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Rao PG, Lambert GS, Upadhyay C. Broadly neutralizing antibody epitopes on HIV-1 particles are exposed after virus interaction with host cells. J Virol 2023; 97:e0071023. [PMID: 37681958 PMCID: PMC10537810 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00710-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The envelope (Env) glycoproteins on HIV-1 virions are the sole target of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) and the focus of vaccines. However, many cross-reactive conserved epitopes are often occluded on virus particles, contributing to the evasion of humoral immunity. This study aimed to identify the Env epitopes that are exposed/occluded on HIV-1 particles and to investigate the mechanisms contributing to their masking. Using a flow cytometry-based assay, three HIV-1 isolates, and a panel of antibodies, we show that only select epitopes, including V2i, the gp120-g41 interface, and gp41-MPER, are accessible on HIV-1 particles, while V3, V2q, and select CD4bs epitopes are masked. These epitopes become accessible after allosteric conformational changes are induced by the pre-binding of select Abs, prompting us to test if similar conformational changes are required for these Abs to exhibit their neutralization capability. We tested HIV-1 neutralization where the virus-mAb mix was pre-incubated/not pre-incubated for 1 hour prior to adding the target cells. Similar levels of neutralization were observed under both assay conditions, suggesting that the interaction between virus and target cells sensitizes the virions for neutralization via bNAbs. We further show that lectin-glycan interactions can also expose these epitopes. However, this effect is dependent on the lectin specificity. Given that, bNAbs are ideal for providing sterilizing immunity and are the goal of current HIV-1 vaccine efforts, these data offer insight on how HIV-1 may occlude these vulnerable epitopes from the host immune response. In addition, the findings can guide the formulation of effective antibody combinations for therapeutic use. IMPORTANCE The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope (Env) glycoprotein mediates viral entry and is the sole target of neutralizing antibodies. Our data suggest that antibody epitopes including V2q (e.g., PG9, PGT145), CD4bs (e.g., VRC01, 3BNC117), and V3 (2219, 2557) are masked on HIV-1 particles. The PG9 and 2219 epitopes became accessible for binding after conformational unmasking was induced by the pre-binding of select mAbs. Attempts to understand the masking mechanism led to the revelation that interaction between virus and host cells is needed to sensitize the virions for neutralization by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). These data provide insight on how bNAbs may gain access to these occluded epitopes to exert their neutralization effects and block HIV-1 infection. These findings have important implications for the way we evaluate the neutralizing efficacy of antibodies and can potentially guide vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Gadam Rao
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gregory S. Lambert
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chitra Upadhyay
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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2
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Williams LD, Shen X, Sawant SS, Akapirat S, Dahora LC, Tay MZ, Stanfield-Oakley S, Wills S, Goodman D, Tenney D, Spreng RL, Zhang L, Yates NL, Montefiori DC, Eller MA, Easterhoff D, Hope TJ, Rerks-Ngarm S, Pittisuttithum P, Nitayaphan S, Excler JL, Kim JH, Michael NL, Robb ML, O’Connell RJ, Karasavvas N, Vasan S, Ferrari G, Tomaras GD. Viral vector delivered immunogen focuses HIV-1 antibody specificity and increases durability of the circulating antibody recall response. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011359. [PMID: 37256916 PMCID: PMC10284421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The modestly efficacious HIV-1 vaccine regimen (RV144) conferred 31% vaccine efficacy at 3 years following the four-shot immunization series, coupled with rapid waning of putative immune correlates of decreased infection risk. New strategies to increase magnitude and durability of protective immunity are critically needed. The RV305 HIV-1 clinical trial evaluated the immunological impact of a follow-up boost of HIV-1-uninfected RV144 recipients after 6-8 years with RV144 immunogens (ALVAC-HIV alone, AIDSVAX B/E gp120 alone, or ALVAC-HIV + AIDSVAX B/E gp120). Previous reports demonstrated that this regimen elicited higher binding, antibody Fc function, and cellular responses than the primary RV144 regimen. However, the impact of the canarypox viral vector in driving antibody specificity, breadth, durability and function is unknown. We performed a follow-up analysis of humoral responses elicited in RV305 to determine the impact of the different booster immunogens on HIV-1 epitope specificity, antibody subclass, isotype, and Fc effector functions. Importantly, we observed that the ALVAC vaccine component directly contributed to improved breadth, function, and durability of vaccine-elicited antibody responses. Extended boosts in RV305 increased circulating antibody concentration and coverage of heterologous HIV-1 strains by V1V2-specific antibodies above estimated protective levels observed in RV144. Antibody Fc effector functions, specifically antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and phagocytosis, were boosted to higher levels than was achieved in RV144. V1V2 Env IgG3, a correlate of lower HIV-1 risk, was not increased; plasma Env IgA (specifically IgA1), a correlate of increased HIV-1 risk, was elevated. The quality of the circulating polyclonal antibody response changed with each booster immunization. Remarkably, the ALVAC-HIV booster immunogen induced antibody responses post-second boost, indicating that the viral vector immunogen can be utilized to selectively enhance immune correlates of decreased HIV-1 risk. These results reveal a complex dynamic of HIV-1 immunity post-vaccination that may require careful balancing to achieve protective immunity in the vaccinated population. Trial registration: RV305 clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01435135). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00223080.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaTonya D. Williams
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sheetal S. Sawant
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Siriwat Akapirat
- Department of Retrovirology, US Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lindsay C. Dahora
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew Zirui Tay
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sherry Stanfield-Oakley
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Saintedym Wills
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Derrick Goodman
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - DeAnna Tenney
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rachel L. Spreng
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lu Zhang
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicole L. Yates
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Eller
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Easterhoff
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Hope
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - Punnee Pittisuttithum
- Royal Thai Army Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sorachai Nitayaphan
- Royal Thai Army Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jean-Louis Excler
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert J. O’Connell
- Department of Retrovirology, US Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicos Karasavvas
- Department of Retrovirology, US Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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3
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Basu M, Fucile C, Piepenbrink MS, Bunce CA, Man LX, Liesveld J, Rosenberg AF, Keefer MC, Kobie JJ. Mixed Origins: HIV gp120-Specific Memory Develops from Pre-Existing Memory and Naive B Cells Following Vaccination in Humans. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2023. [PMID: 36762930 PMCID: PMC10398743 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2022.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The most potent and broad HIV envelope (Env)-specific antibodies often when reverted to their inferred germline versions representing the naive B cell receptor, fail to bind Env, suggesting that the initial responding B cell population not only exclusively comprises a naive population, but also a pre-existing cross-reactive antigen-experienced B cell pool that expands following Env exposure. Previously we isolated gp120-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from participants in HVTN 105, an HIV vaccine trial. Using deep sequencing, focused on immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and IgM, VH-lineage tracking, we identified four of these mAb lineages in pre-immune peripheral blood. We also looked through the ∼7 month postvaccination bone marrow, and interestingly, several of these lineages that were found in prevaccination blood were still persistent in the postvaccination bone marrow, including the CD138+ long-lived plasma cell compartment. The majority of the pre-immune lineage members included IgM, however, IgG and IgA members were also prevalent and exhibited somatic hypermutation. These results suggest that vaccine-induced gp120-specific antibody lineages originate from both naive and cross-reactive memory B cells. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02207920.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhubanti Basu
- Infectious Diseases Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Christopher Fucile
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael S Piepenbrink
- Infectious Diseases Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Catherine A Bunce
- Infectious Diseases Division, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Li-Xing Man
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jane Liesveld
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Alexander F Rosenberg
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael C Keefer
- Infectious Diseases Division, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - James J Kobie
- Infectious Diseases Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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4
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Moodie Z, Dintwe O, Sawant S, Grove D, Huang Y, Janes H, Heptinstall J, Omar FL, Cohen K, De Rosa SC, Zhang L, Yates NL, Sarzotti-Kelsoe M, Seaton KE, Laher F, Bekker LG, Malahleha M, Innes C, Kassim S, Naicker N, Govender V, Sebe M, Singh N, Kotze P, Lazarus E, Nchabeleng M, Ward AM, Brumskine W, Dubula T, Randhawa AK, Grunenberg N, Hural J, Kee JJ, Benkeser D, Jin Y, Carpp LN, Allen M, D’Souza P, Tartaglia J, DiazGranados CA, Koutsoukos M, Gilbert PB, Kublin JG, Corey L, Andersen-Nissen E, Gray GE, Tomaras GD, McElrath MJ. Analysis of the HIV Vaccine Trials Network 702 Phase 2b-3 HIV-1 Vaccine Trial in South Africa Assessing RV144 Antibody and T-Cell Correlates of HIV-1 Acquisition Risk. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:246-257. [PMID: 35758878 PMCID: PMC9890908 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ALVAC/gp120 + MF59 vaccines in the HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) 702 efficacy trial did not prevent human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) acquisition. Vaccine-matched immunological endpoints that were correlates of HIV-1 acquisition risk in RV144 were measured in HVTN 702 and evaluated as correlates of HIV-1 acquisition. METHODS Among 1893 HVTN 702 female vaccinees, 60 HIV-1-seropositive cases and 60 matched seronegative noncases were sampled. HIV-specific CD4+ T-cell and binding antibody responses were measured 2 weeks after fourth and fifth immunizations. Cox proportional hazards models assessed prespecified responses as predictors of HIV-1 acquisition. RESULTS The HVTN 702 Env-specific CD4+ T-cell response rate was significantly higher than in RV144 (63% vs 40%, P = .03) with significantly lower IgG binding antibody response rate and magnitude to 1086.C V1V2 (67% vs 100%, P < .001; Pmag < .001). Although no significant univariate associations were observed between any T-cell or binding antibody response and HIV-1 acquisition, significant interactions were observed (multiplicity-adjusted P ≤.03). Among vaccinees with high IgG A244 V1V2 binding antibody responses, vaccine-matched CD4+ T-cell endpoints associated with decreased HIV-1 acquisition (estimated hazard ratios = 0.40-0.49 per 1-SD increase in CD4+ T-cell endpoint). CONCLUSIONS HVTN 702 and RV144 had distinct immunogenicity profiles. However, both identified significant correlations (univariate or interaction) for IgG V1V2 and polyfunctional CD4+ T cells with HIV-1 acquisition. Clinical Trials Registration . NCT02968849.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Moodie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - One Dintwe
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Doug Grove
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Holly Janes
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jack Heptinstall
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Faatima Laher Omar
- Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kristen Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicole L Yates
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kelly E Seaton
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Fatima Laher
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Linda Gail Bekker
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mookho Malahleha
- Setshaba Research Centre, Soshanguve, South Africa
- Synergy Biomed Research Institute, East London, South Africa
| | - Craig Innes
- The Aurum Institute, Klerksdorp, South Africa
| | - Sheetal Kassim
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nivashnee Naicker
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | | | | | - Nishanta Singh
- South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - Philip Kotze
- Qhakaza Mbokodo Research Centre, Ladysmith, South Africa
| | - Erica Lazarus
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maphoshane Nchabeleng
- Mecru Clinical Research Unit, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Amy M Ward
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Thozama Dubula
- Nelson Mandela Academic Clinical Research Unit and Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - April K Randhawa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John Hural
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jia Jin Kee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David Benkeser
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yutong Jin
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lindsay N Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mary Allen
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricia D’Souza
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James G Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erica Andersen-Nissen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Glenda E Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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5
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Weiss S, Itri V, Pan R, Jiang X, Luo CC, Morris L, Malherbe DC, Barnette P, Alexander J, Kong XP, Haigwood NL, Hessell AJ, Duerr R, Zolla-Pazner S. Differential V2-directed antibody responses in non-human primates infected with SHIVs or immunized with diverse HIV vaccines. Nat Commun 2022; 13:903. [PMID: 35173151 PMCID: PMC8850611 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
V2p and V2i antibodies (Abs) that are specific for epitopes in the V1V2 region of the HIV gp120 envelope (Env) do not effectively neutralize HIV but mediate Fc-dependent anti-viral activities that have been correlated with protection from, or control of HIV, SIV and SHIV infections. Here, we describe a novel molecular toolbox that allows the discrimination of antigenically and functionally distinct polyclonal V2 Ab responses. We identify different patterns of V2 Ab induction by SHIV infection and three separate vaccine regimens that aid in fine-tuning an optimized immunization protocol for inducing V2p and V2i Abs. We observe no, or weak and sporadic V2p and V2i Abs in non-vaccinated SHIV-infected NHPs, but strong V2p and/or V2i Ab responses after immunization with a V2-targeting vaccine protocol. The V2-focused vaccination is superior to both natural infection and to immunization with whole Env constructs for inducing functional V2p- and V2i-specific responses. Strikingly, levels of V2-directed Abs correlate inversely with Abs specific for peptides of V3 and C5. These data demonstrate that a V1V2-targeting vaccine has advantages over the imprecise targeting of SIV/SHIV infections and of whole Env-based immunization regimens for inducing a more focused functional V2p- and V2i-specific Ab response. Here the authors show that an HIV vaccine in non-human primates that focuses antibodies on the V1V2 region of gp120 is superior to infection or immunization with whole envelope vaccines for inducing V1V2 antibodies with anti-viral functions that correlate with protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vincenza Itri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruimin Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xunqing Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christina C Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa.,MRC Antibody Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg and Center for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Delphine C Malherbe
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.,University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Pathology, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Philip Barnette
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jeff Alexander
- PaxVax Corporation, Redwood City, CA, USA.,JL Alexander Research and Development Consulting LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Ann J Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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6
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Horvath A, Rogers L, Pollakis G, Baranov O, Pieroth N, Joseph S, Chachage M, Heitzer A, Maganga L, Msafiri F, Joachim A, Viegas E, Eller LA, Kibuuka H, Rerks-Ngarm S, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayapan S, Dhitavat J, Premsri N, Fidler S, Shattock RJ, Robb ML, Weber J, McCormack S, Munseri PJ, Lyamuya E, Nilsson C, Kroidl A, Hoelscher M, Wagner R, Geldmacher C, Held K. Systematic comparison of HIV-1 Envelope-specific IgG responses induced by different vaccination regimens: Can we steer IgG recognition towards regions of viral vulnerability? Front Immunol 2022; 13:1075606. [PMID: 36741409 PMCID: PMC9891136 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1075606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunogens and vaccination regimens can influence patterns of immune-epitope recognition, steering them towards or away from epitopes of potential viral vulnerability. HIV-1 envelope (Env)-specific antibodies targeting variable region 2 (V2) or 3 (V3) correlated with protection during the RV144 trial, however, it was suggested that the immunodominant V3 region might divert antibody responses away from other relevant sites. We mapped IgG responses against linear Env epitopes in five clinical HIV vaccine trials, revealing a specific pattern of Env targeting for each regimen. Notable V2 responses were only induced in trials administering CRF01_AE based immunogens, but targeting of V3 was seen in all trials, with the soluble, trimeric CN54gp140 protein eliciting robust V3 recognition. Strong V3 targeting was linked to greater overall response, increased number of total recognised antigenic regions, and where present, stronger V2 recognition. Hence, strong induction of V3-specific antibodies did not negatively impact the targeting of other linear epitopes in this study, suggesting that the induction of antibodies against V3 and other regions of potential viral vulnerability need not be necessarily mutually exclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusta Horvath
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Rogers
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES/CIMI), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Olga Baranov
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nora Pieroth
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Joseph
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mkunde Chachage
- National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre (NIMR-MMRC), Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Asli Heitzer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucas Maganga
- National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre (NIMR-MMRC), Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Frank Msafiri
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Agricola Joachim
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Edna Viegas
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Leigh-Anne Eller
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Supachai Rerks-Ngarm
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Mueang Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | | | - Jittima Dhitavat
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nakorn Premsri
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Mueang Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Merlin Lee Robb
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan Weber
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sheena McCormack
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eligius Lyamuya
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Charlotta Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.,The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Arne Kroidl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene; University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christof Geldmacher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Held
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
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7
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Hioe CE, Li G, Liu X, Tsahouridis O, He X, Funaki M, Klingler J, Tang AF, Feyznezhad R, Heindel DW, Wang XH, Spencer DA, Hu G, Satija N, Prévost J, Finzi A, Hessell AJ, Wang S, Lu S, Chen BK, Zolla-Pazner S, Upadhyay C, Alvarez R, Su L. Non-neutralizing antibodies targeting the immunogenic regions of HIV-1 envelope reduce mucosal infection and virus burden in humanized mice. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010183. [PMID: 34986207 PMCID: PMC8765624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are principal immune components elicited by vaccines to induce protection from microbial pathogens. In the Thai RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial, vaccine efficacy was 31% and the sole primary correlate of reduced risk was shown to be vigorous antibody response targeting the V1V2 region of HIV-1 envelope. Antibodies against V3 also were inversely correlated with infection risk in subsets of vaccinees. Antibodies recognizing these regions, however, do not exhibit potent neutralizing activity. Therefore, we examined the antiviral potential of poorly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against immunodominant V1V2 and V3 sites by passive administration of human mAbs to humanized mice engrafted with CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells, followed by mucosal challenge with an HIV-1 infectious molecular clone expressing the envelope of a tier 2 resistant HIV-1 strain. Treatment with anti-V1V2 mAb 2158 or anti-V3 mAb 2219 did not prevent infection, but V3 mAb 2219 displayed a superior potency compared to V1V2 mAb 2158 in reducing virus burden. While these mAbs had no or weak neutralizing activity and elicited undetectable levels of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), V3 mAb 2219 displayed a greater capacity to bind virus- and cell-associated HIV-1 envelope and to mediate antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) and C1q complement binding as compared to V1V2 mAb 2158. Mutations in the Fc region of 2219 diminished these effector activities in vitro and lessened virus control in humanized mice. These results demonstrate the importance of Fc functions other than ADCC for antibodies without potent neutralizing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina E. Hioe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Guangming Li
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis and Immunotherapy, Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ourania Tsahouridis
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiuting He
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis and Immunotherapy, Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Masaya Funaki
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis and Immunotherapy, Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jéromine Klingler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alex F. Tang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Roya Feyznezhad
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel W. Heindel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Hong Wang
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System–Manhattan, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David A. Spencer
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Guangnan Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Namita Satija
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ann J. Hessell
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Shixia Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Benjamin K. Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Chitra Upadhyay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Raymond Alvarez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lishan Su
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis and Immunotherapy, Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis and Immunotherapy, Division of Virology, Pathogenesis and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Departments of Pharmacology and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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8
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Chan KW, Luo CC, Lu H, Wu X, Kong XP. A site of vulnerability at V3 crown defined by HIV-1 bNAb M4008_N1. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6464. [PMID: 34753944 PMCID: PMC8578649 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26846-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of vulnerable sites defined by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) on HIV-1 envelope (Env) is crucial for vaccine design, and we present here a vulnerable site defined by bNAb M4008_N1, which neutralizes about 40% of a tier-2 virus panel. A 3.2 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of M4008_N1 in complex with BG505 DS-SOSIP reveals a large, shallow protein epitope surface centered at the V3 crown of gp120 and surrounded by key glycans. M4008_N1 interacts with gp120 primarily through its hammerhead CDR H3 to form a β-sheet interaction with the V3 crown hairpin. This makes M4008_N1 compatible with the closed conformation of the prefusion Env trimer, and thus distinct from other known V3 crown mAbs. This mode of bNAb approaching the immunogenic V3 crown in the native Env trimer suggests a strategy for immunogen design targeting this site of vulnerability. Mapping of the HIV Env surface epitopes targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is of great interest for HIV-1 vaccine design. Here, the authors present the 3.2 Å cryo-EM structure of the bNAb M4008_N1 in complex with BG505 DS-SOSIP, an engineered native-like Env trimer and observe that the bNAb epitope is centered at the V3 crown and that M4008_N1 uses its CDR H3 to form an extended β-sheet with the β-hairpin of the V3 crown in a conformation stabilized in the prefusion trimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Wei Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Christina C Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Hong Lu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Xueling Wu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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9
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Ao Z, Wang L, Azizi H, Olukitibi TA, Kobinger G, Yao X. Development and Evaluation of an Ebola Virus Glycoprotein Mucin-Like Domain Replacement System as a New Dendritic Cell-Targeting Vaccine Approach against HIV-1. J Virol 2021; 95:e0236820. [PMID: 34011553 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02368-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of efficient vaccine approaches against HIV infection remains challenging in the vaccine field. Here, we developed an Ebola virus envelope glycoprotein (EboGP)-based chimeric fusion protein system and demonstrated that replacement of the mucin-like domain (MLD) of EboGP with HIV C2-V3-C3 (134 amino acids [aa]) or C2-V3-C3-V4-C4-V5-C5 (243 aa) polypeptides (EbGPΔM-V3 and EbGPΔM-V3-V5, respectively) still maintained the efficiency of EboGP-mediated viral entry into human macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Animal studies using mice revealed that immunization with virus-like particles (VLPs) containing the above chimeric proteins, especially EbGPΔM-V3, induced significantly more potent anti-HIV antibodies than HIV gp120 alone in mouse serum and vaginal fluid. Moreover, the splenocytes isolated from mice immunized with VLPs containing EbGPΔM-V3 produced significantly higher levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-5, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α). Additionally, we demonstrated that coexpression of EbGPΔM-V3 and the HIV Env glycoprotein in a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) vector elicited robust anti-HIV antibodies that may have specifically recognized epitopes outside or inside the C2-V3-C3 region of HIV-1 gp120 and cross-reacted with the gp120 from different HIV strains. Thus, this study has demonstrated the great potential of this DC-targeting vaccine platform as a new vaccine approach for improving immunogen delivery and increasing vaccine efficacy. IMPORTANCE Currently, there are more than 38.5 million reported cases of HIV globally. To date, there is no approved vaccine for HIV-1 infection. Thus, the development of an effective vaccine against HIV infection remains a global priority. This study revealed the efficacy of a novel dendritic cell (DC)-targeting vaccination approach against HIV-1. The results clearly show that the immunization of mice with virus-like particles (VLPs) and VSVs containing HIV Env and a fusion protein composed of a DC-targeting domain of Ebola virus GP with HIV C2-V3-C3 polypeptides (EbGPΔM-V3) could induce robust immune responses against HIV-1 Env and/or Gag in serum and vaginal mucosa. These findings provide a proof of concept of this novel and efficient DC-targeting vaccine approach in delivering various antigenic polypeptides of HIV-1 and/or other emergent infections to the host antigen-presenting cells to prevent HIV and other viral infections.
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10
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Upadhyay C, Feyznezhad R, Cao L, Chan KW, Liu K, Yang W, Zhang H, Yolitz J, Arthos J, Nadas A, Kong XP, Zolla-Pazner S, Hioe CE. Signal peptide of HIV-1 envelope modulates glycosylation impacting exposure of V1V2 and other epitopes. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009185. [PMID: 33370382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a trimer of gp120-gp41 heterodimers, synthesized from a precursor gp160 that contains an ER-targeting signal peptide (SP) at its amino-terminus. Each trimer is swathed by ~90 N-linked glycans, comprising complex-type and oligomannose-type glycans, which play an important role in determining virus sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies. We previously examined the effects of single point SP mutations on Env properties and functions. Here, we aimed to understand the impact of the SP diversity on glycosylation of virus-derived Env and virus neutralization by swapping SPs. Analyses of site-specific glycans revealed that SP swapping altered Env glycan content and occupancy on multiple N-linked glycosites, including conserved N156 and N160 glycans in the V1V2 region at the Env trimer apex and N88 at the trimer base. Virus neutralization was also affected, especially by antibodies against V1V2, V3, and gp41. Likewise, SP swaps affected the recognition of soluble and cell-associated Env by antibodies targeting distinct V1V2 configurations, V3 crown, and gp41 epitopes. These data highlight the contribution of SP sequence diversity in shaping the Env glycan content and its impact on the configuration and accessibility of V1V2 and other Env epitopes. HIV-1 Env glycoprotein is produced by a precursor gp160 that has a signal peptide at its N-terminus. The SP is highly diverse among the HIV-1 isolates. This study presents site-specific analyses of N-linked glycosylation on HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins from infectious viruses produced with different envelope signal peptides. We show that signal peptide swapping alters the envelope glycan shield, including the conserved N156 and N160 glycans located in the V1V2 region on the trimer apex, to impact Env recognition and virus neutralization by antibodies. The data offer crucial insights into the role of signal peptide in the interplay between HIV-1 and antibodies and its potential utility to control Env glycosylation in the development of Env-based HIV-1 vaccine.
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11
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Powell RL, Weiss S, Fox A, Liu X, Itri V, Jiang X, Luo CC, Spencer DA, Pandey S, Cheever T, Fuller DH, Totrov M, Hessell AJ, Haigwood NL, Kong XP, Zolla-Pazner S. An HIV Vaccine Targeting the V2 Region of the HIV Envelope Induces a Highly Durable Polyfunctional Fc-Mediated Antibody Response in Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2020; 94:e01175-20. [PMID: 32554699 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01175-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV vaccine field now recognizes the potential importance of generating polyfunctional antibodies (Abs). The only clinical HIV vaccine trial to date to show significant efficacy (RV144) found that reduced infection rates correlated with the level of nonneutralizing Abs specific for the V2 region of the envelope glycoprotein. We have conducted a comprehensive preclinical reverse vaccinology-based vaccine program that has included the design and production and testing of numerous scaffolded V2 region immunogens. The most immunogenic vaccine regimen in nonhuman primates among those studied as part of this program consisted of a cocktail of three immunogens presenting V2 from different viruses and clades in the context of different scaffolds. Presently we demonstrate that the V2-specific Ab response from this regimen was highly durable and functionally diverse for the duration of the study (25 weeks after the final immunization). The total IgG binding response at this late time point exhibited only an ∼5× reduction in potency. Three immunizations appeared essential for the elicitation of a strong Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) response for all animals, as opposed to the Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) and virus capture responses, which were comparably potent after only 2 immunizations. All functionalities measured were highly durable through the study period. Therefore, testing this vaccine candidate for its protective capacity is warranted.IMPORTANCE The only HIV vaccine trial for which protective efficacy was detected correlated this efficacy with V2-specific Abs that were effectively nonneutralizing. This result has fueled a decade of HIV vaccine research focused on designing an HIV vaccine capable of eliciting V2-focused, polyfunctional Abs that effectively bind HIV and trigger various leukocytes to kill the virus and restrict viral spread. From the numerous vaccine candidates designed and tested as part of our V2-focused preclinical vaccine program, we have identified immunogens and a vaccine regimen that induces a highly durable and polyfunctional V2-focused Ab response in rhesus macaques, described herein.
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12
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Basu M, Piepenbrink MS, Francois C, Roche F, Zheng B, Spencer DA, Hessell AJ, Fucile CF, Rosenberg AF, Bunce CA, Liesveld J, Keefer MC, Kobie JJ. Persistence of HIV-1 Env-Specific Plasmablast Lineages in Plasma Cells after Vaccination in Humans. Cell Rep Med 2020; 1:100015. [PMID: 32577626 PMCID: PMC7311075 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Induction of persistent HIV-1 Envelope (Env) specific antibody (Ab) is a primary goal of HIV vaccine strategies; however, it is unclear whether HIV Env immunization in humans induces bone marrow plasma cells, the presumed source of long-lived systemic Ab. To define the features of Env-specific plasma cells after vaccination, samples were obtained from HVTN 105, a phase I trial testing the same gp120 protein immunogen, AIDSVAX B/E, used in RV144, along with a DNA immunogen in various prime and boost strategies. Boosting regimens that included AIDSVAX B/E induced robust peripheral blood plasmablast responses. The Env-specific immunoglobulin repertoire of the plasmablasts is dominated by VH1 gene usage and targeting of the V3 region. Numerous plasmablast-derived immunoglobulin lineages persisted in the bone marrow >8 months after immunization, including in the CD138+ long-lived plasma cell compartment. These findings identify a cellular linkage for the development of sustained Env-specific Abs following vaccination in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhubanti Basu
- Infectious Diseases Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Bo Zheng
- Infectious Diseases Division, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - David A. Spencer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Ann J. Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | | | | | - Catherine A. Bunce
- Infectious Diseases Division, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jane Liesveld
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael C. Keefer
- Infectious Diseases Division, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - James J. Kobie
- Infectious Diseases Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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13
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Joachim A, Ahmed MIM, Pollakis G, Rogers L, Hoffmann VS, Munseri P, Aboud S, Lyamuya EF, Bakari M, Robb ML, Wahren B, Sandstrom E, Nilsson C, Biberfeld G, Geldmacher C, Held K. Induction of Identical IgG HIV-1 Envelope Epitope Recognition Patterns After Initial HIVIS-DNA/MVA-CMDR Immunization and a Late MVA-CMDR Boost. Front Immunol 2020; 11:719. [PMID: 32411138 PMCID: PMC7198863 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the RV144 trial, to date the only HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trial demonstrating a modestly reduced risk of HIV-1 acquisition, antibody responses toward the HIV Envelope protein (Env) variable (V) 2 and V3 regions were shown to be correlated with a reduced risk of infection. These potentially protective antibody responses, in parallel with the vaccine efficacy, however, waned quickly. Dissecting vaccine-induced IgG recognition of antigenic regions and their variants within the HIV-1 Env from different vaccine trials will aid in designing future HIV-1 immunogens and vaccination schedules. We, therefore, analyzed the IgG response toward linear HIV-1 Env epitopes elicited by a multi-clade, multigene HIVIS-DNA priming, and heterologous recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA-CMDR) boosting regimen (HIVIS03) and assessed whether a late MVA-CMDR boost 3 years after completion of the initial vaccination schedule (HIVIS06) restored antibody responses toward these epitopes. Here we report that vaccination schedule in the HIVIS03 trial elicited IgG responses against linear epitopes within the V2 and V3 tip as well as against the gp41 immunodominant region in a high proportion of vaccinees. Antibodies against the V2 and gp41 Env regions were restricted to variants with close homology to the MVA-CMDR immunogen sequence, while V3 responses were more cross-reactive. Boosting with a late third MVA-CMDR after 3 years effectively restored waned IgG responses to linear Env epitopes and induced targeting of identical antigenic regions and variants comparable to the previous combined HIVIS-DNA/MVA-CMDR regimen. Our findings support the notion that anti-HIV-1 Env responses, associated with a reduced risk of infection in RV144, could be maintained by regular boosting with a single dose of MVA-CMDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agricola Joachim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Mohamed I M Ahmed
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Faculty of Health and Life Science, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections (HPRU EZI), Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Rogers
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Verena S Hoffmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Patricia Munseri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Said Aboud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Eligius F Lyamuya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Muhammad Bakari
- Tanzania Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly, and Children, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Merlin L Robb
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Rockville, MD, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Britta Wahren
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric Sandstrom
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Sodersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Gunnel Biberfeld
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christof Geldmacher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Held
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
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14
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Martinez DR, Tu JJ, Kumar A, Mangold JF, Mangan RJ, Goswami R, Giorgi EE, Chen J, Mengual M, Douglas AO, Heimsath H, Saunders KO, Nicely NI, Eudailey J, Hernandez G, Morgan-Asiedu PK, Wiehe K, Haynes BF, Moody MA, LaBranche C, Montefiori DC, Gao F, Permar SR. Maternal Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Can Select for Neutralization-Resistant, Infant-Transmitted/Founder HIV Variants. mBio 2020; 11:e00176-20. [PMID: 32156815 PMCID: PMC7064758 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00176-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Each year, >180,000 infants become infected via mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV despite the availability of effective maternal antiretroviral treatments, underlining the need for a maternal HIV vaccine. We characterized 224 maternal HIV envelope (Env)-specific IgG monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) from seven nontransmitting and transmitting HIV-infected U.S. and Malawian mothers and examined their neutralization activities against nontransmitted autologous circulating viruses and infant-transmitted founder (infant-T/F) viruses. Only a small subset of maternal viruses, 3 of 72 (4%), were weakly neutralized by maternal linear V3 epitope-specific IgG MAbs, whereas 6 out of 6 (100%) infant-T/F viruses were neutralization resistant to these V3-specific IgG MAbs. We also show that maternal-plasma broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) responses targeting the V3 glycan supersite in a transmitting woman may have selected for an N332 V3 glycan neutralization-resistant infant-T/F virus. These data have important implications for bNAb-eliciting vaccines and passively administered bNAbs in the setting of MTCT.IMPORTANCE Efforts to eliminate MTCT of HIV with antiretroviral therapy (ART) have met little success, with >180,000 infant infections each year worldwide. It is therefore likely that additional immunologic strategies that can synergize with ART will be required to eliminate MTCT of HIV. To this end, understanding the role of maternal HIV Env-specific IgG antibodies in the setting of MTCT is crucial. In this study, we found that maternal-plasma broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) responses can select for T/F viruses that initiate infection in infants. We propose that clinical trials testing the efficacy of single bNAb specificities should not include HIV-infected pregnant women, as a single bNAb might select for neutralization-resistant infant-T/F viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Martinez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joshua J Tu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Riley J Mangan
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ria Goswami
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elena E Giorgi
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Juilin Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Mengual
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Holly Heimsath
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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15
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Shen X, Laher F, Moodie Z, McMillan AS, Spreng RL, Gilbert PB, Huang Y, Yates NL, Grunenberg N, Juliana McElrath M, Allen M, Pensiero M, Mehra VL, Der Meeren OV, Barnett SW, Phogat S, Gray GE, Bekker LG, Corey L, Tomaras GD. HIV-1 Vaccine Sequences Impact V1V2 Antibody Responses: A Comparison of Two Poxvirus Prime gp120 Boost Vaccine Regimens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2093. [PMID: 32034163 PMCID: PMC7005751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the RV144 trial, vaccine-induced V1V2 IgG correlated with decreased HIV-1 risk. We investigated circulating antibody specificities in two phase 1 poxvirus prime-protein boost clinical trials conducted in South Africa: HVTN 097 (subtype B/E) and HVTN 100 (subtype C). With cross-subtype peptide microarrays and multiplex binding assays, we probed the magnitude and breadth of circulating antibody responses to linear variable loop 2 (V2) and conformational V1V2 specificities. Antibodies targeting the linear V2 epitope, a correlate of decreased HIV-1 risk in RV144, were elicited up to 100% and 61% in HVTN 097 and HVTN 100, respectively. Despite higher magnitude of envelope-specific responses in HVTN 100 compared to HVTN 097 (p’s < 0.001), the magnitude and positivity for V2 linear epitope and V1V2 proteins were significantly lower in HVTN 100 compared to HVTN 097. Meanwhile, responses to other major linear epitopes including the variable 3 (V3) and constant 5 (C5) epitopes were higher in HVTN 100 compared to HVTN 097. Our data reveal substantial differences in the circulating antibody specificities induced by vaccination in these two canarypox prime-protein boost trials. Our findings suggest that the choice of viral sequences in prime-boost vaccine regimens, and potentially adjuvants and immunogen dose, influence the elicitation of V2-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Fatima Laher
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Soweto, South Africa
| | - Zoe Moodie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Arthur S McMillan
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel L Spreng
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole L Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mary Allen
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Pensiero
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vijay L Mehra
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Susan W Barnett
- GSK Vaccines (formerly Novartis Vaccines), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Glenda E Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Soweto, South Africa.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. .,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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16
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Chenine AL, Merbah M, Wieczorek L, Molnar S, Mann B, Lee J, OʼSullivan AM, Bose M, Sanders-Buell E, Kijak GH, Herrera C, McLinden R, OʼConnell RJ, Michael NL, Robb ML, Kim JH, Polonis VR, Tovanabutra S. Neutralization Sensitivity of a Novel HIV-1 CRF01_AE Panel of Infectious Molecular Clones. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2018; 78:348-55. [PMID: 29528942 DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000001675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 CRF01_AE is dominant in Thailand where RV144 vaccine trial was conducted. To study immune correlates of protection in ongoing trials, CRF01_AE-derived reagents are essential. Here, we present a panel of 14 HIV-1 infectious molecular clones (IMCs) identified from different stages of infection and characterization of their neutralization sensitivity using 2 standard assays. METHODS One full-length IMC was constructed using a transmitted-founder virus to express Renilla luciferase (LucR) reporter gene and full-length envelopes (envs) of exogenous HIV-1. A panel of IMCs was generated, expressing envs of viruses from acute (Fiebig stages I/II and I-IV) and chronic (>Fiebig VI) infection. Neutralization assays were performed using TZM-bl or A3R5 cell lines, and sera or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Wilcoxon matched-paired test was used to assess neutralization differences between assays and reagents; correlation coefficients were evaluated by linear regression. RESULTS Neutralization potency observed was significantly higher in the A3R5 assay when testing mAbs and serum pools (P < 0.0001); the stage of infection from which env was derived did not associate with IMC neutralization sensitivity. Neutralization values from A3R5 and TZM-bl assays were strongly correlated when mAbs were tested (R = 0.7, P < 0.0001), but a weaker association was seen with serum pools (R = 0.17, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS This novel panel of CRF01_AE reporter IMC is useful for assessing vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies in multiple assays, including those using primary cell targets. The significant differences in TZM-bl and A3R5 neutralization sensitivity, as well as the poor association when using polyclonal sera indicates the need for caution in choosing one specific platform.
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17
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Gray GE, Huang Y, Grunenberg N, Laher F, Roux S, Andersen-Nissen E, De Rosa SC, Flach B, Randhawa AK, Jensen R, Swann EM, Bekker LG, Innes C, Lazarus E, Morris L, Mkhize NN, Ferrari G, Montefiori DC, Shen X, Sawant S, Yates N, Hural J, Isaacs A, Phogat S, DiazGranados CA, Lee C, Sinangil F, Michael NL, Robb ML, Kublin JG, Gilbert PB, McElrath MJ, Tomaras GD, Corey L. Immune correlates of the Thai RV144 HIV vaccine regimen in South Africa. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaax1880. [PMID: 31534016 PMCID: PMC7199879 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One of the most successful HIV vaccines to date, the RV144 vaccine tested in Thailand, demonstrated correlates of protection including cross-clade V1V2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) breadth, Env-specific CD4+ T cell polyfunctionality, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in vaccinees with low IgA binding. The HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) 097 trial evaluated this vaccine regimen in South Africa, where clade C HIV-1 predominates. We compared cellular and humoral responses at peak and durability immunogenicity time points in HVTN 097 and RV144 vaccinee samples, and evaluated vaccine-matched and cross-clade immune responses. At peak immunogenicity, HVTN 097 vaccinees exhibited significantly higher cellular and humoral immune responses than RV144 vaccinees. CD4+ T cell responses were more frequent in HVTN 097 irrespective of age and sex, and CD4+ T cell Env-specific functionality scores were higher in HVTN 097. Env-specific CD40L+ CD4+ T cells were more common in HVTN 097, with individuals having this pattern of expression demonstrating higher median antibody responses to HIV-1 Env. IgG and IgG3 binding antibody rates and response magnitude to gp120 vaccine- and V1V2 vaccine-matched antigens were higher or comparable in HVTN 097 than in RV144 ADCC, and ADCP functional antibody responses were elicited in HVTN 097. Env-specific IgG and CD4+ Env responses declined significantly over time in both trials. Overall, cross-clade immune responses associated with protection were better than expected in South Africa, suggesting wider applicability of this regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda E Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa.
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Fatima Laher
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa
| | - Surita Roux
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 8001, South Africa
| | - Erica Andersen-Nissen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa, Cape Town 8001, South Africa
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Britta Flach
- Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa, Cape Town 8001, South Africa
| | - April K Randhawa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ryan Jensen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Edith M Swann
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 8001, South Africa
| | - Craig Innes
- The Aurum Institute, Klerksdorp 2570, South Africa
| | - Erica Lazarus
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla N Mkhize
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicole Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - John Hural
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Abby Isaacs
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Carter Lee
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Faruk Sinangil
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nelson L Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Merlin L Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - James G Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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18
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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19
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Tuen M, Bimela JS, Banin AN, Ding S, Harkins GW, Weiss S, Itri V, Durham AR, Porcella SF, Soni S, Mayr L, Meli J, Torimiro JN, Tongo M, Wang X, Kong XP, Nádas A, Kaufmann DE, Brumme ZL, Nanfack AJ, Quinn TC, Zolla-Pazner S, Redd AD, Finzi A, Gorny MK, Nyambi PN, Duerr R. Immune Correlates of Disease Progression in Linked HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1062. [PMID: 31139189 PMCID: PMC6527802 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and immunologic analyses of epidemiologically-linked HIV transmission enable insights into the impact of immune responses on clinical outcomes. Human vaccine trials and animal studies of HIV-1 infection have suggested immune correlates of protection; however, their role in natural infection in terms of protection from disease progression is mostly unknown. Four HIV-1+ Cameroonian individuals, three of them epidemiologically-linked in a polygamous heterosexual relationship and one incidence-matched case, were studied over 15 years for heterologous and cross-neutralizing antibody responses, antibody binding, IgA/IgG levels, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against cells expressing wild-type or CD4-bound Env, viral evolution, Env epitopes, and host factors including HLA-I alleles. Despite viral infection with related strains, the members of the transmission cluster experienced contrasting clinical outcomes including cases of rapid progression and long-term non-progression in the absence of strongly protective HLA-I or CCR5Δ32 alleles. Slower progression and higher CD4/CD8 ratios were associated with enhanced IgG antibody binding to native Env and stronger V1V2 antibody binding responses in the presence of viruses with residue K169 in V2. ADCC against cells expressing Env in the CD4-bound conformation in combination with low Env-specific IgA/IgG ratios correlated with better clinical outcome. This data set highlights for the first time that V1V2-directed antibody responses and ADCC against cells expressing open, CD4-exposed Env, in the presence of low plasma IgA/IgG ratios, can correlate with clinical outcome in natural infection. These parameters are comparable to the major correlates of protection, identified post-hoc in the RV144 vaccine trial; thus, they may also modulate the rate of clinical progression once infected. The findings illustrate the potential of immune correlate analysis in natural infection to guide vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tuen
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jude S Bimela
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Andrew N Banin
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gordon W Harkins
- South African MRC Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Svenja Weiss
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vincenza Itri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Allison R Durham
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health-National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Stephen F Porcella
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Branch, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Sonal Soni
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Luzia Mayr
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Josephine Meli
- Medical Diagnostic Center, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Yaoundé General Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Judith N Torimiro
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,"Chantal Biya" International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Marcel Tongo
- Center of Research for Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases, Institute of Medical Research and Study of Medicinal Plants, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare Systems, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Arthur Nádas
- New York University School of Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Zabrina L Brumme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.,British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Aubin J Nanfack
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Medical Diagnostic Center, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,"Chantal Biya" International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health-National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health-National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Miroslaw K Gorny
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Phillipe N Nyambi
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare Systems, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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20
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Abstract
Despite progress in antiretroviral therapy, pre-exposure prophylaxis, microbicides, and other preventive strategies, a vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infection remains desperately needed. Development of an effective vaccine is challenged by several immunologic features of HIV-1 evidenced by the failure of five of the six HIV-1 candidate vaccine efficacy trials to date. This chapter reviews these efficacy trials with a focus on the Phase 3 RV144 trial in Thailand, the only HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trial to show a moderate protective effect of 31% with respect to placebo administration. Although modest, this protection has allowed for the study of potential immunologic correlates of protection to improve development of future HIV-1 pox-protein and other vaccine strategies. Trials in Thailand and South Africa have built upon the RV144 framework to provide additional immunologic insights which enable current and future efficacy testing of related vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Heger
- US Army Medical Materiel Development Activity, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra Schuetz
- US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand.
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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21
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Hioe CE, Kumar R, Upadhyay C, Jan M, Fox A, Itri V, Peachman KK, Rao M, Liu L, Lo NC, Tuen M, Jiang X, Kong XP, Zolla-Pazner S. Modulation of Antibody Responses to the V1V2 and V3 Regions of HIV-1 Envelope by Immune Complex Vaccines. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2441. [PMID: 30416503 PMCID: PMC6212562 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prophylactic HIV vaccines must elicit antibodies (Abs) against the virus envelope glycoproteins (Env) to effectively prevent HIV infection. We investigated a vaccine platform that utilizes immune complexes made of Env proteins gp120 and monoclonal Abs (mAbs) against different gp120 epitopes. We previously observed alterations in V3 antigenicity upon formation of certain gp120/mAb complexes and demonstrated the ability of these complexes to modulate the elicitation of V3 Ab responses. However, the effects on the V1V2 domain, an important target for Abs that correlate with vaccine-induced protection against HIV, have not been studied, nor have immune complex vaccines made with non-B subtype Env. This study compared subtypes B (JRFL) and CRF_01.AE (A244) Env gp120 proteins in complex with selected gp120-specific mAbs. Allosteric and antigenic changes were detected on these immune complexes, indicating that gp120/mAb interaction induces alterations on the Env surface that may modify the Env immunogenic properties. To evaluate this idea, mice were immunized with gp120/mAb complexes or their uncomplexed gp120 counterparts. The overall serum IgG titers elicited against gp120 were comparable, but a marked skewing toward V1V2 or V3 was evident and dependent on the gp120 strain and the specificity of the mAb used to form the complexes. Compared with uncomplexed gp120JRFL, gp120JRFL complexed with CD4bs or V1V2 mAbs, but not with C2 or V3 mAbs, elicited V3 Abs of greater titers and breadth, and Abs more capable of neutralizing tier 1 virus. Epitope mapping revealed a shift to a more conserved site in the V3 crown. However, the complexes did not enhance V1V2 Ab response, and the elicited V1V2 Abs were not cross-reactive. This profile contrasts with Ab responses to gp120A244/mAb complexes. Notably, gp120A244/mAb complexes induced higher levels of V1V2 Abs with some cross-reactivity, while also stimulating weak or strain-specific V3 Abs. Sera from gp120A244/mAb complex-immunized animals displayed no measurable virus neutralization but did mediate Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis, albeit at levels similar to that induced by gp120A244 alone. These data indicate the potential utility of immune complexes as vaccines to shape Ab responses toward or away from Env sites of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina E Hioe
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Chitra Upadhyay
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Muzafar Jan
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alisa Fox
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vincenza Itri
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kristina K Peachman
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mangala Rao
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Lily Liu
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nathan C Lo
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael Tuen
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xunqing Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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22
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Munusamy Ponnan S, Swaminathan S, Tiruvengadam K, K. K. V, Cheedarla N, Nesakumar M, Kathirvel S, Goyal R, Singla N, Mukherjee J, Bergin P, T. Kopycinski J, Gilmour J, Prasad Tripathy S, Luke HE. Induction of circulating T follicular helper cells and regulatory T cells correlating with HIV-1 gp120 variable loop antibodies by a subtype C prophylactic vaccine tested in a Phase I trial in India. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203037. [PMID: 30157242 PMCID: PMC6114930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A Phase I HIV-1 vaccine trial sponsored by the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) was conducted in India in 2009 to test a subtype C prophylactic vaccine in a prime-boost regimen comprising of a DNA prime (ADVAX) and MVA (TBC-M4) boost. The trial demonstrated that the regimen was safe and well tolerated and resulted in enhancement of HIV-specific immune responses. Preliminary observations on vaccine-induced immune responses were limited to analysis of neutralizing antibodies and IFN-γ ELISPOT response. The present study involves a more detailed analysis of the nature of the vaccine-induced humoral immune response using specimens that were archived from the volunteers at the time of the trial. Interestingly, we found vaccine induced production of V1/V2 and V3 region-specific antibodies in a significant proportion of vaccinees. Variable region antibody levels correlated directly with the frequency of circulating T follicular helper cells (Tfh) and regulatory T cells (Treg). Our findings provide encouraging evidence to demonstrate the immunogenicity of the tested vaccine. Better insights into vaccine-induced immune responses can aid in informing future design of a successfulHIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soumya Swaminathan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Kannan Tiruvengadam
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Vidyavijayan K. K.
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Narayana Cheedarla
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Manohar Nesakumar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Sujitha Kathirvel
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Rajat Goyal
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
| | - Nikhil Singla
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Philip Bergin
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Srikanth Prasad Tripathy
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Hanna Elizabeth Luke
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
- * E-mail:
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23
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Rao M, Onkar S, Peachman KK, White Y, Trinh HV, Jobe O, Zhou Y, Dawson P, Eller MA, Matyas GR, Alving CR. Liposome-Encapsulated Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 gp120 Induces Potent V1V2-Specific Antibodies in Humans. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:1541-1550. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Rao
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Sayali Onkar
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kristina K Peachman
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yohann White
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hung V Trinh
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ousman Jobe
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Michael A Eller
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gary R Matyas
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Carl R Alving
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
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24
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Wen Y, Trinh HV, Linton CE, Tani C, Norais N, Martinez-Guzman D, Ramesh P, Sun Y, Situ F, Karaca-Griffin S, Hamlin C, Onkar S, Tian S, Hilt S, Malyala P, Lodaya R, Li N, Otten G, Palladino G, Friedrich K, Aggarwal Y, LaBranche C, Duffy R, Shen X, Tomaras GD, Montefiori DC, Fulp W, Gottardo R, Burke B, Ulmer JB, Zolla-Pazner S, Liao HX, Haynes BF, Michael NL, Kim JH, Rao M, O’Connell RJ, Carfi A, Barnett SW. Generation and characterization of a bivalent protein boost for future clinical trials: HIV-1 subtypes CR01_AE and B gp120 antigens with a potent adjuvant. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194266. [PMID: 29698406 PMCID: PMC5919662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The RV144 Phase III clinical trial with ALVAC-HIV prime and AIDSVAX B/E subtypes CRF01_AE (A244) and B (MN) gp120 boost vaccine regime in Thailand provided a foundation for the future development of improved vaccine strategies that may afford protection against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Results from this trial showed that immune responses directed against specific regions V1V2 of the viral envelope (Env) glycoprotein gp120 of HIV-1, were inversely correlated to the risk of HIV-1 infection. Due to the low production of gp120 proteins in CHO cells (2–20 mg/L), cleavage sites in V1V2 loops (A244) and V3 loop (MN) causing heterogeneous antigen products, it was an urgent need to generate CHO cells harboring A244 gp120 with high production yields and an additional, homogenous and uncleaved subtype B gp120 protein to replace MN used in RV144 for the future clinical trials. Here we describe the generation of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines stably expressing vaccine HIV-1 Env antigens for these purposes: one expressing an HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE A244 Env gp120 protein (A244.AE) and one expressing an HIV-1 subtype B 6240 Env gp120 protein (6240.B) suitable for possible future manufacturing of Phase I clinical trial materials with cell culture expression levels of over 100 mg/L. The antigenic profiles of the molecules were elucidated by comprehensive approaches including analysis with a panel of well-characterized monoclonal antibodies recognizing critical epitopes using Biacore and ELISA, and glycosylation analysis by mass spectrometry, which confirmed previously identified glycosylation sites and revealed unknown sites of O-linked and N-linked glycosylations at non-consensus motifs. Overall, the vaccines given with MF59 adjuvant induced higher and more rapid antibody (Ab) responses as well as higher Ab avidity than groups given with aluminum hydroxide. Also, bivalent proteins (A244.AE and 6240.B) formulated with MF59 elicited distinct V2-specific Abs to the epitope previously shown to correlate with decreased risk of HIV-1 infection in the RV144 trial. All together, these results provide critical information allowing the consideration of these candidate gp120 proteins for future clinical evaluations in combination with a potent adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxia Wen
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Hung V. Trinh
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Priyanka Ramesh
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Yide Sun
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Frank Situ
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Christopher Hamlin
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Sayali Onkar
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Sai Tian
- GSK, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Susan Hilt
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Padma Malyala
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Rushit Lodaya
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Ning Li
- GSK, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Gillis Otten
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Giuseppe Palladino
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Yukti Aggarwal
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Ryan Duffy
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - William Fulp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Brian Burke
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey B. Ulmer
- GSK, Rockville, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SWB); (AC); (JBU)
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Biomedine Institute, College of Life Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Mangala Rao
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Robert J. O’Connell
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Andrea Carfi
- GSK, Rockville, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SWB); (AC); (JBU)
| | - Susan W. Barnett
- GSK, Rockville, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SWB); (AC); (JBU)
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25
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Pan R, Qin Y, Banasik M, Lees W, Shepherd AJ, Cho MW, Kong XP. Increased Epitope Complexity Correlated with Antibody Affinity Maturation and a Novel Binding Mode Revealed by Structures of Rabbit Antibodies against the Third Variable Loop (V3) of HIV-1 gp120. J Virol 2018; 92:e01894-17. [PMID: 29343576 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01894-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The third variable (V3) loop of HIV-1 gp120 is an immunodominant region targeted by neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). Despite limited breadth, better characterization of the structural details of the interactions between these nAbs and their target epitopes would enhance our understanding of the mechanism of neutralization and facilitate designing better immunogens to induce nAbs with greater breadth. Recently, we isolated two anti-V3 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), 10A3 and 10A37, from a rabbit immunized with gp120 of the M group consensus sequence. In this study, crystal structures of these MAbs bound to target epitopes were determined. 10A3 binds to the V3 crown (303TRKSIHIGPGRAF317) using the cradle binding mode, similar to human V3 MAbs encoded by IGHV5-51 germ line genes, and its epitope structure resembles that bound to the human antibodies. In contrast, 10A37, which exhibits greater breadth and potency than 10A3, binds the V3 crown and the succeeding stem region (308HIGPGRAFYTTGEI323). Unexpectedly, the 315RAFYTT320 portion of the epitope existed as helical turns, a V3 structure that has not been observed previously. Its main chain-dominated antigen-antibody interactions not only explain the broad neutralization of 10A37 but also show that its epitope is a potential vaccine target to be further evaluated. In conclusion, our study provides novel insights about neutralization-susceptible epitope structures of the V3 loop of HIV-1 gp120 and demonstrates that, despite low amino acid sequence similarity to human antibody germ line genes, rabbits can serve as a useful animal model to evaluate human vaccine candidates.IMPORTANCE The apex crown of V3 of HIV-1 gp120 is the most immunogenic region of the surface glycoprotein, and many MAbs targeting this region have been developed. Structural understanding of V3 crown MAbs not only can help understand how antibody responses target this unique region but also contribute to immunogen design for vaccine development. We present here crystal structures of two neutralizing V3 MAbs, 10A3 and 10A37, developed from a rabbit immunized with gp120. Our analysis of 10A3 in complex with V3 provided a detailed example of how epitope complexity can evolve with affinity maturation, while that of 10A37 revealed a novel V3 binding mode targeting the C-terminal side of the V3 crown and showed that this region can form a helical structure. Our study provides novel insights about neutralization-susceptible V3 epitope structures and demonstrates that rabbits can serve as a useful animal model to evaluate human vaccine candidates.
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26
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deCamp AC, Rolland M, Edlefsen PT, Sanders-Buell E, Hall B, Magaret CA, Fiore-Gartland AJ, Juraska M, Carpp LN, Karuna ST, Bose M, LePore S, Miller S, O'Sullivan A, Poltavee K, Bai H, Dommaraju K, Zhao H, Wong K, Chen L, Ahmed H, Goodman D, Tay MZ, Gottardo R, Koup RA, Bailer R, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Roederer M, O’Connell RJ, Michael NL, Robb ML, Adams E, D’Souza P, Kublin J, Corey L, Geraghty DE, Frahm N, Tomaras GD, McElrath MJ, Frenkel L, Styrchak S, Tovanabutra S, Sobieszczyk ME, Hammer SM, Kim JH, Mullins JI, Gilbert PB. Sieve analysis of breakthrough HIV-1 sequences in HVTN 505 identifies vaccine pressure targeting the CD4 binding site of Env-gp120. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185959. [PMID: 29149197 PMCID: PMC5693417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the HVTN 505 DNA/recombinant adenovirus type 5 vector HIV-1 vaccine trial showed no overall efficacy, analysis of breakthrough HIV-1 sequences in participants can help determine whether vaccine-induced immune responses impacted viruses that caused infection. We analyzed 480 HIV-1 genomes sampled from 27 vaccine and 20 placebo recipients and found that intra-host HIV-1 diversity was significantly lower in vaccine recipients (P ≤ 0.04, Q-values ≤ 0.09) in Gag, Pol, Vif and envelope glycoprotein gp120 (Env-gp120). Furthermore, Env-gp120 sequences from vaccine recipients were significantly more distant from the subtype B vaccine insert than sequences from placebo recipients (P = 0.01, Q-value = 0.12). These vaccine effects were associated with signatures mapping to CD4 binding site and CD4-induced monoclonal antibody footprints. These results suggest either (i) no vaccine efficacy to block acquisition of any viral genotype but vaccine-accelerated Env evolution post-acquisition; or (ii) vaccine efficacy against HIV-1s with Env sequences closest to the vaccine insert combined with increased acquisition due to other factors, potentially including the vaccine vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan C. deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ACD); (MR); (PBG)
| | - Morgane Rolland
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ACD); (MR); (PBG)
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Eric Sanders-Buell
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Breana Hall
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Craig A. Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michal Juraska
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lindsay N. Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shelly T. Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Meera Bose
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven LePore
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shana Miller
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Annemarie O'Sullivan
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kultida Poltavee
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hongjun Bai
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kalpana Dommaraju
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kim Wong
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lennie Chen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hasan Ahmed
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Derrick Goodman
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew Z. Tay
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert J. O’Connell
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Adams
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patricia D’Souza
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lisa Frenkel
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sheila Styrchak
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Hammer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - James I. Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ACD); (MR); (PBG)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Only four HIV-1 vaccine concepts have been tested in six efficacy trials with no product licensed to date. Several scientific and programmatic lessons can be learned from these studies generating new hypotheses and guiding future steps. RECENT FINDINGS RV144 [ALVAC-HIV (canarypox vector) and AIDSVAX B/E (bivalent gp120 HIV-1 subtype B and CRF01_AE)] remains the only efficacy trial that demonstrated a modest vaccine efficacy, which led to the identification of immune correlates of risk. Progress on subtype-specific, ALVAC (canarypox vector) and gp120 vaccine prime-boost approaches has been slow, but we are finally close to the launch of an efficacy study in Africa in 2016. The quest of a globally effective HIV-1 vaccine has led to the development of new approaches. Efficacy studies of combinations of Adenovirus type 26 (Ad26)/Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA)/gp140 vaccines with mosaic designs will enter efficacy studies mid-2017 and cytomegalovirus (CMV)-vectored vaccines begin Phase I studies at the same time. Future HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials face practical challenges as effective nonvaccine prevention programs are projected to decrease HIV-1 incidence. SUMMARY An HIV-1 vaccine is urgently needed. Increased industry involvement, mobilization of resources, expansion of a robust pipeline of new concepts, and robust preclinical challenge studies will be essential to accelerate efficacy testing of next generation HIV-1 vaccine candidates.
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Abstract
Development of an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine is a major priority for improving human health worldwide. Vaccine-mediated protection against human pathogens can be achieved through elicitation of protective innate, humoral, and cellular responses. Identification of specific immune responses responsible for pathogen protection enables vaccine development and provides insights into host defenses against pathogens and the immunological mechanisms that most effectively fight infection. Defining immunological correlates of transmission risk in preclinical and clinical HIV-1 vaccine trials has moved the HIV-1 vaccine development field forward and directed new candidate vaccine development. Immune correlate studies are providing novel hypotheses about immunological mechanisms that may be responsible for preventing HIV-1 acquisition. Recent results from HIV-1 immune correlates work has demonstrated that there are multiple types of immune responses that together, comprise an immune correlate-thus implicating polyfunctional immune control of HIV-1 transmission. An in depth understanding of these complex immunological mechanisms of protection against HIV-1 will accelerate the development of an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia D Tomaras
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stanley A Plotkin
- Vaxconsult, Doylestown, PA, USA.,University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Powell RLR, Totrov M, Itri V, Liu X, Fox A, Zolla-Pazner S. Plasticity and Epitope Exposure of the HIV-1 Envelope Trimer. J Virol 2017; 91:e00410-17. [PMID: 28615206 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00410-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that mutations in the HIV-1 envelope (Env) destabilize the V3 loop, rendering neutralization-resistant viruses sensitive to V3-directed monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Here, we investigated the propagation of this effect on other Env epitopes, with special emphasis on V2 loop exposure. Wild-type JR-FL and 19 mutant JR-FL pseudoviruses were tested for neutralization sensitivity to 21 MAbs specific for epitopes in V2, the CD4 binding site (CD4bs), and the CD4-induced (CD4i) region. Certain glycan mutants, mutations in the gp120 hydrophobic core, and mutations in residues involved in intraprotomer interactions exposed epitopes in the V2i region (which overlies the α4β7 integrin binding site) and the V3 crown, suggesting general destabilization of the distal region of the trimer apex. In contrast, other glycan mutants, mutations affecting interprotomer interactions, and mutations affecting the CD4bs exposed V3 but not V2i epitopes. These data indicate for the first time that V3 can move independently of V2, with V3 pivoting out from its "tucked" position in the trimer while apparently leaving the V2 apex intact. Notably, none of the mutations exposed V2 epitopes without also exposing V3, suggesting that movement of V2 releases V3. Most mutations increased sensitivity to CD4bs-directed MAbs without exposure of the CD4i epitope, implying these mutations facilitate the trimers' maintenance of an intermediate energy state between open and closed conformations. Taken together, these data indicate that several transient Env epitopes can be rendered more accessible to antibodies (Abs) via specific mutations, and this may facilitate the design of V1V2-targeting immunogens.IMPORTANCE Many epitopes of the HIV envelope (Env) spike are relatively inaccessible to antibodies (Abs) compared to their exposure in the open Env conformation induced by receptor binding. However, the reduced infection rate that resulted from the vaccine used in the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial was correlated with the elicitation of V2- and V3-directed antibodies. Previously, we identified various mechanisms responsible for destabilizing the V3 loop; here, we determined, via mutation of numerous Env residues, which of these elements maintain the V1V2 loop in an inaccessible state and which expose V1V2 and/or V3 epitopes. Notably, our data indicate that V3 can move independently of V2, but none of the mutations studied expose V2 epitopes without also exposing V3. Additionally, V1V2 can be rendered more accessible to Abs via specific mutations, facilitating the development of engineered V2 immunogens.
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Karnasuta C, Akapirat S, Madnote S, Savadsuk H, Puangkaew J, Rittiroongrad S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Nitayaphan S, Pitisuttithum P, Kaewkungwal J, Tartaglia J, Sinangil F, Francis DP, Robb ML, de Souza MS, Michael NL, Excler JL, Kim JH, O'Connell RJ, Karasavvas N. Comparison of Antibody Responses Induced by RV144, VAX003, and VAX004 Vaccination Regimens. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:410-423. [PMID: 28006952 PMCID: PMC5439458 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The RV144 prime-boost regimen demonstrated efficacy against HIV acquisition while VAX003 and VAX004 did not. Although these trials differed by risk groups, immunization regimens, and immunogens, antibody responses may have contributed to the differences observed in vaccine efficacy. We assessed HIV-specific IgG, both total and subclass, and IgA binding to HIV envelope (Env): gp120 proteins and Cyclic V2 (CycV2) and CycV3 peptides and gp70 V1 V2 scaffolds in these 3 HIV vaccine trials. After two protein immunizations, IgG responses to 92TH023 gp120 (contained in ALVAC-HIV vaccine) were significantly higher in RV144 but responses to other Env were higher in the VAX trials lacking ALVAC-HIV. IgG responses declined significantly between vaccinations. All trials induced antibodies to gp70 V1 V2 but VAX004 responses to 92TH023 gp70 V1 V2 were weak. All CycV2 responses were undetectable in VAX004 while 92TH023 gp70 V1 V2 was detected in both RV144 and VAX003 but MN CycV2 was detected only in VAX003. Multiple protein vaccinations in VAX trials did not improve magnitude or durability of V1 V2 and CycV2 antibodies. Herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D (gD) peptide at the N terminus of AIDSVAX® B/E and B/B gp120 proteins induced antibodies in all trials, although significantly higher in VAX trials. gD peptide induced IgA, IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 but not IgG4. Multiple protein vaccinations decreased IgG3 and increased IgG4 changing subclass contribution to total IgG. Although confounded by different modes of HIV transmission, higher Env-specific IgA and IgG4 binding antibodies induced in the VAX trials compared to RV144 raises the hypothesis that these differences may have contributed to different vaccine efficacy results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitraporn Karnasuta
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siriwat Akapirat
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirinan Madnote
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hathairat Savadsuk
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Puangkaew
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Surawach Rittiroongrad
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Punnee Pitisuttithum
- Vaccine Trial Centre, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jaranit Kaewkungwal
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical and Public Health Informatics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Faruk Sinangil
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases (GSID), South San Francisco, California
| | - Donald P. Francis
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases (GSID), South San Francisco, California
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Nelson L. Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Jerome H. Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert J. O'Connell
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicos Karasavvas
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Martinez DR, Vandergrift N, Douglas AO, McGuire E, Bainbridge J, Nicely NI, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, Fouda GG, Permar SR. Maternal Binding and Neutralizing IgG Responses Targeting the C-Terminal Region of the V3 Loop Are Predictive of Reduced Peripartum HIV-1 Transmission Risk. J Virol 2017; 91:e02422-16. [PMID: 28202762 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02422-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of an effective maternal HIV-1 vaccine that could synergize with antiretroviral therapy (ART) to eliminate pediatric HIV-1 infection will require the characterization of maternal immune responses capable of blocking transmission of autologous HIV to the infant. We previously determined that maternal plasma antibody binding to linear epitopes within the variable loop 3 (V3) region of HIV envelope (Env) and neutralizing responses against easy-to-neutralize tier 1 viruses were associated with reduced risk of peripartum HIV infection in the historic U.S. Woman and Infant Transmission Study (WITS) cohort. Here, we defined the fine specificity and function of the potentially protective maternal V3-specific IgG antibodies associated with reduced peripartum HIV transmission risk in this cohort. The V3-specific IgG binding that predicted low risk of mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) was dependent on the C-terminal flank of the V3 crown and particularly on amino acid position 317, a residue that has also been associated with breakthrough transmission in the RV144 vaccine trial. Remarkably, the fine specificity of potentially protective maternal plasma V3-specific tier 1 virus-neutralizing responses was dependent on the same region in the V3 loop. Our findings suggest that MTCT risk is associated with neutralizing maternal IgG that targets amino acid residues in the C-terminal region of the V3 loop crown, suggesting the importance of the region in immunogen design for maternal vaccines to prevent MTCT.IMPORTANCE Efforts to curb HIV-1 transmission in pediatric populations by antiretroviral therapy (ART) have been highly successful in both developed and developing countries. However, more than 150,000 infants continue to be infected each year, likely due to a combination of late maternal HIV diagnosis, lack of ART access or adherence, and drug-resistant viral strains. Defining the fine specificity of maternal humoral responses that partially protect against MTCT of HIV is required to inform the development of a maternal HIV vaccine that will enhance these responses during pregnancy. In this study, we identified amino acid residues targeted by potentially protective maternal V3-specific IgG binding and neutralizing responses, localizing the potentially protective response in the C-terminal region of the V3 loop crown. Our findings have important implications for the design of maternal vaccination strategies that could synergize with ART during pregnancy to achieve the elimination of pediatric HIV infections.
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Courtney CR, Mayr L, Nanfack AJ, Banin AN, Tuen M, Pan R, Jiang X, Kong XP, Kirkpatrick AR, Bruno D, Martens CA, Sykora L, Porcella SF, Redd AD, Quinn TC, Nyambi PN, Dürr R. Contrasting antibody responses to intrasubtype superinfection with CRF02_AG. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173705. [PMID: 28288209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV superinfection describes the sequential infection of an individual with two or more unrelated HIV strains. Intersubtype superinfection has been shown to cause a broader and more potent heterologous neutralizing antibody response when compared to singly infected controls, yet the effects of intrasubtype superinfection remain controversial. Longitudinal samples were analyzed phylogenetically for pol and env regions using Next-Generation Sequencing and envelope cloning. The impact of CRF02_AG intrasubtype superinfection was assessed for heterologous neutralization and antibody binding responses. We compared two cases of CRF02_AG intrasubtype superinfection that revealed complete replacement of the initial virus by superinfecting CRF02_AG variants with signs of recombination. NYU6564, who became superinfected at an early time point, exhibited greater changes in antibody binding profiles and generated a more potent neutralizing antibody response post-superinfection compared to NYU6501. In contrast, superinfection occurred at a later time point in NYU6501 with strains harboring significantly longer V1V2 regions with no observable changes in neutralization patterns. Here we show that CRF02_AG intrasubtype superinfection can induce a cross-subtype neutralizing antibody response, and our data suggest timing and/or superinfecting viral envelope characteristics as contributing factors. These results highlight differential outcomes in intrasubtype superinfection and provide the first insight into cases with CRF02_AG, the fourth most prevalent HIV-1 strain worldwide.
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Moseri A, Sinha E, Zommer H, Arshava B, Naider F, Anglister J. Immunofocusing using conformationally constrained V3 peptide immunogens improves HIV-1 neutralization. Vaccine 2017; 35:222-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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35
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Jensen K, Nabi R, Van Rompay KKA, Robichaux S, Lifson JD, Piatak M, Jacobs WR, Fennelly G, Canfield D, Mollan KR, Hudgens MG, Larsen MH, Amedee AM, Kozlowski PA, De Paris K. Vaccine-Elicited Mucosal and Systemic Antibody Responses Are Associated with Reduced Simian Immunodeficiency Viremia in Infant Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2016; 90:7285-7302. [PMID: 27252535 PMCID: PMC4984660 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00481-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Despite significant progress in reducing peripartum mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with antiretroviral therapy (ART), continued access to ART throughout the breastfeeding period is still a limiting factor, and breast milk exposure to HIV accounts for up to 44% of MTCT. As abstinence from breastfeeding is not recommended, alternative means are needed to prevent MTCT of HIV. We have previously shown that oral vaccination at birth with live attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) genes safely induces persistent SIV-specific cellular and humoral immune responses both systemically and at the oral and intestinal mucosa. Here, we tested the ability of oral M. tuberculosis vaccine strains expressing SIV Env and Gag proteins, followed by systemic heterologous (MVA-SIV Env/Gag/Pol) boosting, to protect neonatal macaques against oral SIV challenge. While vaccination did not protect infant macaques against oral SIV acquisition, a subset of immunized animals had significantly lower peak viremia which inversely correlated with prechallenge SIV Env-specific salivary and intestinal IgA responses and higher-avidity SIV Env-specific IgG in plasma. These controller animals also maintained CD4(+) T cell populations better and showed reduced tissue pathology compared to noncontroller animals. We show that infants vaccinated at birth can develop vaccine-induced SIV-specific IgA and IgG antibodies and cellular immune responses within weeks of life. Our data further suggest that affinity maturation of vaccine-induced plasma antibodies and induction of mucosal IgA responses at potential SIV entry sites are associated with better control of viral replication, thereby likely reducing SIV morbidity. IMPORTANCE Despite significant progress in reducing peripartum MTCT of HIV with ART, continued access to ART throughout the breastfeeding period is still a limiting factor. Breast milk exposure to HIV accounts for up to 44% of MTCT. Alternative measures, in addition to ART, are needed to achieve the goal of an AIDS-free generation. Pediatric HIV vaccines constitute a core component of such efforts. The results of our pediatric vaccine study highlight the potential importance of vaccine-elicited mucosal Env-specific IgA responses in combination with high-avidity systemic Env-specific IgG in protection against oral SIV transmission and control of viral replication in infant macaques. The induction of potent mucosal IgA antibodies by our vaccine is remarkable considering the age-dependent development of mucosal IgA responses postbirth. A deeper understanding of postnatal immune development may inform the design of improved vaccine strategies to enhance systemic and mucosal SIV/HIV antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Jensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rafiq Nabi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Spencer Robichaux
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Glenn Fennelly
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Don Canfield
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Katie R Mollan
- Lineberger Cancer Center and Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael G Hudgens
- Gillings School of Public Health and Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Angela M Amedee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Pamela A Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Rademeyer C, Korber B, Seaman MS, Giorgi EE, Thebus R, Robles A, Sheward DJ, Wagh K, Garrity J, Carey BR, Gao H, Greene KM, Tang H, Bandawe GP, Marais JC, Diphoko TE, Hraber P, Tumba N, Moore PL, Gray GE, Kublin J, McElrath MJ, Vermeulen M, Middelkoop K, Bekker LG, Hoelscher M, Maboko L, Makhema J, Robb ML, Abdool Karim S, Abdool Karim Q, Kim JH, Hahn BH, Gao F, Swanstrom R, Morris L, Montefiori DC, Williamson C. Features of Recently Transmitted HIV-1 Clade C Viruses that Impact Antibody Recognition: Implications for Active and Passive Immunization. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005742. [PMID: 27434311 PMCID: PMC4951126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of biomedical interventions to reduce acquisition of HIV-1 infection remains a global priority, however their potential effectiveness is challenged by very high HIV-1 envelope diversity. Two large prophylactic trials in high incidence, clade C epidemic regions in southern Africa are imminent; passive administration of the monoclonal antibody VRC01, and active immunization with a clade C modified RV144-like vaccines. We have created a large representative panel of C clade viruses to enable assessment of antibody responses to vaccines and natural infection in Southern Africa, and we investigated the genotypic and neutralization properties of recently transmitted clade C viruses to determine how viral diversity impacted antibody recognition. We further explore the implications of these findings for the potential effectiveness of these trials. A panel of 200 HIV-1 Envelope pseudoviruses was constructed from clade C viruses collected within the first 100 days following infection. Viruses collected pre-seroconversion were significantly more resistant to serum neutralization compared to post-seroconversion viruses (p = 0.001). Over 13 years of the study as the epidemic matured, HIV-1 diversified (p = 0.0009) and became more neutralization resistant to monoclonal antibodies VRC01, PG9 and 4E10. When tested at therapeutic levels (10ug/ml), VRC01 only neutralized 80% of viruses in the panel, although it did exhibit potent neutralization activity against sensitive viruses (IC50 titres of 0.42 μg/ml). The Gp120 amino acid similarity between the clade C panel and candidate C-clade vaccine protein boosts (Ce1086 and TV1) was 77%, which is 8% more distant than between CRF01_AE viruses and the RV144 CRF01_AE immunogen. Furthermore, two vaccine signature sites, K169 in V2 and I307 in V3, associated with reduced infection risk in RV144, occurred less frequently in clade C panel viruses than in CRF01_AE viruses from Thailand. Increased resistance of pre-seroconversion viruses and evidence of antigenic drift highlights the value of using panels of very recently transmitted viruses and suggests that interventions may need to be modified over time to track the changing epidemic. Furthermore, high divergence such as that observed in the older clade C epidemic in southern Africa may impact vaccine efficacy, although the correlates of infection risk are yet to be defined in the clade C setting. Findings from this study of acute/early clade C viruses will aid vaccine development, and enable identification of new broad and potent antibodies to combat the HIV-1 C-clade epidemic in southern Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rademeyer
- Division of Medical Virology & Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town South Africa
| | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory and New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elena E. Giorgi
- Los Alamos National Laboratory and New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Ruwayhida Thebus
- Division of Medical Virology & Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town South Africa
| | - Alexander Robles
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Sheward
- Division of Medical Virology & Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town South Africa
| | - Kshitij Wagh
- Los Alamos National Laboratory and New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Jetta Garrity
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brittany R. Carey
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kelli M. Greene
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Haili Tang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gama P. Bandawe
- Division of Medical Virology & Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town South Africa
| | - Jinny C. Marais
- Division of Medical Virology & Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town South Africa
| | | | - Peter Hraber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory and New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Nancy Tumba
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), NHLS & University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), NHLS & University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Glenda E. Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg and South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Marion Vermeulen
- South African National Blood Service, Weltevreden Park, South Africa
| | - Keren Middelkoop
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town (UCT), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town (UCT), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- Department for Infectious Diseases & Tropical Medicine, Klinikum University of Munich, LMU and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Joseph Makhema
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Salim Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Quarraisha Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beatrice H. Hahn
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), NHLS & University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Division of Medical Virology & Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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Hessell AJ, McBurney S, Pandey S, Sutton W, Liu L, Li L, Totrov M, Zolla-Pazner S, Haigwood NL, Gorny MK. Induction of neutralizing antibodies in rhesus macaques using V3 mimotope peptides. Vaccine 2016; 34:2713-21. [PMID: 27102818 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RV144 vaccinees with low HIV-1 Envelope-specific IgA antibodies (Abs) also had Abs directed to the hypervariable region 3 (V3) that inversely correlated with infection risk. Thus, anti-V3 HIV-1 Abs may contribute to protection from HIV-1 infection. The V3 region contains two dominant clusters of epitopes; one is preferentially recognized by mAbs encoded by VH5-51 and VL lambda genes, while the second one is recognized by mAbs encoded by other VH genes. We designed a study in rhesus macaques to induce anti-V3 Abs specific to each of these two dominant clusters of V3 epitopes to test whether the usage of the VH5-51 gene results in different characteristics of antibodies. The two C4-V3 immunogens used for immunization were each comprised of a fusion of the C4 peptide containing the T cell epitope and a V3 mimotope peptide mimicking the V3 epitope. The C4-447 peptide was designed to target B cells with several VH1-VH4 genes, the C4-VH5-51 peptide was designed to specifically target B cells with the VH5-51 gene. Six animals in two groups were immunized five times with these two immunogens, and screening of 10 sequential plasma samples post immunization demonstrated that C4-447 induced higher titers of plasma anti-V3 Abs and significantly more potent neutralizing activities against tier 1 and some tier 2 pseudoviruses than C4-VH5-51. Levels of anti-V3 Abs in buccal secretions were significantly higher in sequential samples derived from C4-447- than from C4-VH5-51-immunized animals. The titers of anti-V3 Abs in plasma strongly correlated with their levels in mucosal secretions. The results show that high titers of vaccine-induced anti-V3 Abs in plasma determine the potency and breadth of neutralization, as well as the rate of transduction of Abs to mucosal tissues, where they can play a role in preventing HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann J Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Sean McBurney
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Shilpi Pandey
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - William Sutton
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Lily Liu
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Liuzhe Li
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Miroslaw K Gorny
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Zurawski G, Zurawski S, Flamar AL, Richert L, Wagner R, Tomaras GD, Montefiori DC, Roederer M, Ferrari G, Lacabaratz C, Bonnabau H, Klucar P, Wang Z, Foulds KE, Kao SF, Yates NL, LaBranche C, Jacobs BL, Kibler K, Asbach B, Kliche A, Salazar A, Reed S, Self S, Gottardo R, Galmin L, Weiss D, Cristillo A, Thiebaut R, Pantaleo G, Levy Y. Targeting HIV-1 Env gp140 to LOX-1 Elicits Immune Responses in Rhesus Macaques. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153484. [PMID: 27077384 PMCID: PMC4831750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved antigenicity against HIV-1 envelope (Env) protein is needed to elicit vaccine-induced protective immunity in humans. Here we describe the first tests in non-human primates (NHPs) of Env gp140 protein fused to a humanized anti-LOX-1 recombinant antibody for delivering Env directly to LOX-1-bearing antigen presenting cells, especially dendritic cells (DC). LOX-1, or 1ectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-1, is expressed on various antigen presenting cells and endothelial cells, and is involved in promoting humoral immune responses. The anti-LOX-1 Env gp140 fusion protein was tested for priming immune responses and boosting responses in animals primed with replication competent NYVAC-KC Env gp140 vaccinia virus. Anti-LOX-1 Env gp140 vaccination elicited robust cellular and humoral responses when used for either priming or boosting immunity. Co-administration with Poly ICLC, a TLR3 agonist, was superior to GLA, a TLR4 agonist. Both CD4+ and CD8+ Env-specific T cell responses were elicited by anti-LOX-1 Env gp140, but in particular the CD4+ T cells were multifunctional and directed to multiple epitopes. Serum IgG and IgA antibody responses induced by anti-LOX-1 Env gp140 against various gp140 domains were cross-reactive across HIV-1 clades; however, the sera neutralized only HIV-1 bearing sequences most similar to the clade C 96ZM651 Env gp140 carried by the anti-LOX-1 vehicle. These data, as well as the safety of this protein vaccine, justify further exploration of this DC-targeting vaccine approach for protective immunity against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Zurawski
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert- Chenevier, service d’immunologie clinique, INRIA SISTM, Créteil, France
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and INSERM U955, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sandra Zurawski
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert- Chenevier, service d’immunologie clinique, INRIA SISTM, Créteil, France
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and INSERM U955, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anne-Laure Flamar
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert- Chenevier, service d’immunologie clinique, INRIA SISTM, Créteil, France
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and INSERM U955, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laura Richert
- INSERM U897, INRIA SISTM, Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Molecular Microbiology and Gene Therapy Unit, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christine Lacabaratz
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert- Chenevier, service d’immunologie clinique, INRIA SISTM, Créteil, France
| | - Henri Bonnabau
- INSERM U897, INRIA SISTM, Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - Peter Klucar
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert- Chenevier, service d’immunologie clinique, INRIA SISTM, Créteil, France
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and INSERM U955, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zhiqing Wang
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert- Chenevier, service d’immunologie clinique, INRIA SISTM, Créteil, France
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and INSERM U955, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kathryn E. Foulds
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shing-Fen Kao
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicole L. Yates
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bertram L. Jacobs
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Karen Kibler
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Benedikt Asbach
- Molecular Microbiology and Gene Therapy Unit, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Kliche
- Molecular Microbiology and Gene Therapy Unit, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Steve Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Steve Self
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease and Public Health Sciences Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease and Public Health Sciences Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lindsey Galmin
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Deborah Weiss
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anthony Cristillo
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rodolphe Thiebaut
- INSERM U897, INRIA SISTM, Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, CH-101, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yves Levy
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert- Chenevier, service d’immunologie clinique, INRIA SISTM, Créteil, France
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Peachman KK, Karasavvas N, Chenine AL, McLinden R, Rerks-Ngarm S, Jaranit K, Nitayaphan S, Pitisuttithum P, Tovanabutra S, Zolla-Pazner S, Michael NL, Kim JH, Alving CR, Rao M. Identification of New Regions in HIV-1 gp120 Variable 2 and 3 Loops that Bind to α4β7 Integrin Receptor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143895. [PMID: 26625359 PMCID: PMC4666614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gut mucosal homing integrin receptor α4β7 present on activated CD4+ T cells interacts with the HIV-1 gp120 second variable loop (V2). Case control analysis of the RV144 phase III vaccine trial demonstrated that plasma IgG binding antibodies specific to scaffolded proteins expressing the first and second variable regions (V1V2) of HIV envelope protein gp120 containing the α4β7 binding motif correlated inversely with risk of infection. Subsequently antibodies to the V3 region were also shown to correlate with protection. The integrin receptor α4β7 was shown to interact with the LDI/V motif on V2 loop but recent studies suggest that additional regions of V2 loop could interact with the α4β7. Thus, there may be several regions on the V2 and possibly V3 loops that may be involved in this binding. Using a cell line, that constitutively expressed α4β7 receptors but lacked CD4, we examined the contribution of V2 and V3 loops and the ability of V2 peptide-, V2 integrin-, V3-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and purified IgG from RV144 vaccinees to block the V2/V3-α4β7 interaction. Results We demonstrate that α4β7 on RPMI8866 cells bound specifically to its natural ligand mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) as well as to cyclic-V2 and cyclic-V3 peptides. This binding was inhibited by anti-α4β7-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) ACT-1, mAbs specific to either V2 or V3 loops, and by purified primary virions or infectious molecular clones expressing envelopes from acute or chronic subtypes A, C, and CRF01_AE viruses. Plasma from HIV-1 infected Thai individuals as well as purified IgG from uninfected RV144 vaccinees inhibited (0–50%) the binding of V2 and V3 peptides to α4β7. Conclusion Our results indicate that in addition to the tripeptide LDI/V motif, other regions of the V2 and V3 loops of gp120 were involved in binding to α4β7 receptors and this interaction was blocked by anti-V2 peptide, anti-V2 integrin, and anti-V3 antibodies. The ability of purified IgG from some of the uninfected RV144 vaccinees to inhibit α4β7 raises the hypothesis that anti-V2 and anti-V3 antibodies may play a role in blocking the gp120-α4β7 interaction after vaccination and thus prevent HIV-1 acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina K. Peachman
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Nicos Karasavvas
- United States Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Agnes-Laurence Chenine
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Robert McLinden
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | | | | | - Sorachai Nitayaphan
- Royal Thai Army, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Veterans Administration New York Harbor Health Care System and NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Carl R. Alving
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Mangala Rao
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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40
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Zolla-Pazner S, Cohen SS, Boyd D, Kong XP, Seaman M, Nussenzweig M, Klein F, Overbaugh J, Totrov M. Structure/Function Studies Involving the V3 Region of the HIV-1 Envelope Delineate Multiple Factors That Affect Neutralization Sensitivity. J Virol 2016; 90:636-49. [PMID: 26491157 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01645-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies (Abs) specific for the V3 loop of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope neutralize most tier 1 and many tier 2 viruses and are present in essentially all HIV-infected individuals as well as immunized humans and animals. Vaccine-induced V3 Abs are associated with reduced HIV infection rates in humans and affect the nature of transmitted viruses in infected vaccinees, despite the fact that V3 is often occluded in the envelope trimer. Here, we link structural and experimental data showing how conformational alterations of the envelope trimer render viruses exceptionally sensitive to V3 Abs. The experiments interrogated the neutralization sensitivity of pseudoviruses with single amino acid mutations in various regions of gp120 that were predicted to alter packing of the V3 loop in the Env trimer. The results indicate that the V3 loop is metastable in the envelope trimer on the virion surface, flickering between states in which V3 is either occluded or available for binding to chemokine receptors (leading to infection) and to V3 Abs (leading to virus neutralization). The spring-loaded V3 in the envelope trimer is easily released by disruption of the stability of the V3 pocket in the unliganded trimer or disruption of favorable V3/pocket interactions. Formation of the V3 pocket requires appropriate positioning of the V1V2 domain, which is, in turn, dependent on the conformation of the bridging sheet and on the stability of the V1V2 B-C strand-connecting loop. IMPORTANCE The levels of antibodies to the third variable region (V3) of the HIV envelope protein correlate with reduced HIV infection rates. Previous studies showed that V3 is often occluded, as it sits in a pocket of the envelope trimer on the surface of virions; however, the trimer is flexible, allowing occluded portions of the envelope (like V3) to flicker into an exposed position that binds antibodies. Here we provide a systematic interrogation of mechanisms by which single amino acid changes in various regions of gp120 (i) render viruses sensitive to neutralization by V3 antibodies, (ii) result in altered packing of the V3 loop, and (iii) activate an open conformation that exposes V3 to the effects of V3 Abs. Taken together, these and previous studies explain how V3 antibodies can protect against HIV-1 infection and why they should be one of the targets of vaccine-induced antibodies.
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Abstract
The partial efficacy reported in the RV144 HIV vaccine trial in 2009 has driven the HIV vaccine field to define correlates of risk associated with HIV-1 acquisition and connect these functionally to preventing HIV infection. Immunological correlates, mainly including CD4(+) T cell responses to the HIV envelope and Fc-mediated antibody effector function, have been connected to reduced acquisition. These immunological correlates place immunological and genetic pressure on the virus. Indeed, antibodies directed at conserved regions of the V1V2 loop and antibodies that mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity to HIV envelope in the absence of inhibiting serum immunoglobulin A antibodies correlated with decreased HIV risk. More recently, researchers have expanded their search with nonhuman primate studies using vaccine regimens that differ from that used in RV144; these studies indicate that non-neutralizing antibodies are associated with protection from experimental lentivirus challenge as well. These immunological correlates have provided the basis for the design of a next generation of vaccine regimens to improve upon the qualitative and quantitative degree of magnitude of these immune responses on HIV acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Corey
- HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Lausanne University Hospital and Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Kumar R, Pan R, Upadhyay C, Mayr L, Cohen S, Wang XH, Balasubramanian P, Nádas A, Seaman MS, Zolla-Pazner S, Gorny MK, Kong XP, Hioe CE. Functional and Structural Characterization of Human V3-Specific Monoclonal Antibody 2424 with Neutralizing Activity against HIV-1 JRFL. J Virol 2015; 89:9090-102. [PMID: 26109728 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01280-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The V3 region of HIV-1 gp120 is important for virus-coreceptor interaction and highly immunogenic. Although most anti-V3 antibodies neutralize only the sensitive tier 1 viruses, anti-V3 antibodies effective against the more resistant viruses exist, and a better understanding of these antibodies and their epitopes would be beneficial for the development of novel vaccine immunogens against HIV. The HIV-1 isolate JRFL with its cryptic V3 is resistant to most V3-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). However, the V3 MAb 2424 achieves 100% neutralization against JRFL. 2424 is encoded by IGHV3-53 and IGLV2-28 genes, a pairing rarely used by the other V3 MAbs. 2424 also has distinct binding and neutralization profiles. Studies of 2424-mediated neutralization of JRFL produced with a mannosidase inhibitor further revealed that its neutralizing activity is unaffected by the glycan composition of the virus envelope. To understand the distinct activity of 2424, we determined the crystal structure of 2424 Fab in complex with a JRFL V3 peptide and showed that the 2424 epitope is located at the tip of the V3 crown ((307)IHIGPGRAFYT(319)), dominated by interactions with His(P308), Pro(P313), and Arg(P315). The binding mode of 2424 is similar to that of the well-characterized MAb 447-52D, although 2424 is more side chain dependent. The 2424 epitope is focused on the very apex of V3, away from nearby glycans, facilitating antibody access. This feature distinguishes the 2424 epitope from the other V3 crown epitopes and indicates that the tip of V3 is a potential site to target and incorporate into HIV vaccine immunogens. IMPORTANCE HIV/AIDS vaccines are crucial for controlling the HIV epidemics that continue to afflict millions of people worldwide. However, HIV vaccine development has been hampered by significant scientific challenges, one of which is the inability of HIV vaccine candidates evaluated thus far to elicit production of potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies. The V3 loop is one of the few immunogenic targets on the virus envelope glycoprotein that can induce neutralizing antibodies, but in many viruses, parts of V3 are inaccessible for antibody recognition. This study examined a V3-specific monoclonal antibody that can completely neutralize HIV-1 JRFL, a virus isolate resistant to most V3 antibodies. Our data reveal that this antibody recognizes the most distal tip of V3, which is not as occluded as other parts of V3. Hence, the epitope of 2424 is in one of the vulnerable sites on the virus that may be exploited in designing HIV vaccine immunogens.
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Wise MC, Hutnick NA, Pollara J, Myles DJ, Williams C, Yan J, LaBranche CC, Khan AS, Sardesai NY, Montefiori D, Barnett SW, Zolla-Pazner S, Ferrari G, Weiner DB. An Enhanced Synthetic Multiclade DNA Prime Induces Improved Cross-Clade-Reactive Functional Antibodies when Combined with an Adjuvanted Protein Boost in Nonhuman Primates. J Virol 2015; 89:9154-66. [PMID: 26085155 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00652-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The search for an efficacious human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine remains a pressing need. The moderate success of the RV144 Thai clinical vaccine trial suggested that vaccine-induced HIV-1-specific antibodies can reduce the risk of HIV-1 infection. We have made several improvements to the DNA platform and have previously shown that improved DNA vaccines alone are capable of inducing both binding and neutralizing antibodies in small-animal models. In this study, we explored how an improved DNA prime and recombinant protein boost would impact HIV-specific vaccine immunogenicity in rhesus macaques (RhM). After DNA immunization with either a single HIV Env consensus sequence or multiple constructs expressing HIV subtype-specific Env consensus sequences, we detected both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses to all vaccine immunogens. These T-cell responses were further increased after protein boosting to levels exceeding those of DNA-only or protein-only immunization. In addition, we observed antibodies that exhibited robust cross-clade binding and neutralizing and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity after immunization with the DNA prime-protein boost regimen, with the multiple-Env formulation inducing a more robust and broader response than the single-Env formulation. The magnitude and functionality of these responses emphasize the strong priming effect improved DNA immunogens can induce, which are further expanded upon protein boost. These results support further study of an improved synthetic DNA prime together with a protein boost for enhancing anti-HIV immune responses. IMPORTANCE Even with effective antiretroviral drugs, HIV remains an enormous global health burden. Vaccine development has been problematic in part due to the high degree of diversity and poor immunogenicity of the HIV Env protein. Studies suggest that a relevant HIV vaccine will likely need to induce broad cellular and humoral responses from a simple vaccine regimen due to the resource-limited setting in which the HIV pandemic is most rampant. DNA vaccination lends itself well to increasing the amount of diversity included in a vaccine due to the ease of manufacturing multiple plasmids and formulating them as a single immunization. By increasing the number of Envs within a formulation, we were able to show an increased breadth of responses as well as improved functionality induced in a nonhuman primate model. This increased breadth could be built upon, leading to better coverage against circulating strains with broader vaccine-induced protection.
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Shen X, Duffy R, Howington R, Cope A, Sadagopal S, Park H, Pal R, Kwa S, Ding S, Yang OO, Fouda GG, Le Grand R, Bolton D, Esteban M, Phogat S, Roederer M, Amara RR, Picker LJ, Seder RA, McElrath MJ, Barnett S, Permar SR, Shattock R, DeVico AL, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN, Pantaleo G, Korber BT, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD. Vaccine-Induced Linear Epitope-Specific Antibodies to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac239 Envelope Are Distinct from Those Induced to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope in Nonhuman Primates. J Virol 2015; 89:8643-50. [PMID: 26018159 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.03635-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate antibody specificities induced by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) versus human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope antigens in nonhuman primate (NHP), we profiled binding antibody responses to linear epitopes in NHP studies with HIV-1 or SIV immunogens. We found that, overall, HIV-1 Env IgG responses were dominated by V3, with the notable exception of the responses to the vaccine strain A244 Env that were dominated by V2, whereas the anti-SIVmac239 Env responses were dominated by V2 regardless of the vaccine regimen.
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