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Ren B, Li Y, DI L, Cheng R, Liu L, Li H, Li Y, Tang Z, Yan Y, Lu T, Fu R, Cheng Y, Wu Z. A naturally derived small molecule compound suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in mice by relieving p53-dependent repression of CDK2/Rb signaling and the Snail-driven EMT. Chin J Nat Med 2024; 22:112-126. [PMID: 38342564 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(24)60550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein p53 is central to cancer biology, with its pathway reactivation emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy in oncology. This study introduced LZ22, a novel compound that selectively inhibits the growth, migration, and metastasis of tumor cells expressing wild-type p53, demonstrating ineffectiveness in cells devoid of p53 or those expressing mutant p53. LZ22's mechanism of action involves a high-affinity interaction with the histidine-96 pocket of the MDM2 protein. This interaction disrupted the MDM2-p53 binding, consequently stabilizing p53 by shielding it from proteasomal degradation. LZ22 impeded cell cycle progression and diminished cell proliferation by reinstating the p53-dependent suppression of the CDK2/Rb signaling pathway. Moreover, LZ22 alleviated the p53-dependent repression of Snail transcription factor expression and its consequent EMT, effectively reducing tumor cell migration and distal metastasis. Importantly, LZ22 administration in tumor-bearing mice did not manifest notable side effects. The findings position LZ22 as a structurally unique reactivator of p53, offering therapeutic promise for the management of human cancers with wild-type TP53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxue Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Lei DI
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Ranran Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhangrui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yongming Yan
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Tao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Rong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Yongxian Cheng
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Zhaoqiu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Tam HH, Zhu D, Ho SSK, Vong HW, Wong VKW, Mok SWF, Wong IN. Potential enhancement of post-stroke angiogenic response by targeting the oligomeric aggregation of p53 protein. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1193362. [PMID: 37534043 PMCID: PMC10393283 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1193362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor gene p53 and its aggregate have been found to be involved in many angiogenesis-related pathways. We explored the possible p53 aggregation formation mechanisms commonly occur after ischemic stroke, such as hypoxia and the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The angiogenic pathways involving p53 mainly occur in nucleus or cytoplasm, with one exception that occurs in mitochondria. Considering the high mitochondrial density in brain and endothelial cells, we proposed that the cyclophilin D (CypD)-dependent vascular endothelial cell (VECs) necrosis pathway occurring in the mitochondria is one of the major factors that affects angiogenesis. Hence, targeting p53 aggregation, a key intermediate in the pathway, could be an alternative therapeutic target for post-stroke management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Hei Tam
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Dongxing Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Samuel Sze King Ho
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Heng Wai Vong
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- Dr. Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Simon Wing-Fai Mok
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Dr. Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Io Nam Wong
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Dr. Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
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Ou A, Zhao X, Lu Z. The potential roles of p53 signaling reactivation in pancreatic cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188662. [PMID: 34861354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Globally, pancreatic cancer (PC) is a common and highly malignant gastrointestinal tumor that is characterized by an insidious onset and ready metastasis and recurrence. Over recent decades, the incidence of PC has been increasing on an annual basis; however, the pathogenesis of this condition remains enigmatic. PC is not sensitive to radio- or chemotherapy, and except for early surgical resection, there is no curative treatment regime; consequently, the prognosis for patients with PC is extremely poor. Transcription factor p53 is known to play key roles in many important biological processes in vertebrates, including normal cell growth, differentiation, cell cycle progression, senescence, apoptosis, metabolism, and DNA damage repair. However, there is a significant paucity of basic and clinical studies to describe how p53 gene mutations or protein dysfunction facilitate the occurrence, progression, invasion, and resistance to therapy, of malignancies, including PC. Herein, we describe the involvement of p53 signaling reactivation in PC treatment as well as its underlying molecular mechanisms, thereby providing useful insights for targeting p53-related signal pathways in PC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixin Ou
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, LN, China
| | - Xiangxuan Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, LN, China
| | - Zaiming Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, LN, China.
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4
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Ou A, Zhao X, Lu Z. The potential roles of p53 signaling reactivation in pancreatic cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188662. [DOI: doi10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) found in primary and metastatic tumours are highly versatile, plastic and resilient cells that are actively involved in cancer progression through complex interactions with other cell types in the tumour microenvironment. As well as generating extracellular matrix components that contribute to the structure and function of the tumour stroma, CAFs undergo epigenetic changes to produce secreted factors, exosomes and metabolites that influence tumour angiogenesis, immunology and metabolism. Because of their putative pro-oncogenic functions, CAFs have long been considered an attractive therapeutic target; however, clinical trials of treatment strategies targeting CAFs have mostly ended in failure and, in some cases, accelerated cancer progression and resulted in inferior survival outcomes. Importantly, CAFs are heterogeneous cells and their characteristics and interactions with other cell types might change dynamically as cancers evolve. Studies involving single-cell RNA sequencing and novel mouse models have increased our understanding of CAF diversity, although the context-dependent roles of different CAF populations and their interchangeable plasticity remain largely unknown. Comprehensive characterization of the tumour-promoting and tumour-restraining activities of CAF subtypes, including how these complex bimodal functions evolve and are subjugated by neoplastic cells during cancer progression, might facilitate the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In this Review, the clinical relevance of CAFs is summarized with an emphasis on their value as prognosis factors and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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6
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Fu R, Han CF, Ni T, Di L, Liu LJ, Lv WC, Bi YR, Jiang N, He Y, Li HM, Wang S, Xie H, Chen BA, Wang XS, Weiss SJ, Lu T, Guo QL, Wu ZQ. A ZEB1/p53 signaling axis in stromal fibroblasts promotes mammary epithelial tumours. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3210. [PMID: 31324807 PMCID: PMC6642263 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the zinc-finger transcription factor ZEB1 is predominantly expressed in the stroma of several tumours. However, the role of stromal ZEB1 in tumour progression remains unexplored. In this study, while interrogating human databases, we uncover a remarkable decrease in relapse-free survival of breast cancer patients expressing high ZEB1 levels in the stroma. Using a mouse model of breast cancer, we show that ZEB1 inactivation in stromal fibroblasts suppresses tumour initiation, progression and metastasis. We associate this with reduced extracellular matrix remodeling, immune cell infiltration and decreased angiogenesis. ZEB1 deletion in stromal fibroblasts increases acetylation, expression and recruitment of p53 to FGF2/7, VEGF and IL6 promoters, thereby reducing their production and secretion into the surrounding stroma. Importantly, p53 ablation in ZEB1 stroma-deleted mammary tumours sufficiently recovers the impaired cancer growth and progression. Our findings identify the ZEB1/p53 axis as a stroma-specific signaling pathway that promotes mammary epithelial tumours.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Breast/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Female
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 7/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
- Humans
- Interleukin-6
- Male
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/pathology
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
- Zinc Finger E-box-Binding Homeobox 1/genetics
- Zinc Finger E-box-Binding Homeobox 1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Chen-Feng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Ting Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Lei Di
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Li-Juan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Wen-Cong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yan-Ran Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yin He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Hong-Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Shui Wang
- Division of Breast Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Division of Breast Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Bao-An Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Affiliated Zhong-Da Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Stephen J Weiss
- The Life Sciences Institute, Rogel Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Tao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Qing-Long Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Zhao-Qiu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are essential for tissue fluid homeostasis, immune cell trafficking, and intestinal lipid absorption. The lymphatics have long been recognized to serve as conduits for distant tumor dissemination. However, recent findings suggest that the regional lymphatic vasculature also shapes the immune microenvironment of the tumor mass and potentiates immunotherapy. This review discusses the role of lymphatic vessels in tumor metastasis and tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Jiang
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Vastrad B, Vastrad C, Godavarthi A, Chandrashekar R. Molecular mechanisms underlying gliomas and glioblastoma pathogenesis revealed by bioinformatics analysis of microarray data. Med Oncol 2017; 34:182. [PMID: 28952134 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-017-1043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify key genes associated with gliomas and glioblastoma and to explore the related signaling pathways. Gene expression profiles of three glioma stem cell line samples, three normal astrocyte samples, three astrocyte overexpressing 4 iPSC-inducing and oncogenic factors (myc(T58A), OCT-4, p53DD, and H-Ras(G12V)) samples, three astrocyte overexpressing 7 iPSC-inducing and oncogenic factors (OCT4, H-Ras(G12V), myc(T58A), p53DD, cyclin D1, CDK4(RC24) and hTERT) samples and three glioblastoma cell line samples were downloaded from the ArrayExpress database (accession: E-MTAB-4771). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in gliomas and glioblastoma were identified using FDR and t tests, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks for these DEGs were constructed using the protein interaction network analysis. The GeneTrail2 1.5 tool was used to identify potentially enriched biological processes among the DEGs using gene ontology (GO) terms and to identify the related pathways using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, Reactome and WikiPathways pathway database. In addition, crucial modules of the constructed PPI networks were identified using the PEWCC1 plug-in, and their topological properties were analyzed using NetworkAnalyzer, both available from Cytoscape. We also constructed microRNA-target gene regulatory network and transcription factor-target gene regulatory network for these DEGs were constructed using the miRNet and binding and expression target analysis. We identified 200 genes that could potentially be involved in the gliomas and glioblastoma. Among them, bioinformatics analysis identified 137 up-regulated and 63 down-regulated DEGs in gliomas and glioblastoma. The significant enriched pathway (PI3K-Akt) for up-regulated genes such as COL4A1, COL4A2, EGFR, FGFR1, LAPR6, MYC, PDGFA, SPP1 were selected as well as significant GO term (ear development) for up-regulated genes such as CELSR1, CHRNA9, DDR1, FGFR1, GLI2, LGR5, SOX2, TSHR were selected, while the significant enriched pathway (amebiasis) for down-regulated gene such as COL3A1, COL5A2, LAMA2 were selected as well as significant GO term (RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding (5) such as MEIS2, MEOX2, NR2E1, PITX2, TFAP2B, ZFPM2 were selected. Importantly, MYC and SOX2 were hub proteins in the up-regulated PPI network, while MET and CDKN2A were hub proteins in the down-regulated PPI network. After network module analysis, MYC, FGFR1 and HOXA10 were selected as the up-regulated coexpressed genes in the gliomas and glioblastoma, while SH3GL3 and SNRPN were selected as the down-regulated coexpressed genes in the gliomas and glioblastoma. MicroRNA hsa-mir-22-3p had a regulatory effect on the most up DEGs, including VSNL1, while hsa-mir-103a-3p had a regulatory effect on the most down DEGs, including DAPK1. Transcription factor EZH2 had a regulatory effect on the both up and down DEGs, including CD9, CHI3L1, MEIS2 and NR2E1. The DEGs, such as MYC, FGFR1, CDKN2A, HOXA10 and MET, may be used for targeted diagnosis and treatment of gliomas and glioblastoma.
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Abstract
Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is currently the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The prognosis of patients diagnosed with late-stage disease is dismal due to high resistance to conventional systemic therapies. The introduction of sorafenib, despite its limited efficacy, as the standard systemic therapy for advanced HCC has paved a way for targeted molecular therapies for HCC. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling plays an important role in the developing embryo and the adult. The FGF signaling pathway is often hijacked by cancer cells, including HCC. Several alterations in FGF signaling correlate with poor outcome in HCC patients, suggesting that this family of signaling molecules plays an important role in the development of HCC. Multikinase inhibitors targeting FGF signaling are currently under investigation in clinical trials. This review discusses the current understanding of the biological and clinical implications of aberrant FGF signaling in the prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey J Coleman
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Richard P Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Hemant M Kocher
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Barts and the London HPB Centre, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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10
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Bottos A, Bardelli A. Oncogenes and angiogenesis: a way to personalize anti-angiogenic therapy? Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4131-40. [PMID: 23685900 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of oncogenic mutations and promotion of angiogenesis are key hallmarks of cancer. These features are often thought of as separate events in tumor progression and the two fields of research have frequently been considered as independent. However, as we highlight in this review, activated oncogenes and deregulated angiogenesis are tightly associated, as mutations in cancer cells can lead to perturbation of the pro- and anti-angiogenic balance thereby causing aberrant angiogenesis. We propose that normalization of the vascular network by targeting oncogenes in the tumor cells might lead to more efficient and sustained therapeutic effects compared to therapies targeting tumor vessels. We discuss how pharmacological inhibition of oncogenes in tumor cells restores a functional vasculature by bystander anti-angiogenic effect. As genetic alterations are tumor-specific, targeted therapy, which potentially blocks the angiogenic program activated by individual oncogenes may lead to personalized anti-angiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Bottos
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, PO Box 2543, 4058, Basel, Switzerland,
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11
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Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis, the building of blood vessels in an expanding tumor mass, is an elegantly coordinated process that dictates tumor growth and progression. Stromal components of the tumor microenvironment, such as myofibroblasts and the extracellular matrix, collaborate with tumor cells in regulating development. Such myofibroblasts and the extracellular matrix have ever-expanding roles in the angiogenic process as well. This review summarizes how stromal myofibroblasts and the extracellular matrix can modulate tumor angiogenesis, highlighting recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Vong
- Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Bernard H, Garmy-Susini B, Ainaoui N, Van Den Berghe L, Peurichard A, Javerzat S, Bikfalvi A, Lane DP, Bourdon JC, Prats AC. The p53 isoform, Δ133p53α, stimulates angiogenesis and tumour progression. Oncogene 2012; 32:2150-60. [PMID: 22733133 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tumour suppressor p53, involved in DNA repair, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, also inhibits blood vessel formation, that is, angiogenesis, a process strongly contributing to tumour development. The p53 gene expresses 12 different proteins (isoforms), including TAp53 (p53 (or p53α), p53β and p53γ) and Δ133p53 isoforms (Δ133p53α, Δ133p53β and Δ133p53γ). The Δ133p53α isoform was shown to modulate p53 transcriptional activity and is overexpressed in various human tumours. However, its role in tumour progression is still unexplored. In the present study, we examined the involvement of Δ133p53 isoforms in tumoural angiogenesis and tumour growth in the highly angiogenic human glioblastoma U87. Our data show that conditioned media from U87 cells depleted for Δ133p53 isoforms block endothelial cell migration and tubulogenesis without affecting endothelial cell proliferation in vitro. The Δ133p53 depletion in U2OS osteosarcoma cells resulted in a similar angiogenesis blockade. Furthermore, using conditioned media from U87 cells ectopically expressing each Δ133p53 isoform, we determined that Δ133p53α and Δ133p53γ but not Δ133p53β, stimulate angiogenesis. Our in vivo data using the chicken chorio-allantoic membrane and mice xenografts establish that angiogenesis and growth of glioblastoma U87 tumours are inhibited upon depletion of Δ133p53 isoforms. By TaqMan low-density array, we show that alteration of expression ratio of Δ133p53 and TAp53 isoforms differentially regulates angiogenic gene expression with Δ133p53 isoforms inducing pro-angiogenic gene expression and repressing anti-angiogenic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bernard
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, TRADGENE, Laboratory of Translational Control and Gene Therapy of Vascular Diseases, EA4554, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
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13
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Finn RS, Kang YK, Mulcahy M, Polite BN, Lim HY, Walters I, Baudelet C, Manekas D, Park JW. Phase II, open-label study of brivanib as second-line therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:2090-8. [PMID: 22238246 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Brivanib, a selective dual inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor and VEGF signaling, has recently been shown to have activity as first-line treatment for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This phase II open-label study assessed brivanib as second-line therapy in patients with advanced HCC who had failed prior antiangiogenic treatment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Brivanib was administered orally at a dose of 800 mg once daily. The primary objectives were tumor response rate, time to response, duration of response, progression-free survival, overall survival (OS), disease control rate, time to progression (TTP), and safety and tolerability. RESULTS Forty-six patients were treated. Best responses to treatment with brivanib (N = 46 patients) using modified World Health Organization criteria were partial responses for two patients (4.3%), stable disease for 19 patients (41.3%), and progressive disease for 19 patients (41.3%). The tumor response rate was 4.3%; the disease control rate was 45.7%. Median OS was 9.79 months. Median TTP as assessed by study investigators following second-line treatment with brivanib was 2.7 months. The most common adverse events were fatigue, decreased appetite, nausea, diarrhea, and hypertension. CONCLUSION Brivanib had a manageable safety profile and is one of the first agents to show promising antitumor activity in advanced HCC patients treated with prior sorafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Finn
- Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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14
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Hsu WL, Chung PJ, Tsai MH, Chang CLT, Liang CL. A role for Epstein-Barr viral BALF1 in facilitating tumor formation and metastasis potential. Virus Res 2012; 163:617-27. [PMID: 22230317 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that triggers transformation and tumorigenesis of latently infected B cells in vitro. BALF1, a Bcl-2-like EBV gene expressed in both latent and lytic stages, was recently characterized in EBV-infected cells; however, the role and function of BALF1 has remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that BALF1 expression alters cellular morphology. Importantly, BALF1 promotes cellular transformation, with tumorigenicity assays showing larger and substantially greater numbers of tumors in BALF1 transfectant-injected mice compared to mice injected with pcDNA control transfectants. In addition, BALF1 expression increases cell survival under low-serum conditions, an effect that is attributable to suppression of apoptosis, not to promotion of cell-cycle progression. Furthermore, BALF1 transfectants exhibit markedly increased tumor metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these findings suggest that BALF1 may be a new tumor marker for EBV diagnosis and provide a new direction for research on treatments of EBV-associated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Li Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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15
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Chen M, Wu J, Zhou L, Jin C, Tu C, Zhu B, Wu F, Zhu Q, Zhu X, Yan D. Hyperbranched glycoconjugated polymer from natural small molecule kanamycin as a safe and efficient gene vector. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00333j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Berger B, Capper D, Lemke D, Pfenning PN, Platten M, Weller M, von Deimling A, Wick W, Weiler M. Defective p53 antiangiogenic signaling in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2010; 12:894-907. [PMID: 20504876 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noq051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous findings suggest an angiogenesis-regulating function of the p53 tumor suppressor protein in various malignancies. With several antiangiogenic agents entering the clinic, we assessed the value of the TP53 status in predicting angiogenesis in glioblastoma in vivo and examined underlying angiogenic-signaling pathways in vitro. We identified 26 TP53 wild-type and 9 TP53 mutated treatment-naïve, primary, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) wild-type glioblastoma specimens by sequence analysis and quantified vascularization. P53 responsiveness of the angiogenesis-related target genes, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1), brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1), and collagen prolyl-4-hydroxylase alpha 2 (P4HA2), was evaluated by (i) overexpression of wild-type p53 in homozygously TP53-deleted LN-308 cells; (ii) shRNA-mediated p53 knockdown in the TP53 wild-type LNT-229 cells; and (iii) chemical induction of wild-type p53 expression in LNT-229 cells by camptothecin. Irrespective of the TP53 status, vascularization did not differ significantly between the two groups of glioblastoma specimens. Of all target genes, only P4HA2 mRNA was upregulated through wild-type p53. As opposed to several nonglial tumors, in glioblastoma cells, p53-mediated transcriptional induction of P4HA2 mRNA neither resulted in increased levels of P4HA2 protein or antiangiogenic endostatin nor did it influence endothelial cell sprouting, viability, or transmigration in vitro. Moreover, p53-uncoupled stable overexpression of P4HA2 in LN-308 cells did not affect endothelial cell viability. These data challenge the view of p53 as an angiogenesis-regulator in glioblastoma in that relevant signaling pathways are silenced, potentially contributing to the angiogenic switch during malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Berger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Roger L, Jullien L, Gire V, Roux P. Gain of oncogenic function of p53 mutants regulates E-cadherin expression uncoupled from cell invasion in colon cancer cells. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:1295-305. [PMID: 20332115 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.061002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the p53 tumour suppressor gene are associated clinically with tumour progression and metastasis. Downregulation of the E-cadherin cell-cell adhesion molecule is a key event for epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumour progression. Here, we show that wild-type p53 induced to adopt a mutant conformation, and hot-spot p53 mutants, which are both transcriptionally inactive, downregulate E-cadherin expression in the colon carcinoma cell line HCT116. Downregulation of E-cadherin occurred concomitantly with the upregulation of Slug and Zeb-1, transcriptional factors known to repress E-cadherin gene expression. In addition, knockdown of Slug and Zeb-1 expression diminished p53-mediated E-cadherin repression. Knocking down endogenous mutant p53 in MDA-MB-231 and SW620 cancer cell lines lacking E-cadherin protein restored the expression of E-cadherin. Complete loss of E-cadherin expression in HCT116 cells induced morphological alterations along with upregulation of vimentin, a mesenchymal marker. These changes characteristic of the EMT phenotype were, however, not sufficient to confer invasiveness in a three-dimensional matrix. Downregulation of E-cadherin by mutant p53 was not required to promote the invasive phenotype induced by inactivation of p53. These findings indicate that independent control of E-cadherin expression and cell motility could be essential molecular events in p53 mutant-induced invasive phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauréline Roger
- Universités Montpellier 2 et 1, CRBM, CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
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18
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Bar J, Moskovits N, Oren M. Involvement of stromal p53 in tumor-stroma interactions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2010; 21:47-54. [PMID: 19914385 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
p53 is a major tumor-suppressor gene, inactivated by mutations in about half of all human cancer cases, and probably incapacitated by other means in most other cases. Most research regarding the role of p53 in cancer has focused on its ability to elicit apoptosis or growth arrest of cells that are prone to become malignant owing to DNA damage or oncogene activation, i.e. cell-autonomous activities of p53. However, p53 activation within a cell can also exert a variety of effects upon neighboring cells, through secreted factors and paracrine and endocrine mechanisms. Of note, p53 within cancer stromal cells can inhibit tumor growth and malignant progression. Cancer cells that evolve under this inhibitory influence acquire mechanisms to silence stromal p53, either by direct inhibition of p53 within stromal cells, or through pressure for selection of stromal cells with compromised p53 function. Hence, activation of stromal p53 by chemotherapy or radiotherapy might be part of the mechanisms by which these treatments cause cancer regression. However, in certain circumstances, activation of stromal p53 by cytotoxic anti-cancer agents might actually promote treatment resistance, probably through stromal p53-mediated growth arrest of the cancer cells or through protection of the tumor vasculature. Better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms is thus required. Hopefully, this will allow their manipulation towards better inhibition of cancer initiation, progression and metastasis.
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19
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Khromova NV, Kopnin PB, Stepanova EV, Agapova LS, Kopnin BP. p53 hot-spot mutants increase tumor vascularization via ROS-mediated activation of the HIF1/VEGF-A pathway. Cancer Lett 2008; 276:143-51. [PMID: 19091459 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The function of p53 tumor suppressor is often altered in various human tumors predominantly through missense-mutations resulting in accumulation of mutant proteins. We revealed that expression of p53 proteins with amino-acid substitutions at codons 175 (R175H), 248 (R248W), and 273 (R273H), representing the hot-spots of mutations in various human tumors, increased the number of vessels in HCT116 human colon carcinoma xenografts and, as a result, accelerated their growth. Stimulation of tumor angiogenesis was connected with about 2-fold increase in intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidant N-acetyl-l-aspartate (NAC) decreased vessels number in tumors formed by cells with inactivated p53 and inhibited their growth. Effect of ROS on angiogenesis in tumors expressing hot-spot p53 mutants was correlated with their ability to increase a content of HIF1 transcriptional factor responsible for up-regulation of VEGF-A mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Khromova
- Blokhin Memorial Russian Cancer Research Center, Kashirskoye shosse 24, Moscow, Russia
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20
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Teodoro JG, Evans SK, Green MR. Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by p53: a new role for the guardian of the genome. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85:1175-86. [PMID: 17589818 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor protein has long been recognized as the central factor protecting humans from cancer. It has been famously dubbed "the guardian of the genome" due to its ability to respond to genotoxic stress, such as DNA damage and other stress signals, and to protect the genome by inducing a variety of biological responses including DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. However, the tumor suppressive effects of p53 go far beyond its roles in mediating these three processes. There is growing evidence that p53 also exerts its effects on multiple aspects of tumor formation, including suppression of metastasis and, as summarized in this review, inhibition of new blood vessel development (angiogenesis). The p53 protein has been shown to limit angiogenesis by at least three mechanisms: (1) interfering with central regulators of hypoxia that mediate angiogenesis, (2) inhibiting production of proangiogenic factors, and (3) directly increasing the production of endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors. The combination of these effects allows p53 to efficiently shut down the angiogenic potential of cancer cells. Inactivation of p53, which occurs in approximately half of all tumors, reverses these effects; as a consequence, tumors carrying p53 mutations appear more vascularized and are often more aggressive and correlate with poor prognosis for treatment. Thus, the loss of functional p53 during tumorigenesis likely represents an essential step in the switch to an angiogenic phenotype that is displayed by aggressive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose G Teodoro
- McGill Cancer Centre, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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21
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Bouleau S, Pârvu-Ferecatu I, Rodriguez-Enfedaque A, Rincheval V, Grimal H, Mignotte B, Vayssiere JL, Renaud F. Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 inhibits p53-dependent apoptosis in PC12 cells. Apoptosis 2007; 12:1377-87. [PMID: 17473910 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The survival activity of FGF1 and the pro-apoptotic activity of p53 were characterized in vitro and/or in vivo for different types of neurons after different stresses and in different neurodegenerative pathologies. To investigate whether or not FGF1 and p53 pathways interact in neuronal cells, we studied the effect of FGF1 on p53-dependent apoptosis in PC12 cells. We first characterized p53-dependent PC12 cell death induced by etoposide (a DNA damaging agent). We showed that etoposide increased p53 stabilization, phosphorylation (Ser-15), nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity. In particular, p53 promoted mdm2, p21, puma and noxa expression in PC12 cells. The activation of p53 initiated a classical mitochondrial apoptosis process associated with caspases activation and nuclear degradation. We demonstrated that FGF1 protected PC12 cells from p53-dependent apoptosis upstream from mitochondrial and nuclear events. FGF1 inhibited etoposide-induced p53 phosphorylation, stabilization, nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity. This study presents the first evidence that FGF1 and p53 pathways interact in neuronal cells, and that FGF1 protects neuronal cells from p53-dependent apoptosis, suggesting that alterations of FGF1/p53 crosstalk could be involved in a large range of neurons and in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvina Bouleau
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, UMR 8159 CNRS, Université de Versailles/Saint Quentin-en Yvelines, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles Cedex, France
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22
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Timmer M, Cesnulevicius K, Winkler C, Kolb J, Lipokatic-Takacs E, Jungnickel J, Grothe C. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and FGF receptor 3 are required for the development of the substantia nigra, and FGF-2 plays a crucial role for the rescue of dopaminergic neurons after 6-hydroxydopamine lesion. J Neurosci 2007; 27:459-71. [PMID: 17234579 PMCID: PMC6672785 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4493-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) is involved in the development and maintenance of the nervous system. Exogenous administration of FGF-2 increased dopaminergic (DA) graft survival in different animal models of Parkinson's disease. To study the physiological function of the endogenous FGF-2 system, we analyzed the nigrostriatal system of mice lacking FGF-2, mice overexpressing FGF-2, and FGF-receptor-3 (FGFR3)-deficient mice both after development and after 6-hydroxydopamine lesion. FGFR3-deficient mice (+/-) displayed a reduced number of DA neurons compared with the respective wild type. Whereas absence of FGF-2 led to significantly increased numbers of DA neurons, enhanced amount of the growth factor in mice overexpressing FGF-2 resulted in less tyrosine hydroxylase expression and a reduced DA cell density. The volumes of the substantia nigra were enlarged in both FGF-2(-/-) and in FGF-2 transgenic mice, suggesting an important role of FGF-2 for the establishment of the proper number of DA neurons and a normal sized substantia nigra during development. In a second set of experiments, the putative relevance of endogenous FGF-2 after neurotoxin application was investigated regarding the number of rescued DA neurons after partial 6-OHDA lesion. Interestingly, the results after lesion were directly opposed to the results after development: significantly less DA neurons survived in FGF-2(-/-) mice compared with wild-type mice. Together, the results indicate that FGFR3 is crucially involved in regulating the number of DA neurons. The lack of FGF-2 seems to be (over)compensated during development, but, after lesion, compensation mechanisms fail. The transgenic mice showed that endogenous FGF-2 protects DA neurons from 6-OHDA neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Winkler
- Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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23
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Abstract
Astrocytomas are the commonest type of brain tumours in adults and children. Although the most reliable prognostic indicators have been shown consistently to be patient age and tumour histological grade, biological progression in these tumours is inevitable and the overall prognosis has remained poor. Due to the evidence that vascular changes are important histological features of astrocytomas, the aim of this study was to investigate prognostic significance of tumour vascularity in paediatric and adult astrocytomas. Study population consisted of 70 patients (45 adult and 25 children) with histologically proven diagnosis of astrocytoma with no history of previous therapy. Histological quantification of tumour vascularity was performed using three different methods: microvessel density, vascular grading and Chalkley counting. Histological classification and grading were also assessed using the World Health Organization system. In contrast to the results in paediatric astrocytomas, tumour vascularity in adult tumours correlated significantly with postoperative survival by univariate analysis (P < 0.05). Microvessel density appeared to be an independent indicator of prognosis by multivariate analysis (P = 0.001). Likewise, patients with microvessel density of 70 or greater had significantly shorter survival than the remaining group (P < 0.001). Patient age and tumour histological grade were also correlated with survival. We conclude that histological quantification of tumour vascularity is a significant prognosticator in adult astrocytomas, but not in children. Our data do not support the validity of applications of antiangiogenic agents in paediatric astrocytic tumours, particularly pilocytic astrocytomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Birlik
- Department of Pathology, Dokuz Eylul University, School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
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24
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Abstract
Mutations in the p53 gene are the most frequent genetic alterations in human tumours, occurring in approximately 50% of all cancers. The p53 protein is pivotal in maintaining genetic integrity after DNA damage, and alterations in the p53 pathway, including mutations in the p53 gene, greatly increase the probability of tumour formation. Gene therapy using adenoviral p53 has emerged as a novel treatment option, with the potential to be safe and effective in a wide range of cancer types. INGN 201 (Ad5CMV-p53, Advexin), a replication-impaired adenoviral vector that carries the p53 gene, has been evaluated in both preclinical and clinical trials. Results show that Advexin is a well-tolerated and efficacious treatment for numerous cancers, both as monotherapy and in combination with radiation and/or chemotherapy agents. In addition, there is now data to support the use of Advexin in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry I Gabrilovich
- University of South Florida, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and the Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, MRC 2067, 12902 Magnolia Dr., Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Regulation of the subcellular localization of certain proteins is a mechanism for the regulation of their biological activities. FGF-2 can be produced as distinct isoforms by alternative initiation of translation on a single mRNA and the isoforms are differently sorted in cells. High molecular weight FGF-2 isoforms are not secreted from the cell, but are transported to the nucleus where they regulate cell growth or behavior in an intracrine fashion. 18 kDa FGF-2 can be secreted to the extracellular medium where it acts as a conventional growth factor by binding to and activation of cell-surface receptors. Furthermore, following receptor-mediated endocytosis, the exogenous FGF-2 can be transported to the nuclei of target cells, and this is of importance for the transmittance of a mitogenic signal. The growth factor is able to interact with several intracellular proteins. Here, the mode of action and biological role of intracellular FGF-2 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigdis Sørensen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway
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26
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Gan Y, Wientjes MG, Au JLS. Expression of basic fibroblast growth factor correlates with resistance to paclitaxel in human patient tumors. Pharm Res 2006; 23:1324-31. [PMID: 16741658 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-0136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical results indicate acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) and basic FGF (bFGF) present in solid tumors as a cause of broad-spectrum chemoresistance, whereas earlier clinical studies suggest that bFGF expression is associated with opposing outcomes in patients. We investigated the relationship between FGF expression and paclitaxel activity in tumors from bladder, breast, head and neck, ovarian, and prostate cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tumors (n = 96) were maintained in three-dimensional histocultures, retaining tumor-stromal interaction. Bladder tumors were treated with paclitaxel for 2 h, and the other tumors for 24 h. Antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of paclitaxel were quantified and correlated with expression of aFGF, bFGF, P-glycoprotein (Pgp), p53, and bcl-2. RESULTS Fifty-one percent (49/96) and 63% (61/96) of tumors showed aFGF and bFGF staining, respectively. aFGF expression was positively correlated with tumor stage (p < 0.01), and bFGF expression with tumor grade and Pgp expression (p < 0.05). Paclitaxel inhibited antiproliferation in 86% of tumors (83/96), with an average inhibition of 46 +/- 19% (mean +/- SD) in the responding tumors. Paclitaxel also induced apoptosis in 96% of tumors (92/96), with an average apoptotic index of 12 +/- 7% in the responding tumors. aFGF expression did not correlate with tumor sensitivity to paclitaxel, whereas bFGF expression showed an inverse correlation (p < 0.01). bFGF expression was a stronger predictor of paclitaxel resistance compared to Pgp, p53, or Bcl-2. CONCLUSION These results support a role of bFGF in paclitaxel resistance in human patient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuebo Gan
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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27
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Ueba T, Mori H, Takahashi JA, Nozaki K, Hashimoto N. A dyad symmetry element in the fibroblast growth factor-2 gene promoter with different levels of activity in astrocytoma and hepatocelluar carcinoma cell lines. J Neurooncol 2006; 78:107-11. [PMID: 16739027 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-005-9063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) gene expression is reported to be spatially and temporally regulated in the process of development, normal growth, and wound healing. We postulated that its constitutive expression in human malignant astrocytoma cells is due to loss of function of the regulatory mechanism of FGF-2 gene expression. Here, we report the characterization of a unique element in the FGF-2 gene promoter. We investigated the transcriptional regulation of the FGF-2 gene in a human malignant astrocytoma (U87MG) and a human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line. We found that a dyad symmetry element (DSE) in the FGF-2 gene promoter exhibited different promoter activities; in HepG2 cells it did, while in U87MG cells it did not, exhibit repressive activity. Examination of the relative promoter activities of the DSE in a thymidine kinase promoter revealed it exerted different activities, just as it did in the 2 cell lines studied. Gel shift assay demonstrated that 2 proteins bound to the DSE in nuclear extracts from HepG2 cells and that one protein was missing in nuclear extracts from U87MG cells. These results suggest that the DSE has a crucial role as a transcriptional regulatory element of FGF-2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ueba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kishiwada City Hospital, Kishiwada, 596-8501, Osaka, and Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
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28
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Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor gene (TP53) is the most frequently altered gene in human cancer and is also found mutated in several types of brain tumors. Loss of p53 function plays a central role in the development of cancer. The characterization of the biochemical pathways by which p53 alteration triggers tumorigenesis is the foundation for the design of novel therapeutic approaches. Investigations of the intracellular mechanisms at the origin of p53 tumor suppressive functions have shown that p53 is a transcription factor able to sense a variety of cellular insults and induce a dual response: cell growth arrest/senescence or apoptosis. Less well studied are p53's influences on extracellular events such as tumor angiogenesis, immunology and invasion. Here, we review these findings and specifically discuss their implications for brain tumor genesis, molecular diagnosis and prognosis. Of clinical importance are the findings that brain tumors with wild type (wt) or mutant p53 status may respond differently to radiation therapy and that novel therapeutic strategies using TP53 gene transfer or specifically targeting tumor cells with mutated p53 are being evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fulci
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology and Genetics, Neurosurgery Dept., University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro‐Oncology, Department of Neurological Surgery and Winship Cancer Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Nobuaki Ishii
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology and Genetics, Neurosurgery Dept., University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Erwin G. Van Meir
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology and Genetics, Neurosurgery Dept., University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro‐Oncology, Department of Neurological Surgery and Winship Cancer Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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29
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Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is characterized by exuberant angiogenesis, a key event in tumor growth and progression. The pathologic mechanisms driving this change and the biological behavior of gliomas remain unclear. One mechanism may involve cooption of native blood vessels by glioma cells inducing expression of angiopoietin-2 by endothelial cells. Subsequently, vascular apoptosis and involution leads to necrosis and hypoxia. This in turn induces angiogenesis that is associated with expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in perinecrotic pseudopalisading glioma cells. Here we review the molecular and cellular mechanisms implicated in HIF-1-dependent and HIF-1-independent glioma-associated angiogenesis. In GBMs, both tumor hypoxia and genetic alterations commonly occur and act together to induce the expression of HIF-1. The angiogenic response of the tumor to HIF-1 is mediated by HIF-1-regulated target genes leading to the upregulation of several proangiogenic factors such as VEGF and other adaptive response molecules. Understanding the roles of these regulatory processes in tumor neovascularization, tumor growth and progression, and resistance to therapy will ultimately lead to the development of improved antiangiogenic therapies for GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Fischer
- Microvascular and Molecular Neuro‐oncology Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine
- Division of Neuropathology, New York University School of Medicine
| | - Jean‐Pierre Gagner
- Microvascular and Molecular Neuro‐oncology Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine
- Division of Neuropathology, New York University School of Medicine
| | - Meng Law
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine
- New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine
| | - Elizabeth W. Newcomb
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine
- New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine
| | - David Zagzag
- Microvascular and Molecular Neuro‐oncology Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine
- Division of Neuropathology, New York University School of Medicine
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine
- New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine
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30
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Abstract
Malignant tumours can spread to lymph nodes through lymphatic vessels. Recent studies show that tumours produce a range of growth factors that directly or indirectly stimulate lymphatic vessel growth (lymphangiogenesis) and lymphatic metastasis. These findings indicate that tumour lymphangiogenesis, similar to haemangiogenesis, is a complex process that is regulated by multiple growth factors. Understanding the underlying mechanisms by which tumours induce lymphangiogenesis might provide important information for the therapeutic intervention of metastatic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihai Cao
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis Research, Microbiology and Tumour Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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31
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Bouleau S, Grimal H, Rincheval V, Godefroy N, Mignotte B, Vayssière JL, Renaud F. FGF1 inhibits p53-dependent apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via an intracrine pathway. Oncogene 2005; 24:7839-49. [PMID: 16091747 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We analysed the relationships between p53-induced apoptosis and the acidic fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) survival pathway. We found that p53 activation in rat embryonic fibroblasts induced the downregulation of FGF1 expression. These data suggest that the fgf1 gene is a repressed target of p53. Unlike extracellular FGF1, which has no effect on p53-dependent pathways, intracellular FGF1 inhibits both p53-dependent apoptosis and cell growth arrest via an intracrine pathway. FGF1 increases MDM2 expression at both mRNA and protein levels. This increase is associated with an acceleration of p53 degradation, which may partly account for the ability of endogenous FGF1 to counteract p53 pathways. In the presence of FGF1, p53 was unable to transactivate bax, but no modification of p21 gene transactivation was observed. As Bax is an essential component of the p53-dependent apoptosis pathway, this suggests that intracellular FGF1 inhibits p53 pathways not only by decreasing the stability of p53, but also by modifying some of its transactivation properties. In conclusion, we showed that p53 and FGF1 pathways may interact in the cell to determine cell fate. Deregulation of one of these pathways modifies the balance between cell proliferation and cell death and may lead to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvina Bouleau
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Versailles/Saint Quentin-en Yvelines, CNRS FRE 2445, France
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Melnikova VO, Pacifico A, Chimenti S, Peris K, Ananthaswamy HN. Fate of UVB-induced p53 mutations in SKH-hr1 mouse skin after discontinuation of irradiation: relationship to skin cancer development. Oncogene 2005; 24:7055-63. [PMID: 16007135 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes skin cancer in humans and mice. We have previously shown that in hairless SKH-hr1 mice, UVB-induced p53 mutations arise very early, well before tumor development. In this study, we investigated whether discontinuation of UVB exposure before the onset of skin tumors results in the disappearance of p53 mutations in the skin of hairless SKH-hr1 mice. Irradiation of mice at a dose of 2.5 kJ/m2 three times a week for 8 weeks induced p53 mutations in the epidermal keratinocytes of 100% of the mice. UVB irradiation was discontinued after 8 weeks, but p53 mutations at most hotspot codons were still present even 22 weeks later. During that period, the percent of mice carrying p53(V154A/R155C), p53(H175H/H176Y), and p53R275C mutant alleles remained at or near 100%, whereas the percentage of mice with p53R270C mutation decreased by 45%. As expected, discontinuation of UVB after 8 weeks resulted in a delay in tumor development. A 100% of tumors carried p53(V154A/R155C) mutant alleles, 76% carried p53(H175H/H176Y) mutants, and 24 and 19% carried p53R270C and p53R275C mutants, respectively. These results suggest that different UVB-induced p53 mutants may provide different survival advantages to keratinocytes in the absence of further UVB exposure and that skin cancer development can be delayed but not prevented by avoidance of further exposure to UVB radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava O Melnikova
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, PO Box 301402, Unit 902, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
Infiltrative astrocytic neoplasms are by far the most common malignant brain tumors in adults. Clinically, they are highly problematic due to their widely invasive nature which makes a complete resection almost impossible. Biologic progression of these tumors is inevitable and adjuvant therapies are only moderately effective in prolonging survival. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM; WHO grade IV), the most malignant form of infiltrating astrocytoma, can evolve from a lower grade precursor tumor (secondary GBM) or can present as high grade lesion from the outset, so-called de novo GBM. Molecular genetic investigations suggest that GBMs are comprised of multiple molecular genetic subsets. Notwithstanding the diversity of genetic alterations leading to the GBM phenotype, the vascular changes that evolve in this disease, presumably favoring further growth, are remarkably similar. Underlying genetic alterations in GBM may tilt the balance in favor of an angiogenic phenotype by upregulation of pro-angiogenic factors and down-regulation of angiogenesis inhibitors. Increased vascularity and endothelial cell proliferation in GBMs are also driven by hypoxia-induced expression of pro-angiogenic cytokines, such vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Understanding the contribution of genetic alterations and hypoxia in angiogenic dysregulation in astrocytic neoplasms will lead to the development of better anti-angiogenic therapies for this disease. This review will summarize the properties of angiogenic dysregulation that lead to the highly vascularized nature of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balveen Kaur
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neuro-surgery and Hematology/Oncology, and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Abstract
The mechanisms for "gain-of-function" phenotypes produced by mutant p53s such as enhanced proliferation, resistance to transforming growth factor-beta-mediated growth suppression, and increased tumorigenesis are not known. One theory is that these phenotypes are caused by novel transcriptional regulatory events acquired by mutant p53s. Another explanation is that these effects are a result of an imbalance of functions caused by the retention of some of the wild-type transcriptional regulatory events in the context of a loss of other counterbalancing activities. An analysis of the ability of DNA-binding domain mutants A138P and R175H, and wild-type p53 to regulate the expression levels of 6.9 x 10(3) genes revealed that the mutants retained only <5% of the regulatory activities of the wild-type protein. A138P p53 exhibited mostly retained wild-type regulatory activities and few acquired novel events. However, R175H p53 possessed an approximately equal number of wild-type regulatory events and novel activities. This is the first report that, after examination of the regulation of a large unfocused set of genes, provides data indicating that remaining wild-type transcriptional regulatory functions existing in the absence of counterbalancing activities as well as acquired novel events both contribute to the gain-of-function phenotypes produced by mutant p53s. However, mutant p53s are likely to be distinct in terms of the extent to which each mechanism contributes to their gain-of-function phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J O'Farrell
- Laboratory of Immunology, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Abstract
We first provide the theoretic foundation of antiangiogenic therapy by describing the biology of angiogenesis as it applies to brain tumors. We then outline experimental antiangiogenic therapies that are being applied preclinically to brain tumors, as well as published clinical trial data and ongoing clinical trials in patients. Primary and metastatic brain tumors are covered, although there is far less exploration in the literature of brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Purow
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Neurological Disorder and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 235, The Bloch Building/Bldg. #82, 9030 Old Georgetown Road, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
Development of any cancer reflects a progressive accumulation of alterations in various genes. Oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes, DNA repair genes and metastasis suppressor genes have been investigated in prostate cancer. Here, we review current understanding of the molecular biology of prostate cancer. Detailed understanding of the molecular basis of prostate cancer will provide insights into the aetiology and prognosis of the disease, and suggest avenues for therapeutic intervention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Karayi
- Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK.
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Abstract
Angiogenesis is required for multistage carcinogenesis. The inducible enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an important mediator of angiogenesis and tumor growth. COX-2 expression occurs in a wide range of preneoplastic and malignant conditions; and the enzyme has been localized to the neoplastic cells, endothelial cells, immune cells, and stromal fibroblasts within tumors. The proangiogenic effects of COX-2 are mediated primarily by three products of arachidonic metabolism: thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), and prostaglandin I(2) (PGI(2)). Downstream proangiogenic actions of these eicosanoid products include: (1) production of vascular endothelial growth factor; (2) promotion of vascular sprouting, migration, and tube formation; (3) enhanced endothelial cell survival via Bcl-2 expression and Akt signaling; (4) induction of matrix metalloproteinases; (5) activation of epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated angiogenesis; and (6) suppression of interleukin-12 production. Selective inhibition of COX-2 activity has been shown to suppress angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Because these agents are safe and well tolerated, selective COX-2 inhibitors could have clinical utility as antiangiogenic agents for cancer prevention, as well as for intervention in established disease alone or in combination with chemotherapy, radiation, and biological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Gately
- Department of Translational Medicine, NeoPharm Inc., 150 Field Drive, Suite 195, Lake Forest, IL 60045, USA
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Trisciuoglio D, Iervolino A, Candiloro A, Fibbi G, Fanciulli M, Zangemeister-Wittke U, Zupi G, Del Bufalo D. bcl-2 induction of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor expression in human cancer cells through Sp1 activation: involvement of ERK1/ERK2 activity. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:6737-45. [PMID: 14660675 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m308938200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that Bcl-2 overexpression in human breast carcinoma and melanoma cells synergizes with hypoxia to increase angiogenesis through up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor. In this work we demonstrated, for the first time, that Bcl-2 overexpression in cancer cells exposed to hypoxia modulates urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) expression through Sp1 transcription factor and that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway plays a role in Sp1 transcriptional activity. In particular, an increase in uPAR protein and mRNA expression was found in melanoma bcl-2 transfectants grown under hypoxia when compared with control cells, and a decrease of uPAR protein expression was induced by treatment of cells with specific bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotides. Up-regulation of uPAR expression was accompanied by increased Sp1 protein expression, stability, serine phosphorylation, and DNA binding activity. Treatment of cells with mitramycin A, an inhibitor of Sp1 activity, confirmed the role of Sp1 transcriptional activity in uPAR induction by Bcl-2. The contribution of the ERK pathway in Sp1-increased transcriptional activity was demonstrated by the use of chemical inhibition. In fact, ERK kinase activation was induced in Bcl-2-overexpressing cells exposed to hypoxia, and the ERK kinase inhibitor UO126 was able to down-regulate Sp1 phosphorylation and DNA binding activity. Using a human breast carcinoma line, we obtained data supporting our findings with melanoma cells and identified a link between the induction of Sp1 and uPAR expression as a common bcl-2-controlled phenomenon in human tumors. In conclusion, our results strongly indicate that up-regulation of uPAR expression by Bcl-2 in hypoxia is modulated by Sp1 DNA binding activity through the ERK signaling pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Butadienes/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- DNA/chemistry
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation
- Enzyme Activation
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Humans
- Hypoxia
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Nitriles/pharmacology
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/chemistry
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation
- Plicamycin/pharmacology
- Precipitin Tests
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator
- Serine/chemistry
- Signal Transduction
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Trisciuoglio
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Via delle Messi d'Oro 156, 00158 Rome, Italy
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Melnikova VO, Santamaria AB, Bolshakov SV, Ananthaswamy HN. Mutant p53 is constitutively phosphorylated at Serine 15 in UV-induced mouse skin tumors: involvement of ERK1/2 MAP kinase. Oncogene 2003; 22:5958-66. [PMID: 12955074 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Upon DNA damage, phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of wild-type p53 tumor suppressor protein signals its functional activation. However, very little is known about phosphorylation and localization of mutant p53. We found that mutant p53 protein in UV-induced murine primary skin tumors and cultured cell lines was constitutively phosphorylated at serine 15 residue and localized in the cell's nuclei. To investigate the mechanism of constitutive phosphorylation of mutant p53, we tested the involvement of a wide range of protein kinases and found that ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase was physically associated with mutant p53 in the nucleus. Addition of active recombinant ERK2 kinase protein in vitro to immunoprecipitated mutant p53 resulted in increased phosphorylation at serine 15. Furthermore, ERK1/2 activity was higher in tumor cells than normal cells, suggesting that phosphorylation of mutant p53 at serine 15 depends on the level of ERK1/2 activation. Interestingly, accumulation of mutant p53 in tumor cells was paralleled by low levels of Murine Double Minute 2 protein (MDM2) expression. However, when MDM2 was overexpressed, the fraction of mutant p53 that was phosphorylated at serine 15 resisted degradation, whereas the level of total p53 decreased, suggesting that phosphorylation at serine 15 and downregulation of MDM2 protein may both contribute to stabilization of mutant p53 in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava O Melnikova
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Box 178, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
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40
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Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a multifunctional matrix protein implicated in cancer cell adhesion, migration, and invasion, inhibition of angiogenesis, and activation of latent transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). The effect of cell density was investigated on the production of TSP-1, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by two glioblastoma cell lines. The effect of TGF-beta was also examined. The amount of intracellular TSP-1 protein decreased significantly as the cell density increased in cultures of both T98G and A172 cells. The amount of intracellular TSP-1 was highest in sparse tumor cell cultures and lowest in densely confluent tumor cell cultures. The maximum reduction of TSP-1 protein production was 56.8% and 44.6% in T98G and A172 cells, respectively. The cell density did not affect the production of bFGF or VEGF. TGF-beta2 treatment did not affect the production of TSP-1, bFGF, or VEGF proteins. Treatment with excess TGF-beta2 resulted in a slight but significant decrease (22%; P < 0.02) of TGF-beta2 production by A172 cells, but not by T98G cells. The present results indicate that the production of TSP-1 protein is regulated by cell density of glioblastoma cells, while that of angiogenic factors is not affected by tumor cell density. This suggests that high tumor cell density may tilt the angiogenic balance in favor of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Naganuma
- Department of Neurosurgery University of Yamanashi Faculty of Medicine, Tamaho-machi, Nakakoma-gun, Yamanashi, Japan.
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ho
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
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42
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Iervolino A, Trisciuoglio D, Ribatti D, Candiloro A, Biroccio A, Zupi G, Del Bufalo D. Bcl-2 overexpression in human melanoma cells increases angiogenesis through VEGF mRNA stabilization and HIF-1-mediated transcriptional activity. FASEB J 2002; 16:1453-5. [PMID: 12205045 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0122fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to study the molecular mechanisms by which bcl-2 increases hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. We demonstrated that bcl-2 overexpression in M14 human melanoma cell line enhances hypoxia-induced VEGF mRNA stability and promoter activation. In particular, the half-life of the message was longer in bcl-2 transfectants (approximately 330 min) than in control cells (approximately 180 min). In addition, bcl-2 overexpression increased VEGF promoter activity through the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) transcription factor. Increased HIF-1a protein expression and DNA binding activity were detected in bcl-2 overexpressing cells compared with control cells. An enhanced functional activity of secreted VEGF was found both in in vitro and in vivo angiogenic assays, and the use of VEGF specific antibodies validated the role of VEGF on bcl-2-induced angiogenesis. Taken together our results indicate that bcl-2 plays an important role in melanoma angiogenesis, and that VEGF mRNA stabilization and HIF-1-mediated transcriptional activity are two important control points in bcl-2/hypoxia-induced VEGF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Iervolino
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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Ignatova TN, Kukekov VG, Laywell ED, Suslov ON, Vrionis FD, Steindler DA. Human cortical glial tumors contain neural stem-like cells expressing astroglial and neuronal markers in vitro. Glia 2002; 39:193-206. [PMID: 12203386 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 693] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells from neurogenic regions of mammalian CNS are clonogenic in an in vitro culture system exploiting serum and anchorage withdrawal in medium supplemented with methyl cellulose and the pleiotropic growth factors EGF, FGF2, and insulin. The aim of this study was to test whether cortical glial tumors contain stem-like cells capable, under this culture system, of forming clones showing intraclonal heterogeneity in the expression of neural lineage-specific proteins. The high frequencies of clone-forming cells (about 0.1-10 x 10(-3)) in clinical tumor specimens with mutated p53, and in neurogenic regions of normal human CNS, suggest that the ability to form clones in this culture system is induced epigenetically. RT-PCR analyses of populations of normal brain- and tumor-derived sister clones revealed transcripts for nestin, neuron-specific enolase, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). However, the tumor-derived clones were different from clones derived from neurogenic regions of normal brain in the expression of transcripts specific for genes associated with neural cell fate determination via the Notch-signaling pathway (Delta and Jagged), and cell survival at G2 or mitotic phases (Survivin). Moreover, the individual glioma-derived clones contain cells immunopositive separately for GFAP or neuronal beta-III tubulin, as well as single cells coexpressing both glial and neuronal markers. The data suggest that the latent critical stem cell characteristics can be epigenetically induced by growth conditions not only in cells from neurogenic regions of normal CNS but also in cells from cortical glial tumors. Moreover, tumor stem-like cells with genetically defective responses to epigenetic stimuli may contribute to gliomagenesis and the developmental pathological heterogeneity of glial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana N Ignatova
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Abstract
P53 protein regulates cell responses to DNA damage to keep genomic stability by transactivation and trans-repression of its downstream target genes. P53 protein also has activators, inactivators, or co-factors via interaction with other proteins. Both the p53-regulated genes and interacted proteins form a huge network. As tumors usually escape from proliferating controls by means of accumulation of genetic alterations, p53 is one of the most important tumor suppressor genes that can be targeted for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic intervention. Reviewing the p53-network is of great importance. In this review, we are focusing on cancer-related p53 downstream-regulated genes. Various methods dealing with the discovery of p53-regulated genes by the detection of gene expression have been applied. Recently high throughput functional genomics methods, such as DNA microarray, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), differential display, and protein two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, have provided a wealth of information on the dynamics of cell context responses. Hundreds of genes have been discovered whose transcriptions are regulated by p53 protein. They were grouped, based on their functions, into sub-classes including cell-cycle regulation, DNA repair, angiogenesis, metastasis, and multidrug resistance. P53 plays a pivotal role in keeping genomic stability and tumor suppression. The deeper we investigate the cell responses as mediated by p53, the more complex p53-network becomes. However, understanding p53-network, offers great opportunities to develop more sensitive and accurate diagnostic/prognostic tools, as well as more efficient therapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Xu
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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45
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the literature published in the past 6 years concerning the role of p53 tumor-suppressor protein in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS A MEDLINE search was performed to identify all publications that covered the role of p53 in RA. In addition, selected articles related to proto-oncogenes and matrix metalloproteinases were included in this review. RESULTS p53 protein is expressed in RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), and its overexpression is a characteristic feature of RA. The overexpression of p53 is probably induced by DNA strand breaks caused by the genotoxic environment of RA joints, in some cases because of p53 mutations. Independent studies from 3 groups indicated that p53 mutations can and do occur in RA synovial tissue samples derived from a subset of RA patients. Inactivation of p53 may contribute to the invasiveness of FLSs and to the high-level expression of cartilage degradation enzymes as well. Gene transfer or gene knockout studies using a collagen-II-induced RA animal model to examine the role of p53 in RA have been reported. Initial results are positive and indicate that gene transfer of p53 may be clinically useful for the management of RA. CONCLUSIONS p53 protein is expressed in RA FLSs, and its overexpression is a characteristic feature of RA. p53 mutations occur in the synovial tissues derived from a subset of RA patients. The clinical implications of p53 expression and the functional importance of somatic mutations in RA, however, are still unclear. Further research is needed to fully understand the implications of these findings and develop corresponding new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL, USA
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46
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Deb D, Scian M, Roth KE, Li W, Keiger J, Chakraborti AS, Deb SP, Deb S. Hetero-oligomerization does not compromise 'gain of function' of tumor-derived p53 mutants. Oncogene 2002; 21:176-89. [PMID: 11803461 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2001] [Revised: 09/14/2001] [Accepted: 10/09/2001] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-derived p53 mutants activate transcription from promoters of various growth-related genes. We tested whether this transactivation function of the mutant protein is sufficient to induce tumorigenesis ('gain of function'). Tumor-derived mutant p53-281G transactivates the promoters of human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human multiple drug resistance gene (MDR-1). To determine whether the C-terminal domain functions only as an oligomerization domain in mutant p53-mediated transactivation, we have replaced the tetramerization domain of p53 by a heterologous tetramerization domain; although this mutant protein formed tetramers in solution, it failed to transactivate significantly. Therefore, for successful mutant p53-mediated transactivation, sequences near the C-terminus of mutant p53 are required to perform functions in addition to tetramerization. We also demonstrate that co-expression of a deletion mutant of p53 (p53 del 1-293), which retains the p53 oligomerization domain, inhibits this transactivation. p53 del 1-293 co-immunoprecipitates with p53-281G suggesting that hetero-oligomers of p53-281G and p53 del 1-293 are defective in transactivation. We also show that a cell line stably transfected with p53-281G expresses higher levels of endogenous NF-kappaB and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) compared to that transfected with vector alone. On co-expression, p53 del 1-293 lowered the levels of NF-kappaB and PCNA in p53-281G-expressing cells. However, on co-expression, p53 del 1-293 did not inhibit the tumorigenicity and colony forming ability of p53-281G expressing cells. Our earlier work showed that a deletion of the C-terminal sequences of p53-281G overlapping the oligomerization domain obliterates 'gain of function'. Taken together, the above information suggests that the C-terminal sequences have some critical role in 'gain of function' in addition to transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrita Deb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, VA 23298, USA
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Abstract
Infiltrative astrocytic neoplasms are the most common malignancies of the central nervous system. They remain clinically problematic because of their involvement of brain structures critical to proper cognitive, behavioral, and motor function; their widely invasive properties, which make them difficult to resect totally; and their nearly inevitable biologic progression in spite of adjuvant therapy. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM, World Health Organization grade IV), the most malignant form of infiltrating astrocytoma, can present as a high-grade lesion from the outset (so-called de novo GBM) or can evolve from a lower grade precursor lesion (secondary GBM). Molecular genetic investigations suggest that GBM is best regarded as a clinicopathologic entity composed of multiple molecular genetic subsets. Molecular alterations associated with progression to GBM and that define genetic subsets include epidermal growth factor receptor amplifications, p53 mutations, retinoblastoma pathway alterations [most commonly, p16(CDKN2A) losses], and chromosome 10 alterations, including PTEN mutations. Despite the wide range of genetic events that ultimately lead to GBM, the vascular changes that evolve are remarkably similar. Microvascular hyperplasia is spatially and temporally associated with pseudopalisading necrosis in GBM and is believed to be driven by hypoxia-induced expression of proangiogenic cytokines such vascular endothelial growth factor. In addition, genetic alterations in GBM are thought to contribute directly or indirectly to angiogenic dysregulation. Both p53 mutations and genetic losses on chromosome 10 may tip the balance toward an angiogenic phenotype through upregulation of proangiogenic factors and/or downregulation of angiogenesis inhibitors. Understanding genetic events and their relation to angiogenic regulation in astrocytic neoplasms may eventually lead to therapies that are specifically directed at molecularly defined subsets of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Brat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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48
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine and explore the potential relationships among the following: the incidence/severity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the extra-articular manifestations of RA, vascular disease, certain specific malignancies, the p53 tumor suppressor gene, and cigarette smoking. METHODS The medical literature was reviewed from 1985 to 2001 with the assistance of a MEDLINE search using the key words vascular disease, smoking, protein p53, RA, rheumatoid vasculitis, cancer, and malignancies. A qualitative review was performed after all articles were abstracted and new information summarized. RESULTS Cigarette smoking has been increasingly shown in epidemiologic and case-control studies to be an important risk factor for both the incidence and severity of RA, especially in seropositive men. Further, there is evidence of a downward trend in incidence of extra-articular manifestations of RA, especially RA vasculitis, observed with a decrease in worldwide tobacco use and overall improved mortality in RA. The association of cigarette smoking with lung and other cancers and its link to vascular disease (including Buerger's disease) and atherosclerosis appears secure. Mutations or alterations in p53, a suppressor gene that regulates cell growth, have been found in certain cancers, cigarette smokers, and in patients with RA. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smoking appears to have an undeniable link to the pathogenesis of vascular disease of many types, including the possibility of a strong causal connection to rheumatoid vasculitis. The observations worldwide of decreasing tobacco use along with secular trends of diminished RA vasculitis and extra-articular manifestations, and with improved survival, points to a better outcome for our patients. The example of p53 may be a first step in the discovery of additional links between environmental triggers and phenotypic expression of chronic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Albano
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Fujioka S, Yoshida K, Yanagisawa S, Kawakami M, Aoki T, Yamazaki Y. Angiogenesis in pancreatic carcinoma: thymidine phosphorylase expression in stromal cells and intratumoral microvessel density as independent predictors of overall and relapse-free survival. Cancer 2001; 92:1788-97. [PMID: 11745251 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(20011001)92:7<1788::aid-cncr1695>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the usefulness of intratumoral microvessel density (IMD) and expression of several angiogenic factors as prognostic indicators have been demonstrated in several human solid tumors. METHODS One hundred four patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were examined retrospectively. The investigated clinicopathologic and immunohistologic data included staining for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), thymidine phosphorylase (TP), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), CD34 (for calculating IMD), p53, and Ki-67. RESULTS Multivariate analysis for both overall and relapse-free survival revealed two independent variables, IMD and TP staining in stromal cells (TPs, P < 0.02). Whereas the frequency of hepatic metastasis was correlated significantly with cytoplasmic expression of TP or bFGF in tumor cells (TPc, bFGFc), IMD, and p53 status, local recurrence was significantly more common in patients with positive staining for TPs, bFGF in stromal cells (bFGFs), and for the pM category (P < 0.05). TPc, bFGFc, VEGF, and p53 expression correlated with IMD (P < 0.01), although TPs and bFGFs expression did not. VEGF and IMD status correlated with p53 expression (P < 0.001), although TP, bFGF, and Ki-67 status did not. CONCLUSIONS TPs expression and IMD were revealed to be valuable tools for predicting overall and relapse-free survival in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Whereas TPc and bFGFc are likely to participate in hepatic metastasis by means of their angiogenic properties, TPs and bFGFs may be related to local tumor progression. Angiogenesis in human pancreatic carcinoma may be dependent on VEGF, TP, and bFGF. p53 abnormality is likely to take part in VEGF-related angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fujioka
- Department of Surgery 1, University Hospital, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Slaton
- Departments of Urology and Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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