roxb.) DC. (Family: Rubiaceae) is a semi-evergreen shrub distributed over tropical and subtropical Asia. The present research intended to explore the pharmacological potential of the stem extract of W. tinctoria, focusing on the antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and antidiarrheal properties, and to isolate various secondary metabolites as mediators of such activities. A total of eight phenolic compounds were isolated from the dichloromethane soluble fraction of the stem extract of this plant, which were characterized by electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometric and ¹H NMR spectroscopic data as liquiritigenin (1), naringenin (2), apigenin (3), kaempferol (4), glabridin (5), ferulic acid (6), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (7), and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (8). The dichloromethane soluble fraction exhibited the highest phenolic content (289.87 ± 0.47 mg of GAE/g of dried extract) and the highest scavenging activity (IC₅₀ = 18.83 ± 0.07 µg/mL) against the DPPH free radical. All of the isolated compounds, except 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, exerted a higher antioxidant effect (IC₅₀ = 6.20 ± 0.10 to 16.11 ± 0.02 μg/mL) than the standard butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (IC₅₀ = 17.09 ± 0.01 μg/mL). Significant hypoglycemic and antidiarrheal activities of the methanolic crude extract at both doses (200 mg/kg bw and 400 mg/kg bw) were observed in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, the computational modeling study supported the current in vitro and in vivo findings, and the isolated constituents had a higher or comparable binding affinity for glutathione reductase and urase oxidase enzymes, glucose transporter 3 (GLUT 3), and kappa-opioid receptor, inferring potential antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and antidiarrheal properties, respectively. This is the first report of all of these phenolic compounds being isolated from this plant species and even the first demonstration of the plant stem extract’s antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and antidiarrheal potentials. According to the current findings, the W. tinctoria stem could be a potential natural remedy for treating oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, and diarrhea. Nevertheless, further extensive investigation is crucial for thorough phytochemical screening and determining the precise mechanisms of action of the plant-derived bioactive metabolites against broad-spectrum molecular targets.

Efficacy and Safety of Gegen Qinlian Decoction for Pediatric Diarrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective

To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Gegen Qinlian decoction in the treatment of pediatric diarrhea.

Methods

A search for relevant RCTs was performed from which a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. This meta-analysis was registered at INPLASY (reference number ID: INPLASY202180105).

Results

(1) Eleven trials involving 1126 patients were included in the meta-analysis. (2) Two trials recorded the adverse events. (3) The meta-analysis showed that compared with the control group, the experimental group has a significantly shorter duration of diarrhea in children (MD = −18.64, 95% CI (−23.76, −13.52), P < 0.00001), duration of fever (MD = −19.43, 95% CI (−25.76, −13.11), P < 0.00001), duration of vomiting [MD = −22.51, 95% CI (−29.92, −15.09), P < 0.00001], duration of correcting dehydration (MD = −23.35, 95% CI (−35.48, −11.22), P=0.0002), and the effective rate (OR = 4.64, 95% CI (3.12, 6.90), P < 0.00001).

Conclusion

There were significant differences in the clinical efficacy in the treatment of pediatric diarrhea between the experimental and control groups. Thus, Gegen Qinlian decoction may have certain advantages in the treatment of pediatric diarrhea. In addition, we conclude the following: (1) the application of Gegen Qinlian decoction to treat this disease is recommended for >5 days. (2) We recommend conducting multicenter RCTs to avoid the impact of regional differences on the results. (3) We recommend using the unmodified Gegen Qinlian decoction, which may have better efficacy.

Cruciferous vegetables as a treasure of functional foods bioactive compounds: Targeting p53 family in gastrointestinal tract and associated cancers

In the past few years, phytochemicals from natural products have gotten the boundless praise in treating cancer. The promising role of cruciferous vegetables and active components contained in these vegetables, such as isothiocyanates, indole-3-carbinol, and isothiocyanates, has been widely researched in experimental in vitro and in vivo carcinogenesis models. The chemopreventive agents produced from the cruciferous vegetables were recurrently proven to affect carcinogenesis throughout the onset and developmental phases of cancer formation. Likewise, findings from clinical investigations and epidemiological research supported this statement. The anticancer activities of these functional foods bioactive compounds are closely related to their ability to upregulate p53 and its related target genes, e.g., p21. As the “guardian of the genome,” the p53 family (p53, p63, and p73) plays a pivotal role in preventing the cancer progression associated with DNA damage. This review discusses the functional foods bioactive compounds derived from several cruciferous vegetables and their use in altering the tumor-suppressive effect of p53 proteins. The association between the mutation of p53 and the incidence of gastrointestinal malignancies (gastric, small intestine, colon, liver, and pancreatic cancers) is also discussed. This review contains crucial information about the use of cruciferous vegetables in the treatment of gastrointestinal tract malignancies.

Diallyl Disulfide: A Bioactive Garlic Compound with Anticancer Potential

Cancer is a life-threatening disease caused by the uncontrolled division of cells, which culminates in a solid mass of cells known as a tumor or liquid cancer. It is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, and the number of cancer patients has been increasing at an alarming rate, with an estimated 20 million cases expected by 2030. Thus, the use of complementary or alternative therapeutic techniques that can help prevent cancer has been the subject of increased attention. Garlic, the most widely used plant medicinal product, exhibits a wide spectrum of biological activities, including antibacterial, hypo-lipidemic, antithrombotic, and anticancer effects. Diallyl disulfide (DADS) is a major organosulfur compound contained within garlic. Recently, several experimental studies have demonstrated that DADS exhibits anti-tumor activity against many types of tumor cells, including gynecological cancers (cervical cancer, ovarian cancer), hematological cancers (leukemia, lymphoma), lung cancer, neural cancer, skin cancer, prostate cancer, gastrointestinal tract and associated cancers (esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer), hepatocellular cancer cell line, etc. The mechanisms behind the anticancer action of DADS include epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, and migration. This article aims to review the available information regarding the anti-cancer potential of DADS, as well as summarize its mechanisms of action, bioavailability, and pharmacokinetics from published clinical and toxicity studies.

Multifunctional roles and pharmacological potential of β-sitosterol: Emerging evidence toward clinical applications

Currently, available therapeutic medications are both costly as well as not entirely promising in terms of potency. So, new candidates from natural resources are of research interest to find new alternative therapeutics. A well-known combination is a β-sitosterol, a plant-derived nutrient with anticancer properties against breast, prostate, colon, lung, stomach, and leukemia. Studies have shown that β-sitosterol interferes with multiple cell signaling pathways, including cell cycle, apoptosis, proliferation, survival, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, cardioprotective, and antidiabetic effects have been discovered during pharmacological screening without significant toxicity. The pharmacokinetic profile of β-sitosterol has also been extensively investigated. However, a comprehensive review of the pharmacology, phytochemistry and analytical methods of β-sitosterol is desired. Because β-sitosterol is a significant component of most plant materials, humans use it for various reasons, and numerous β-sitosterol-containing products have been commercialized. To offset the low efficacy of β-sitosterol, designing β-sitosterol delivery for "cancer cell-specific" therapy holds great potential. Delivery of β-sitosterol via liposomes is a demonstration that has shown great promise. But further research has not progressed on the drug delivery of β-sitosterol or how it can enhance β-sitosterol mediated anti-inflammatory activity, thus making β-sitosterol an orphan nutraceutical. Therefore, extensive research on β-sitosterol as an anticancer nutraceutical is recommended.

A renewed concept on the MAPK signaling pathway in cancers: Polyphenols as a choice of therapeutics

Abnormalities in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway are a key contributor to the carcinogenesis process and have therefore been implicated in several aspects of tumorigenesis, including cell differentiation, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and metastasis. This pathway offers multiple molecular targets that may be modulated for anticancer activity and is of great interest for several malignancies. Polyphenols from various dietary sources have been observed to interfere with certain aspects of this pathway and consequently play a substantial role in the development and progression of cancer by suppressing cell growth, inactivating carcinogens, blocking angiogenesis, causing cell death, and changing immunity. A good number of polyphenolic compounds have shown promising outcomes in numerous pieces of research and are currently being investigated clinically to treat cancer patients. The current study concentrates on the role of the MAPK pathway in the development and metastasis of cancer, with particular emphasis on dietary polyphenolic compounds that influence the different MAPK sub-pathways to obtain an anticancer effect. This study aims to convey an overview of the various aspects of the MAPK pathway in cancer development and invasion, as well as a review of the advances achieved in the development of polyphenols to modulate the MAPK signaling pathway for better treatment of cancer.

Tacrine Derivatives in Neurological Disorders: Focus on Molecular Mechanisms and Neurotherapeutic Potential

Tacrine is a drug used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease as a cognitive enhancer and inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). However, its clinical application has been restricted due to its poor therapeutic efficacy and high prevalence of detrimental effects. An attempt was made to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie tacrine and its analogues influence over neurotherapeutic activity by focusing on modulation of neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, and regulatory role in gene and protein expression, energy metabolism, Ca²⁺ homeostasis modulation, and osmotic regulation. Regardless of this, analogues of tacrine are considered as a model inhibitor of cholinesterase in the therapy of Alzheimer's disease. The variety both in structural make-up and biological functions of these substances is the main appeal for researchers' interest in them. A new paradigm for treating neurological diseases is presented in this review, which includes treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease, as well as other neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease and the synthesis and biological properties of newly identified versatile tacrine analogues and hybrids. We have also shown that these analogues may have therapeutic promise in the treatment of neurological diseases in a variety of experimental systems.

Ethnomedicinal Use, Phytochemistry, and Other Potential Application of Aquatic and Semiaquatic Medicinal Plants

Medicinal plants have been treating various ailments and diseases since ancient times. Aquatic and semiaquatic medicinal plants play an essential role in human welfare to fulfill their daily needs. They have shown biological, pharmacological, nutraceutical, and commercial applications. This review aims to collect and update all recent information on ethnomedicinal, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and nanoparticle synthesis and their uses in aquatic and semiaquatic medicinal plants. Original research papers, review papers, short communications, and book chapters on aquatic and semiaquatic plants have been retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Keywords, ethnomedicinal studies, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and nanoparticle synthesis from aquatic and semiaquatic medicinal plants are used for the search. Different aquatic and semiaquatic medicinal plants belonging to the families Acanthaceae, Alismataceae, Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Araceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Ceratophyllaceae, Cyperaceae, Fabaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Lythraceae, Marsileaceae, Menyanthaceae, Nelumbonaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Onagraceae, Plantaginaceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Pontederiaceae, Primulaceae, Scrophulariaceae, and Zingiberaceae have been studied. They are rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, saponins, tannins, dietary fiber, glycosidic derivatives, carbohydrates, and proteins. These phytochemicals have been used for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, sedative, anticonvulsant, cytotoxic, antiparasitic, and antidiabetic activities. Besides this, various parts of the plants are used as dietary supplements and green nanoparticle synthesis. These plants are also known for their commercial value and are used as an ingredient in some pharmaceutical industries.

Therapeutic potential of marine macrolides: An overview from 1990 to 2022

The sea is a vast ecosystem that has remained primarily unexploited and untapped, resulting in numerous organisms. Consequently, marine organisms have piqued the interest of scientists as an abundant source of natural resources with unique structural features and fascinating biological activities. Marine macrolide is a top-class natural product with a heavily oxygenated polyene backbone containing macrocyclic lactone. In the last few decades, significant efforts have been made to isolate and characterize macrolides' chemical and biological properties. Numerous macrolides are extracted from different marine organisms such as marine microorganisms, sponges, zooplankton, molluscs, cnidarians, red algae, tunicates, and bryozoans. Notably, the prominent macrolide sources are fungi, dinoflagellates, and sponges. Marine macrolides have several bioactive characteristics such as antimicrobial (antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, antiviral), anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, and neuroprotective activities. In brief, marine organisms are plentiful in naturally occurring macrolides, which can become the source of efficient and effective therapeutics for many diseases. This current review summarizes these exciting and promising novel marine macrolides in biological activities and possible therapeutic applications.