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Rampoldi F, Donato E, Ullrich L, Deseke M, Janssen A, Demera A, Sandrock I, Bubke A, Juergens AL, Swallow M, Sparwasser T, Falk C, Tan L, Trumpp A, Prinz I. γδ T cells license immature B cells to produce a broad range of polyreactive antibodies. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110854. [PMID: 35613579 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Immature autoreactive B cells are present in all healthy individuals, but it is unclear which signals are required for their maturation into antibody-producing cells. Inducible depletion of γδ T cells show that direct interaction between γδ T cells and immature B cells in the spleen support an "innate" transition to mature B cells with a broad range of antigen specificities. IL-4 production of γδ T cells and cell-to-cell contact via CD30L support B cell maturation and induce genes of the unfolded protein response and mTORC1 signaling. Eight days after in vivo depletion of γδ T cells, increased numbers of B cells are already stuck in the transitional phase and express increased levels of IgD and CD21. Absence of γδ T cells leads also to reduced levels of serum anti-nuclear autoantibodies, making γδ T cells an attractive target to treat autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rampoldi
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Elisa Donato
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM GmbH), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Leon Ullrich
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Malte Deseke
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Anika Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Abdi Demera
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Anja Bubke
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Juergens
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Maxine Swallow
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz 55131, Germany; Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Christine Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Likai Tan
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany; Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Andreas Trumpp
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM GmbH), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany; Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany.
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2
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Charmetant X, Bachelet T, Déchanet-Merville J, Walzer T, Thaunat O. Innate (and Innate-like) Lymphoid Cells: Emerging Immune Subsets With Multiple Roles Along Transplant Life. Transplantation 2021; 105:e322-e336. [PMID: 33859152 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transplant immunology is currently largely focused on conventional adaptive immunity, particularly T and B lymphocytes, which have long been considered as the only cells capable of allorecognition. In this vision, except for the initial phase of ischemia/reperfusion, during which the role of innate immune effectors is well established, the latter are largely considered as "passive" players, recruited secondarily to amplify graft destruction processes during rejection. Challenging this prevalent dogma, the recent progresses in basic immunology have unraveled the complexity of the innate immune system and identified different subsets of innate (and innate-like) lymphoid cells. As most of these cells are tissue-resident, they are overrepresented among passenger leukocytes. Beyond their role in ischemia/reperfusion, some of these subsets have been shown to be capable of allorecognition and/or of regulating alloreactive adaptive responses, suggesting that these emerging immune players are actively involved in most of the life phases of the grafts and their recipients. Drawing upon the inventory of the literature, this review synthesizes the current state of knowledge of the role of the different innate (and innate-like) lymphoid cell subsets during ischemia/reperfusion, allorecognition, and graft rejection. How these subsets also contribute to graft tolerance and the protection of chronically immunosuppressed patients against infectious and cancerous complications is also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Charmetant
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Bachelet
- Clinique Saint-Augustin-CTMR, ELSAN, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, Dialysis and Apheresis, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Thierry Walzer
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Thaunat
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France
- Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Lyon-Est Medical Faculty, Claude Bernard University (Lyon 1), Lyon, France
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3
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Giri S, Lal G. Differentiation and functional plasticity of gamma-delta (γδ) T cells under homeostatic and disease conditions. Mol Immunol 2021; 136:138-149. [PMID: 34146759 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells are a heterogeneous population of immune cells, which constitute <5% of total T cells in mice lymphoid tissue and human peripheral blood. However, they comprise a higher proportion of T cells in the epithelial and mucosal barrier, where they perform immune functions, help in tissue repair, and maintaining homeostasis. These tissues resident γδ T cells possess properties of innate and adaptive immune cells which enables them to perform a variety of functions during homeostasis and disease. Emerging data suggest the involvement of γδ T cells during transplant rejection and survival. Interestingly, several functions of γδ T cells can be modulated through their interaction with other immune cells. This review provides an overview of development, differentiation plasticity into regulatory and effector phenotypes of γδ T cells during homeostasis and various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Giri
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, SP Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, MH-411007, India
| | - Girdhari Lal
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, SP Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, MH-411007, India.
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4
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Abstract
Right after the discovery of γδ T-cells in 1984, people started asking how γδ T-cells interact with other immune cells such as B-cells. Early reports showed that γδ T-cells are able to help B-cells to produce antibodies and to sustain the production of germinal centers. Interestingly, the presence of γδ T-cells seems to promote the generation of antibodies against “self” and less against challenging pathogens. More recently, these hypotheses were supported using γδ T-cell-deficient mouse strains, in different mouse models of systemic lupus erythematous, and after induction of epithelial cell damage. Together, these studies suggest that the link between γδ T-cells and the production of autoantibodies may be more relevant for the development of autoimmune diseases than generally acknowledged and thus targeting γδ T-cells could represent a new therapeutic strategy. In this review, we focus on what is known about the communication between γδ T-cells and B-cells, and we discuss the importance of this interaction in the context of autoimmunity.
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5
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Murayama G, Chiba A, Suzuki H, Nomura A, Mizuno T, Kuga T, Nakamura S, Amano H, Hirose S, Yamaji K, Suzuki Y, Tamura N, Miyake S. A Critical Role for Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells as Regulators and Therapeutic Targets in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2681. [PMID: 31849932 PMCID: PMC6895065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subset of innate-like lymphocytes that are restricted by major histocompatibility complex-related molecule 1 (MR1). In this study, we investigated the role of MAIT cells in the pathogenesis of lupus in FcγRIIb−/−Yaa mice, a spontaneous animal model of lupus. Using two approaches of MAIT cell deficiency, MR1 knockout animals and a newly synthesized inhibitory MR1 ligand, we demonstrate that MAIT cells augment the disease course of lupus by enhancing autoantibody production and tissue inflammation. MR1 deficiency reduced germinal center responses and T cell responses in these mice. Suppression of MAIT cell activation by the inhibitory MR1 ligand reduced autoantibody production and lupus nephritis in FcγRIIb−/−Yaa mice. MAIT cells directly enhanced autoantibody production by B cells in vitro. Our results indicate the contribution of MAIT cells to lupus pathology and the potential of these cells as novel therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases such as lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goh Murayama
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asako Chiba
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nomura
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Mizuno
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiga Kuga
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Nakamura
- Laboratory of Morphology and Image Analysis, Research Support Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Amano
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Hirose
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toin Human Science and Technology Center, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ken Yamaji
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Tamura
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Miyake
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Rezende RM, Lanser AJ, Rubino S, Kuhn C, Skillin N, Moreira TG, Liu S, Gabriely G, David BA, Menezes GB, Weiner HL. γδ T cells control humoral immune response by inducing T follicular helper cell differentiation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3151. [PMID: 30089795 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05487-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells have many known functions, including the regulation of antibody responses. However, how γδ T cells control humoral immunity remains elusive. Here we show that complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), but not alum, immunization induces a subpopulation of CXCR5-expressing γδ T cells in the draining lymph nodes. TCRγδ+CXCR5+ cells present antigens to, and induce CXCR5 on, CD4 T cells by releasing Wnt ligands to initiate the T follicular helper (Tfh) cell program. Accordingly, TCRδ-/- mice have impaired germinal center formation, inefficient Tfh cell differentiation, and reduced serum levels of chicken ovalbumin (OVA)-specific antibodies after CFA/OVA immunization. In a mouse model of lupus, TCRδ-/- mice develop milder glomerulonephritis, consistent with decreased serum levels of lupus-related autoantibodies, when compared with wild type mice. Thus, modulation of the γδ T cell-dependent humoral immune response may provide a novel therapy approach for the treatment of antibody-mediated autoimmunity.
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7
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8
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Pan T, Tan R, Li M, Liu Z, Wang X, Tian L, Liu J, Qu H. IL17-Producing γδ T Cells May Enhance Humoral Immunity during Pulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:170. [PMID: 27999768 PMCID: PMC5138229 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The host acquired immune response, especially the humoral immunity, plays key roles in preventing bacterial pneumonia in the lung. Our previous research demonstrated that interleukin 17-producing γδ T cells (IL17-γδ T cells) have a protective effect on the early innate immune response during acute pulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. However, whether IL17-γδ T cells also play a role in humoral immunity is unknown. In this study, an acute pulmonary P. aeruginosa infection model was established in wild-type and γδ TCR−/− C57BL/6 mice. The expression of IL-17 on γδ T cells isolated from infected lung tissues increased rapidly and peaked at day 7 after acute infection with P. aeruginosa. Compared with wild-type infected mice, the levels of total immunoglobulins including IgA, IgG, and IgM in the serum and BALF were significantly decreased in γδ TCR−/− mice, with the exception of IgM in the BALF. Moreover, CD69 expression in B cells from the lungs and spleen and the level of BAFF in the plasma were also decreased in γδ TCR−/− mice. IL17-γδ T cell transfusion significantly improved the production of immunoglobulins, B cell activation and BAFF levels in γδ TCR−/− mice compared with γδ TCR−/− mice without transfusion; this effect was blocked when cells were pretreated with an IL-17 antibody. Together, these data demonstrate that IL17-γδ T cells are involved in CD19+ B cell activation and the production of immunoglobulins during acute pulmonary P. aeruginosa infection. Thus, we conclude that IL17-γδ T cells may facilitate the elimination of bacteria and improve survival through not only innate immunity but also humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Pan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Ruoming Tan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Meiling Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaojun Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Tian
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Hongping Qu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
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9
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Lino AC, Dörner T, Bar-Or A, Fillatreau S. Cytokine-producing B cells: a translational view on their roles in human and mouse autoimmune diseases. Immunol Rev 2016; 269:130-44. [PMID: 26683150 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
B-cell depletion therapy has beneficial effects in autoimmune diseases. This is only partly explained by an elimination of autoantibodies. How does B-cell depletion improve disease? Here, we review preclinical studies showing that B cells can propagate autoimmune disorders through cytokine production. We also highlight clinical observations indicating the relevance of these B-cell functions in human autoimmunity. Abnormalities in B-cell cytokine production have been observed in rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. In the first two diseases, B-cell depletion erases these abnormalities, and improves disease progression, suggesting a causative role for defective B-cell cytokine expression in disease pathogenesis. However, in the last two disorders, the pathogenic role of B cells and the effect of B-cell depletion on cytokine-producing B cells remain to be clarified. A better characterization of cytokine-expressing human B-cell subsets, and their modulation by B cell-targeted therapies might help understanding both the successes and failures of current B cell-targeted approaches. This may even lead to the development of novel strategies to deplete or amplify selectively pathogenic or protective subsets, respectively, which might be more effective than global depletion of the B-cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia C Lino
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,CC12, Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Fillatreau
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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10
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Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies play a crucial role in host defense against parasite infections. However, inappropriate IgE responses are also involved in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. The generation of IgE antibodies is a tightly controlled process regulated by multiple transcription factors, cytokines, and immune cells including γδ T cells. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that γδ T cells play a critical role in regulating IgE responses; however, both IgE-enhancing and IgE-suppressive effects are suggested for these cells in different experimental systems. In this review, we examine the available evidence and discuss the role of γδ T cells in IgE regulation both in the context of antigen-induced immune responses and in the state of partial immunodeficiency.
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11
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Tyler CJ, Doherty DG, Moser B, Eberl M. Human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells: Innate adaptors of the immune system. Cell Immunol 2015; 296:10-21. [PMID: 25659480 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Unconventional T cells are gaining center stage as important effector and regulatory cells that orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses. Human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells are amongst the best understood unconventional T cells, as they are easily accessible in peripheral blood, can readily be expanded and manipulated in vitro, respond to microbial infections in vivo and can be exploited for novel tumor immunotherapies. We here review findings that suggest that Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, and possibly other unconventional human T cells, play an important role in bridging innate and adaptive immunity by promoting the activation and differentiation of various types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and even turning into APCs themselves, and thereby pave the way for antigen-specific effector responses and long-term immunological memory. Although the direct physiological relevance for most of these mechanisms still needs to be demonstrated in vivo, these findings may have implications for novel therapies, diagnostic tests and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Tyler
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Derek G Doherty
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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12
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Dalessandri T, Strid J. Beneficial autoimmunity at body surfaces - immune surveillance and rapid type 2 immunity regulate tissue homeostasis and cancer. Front Immunol 2014; 5:347. [PMID: 25101088 PMCID: PMC4105846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells (ECs) line body surface tissues and provide a physicochemical barrier to the external environment. Frequent microbial and non-microbial challenges such as those imposed by mechanical disruption, injury or exposure to noxious environmental substances including chemicals, carcinogens, ultraviolet-irradiation, or toxins cause activation of ECs with release of cytokines and chemokines as well as alterations in the expression of cell-surface ligands. Such display of epithelial stress is rapidly sensed by tissue-resident immunocytes, which can directly interact with self-moieties on ECs and initiate both local and systemic immune responses. ECs are thus key drivers of immune surveillance at body surface tissues. However, ECs have a propensity to drive type 2 immunity (rather than type 1) upon non-invasive challenge or stress – a type of immunity whose regulation and function still remain enigmatic. Here, we review the induction and possible role of type 2 immunity in epithelial tissues and propose that rapid immune surveillance and type 2 immunity are key regulators of tissue homeostasis and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Dalessandri
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Jessica Strid
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London , UK
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13
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Neunkirchner A, Schmetterer KG, Pickl WF. Lymphocyte-based model systems for allergy research: a historic overview. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2014; 163:259-91. [PMID: 24777172 DOI: 10.1159/000360163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, a multitude of studies applying distinct in vitro and in vivo model systems have contributed greatly to our better understanding of the initiation and regulation of inflammatory processes leading to allergic diseases. Over the years, it has become evident that among lymphocytes, not only IgE-producing B cells and allergy-orchestrating CD4(+) helper cells but also cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells, γδ-T cells and innate lymphoid cells, as well as regulatory lymphocytes, might critically shape the immune response towards usually innocuous allergens. In this review, we provide a historic overview of pioneering work leading to the establishment of important lymphocyte-based model systems for allergy research. Moreover, we contrast the original findings with our currently more refined knowledge to appreciate the actual validity of the respective models and to reassess the conclusions obtained from them. Conflicting studies and interpretations are identified and discussed. The tables are intended to provide an easy overview of the field not only for scientists newly entering the field but also for the broader readership interested in updating their knowledge. Along those lines, herein we discuss in vitro and in vivo approaches to the investigation of lymphocyte effector cell activation, polarization and regulation, and describe depletion and adoptive transfer models along with gene knockout and transgenic (tg) methodologies. In addition, novel attempts to establish humanized T cell antigen receptor tg mouse models for allergy research are described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Neunkirchner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Abstract
B cells are usually considered primarily for their unique capacity to produce antibodies after differentiation into plasma cells. In addition to their roles as antibody-producing cells, it has become apparent during the last 10 years that B cells also perform important functions in immunity through the production of cytokines. In particular, it was shown that B cells could negatively regulate immunity through provision of interleukin (IL)-10 during autoimmune and infectious diseases in mice. Here, we review data on the suppressive functions of B cells in mice with particular emphasis on the signals controlling the acquisition of such suppressive functions by B cells, the phenotype of the B cells involved in the negative regulation of immunity, and the processes targeted by this inhibitory circuit. Finally, we discuss the possibility that human B cells might also perform similar inhibitory functions through the provision of IL-10, and review data suggesting that such B cell-mediated regulatory activities might be impaired in patients with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Hilgenberg
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Chariteplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Baxter AG, Jordan MA. Plasticity is the differentiated state of CD4 T cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 10:375-8. [PMID: 23921435 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2013.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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16
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de Oliveira Henriques MDGM, Penido C. γδ T Lymphocytes Coordinate Eosinophil Influx during Allergic Responses. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:200. [PMID: 23316161 PMCID: PMC3540995 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue eosinophil infiltration, which is a hallmark of allergic and helminthic diseases, is mainly coordinated by T lymphocytes, via the production of eosinophilotactic chemokines. Among T lymphocyte subsets, lymphocytes expressing γδ T cell receptor have been determined as a key factor for eosinophil accumulation via direct and indirect mechanisms. This knowledge is strongly supported by the fact that, in different experimental models of eosinophilic airway inflammation and helminth-induced Th2 lung inflammation, an evident tissue accumulation of γδ T lymphocytes is observed. In addition, the depletion of γδ T lymphocytes is correlated with the impairment of eosinophil accumulation in inflamed tissue. γδ T lymphocytes are non-conventional T lymphocytes, which comprise a minor T lymphocyte subset, mainly distributed in the tissue, and present crucial roles in innate and acquired immune responses. γδ T lymphocytes recognize several danger- and pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules and stress antigens in a MHC-independent fashion and can provide rapid tissue-specific responses, via the production of a wide range of chemical mediators capable to modulate other cell populations. These mediators include chemoattractant cytokines and chemokines that attract eosinophils into the tissue by either direct recognition (such as IL-5, CCL11/eotaxin), or indirect mechanisms via the modulation of αβ T lymphocytes and macrophages (through the production of interferon-γ, IL-4, and CCL2/Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MCP-1, for example). The present review presents an overview of how γδ T lymphocytes coordinate eosinophil accumulation in allergy, by focusing on their role in airway inflammation and by discussing the involvement of cytokines and chemokines in this phenomenon.
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Johnson AC, Davison LM, Giltiay NV, Vareechon C, Li X, Jørgensen TN. Lack of T cells in Act1-deficient mice results in elevated IgM-specific autoantibodies but reduced lupus-like disease. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1695-705. [PMID: 22585710 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Act1 is a negative regulator of B-cell activation factor of the TNF family (BAFF) and CD40L-induced signaling. BALB/C mice lacking Act1 develop systemic autoimmunity resembling systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjögren's syndrome (SjS). SLE and SjS are characterized by anti-nuclear IgG autoantibody (ANA-IgG) production and inflammation of peripheral tissues. As autoantibody production can occur in a T-cell dependent or T-cell independent manner, we investigated the role of T-cell help during Act1-mediated autoimmunity. Act1-deficiency was bred onto C57Bl/6 (B6.Act1(-/-) ) mice and B6.TCRβ(-/-) TCRδ(-/-) Act1(-/-) (TKO) mice were generated. While TCRβ/δ-sufficient B6.Act1(-/-) mice developed splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy, hypergammaglobulinemia, elevated levels of ANA-IgG, and kidney pathology, TKO mice failed to develop any such signs of disease. Neither B6.Act1(-/-) nor TKO mice developed SjS-like disease, suggesting that epigenetic interactions on the BALB/C background are responsible for this phenotype in BALB/C.Act1(-/-) mice. Interestingly, BAFF-driven transitional B-cell abnormalities, previously reported in BALB/C.Act1(-/-) mice, were intact in B6.Act1(-/-) mice and largely independent of T cells. In conclusion, T cells are necessary for the development of SLE-like disease in B6.Act1(-/-) mice, but not BAFF-driven transitional B-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Johnson
- Department of Immunology NE40, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Caccamo N, Todaro M, La Manna MP, Sireci G, Stassi G, Dieli F. IL-21 regulates the differentiation of a human γδ T cell subset equipped with B cell helper activity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41940. [PMID: 22848667 PMCID: PMC3405033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes recognize nonpeptidic antigens without presentation by MHC molecules and display pleiotropic features. Here we report that coculture of Vγ9Vδ2 cells with phosphoantigen and IL-21 leads to selective expression of the transcription repressor Bcl-6 and polarization toward a lymphocyte subset displaying features of follicular B-helper T (TFH) cells. TFH-like Vγ9Vδ2 cells have a predominant central memory (CD27+CD45RA−) phenotype and express ICOS, CD40L and CXCR5. Upon antigen activation, they secrete IL-4, IL-10 and CXCL13, and provide B-cell help for antibody production in vitro. Our findings delineate a subset of human Vγ9Vδ2 lymphocytes, which, upon interaction with IL-21-producing CD4 TFH cells and B cells in secondary lymphoid organs, is implicated in the production of high affinity antibodies against microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Caccamo
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matilde Todaro
- Dipartimento di Discipline Chirurgiche ed Oncologiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco P. La Manna
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Guido Sireci
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Stassi
- Dipartimento di Discipline Chirurgiche ed Oncologiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Mouse models of lupus have for many years provided accessible and reliable research systems for the pathogenesis and therapy of systemic autoimmune disease, spanning a spectrum of inbred strains that develop spontaneous disease to experimentally induced, sometimes genetically manipulated animals. Nearly all the models share in common the development of glomerulonephritis and autoantibodies, including antinuclear and DNA specificities, the most common endpoints examined in experimental studies, but exhibit specific differences in the incidence of other end-organ manifestations such as hemolytic anemia, arthritis, dermatitis, and vasculitis. This chapter contrasts the clinical characteristics of these various models, providing an outline for their use and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanford L Peng
- Rheumatology Clinical Research Unit, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Bansal RR, Mackay CR, Moser B, Eberl M. IL-21 enhances the potential of human γδ T cells to provide B-cell help. Eur J Immunol 2011; 42:110-9. [PMID: 22009762 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells are a minor subset of T cells in human blood and differ from all other lymphocytes by their specific responsiveness to (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMB-PP), a metabolite produced by a large range of microbial pathogens. Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells can be skewed towards distinct effector functions, in analogy to, and beyond, the emerging plasticity of CD4(+) T cells. As such, depending on the microenvironment, Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells can assume features reminiscent of Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells as well as professional APCs. We here demonstrate that Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells express markers associated with follicular B helper T (T(FH) ) cells when stimulated with HMB-PP in the presence of IL-21. HMB-PP induces upregulation of IL-21R on Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells. In return, IL-21 plays a co-stimulatory role in the expression of the B-cell-attracting chemokine CXCL13, the CXCL13 receptor CXCR5 and the inducible co-stimulator by activated Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, and enhances their potential to support antibody production by B cells. The interaction between HMB-PP-responsive Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, IL-21-producing T(FH) cells and B cells in secondary lymphoid tissues is likely to impact on the generation of high affinity, class-switched antibodies in microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj R Bansal
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Epithelial cells respond to physicochemical damage with up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex-like ligands that can activate the cytolytic potential of neighboring intraepithelial T cells by binding the activating receptor, NKG2D. The systemic implications of this lymphoid stress-surveillance response, however, are unknown. We found that antigens encountered at the same time as cutaneous epithelial stress induced strong primary and secondary systemic, T helper 2 (T(H)2)-associated atopic responses in mice. These responses required NKG2D-dependent communication between dysregulated epithelial cells and tissue-associated lymphoid cells. These data are germane to uncertainty over the afferent induction of T(H)2 responses and provide a molecular framework for considering atopy as an important component of the response to tissue damage and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Strid
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, UK
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Nakata J, Tamaki H, Ikegame K, Kato R, Yoshihara S, Kaida K, Inoue T, Kamesaki T, Okada M, Ogawa H. Direct antiglobulin test-negative autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with HLA-haploidentical stem cell transplantation. Int J Hematol 2011; 93:558-560. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-011-0833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
The Tec family tyrosine kinase interleukin-2 inducible T-cell kinase (Itk) is predominantly expressed in T cells and has been shown to be critical for the development, function and differentiation of conventional αβ T cells. However, less is known about its role in nonconventional T cells such as NKT and γδ T cells. In this minireview, we discuss evidence for a role for Itk in the development of invariant NKT αβ cells, as well as a smaller population NKT-like γδ T cells. We discuss how these cells take what could be the same signaling pathway regulated by Itk, and interpret it to give different outcomes with regards to development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qi
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology & Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Morgan NV, Goddard S, Cardno TS, McDonald D, Rahman F, Barge D, Ciupek A, Straatman-Iwanowska A, Pasha S, Guckian M, Anderson G, Huissoon A, Cant A, Tate WP, Hambleton S, Maher ER. Mutation in the TCRα subunit constant gene (TRAC) leads to a human immunodeficiency disorder characterized by a lack of TCRαβ+ T cells. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:695-702. [PMID: 21206088 DOI: 10.1172/jci41931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited immunodeficiency disorders can be caused by mutations in any one of a large number of genes involved in the function of immune cells. Here, we describe two families with an autosomal recessive inherited immunodeficiency disorder characterized by increased susceptibility to infection and autoimmunity. Genetic linkage studies mapped the disorder to chromosomal region 14q11.2, and a homozygous guanine-to-adenine substitution was identified at the last base of exon 3 immediately following the translational termination codon in the TCRα subunit constant gene (TRAC). RT-PCR analysis in the two affected individuals revealed impaired splicing of the mRNA, as exon 3 was lost from the TRAC transcript. The mutant TCRα chain protein was predicted to lack part of the connecting peptide domain and all of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, which have a critical role in the regulation of the assembly and/or intracellular transport of TCR complexes. We found that T cells from affected individuals were profoundly impaired for surface expression of the TCRαβ complex. We believe this to be the first report of a disease-causing human TRAC mutation. Although the absence of TCRαβ+ T cells in the affected individuals was associated with immune dysregulation and autoimmunity, they had a surprising level of protection against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil V Morgan
- Wellchild Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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25
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Kyaw T, Tay C, Khan A, Dumouchel V, Cao A, To K, Kehry M, Dunn R, Agrotis A, Tipping P, Bobik A, Toh BH. Conventional B2 B cell depletion ameliorates whereas its adoptive transfer aggravates atherosclerosis. J Immunol 2010; 185:4410-9. [PMID: 20817865 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory arterial disease characterized by focal accumulation of lipid and inflammatory cells. It is the number one cause of deaths in the Western world because of its complications of heart attacks and strokes. Statins are effective in only approximately one third of patients, underscoring the urgent need for additional therapies. B cells that accumulate in atherosclerotic lesions and the aortic adventitia of humans and mice are considered to protect against atherosclerosis development. Unexpectedly, we found that selective B cell depletion in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice using a well-characterized mAb to mouse CD20 reduced atherosclerosis development and progression without affecting the hyperlipidemia imposed by a high-fat diet. Adoptive transfer of 5 × 10(6) or 5 × 10(7) conventional B2 B cells but not 5 × 10(6) B1 B cells to a lymphocyte-deficient ApoE(-/-) Rag-2(-/-) common cytokine receptor γ-chain-deficient mouse that was fed a high-fat diet augmented atherosclerosis by 72%. Transfer of 5 × 10(6) B2 B cells to an ApoE(-/-) mouse deficient only in B cells aggravated atherosclerosis by >300%. Our findings provide compelling evidence for the hitherto unrecognized proatherogenic role of conventional B2 cells. The data indicate that B2 cells can potently promote atherosclerosis development entirely on their own in the total absence of all other lymphocyte populations. Additionally, these B2 cells can also significantly augment atherosclerosis development in the presence of T cells and all other lymphocyte populations. Our findings raise the prospect of B cell depletion as a therapeutic approach to inhibit atherosclerosis development and progression in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Kyaw
- Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Victoria, Australia
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26
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LaBranche TP, Hickman-Brecks CL, Meyer DM, Storer CE, Jesson MI, Shevlin KM, Happa FA, Barve RA, Weiss DJ, Minnerly JC, Racz JL, Allen PM. Characterization of the KRN cell transfer model of rheumatoid arthritis (KRN-CTM), a chronic yet synchronized version of the K/BxN mouse. Am J Pathol 2010; 177:1388-96. [PMID: 20696780 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a chronic yet synchronized version of the K/BxN mouse, the KRN-cell transfer model (KRN-CTM), was developed and extensively characterized. The transfer of purified splenic KRN T cells into T cell-deficient B6.TCR.Calpha(-/-)H-2(b/g7) mice induced anti-glucose 6-phosphate isomerase antibody-dependent chronic arthritis in 100% of the mice with uniform onset of disease 7 days after T cell transfer. Cellular infiltrations were assessed by whole-ankle transcript microarray, cytokine and chemokine levels, and microscopic and immunohistochemical analyses 7 through 42 days after T cell transfer. Transcripts identified an influx of monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils into the ankles and identified temporal progression of cartilage damage and bone resorption. In both serum and ankle tissue there was a significant elevation in interleukin-6, whereas macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 were only elevated in tissue. Microscopic and immunohistochemical analyses revealed a time course for edema, synovial hypertrophy and hyperplasia, infiltration of F4/80-positive monocytes/macrophages and myeloperoxidase-positive neutrophils, destruction of articular cartilage, pannus invasion, bone resorption, extra-articular fibroplasia, and joint ankylosis. The KRN cell transfer model replicates many features of chronic rheumatoid arthritis in humans in a synchronized manner and lends itself to manipulation of adoptively transferred T cells and characterizing specific genes and T cell subsets responsible for rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis and progression.
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27
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Shimura E, Hozumi N, Kanagawa O, Metzger D, Chambon P, Radtke F, Hirose S, Nakano N. Epidermal gammadelta T cells sense precancerous cellular dysregulation and initiate immune responses. Int Immunol 2010; 22:329-40. [PMID: 20185432 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxq014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperplasia associated with a loss of tissue homeostasis can induce DNA replication stress, leading to precancerous dysregulation. Epidermal gammadelta T cells reside in the primary barrier that protects against diverse environmental insults; however, the functions of these T cells in tissue surveillance are not completely understood. In mice with inducible Notch1 inactivation in keratinocytes that causes epidermal hyperplasia, epidermal gammadelta T cells sensed stressed keratinocytes and migrated into the cutaneous draining lymph nodes. Simultaneous induction of beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) as a putative antigen expressed in the process of precancerous dysregulation and Notch1 ablation in the epidermis resulted in elevated beta-Gal-specific IgG2a production. Epidermal gammadelta T cells were found to have the capacity to express chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7 and migrate into the lymph nodes. Cutaneous draining lymph node cells in Notch1-inactivated mice expressed high levels of IFN-gamma upon anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 stimulation. Furthermore, induced expression of beta-Gal in mice that lacked epidermal gammadelta T cells failed to induce anti-beta-Gal IgG. These results suggest that epidermal gammadelta T cells play an essential role in the initiation process of epidermal antigen-specific humoral immune responses and demonstrate the importance of epidermal gammadelta T cells in sensing precancerous dysregulation and activating adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Shimura
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2669, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
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29
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Abstract
The development of vaccines and other immunotherapies has been complicated by heterogeneous antigen display and the use of incompletely defined immune adjuvants with complex mechanisms of action. We have observed strong antibody responses in mice without the coadministration of any additional adjuvant by noncovalently assembling a T and B cell epitope peptide into nanofibers using a short C-terminal peptide extension. Self-assembling peptides have been explored recently as scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, but our results indicate that these materials may also be useful as chemically defined adjuvants. In physiological conditions, these peptides self-assembled into long, unbranched fibrils that displayed the epitope on their surfaces. IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG3 were raised against epitope-bearing fibrils in levels similar to the epitope peptide delivered in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), and IgM production was even greater for the self-assembled epitope. This response was dependent on self-assembly, and the self-assembling sequence was not immunogenic by itself, even when delivered in CFA. Undetectable levels of interferon-gamma, IL-2, and IL-4 in cultures of peptide-challenged splenocytes from immunized mice suggested that the antibody responses did not involve significant T cell help.
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Felices M, Yin CC, Kosaka Y, Kang J, Berg LJ. Tec kinase Itk in gammadeltaT cells is pivotal for controlling IgE production in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:8308-13. [PMID: 19416854 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0808459106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In conventional alphabeta T cells, the Tec family tyrosine kinase Itk is required for signaling downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR). Itk also regulates alphabeta T cell development, lineage commitment, and effector function. A well established feature of Itk(-/-) mice is their inability to generate T helper type 2 (Th2) responses that produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13; yet these mice have spontaneously elevated levels of serum IgE and increased numbers of germinal center B cells. Here we show that the source of this phenotype is gammadelta T cells, as normal IgE levels are observed in Itk(-/-)Tcrd(-/-) mice. When stimulated through the gammadelta TCR, Itk(-/-) gammadelta T cells produce high levels of Th2 cytokines, but diminished IFNgamma. In addition, activated Itk(-/-) gammadelta T cells up-regulate costimulatory molecules important for B cell help, suggesting that they may directly promote B cell activation and Ig class switching. Furthermore, we find that gammadelta T cells numbers are increased in Itk(-/-) mice, most notably the Vgamma1.1(+)Vdelta6.3(+) subset that represents the dominant population of gammadelta NKT cells. Itk(-/-) gammadelta NKT cells also have increased expression of PLZF, a transcription factor required for alphabeta NKT cells, indicating a common molecular program between alphabeta and gammadelta NKT cell lineages. Together, these data indicate that Itk signaling regulates gammadelta T cell lineage development and effector function and is required to control IgE production in vivo.
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Tsao PY, Jiao J, Ji MQ, Cohen PL, Eisenberg RA. T cell-independent spontaneous loss of tolerance by anti-double-stranded DNA B cells in C57BL/6 mice. J Immunol 2008; 181:7770-7. [PMID: 19017966 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.11.7770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is characterized by loss of tolerance to DNA and other nuclear Ags. To understand the role of T cells in the breaking of tolerance, an anti-DNA site-specific transgenic model of spontaneous lupus, B6x56R, was studied. T cells were eliminated by crossing B6x56R with CD4(-/)(-) or TCRbeta(-/-)delta(-/-) mice, and the effects on anti-dsDNA serum levels, numbers of anti-dsDNA Ab-secreting cells, and isotypes of anti-dsDNA were analyzed. In addition, the development and activation of B cells in these mice were examined. Surprisingly, the presence of T cells made little difference in the development and character of the serum anti-dsDNA Ab in B6x56R mice. At 1 mo of age, anti-dsDNA Abs were somewhat lower in mice deficient in alphabeta and gammadelta T cells. Levels of Abs later were not affected by T cells, nor was autoantibody class switching. B cell activation was somewhat diminished in T cell-deficient mice. Thus, in the B6 background, the presence of an anti-dsDNA transgene led the production of autoantibodies with a specificity and isotype characteristic of murine systemic lupus erythematosus with little influence from T cells. TLR9 also did not appear to play a role. Although we do not yet understand the mechanism of this failure of immunoregulation, these results suggest that similar processes may influence autoimmunity associated with clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Y Tsao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6100, USA
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Abstract
Partial T-cell immunodeficiencies constitute a heterogeneous cluster of disorders characterized by an incomplete reduction in T-cell number or activity. The immune deficiency component of these diseases is less severe than that of the severe T-cell immunodeficiencies and therefore some ability to respond to infectious organisms is retained. Unlike severe T-cell immunodeficiencies, however, partial immunodeficiencies are commonly associated with hyper-immune dysregulation, including autoimmunity, inflammatory diseases and elevated IgE production. This causative association is counter-intuitive--immune deficiencies are caused by loss-of-function changes to the T-cell component, whereas the coincident autoimmune symptoms are the consequence of gain-of-function changes. This Review details the genetic basis of partial T -cell immunodeficiencies and draws on recent advances in mouse models to propose mechanisms by which a reduction in T-cell numbers or function may disturb the population-dependent balance between activation and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Liston
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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Liossis SC, Sfikakis PP. Rituximab-induced B cell depletion in autoimmune diseases: Potential effects on T cells. Clin Immunol 2008; 127:280-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Aglieco F, Manickaratnam S, Bona R, Kaplan AA. A Case Report of Refractory Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Treated With Plasmapheresis and Rituximab. Ther Apher Dial 2008; 12:185-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-9987.2008.00568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Parravicini V, Field AC, Tomlinson PD, Basson MA, Zamoyska R. Itch-/- alphabeta and gammadelta T cells independently contribute to autoimmunity in Itchy mice. Blood 2008; 111:4273-7282. [PMID: 18256323 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-10-115667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
E3 ubiquitin ligases determine which intracellular proteins are targets of the ubiquitin conjugation pathway and thus play a key role in determining the half-life, subcellular localization and/or activation status of their target proteins. Itchy mice lack the E3 ligase, Itch, and show dysregulation of T lymphocytes and the induction of a lethal autoimmune inflammatory condition. Itch is widely expressed in hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells, and we demonstrate that disease is transferred exclusively by hematopoietic cells. Moreover, distinct manifestations of the autoimmune inflammatory phenotype are contributed by discrete populations of lymphocytes. The presence of Itch-deficient alphabeta T cells drives expansion of peritoneal B1b cells and elevated IgM levels, which correlate with itching and pathology. In contrast, Itch(-/-) interleukin-4-producing gammadelta T cells, even in the absence of alphabeta T cells, are associated with elevated levels of IgE and an inflammatory condition. These data indicate that disruption of an E3 ubiquitin ligase in alphabeta T cells can subvert a B-cell subpopulation, which normally functions to control particular microbial pathogens in a T-independent manner, to contribute to autoimmunity. In addition, disruption of Itch in innate gammadelta T cells can influence autoimmune pathology and might therefore require distinct therapeutic intervention.
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Vermijlen D, Ellis P, Langford C, Klein A, Engel R, Willimann K, Jomaa H, Hayday AC, Eberl M. Distinct cytokine-driven responses of activated blood gammadelta T cells: insights into unconventional T cell pleiotropy. J Immunol 2007; 178:4304-14. [PMID: 17371987 PMCID: PMC3915340 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.7.4304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T cells comprise a small population of peripheral blood T cells that in many infectious diseases respond to the microbial metabolite, (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMB-PP), expanding to up to 50% of CD3(+) cells. This "transitional response," occurring temporally between the rapid innate and slower adaptive response, is widely viewed as proinflammatory and/or cytolytic. However, increasing evidence that different cytokines drive widely different effector functions in alphabeta T cells provoked us to apply cDNA microarrays to explore the potential pleiotropy of HMB-PP-activated Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T cells. The data and accompanying validations show that the related cytokines, IL-2, IL-4, or IL-21, each drive proliferation and comparable CD69 up-regulation but induce distinct effector responses that differ from prototypic alphabeta T cell responses. For example, the Th1-like response to IL-2 also includes expression of IL-5 and IL-13 that conversely are not induced by IL-4. The data identify specific molecules that may mediate gammadelta T cell effects. Thus, IL-21 induces a lymphoid-homing phenotype and high, unexpected expression of the follicular B cell-attracting chemokine CXCL13/BCA-1, suggesting a novel follicular B-helper-like T cell that may play a hitherto underappreciated role in humoral immunity early in infection. Such broad plasticity emphasizes the capacity of gammadelta T cells to influence the nature of the immune response to different challenges and has implications for the ongoing clinical application of cytokines together with Vgamma9/Vdelta2 TCR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vermijlen
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Peter Ellis
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cordelia Langford
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Klein
- Biochemisches Institut, Infektiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rosel Engel
- Biochemisches Institut, Infektiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Hassan Jomaa
- Biochemisches Institut, Infektiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Adrian C. Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Biochemisches Institut, Infektiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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37
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Caccamo N, Battistini L, Bonneville M, Poccia F, Fournié JJ, Meraviglia S, Borsellino G, Kroczek RA, La Mendola C, Scotet E, Dieli F, Salerno A. CXCR5 identifies a subset of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells which secrete IL-4 and IL-10 and help B cells for antibody production. J Immunol 2007; 177:5290-5. [PMID: 17015714 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vgamma9Vdelta2 T lymphocytes recognize nonpeptidic Ags and mount effector functions in cellular immune responses against microorganisms and tumors, but little is known about their role in Ab-mediated immune responses. We show here that expression of CXCR5 identifies a unique subset of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells which express the costimulatory molecules ICOS and CD40L, secrete IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 and help B cells for Ab production. These properties portray CXCR5+ Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells as a distinct memory T cell subset with B cell helper function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Caccamo
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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38
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Abstract
In this review, we discuss the potential role of human gammadelta T cells in the control of adaptive immunity. Our latest findings emerged as a consequence of our working hypothesis, which predicts a close relationship between the migration control in leukocytes and their function in immune processes as diverse as hematopoiesis, initiation of adaptive immunity, and immune surveillance in peripheral tissues. Leukocyte migration control is defined by the combination of migration and adhesion receptors on their surface and the tissue distribution of the corresponding ligands. According to our hypothesis, leukocytes featuring migration receptors for homing to lymph nodes (LNs) will also display activities that preferentially take place within LNs. Following this line of thought, by showing LN-homing properties in a subset of human gammadelta T cells, we speculated that gammadelta T cells influence the initiation of T- and B-cell responses. Here, we summarize our recent data, showing that LN-homing gammadelta T cells have potent antigen-presenting cell characteristics. This unexpected finding is discussed with regards to microbial sensing by human gammadelta T cells and a possible role for these cells in anti-microbial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Moser
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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39
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40
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McCoy KD, Harris NL, Diener P, Hatak S, Odermatt B, Hangartner L, Senn BM, Marsland BJ, Geuking MB, Hengartner H, Macpherson AJS, Zinkernagel RM. Natural IgE Production in the Absence of MHC Class II Cognate Help. Immunity 2006; 24:329-39. [PMID: 16546101 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Revised: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IgE induction by parasites and allergens is antigen driven and cognate T cell help dependent. We demonstrate that spontaneously produced IgE in T cell-deficient and germ-free wild-type (wt) mice is composed of natural specificities and induced by a mechanism independent of MHC class II (MHC II) cognate help. This does not require secondary lymphoid structures or germinal center formation, although some bystander T cell-derived IL-4 is necessary. The pathway of spontaneous IgE production is not inhibited by regulatory T cells and increases with age to constitute significant serum concentrations, even in naive animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy D McCoy
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, Universitätsspital, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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41
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Abstract
B cells are typically characterized by their ability to produce Abs, including autoantibodies. However, B cells possess additional immune functions, including the production of cytokines and the ability to function as a secondary APC. As with T cells, the B cell population contains functionally distinct subsets capable of performing both pathogenic and regulatory functions. Recent studies indicate that regulatory B cells develop in several murine models of chronic inflammation, including inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The regulatory function may be directly accomplished by the production of regulatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-beta and/or by the ability of B cells to interact with pathogenic T cells to dampen harmful immune responses. In this review, we make a case for the existence of regulatory B cells and discuss the possible developmental pathways and functional mechanisms of these B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Mizoguchi
- Immunopathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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42
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Cheung YH, Chang NH, Cai YC, Bonventi G, MacLeod R, Wither JE. Functional Interplay between Intrinsic B and T Cell Defects Leads to Amplification of Autoimmune Disease in New Zealand Black Chromosome 1 Congenic Mice. J Immunol 2005; 175:8154-64. [PMID: 16339554 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.12.8154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Genetic loci on New Zealand Black (NZB) chromosome 1 play an important role in the development of lupus-like autoimmune disease. We have shown previously that C57BL/6 mice with an introgressed NZB chromosome 1 interval extending from approximately 35 to 106 cM have significantly more severe autoimmunity than mice with a shorter interval extending from approximately 82 to 106 cM. Comparison of the cellular phenotype in these mice revealed that both mouse strains had evidence of increased T cell activation; however, activation was more pronounced in mice with the longer interval. Mice with the longer interval also had increased B cell activation, leading us to hypothesize that there were at least two independent lupus susceptibility loci on chromosome 1. In this study, we have used mixed hemopoietic radiation chimeras to demonstrate that autoimmunity in these mice arises from intrinsic B and T cell functional defects. We further show that a T cell defect, localized to the shorter interval, leads to spontaneous activation of T cells specific for nucleosome histone components. Despite activation of self-reactive T cells in mixed chimeric mice, only chromosome 1 congenic B cells produce anti-nuclear Abs and undergo class switching, indicating impaired B cell tolerance mechanisms. In mice with the longer chromosome 1 interval, an additional susceptibility locus exacerbates autoimmune disease by producing a positive feedback loop between T and B cell activation. Thus, T and B cell defects act in concert to produce and amplify the autoimmune phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui-Ho Cheung
- Arthritis Centre of Excellence, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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43
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Abstract
Sle1 is a major lupus susceptibility locus in NZM2410 lupus model that is associated with a loss of tolerance to nuclear Ags. At least three genes, Sle1a, Sle1b, and Sle1c contribute to Sle1, and their relative role in lupus pathogenesis is unknown. We show here that Sle1-expressing CD4(+) T cells present an activated phenotype associated with increased proliferation and cytokine production. In addition, Sle1 CD4(+) T cells provide help to anti-chromatin B cells to produce anti-nuclear antibodies, whether or not these B cells express Sle1. The Sle1a locus alone accounts for all these Sle1 phenotypes, implying that a specific genetic defect in Sle1a is necessary and sufficient to produce autoreactive T cells. However, Sle1c induces intermediate T cell activation and only provides help to Sle1-expressing anti-chromatin-producing B cells, demonstrating the synergic interactions between Sle1c T and Sle1 B cells. Moreover, Sle1a and Sle1c were associated with a significantly reduced level of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells that precedes autoantibody production, suggesting a causal relationship with the generation of autoreactive T cells. Our study identifies for the first time that a specific genetic defect is responsible for lupus pathogenesis by inducing autoreactive T cells to break self-tolerance and that this genetic defect is also associated with a decreased number of regulatory T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Nuclear/immunology
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromatin/immunology
- Chromosome Mapping
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Histones/immunology
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Chen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Sepúlveda N, Boucontet L, Pereira P, Carneiro J. Stochastic Modeling of T cell receptor gene rearrangement. J Theor Biol 2005; 234:153-65. [PMID: 15757675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Revised: 11/11/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms controlling the recombination process of the gamma genes that encode the gamma chain of the antigen receptor of the gammadelta T lymphocytes are unclear. Based on experimental data on the recombination status of the two major TCR gamma genes expressed in V(gamma)4+ and V(gamma)1+ thymocytes, we tested the plausibility of three possible rearrangement mechanisms: (1) a time window mechanism according to which the two chromosomes are accessible to the recombination machinery during a defined period of time; (2) a feedback mechanism in which recombination stops shortly after the first in-frame rearrangement event anywhere in both chromosomes; and (3) a feedback mechanism with asynchronous chromosome accessibility, in which there is a first period when only one chromosome is accessible for recombination, followed by a second period when both chromosomes are accessible; shortly after the first in-frame rearrangement event, during any of these two periods, recombination will definitely stop. We model the time window mechanism using a pure probabilistic approach and the two feedback mechanisms using a continuous-time Markov chain formalism. We used maximum likelihood methodology to infer the goodness-of-fit of the models showing evidence for the last model, which best fits the data. Further analysis of this model suggests an evolutionary tradeoff between allelic and isotypic exclusion and the probability that a precursor differentiates into a mature gammadelta T lymphocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Sepúlveda
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Apartado 14, PT-2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal.
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45
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O'Brien TA, Eastlund T, Peters C, Neglia JP, Defor T, Ramsay NKC, Scott Baker K. Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia complicating haematopoietic cell transplantation in paediatric patients: high incidence and significant mortality in unrelated donor transplants for non-malignant diseases. Br J Haematol 2004; 127:67-75. [PMID: 15384979 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Haemolytic anaemia is a recognized complication of haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and can result from alloimmune- or autoimmune-derived antibodies. Unlike alloimmune haemolytic anaemia, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) is poorly understood, particularly in the paediatric population where only case reports have been published. Between January 1995 and July 2001, 439 consecutive allogeneic HCT were performed in paediatric patients at the University of Minnesota, 31% (n = 136) from related donors (RD) and 69% (n = 303) from unrelated donors (URD). Nineteen cases of AIHA were identified with documented significant haemolysis and a positive direct antiglobulin test. All cases of AIHA occurred in URD transplants, yielding a cumulative incidence of AIHA post-transplant of 6% at 1 year. Patients transplanted for non-malignant disease, particularly metabolic diseases, had a higher incidence of AIHA post-HCT when compared with patients transplanted for malignancies (RR 4.2 95% CI 1.2-15.4, P = 0.01). Mortality was high in our series of 19 patients with 10 (53%) dying following the onset of AIHA, three as a direct consequence of haemolysis. Fifty per cent of deaths occurred from infection while on immunosuppressive therapy to treat haemolysis. Alternative treatment strategies were employed, with the majority of patients demonstrating disease refractory to traditional steroid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A O'Brien
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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46
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Eberl M, Jomaa H, Hayday AC. Integrated immune responses to infection - cross-talk between human gammadelta T cells and dendritic cells. Immunology 2004; 112:364-8. [PMID: 15196203 PMCID: PMC1782494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01921.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eberl
- Biochemisches Institut, Infektiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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47
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Batten M, Fletcher C, Ng LG, Groom J, Wheway J, Laâbi Y, Xin X, Schneider P, Tschopp J, Mackay CR, Mackay F. TNF deficiency fails to protect BAFF transgenic mice against autoimmunity and reveals a predisposition to B cell lymphoma. J Immunol 2004; 172:812-22. [PMID: 14707051 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TNF is well characterized as a mediator of inflammatory responses. TNF also facilitates organization of secondary lymphoid organs, particularly B cell follicles and germinal centers, a hallmark of T-dependent Ab responses. TNF also mediates defense against tumors. We examined the role of TNF in the development of inflammatory autoimmune disorders resembling systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome induced by excess B cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF), by generating BAFF-transgenic (Tg) mice lacking TNF. TNF(-/-) BAFF-Tg mice resembled TNF(-/-) mice, in that they lacked B cell follicles, follicular dendritic cells, and germinal centers, and have impaired responses to T-dependent Ags. Nevertheless, TNF(-/-) BAFF-Tg mice developed autoimmune disorders similar to that of BAFF-Tg mice. Disease in TNF(-/-) BAFF-Tg mice correlates with the expansion of transitional type 2 and marginal zone B cell populations and enhanced T-independent immune responses. TNF deficiency in BAFF-Tg mice also led to a surprisingly high incidence of B cell lymphomas (>35%), which most likely resulted from the combined effects of BAFF promotion of neoplastic B cell survival, coupled with lack of protective antitumor defense by TNF. Thus, TNF appears to be dispensable for BAFF-mediated autoimmune disorders and may, in fact, counter any proneoplastic effects of high levels of BAFF in diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Batten
- Department of Arthritis and Inflammation, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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48
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Abstract
B lymphocytes are an essential element in the body's immune system. Engagement of the B cell receptor is responsible for initiating the signaling events that can activate, inactivate or physically eliminate B cells, depending on the magnitude and duration of the signal. Control of B cell signaling occurs through both positive and negative regulation, as well as through the actions of molecular scaffolds that contribute to the formation of signaling complexes. Inactivation of genes encoding signaling molecules was shown to result in clinical manifestations reminiscent of systemic autoimmunity in experimental animals. Aberrant expression of some signaling molecules was also observed in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases. Understanding the mechanisms that subvert B cell receptor transduction pathways is likely to aid in the development of therapeutic agents to treat autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatis-Nick C Liossis
- Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale U 430, Immunopathologie Humaine, Paris, France
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49
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS An unconventional CD4+ TCRalpha(-)beta(+) cell population mediates the development of colitis resembling ulcerative colitis in T-cell receptor alpha mutant (TCRalpha(-/-)) mice. However, the significance of such T cells in individuals with an intact TCRalpha locus remains unclear. Because a substantial proportion of naturally rearranged TCRalpha chains fails to pair with TCRbeta chains, the aim of this study was to analyze the development of CD4+ TCRalpha(-)beta(+) cells and the course of colitis in the presence of such a TCRalpha chain. METHODS TCR chain transgenic TCRalpha(-/-) mice were generated and compared with wild-type and TCRalpha(-/-) mice by flow cytometric analysis of T lymphocytes with respect to their TCR expression and activation status and by histological analysis of colon tissue. The colitogenic potential of the unconventional CD4+ TCRalpha(-)beta(+) cells was assessed by adoptive transfer experiments. Furthermore, the half-life of TCRbeta chains was determined by pulse-chase labeling and immunoprecipitation. RESULTS Transgenic expression of a TCR Valpha7.2 chain led to increased frequencies of CD4+ TCRalpha(-)beta(+) cells that caused rapid onset of colitis, reminiscent of, but even more severe than, that in TCRalpha(-/-) mice. This unconventional T-cell population displayed a constitutively activated phenotype in normal and transgenic TCRalpha(-/-) mice. An extended half-life of newly synthesized TCRbeta chains suggests a chaperone function of the TCR Valpha7.2 chain in TCRalpha(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS Physiological TCRalpha rearrangement can promote the formation of chronically activated CD4+ TCRalpha(-)beta(+) T cells and may play a role in the etiology of UC.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Survival
- Colitis/pathology
- Colitis/physiopathology
- Colon/pathology
- Colon/physiopathology
- Gene Rearrangement
- Half-Life
- Lymphocytes
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Severity of Illness Index
- Thymus Gland/pathology
- Thymus Gland/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Immo Prinz
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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50
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Abstract
Inflammatory myopathies (IMs) occur relatively frequently in dogs, and, with the exception of masticatory muscle myositis (MMM), have not been characterized. This study analyzed the distribution and types of cellular infiltrates in 21 cases of generalized IM, 3 cases of focal IM (MMM), and 1 case with features of both generalized and focal IM, using a panel of monoclonal antibodies to cell surface markers. In generalized IM, mononuclear cells showed an endomysial and perimysial distribution with invasion of non-necrotic fibers similar to human IM. T lymphocytes with T-cell receptor (TCR)alphabeta predominated. Distinct differences were seen in MMM including prominent B-cell infiltration, dendritic cells and macrophages in greater numbers than T cells, and numerous T cells with TCRgammadelta. Thus, generalized IM and MMM appear to be distinct diseases with different mechanisms. Canine generalized IM may be an important animal model for human IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marti Pumarola
- Department Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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