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Liu Z, Coghill AE, Pfeiffer RM, Proietti C, Hsu WL, Chien YC, Lekieffre L, Krause L, Yu KJ, Lou PJ, Wang CP, Mulvenna J, Middeldorp JM, Bethony J, Chen CJ, Doolan DL, Hildesheim A. Patterns of Interindividual Variability in the Antibody Repertoire Targeting Proteins Across the Epstein-Barr Virus Proteome. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:1923-1931. [PMID: 29509907 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about variation in antibody responses targeting the full spectrum of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) proteins and how such patterns inform disease risk. Methods We used a microarray to measure immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody responses against 199 EBV protein sequences from 5 EBV strains recovered from 289 healthy adults from Taiwan. We described positivity patterns, estimated the correlation between antibodies, and investigated the associations between environmental and genetic risk factors and variations in antibody responses. Results Healthy adults were more likely to mount IgG antibody responses to EBV proteins (median positivity frequency, 46.5% for IgG and 17.3% for IgA; P = 1.6 × 10-46, by the Wilcoxon rank sum test). Responses against glycoproteins were particularly prevalent. The correlations between antibody responses of the same class were higher than correlations across classes. The mucosal exposure to proteins involved in EBV reactivation (as determined by the IgA response) was associated with smoking (P = .002, by the sequence kernel association test-combined), and approximately one quarter of adults displayed antibody responses associated with EBV-related cancer risk. Conclusions These data comprehensively define the variability in human IgG and IgA antibody responses to the EBV proteome. Patterns observed can serve as the foundation for elucidating which individuals are at highest risk of EBV-associated clinical conditions and for identifying targets for effective immunodiagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Liu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anna E Coghill
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carla Proietti
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Cairns, Australia.,Centre for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Wan-Lun Hsu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei.,Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Prevention Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei
| | - Yin-Chu Chien
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei.,National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Lea Lekieffre
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Cairns, Australia
| | - Lutz Krause
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Cairns, Australia
| | - Kelly J Yu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Pei-Jen Lou
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei
| | - Cheng-Ping Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei
| | - Jason Mulvenna
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Cairns, Australia
| | - Jaap M Middeldorp
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeff Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D. C
| | - Chien-Jen Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei.,Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Prevention Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei
| | - Denise L Doolan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Cairns, Australia.,Centre for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Allan Hildesheim
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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2
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Goswami R, Shair KHY, Gershburg E. Molecular diversity of IgG responses to Epstein-Barr virus proteins in asymptomatic Epstein-Barr virus carriers. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2343-2350. [PMID: 28795661 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that infects over 90 % of adults. EBV is the primary etiological agent of infectious mononucleosis and is closely associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, Hodgkin lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma. Clinical serological assays for EBV diagnosis only survey a small portion of the viral proteome, which does not represent the total antigenic breadth presented to the immune system during viral infection. In this study, we have generated an expression library containing the majority of EBV ORFs, and have systematically evaluated IgG responses to those EBV proteins in sera from EBV carriers. In addition to confirming previously recognized dominant EBV antigens, this study has identified additional immunodominant antigens, and has revealed a more expansive antigenic profile of the humoral responses to EBV in asymptomatic carriers. This EBV expression library will be deposited in a public repository with the goal of disseminating this new research tool for the application of identifying potential new biomarkers for EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Goswami
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794-9626, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA.,Present address: Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kathy Ho Yen Shair
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Edward Gershburg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794-9626, USA.,Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
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3
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Woulfe J, Gray MT, Ganesh MS, Middeldorp JM. Human serum antibodies against EBV latent membrane protein 1 cross-react with α-synuclein. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2016; 3:e239. [PMID: 27218119 PMCID: PMC4864620 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To identify the epitope on α-synuclein (α-syn) to which antibodies against the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) bind and to determine whether antibodies targeting this mimicry domain are present in human sera. Methods: Reactivity of the α-syn-cross-reacting anti-LMP1 monoclonal antibody CS1-4 to a synthetic peptide containing the putative mimicry domain was compared to those in which this domain was mutated and to murine and rat α-syn (which differ from human α-syn at this site) in Western blots. Using ELISA, sera from EBV+ (n = 4) and EBV− (n = 12) donors as well as those with infectious mononucleosis (IM; n = 120), and Hodgkin disease (HD; n = 33) were interrogated for antibody reactivity to synthetic peptides corresponding to regions of α-syn and LMP1 containing the mimicry domain. Results: CS1-4 showed strong reactivity to wild-type human α-syn, but not to the mutant peptides or rodent α-syn. Control EBV− and EBV+ sera showed no reactivity to α-syn or LMP1 peptides. However, a significant proportion of IM and HD sera contained immunoglobulin M (IgM) (59% and 70%, in IM and HD, respectively), immunoglobulin G (IgG) (40% and 48%), and immunoglobulin A (IgA) (28% and 36%) antibodies to both peptides, as well as a significant correlation in the titers of IgM (ρ = 0.606 and 0.664, for IM and HD, respectively), IgG (0.526 and 0.836), and IgA (0.569 and 0.728) antibodies targeting LMP1 and α-syn peptides. Conclusions: Anti-EBV-LMP1 antibodies cross-reacting with a defined epitope in α-syn are present in human patients. These findings may have implications for the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Woulfe
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (J.W.); University of Calgary (M.T.G.), Canada; and the Department of Pathology (M.S.G., J.M.M.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Madison T Gray
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (J.W.); University of Calgary (M.T.G.), Canada; and the Department of Pathology (M.S.G., J.M.M.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Munisha S Ganesh
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (J.W.); University of Calgary (M.T.G.), Canada; and the Department of Pathology (M.S.G., J.M.M.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap M Middeldorp
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (J.W.); University of Calgary (M.T.G.), Canada; and the Department of Pathology (M.S.G., J.M.M.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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4
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is widely distributed in the world and associated with a still increasing number of acute, chronic, malignant and autoimmune disease syndromes. Humoral immune responses to EBV have been studied for diagnostic, pathogenic and protective (vaccine) purposes. These studies use a range of methodologies, from cell-based immunofluorescence testing to antibody-diversity analysis using immunoblot and epitope analysis using recombinant or synthetic peptide-scanning. First, the individual EBV antigen complexes (VCA , MA, EA(D), EA(R) and EBNA) are defined at cellular and molecular levels, providing a historic overview. The characteristic antibody responses to these complexes in health and disease are described, and differences are highlighted by clinical examples. Options for EBV vaccination are briefly addressed. For a selected number of immunodominant proteins, in particular EBNA1, the interaction with human antibodies is further detailed at the epitope level, revealing interesting insights for structure, function and immunological aspects, not considered previously. Humoral immune responses against EBV-encoded tumour antigens LMP1, LMP2 and BARF1 are addressed, which provide novel options for targeted immunotherapy. Finally, some considerations on EBV-linked autoimmune diseases are given, and mechanisms of antigen mimicry are briefly discussed. Further analysis of humoral immune responses against EBV in health and disease in carefully selected patient cohorts will open new options for understanding pathogenesis of individual EBV-linked diseases and developing targeted diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Woulfe JM, Gray MT, Gray DA, Munoz DG, Middeldorp JM. Hypothesis: A role for EBV-induced molecular mimicry in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014; 20:685-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Orem J, Sandin S, Mbidde E, Mangen FW, Middeldorp J, Weiderpass E. Epstein-Barr virus viral load and serology in childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic inflammatory conditions in Uganda: implications for disease risk and characteristics. J Med Virol 2014; 86:1796-803. [PMID: 24889739 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been linked to malignancies and chronic inflammatory conditions. In this study, EBV detection was compared in children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and children with chronic inflammatory conditions, using samples and data from a case-control study carried out at the Mulago National Referral Hospital between 2004 and 2008. EBV viral load was measured in saliva, whole blood and white blood cells by real-time PCR. Serological values for IgG-VCA, EBNA1, and EAd-IgG were compared in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic inflammatory conditions; and in Burkitt's lymphoma and other subtypes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Of the 127 children included (87 males and 40 females; median age 7 years, range 2-17), 96 had non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (46 Burkitt's lymphoma and 50 other non-Hodgkin's lymphoma), 31 had chronic inflammatory conditions, and only 10% were HIV-positive. The most common clinical presentations for all disease categories considered were fever, night sweats, and weight loss. EBV viral load in whole blood was elevated in Burkitt's lymphoma compared to other non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (OR 6.67, 95% CI 1.32, 33.69; P-value = 0.04), but EBV viral loads in saliva and white blood cells were not different in any of the disease categories considered. A significant difference in EAd-IgG was observed when non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was compared with chronic inflammatory conditions (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.07, 0.51; P-value = 0.001). When compared to chronic inflammatory conditions, EBV viral load was elevated in Burkitt's lymphoma, and EA IgG was higher in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This study supports an association between virological and serological markers of EBV and childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, irrespective of subtype, in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Orem
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda; School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
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7
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Chang C, Middeldorp J, Yu KJ, Juwana H, Hsu WL, Lou PJ, Wang CP, Chen JY, Liu MY, Pfeiffer RM, Chen CJ, Hildesheim A. Characterization of ELISA detection of broad-spectrum anti-Epstein-Barr virus antibodies associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Med Virol 2012; 85:524-9. [PMID: 23280934 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC). A distinct seroreactivity pattern to EBV is predictive of subsequent risk of sporadic and familial nasopharyngeal carcinomas. There are currently no accepted screening tools for guiding the clinical management of individuals at high-risk for nasopharyngeal carcinomas, particularly unaffected relatives from nasopharyngeal carcinoma multiplex families. Therefore, the reproducibility of a panel of largely synthetic peptide-based anti-EBV antibody ELISAs was evaluated and their ability to distinguish nasopharyngeal carcinoma cases from controls was explored. IgG and IgA antibodies against 6 different EBV antigens (10 assays, total) were tested on sera from 97 individuals representing the full spectrum of anti-EBV seroprevalence (i.e., healthy individuals with no known EBV seroreactivity, healthy individuals with known EBV seroreactivity, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma cases). Each specimen was tested in triplicate to assess within-batch and across-batch variation, and the triplicate testing was repeated on two separate days. Reproducibility was assessed by the coefficients of variation (CVs) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). All markers were detectable in 17% or more of samples. For all but one marker, the overall, within-batch, and across-batch CVs were below 15%, and the ICCs were above 70% for all but three markers. Sensitivity of these markers to detect prevalent nasopharyngeal carcinomas ranged from 22% to 100%, and among unaffected controls, most distinguished those with and without known seropositivity. In conclusion, a large number of EBV markers can be measured reliably in serum samples using peptide-based anti-EBV ELISAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Chang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, USA
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8
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Tracy SI, Kakalacheva K, Lünemann JD, Luzuriaga K, Middeldorp J, Thorley-Lawson DA. Persistence of Epstein-Barr virus in self-reactive memory B cells. J Virol 2012; 86:12330-40. [PMID: 22951828 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01699-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus infection has been epidemiologically associated with the development of multiple autoimmune diseases, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. Currently, there is no known mechanism that can account for these associations. The germinal-center (GC) model of EBV infection and persistence proposes that EBV gains access to the memory B cell compartment via GC reactions by driving infected cells to differentiate using the virus-encoded LMP1 and LMP2a proteins, which act as functional homologues of CD40 and the B cell receptor, respectively. The ability of LMP2a, when expressed in mice, to allow escape of autoreactive B cells suggests that it could perform a similar role in infected GC B cells, permitting the survival of potentially pathogenic autoreactive B cells. To test this hypothesis, we cloned and expressed antibodies from EBV(+) and EBV(-) memory B cells present during acute infection and profiled their self- and polyreactivity. We find that EBV does persist within self- and polyreactive B cells but find no evidence that it favors the survival of pathogenic autoreactive B cells. On the contrary, EBV(+) memory B cells express lower levels of self-reactive and especially polyreactive antibodies than their uninfected counterparts do. Our work suggests that EBV has only a modest effect on the GC process, which allows it to access and persist within a subtly unique niche of the memory compartment characterized by relatively low levels of self- and polyreactivity. We suggest that this might reflect an active process where EBV and its human host have coevolved so as to minimize the virus's potential to contribute to autoimmune disease.
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Gabibov AG, Belogurov AA, Lomakin YA, Zakharova MY, Avakyan ME, Dubrovskaya VV, Smirnov IV, Ivanov AS, Molnar AA, Gurtsevitch VE, Diduk SV, Smirnova KV, Avalle B, Sharanova SN, Tramontano A, Friboulet A, Boyko AN, Ponomarenko NA, Tikunova NV. Combinatorial antibody library from multiple sclerosis patients reveals antibodies that cross-react with myelin basic protein and EBV antigen. FASEB J 2011; 25:4211-21. [PMID: 21859892 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-190769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a widespread neurodegenerative autoimmune disease with unknown etiology. It is increasingly evident that, together with pathogenic T cells, autoreactive B cells are among the major players in MS development. The analysis of myelin neuroantigen-specific antibody repertoires and their possible cross-reactivity against environmental antigens, including viral proteins, could shed light on the mechanism of MS induction and progression. A phage display library of single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) was constructed from blood lymphocytes of patients with MS as a potential source of representative MS autoantibodies. Structural alignment of 13 clones selected toward myelin basic protein (MBP), one of the major myelin antigens, showed high homology within variable regions with cerebrospinal fluid MS-associated antibodies as well as with antibodies toward Epstein-Barr latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). Three scFv clones showed pronounced specificity to MBP fragments 65-92 and 130-156, similar to the serum MS antibodies. One of these clones, designated E2, in both scFv and full-size human antibody constructs, was shown to react with both MBP and LMP1 proteins in vitro, suggesting natural cross-reactivity. Thus, antibodies induced against LMP1 during Epstein-Barr virus infection might act as inflammatory trigger by reacting with MBP, suggesting molecular mimicry in the mechanism of MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Gabibov
- M. M. Shemyakin and Y. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.
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10
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Verweij FJ, van Eijndhoven MAJ, Hopmans ES, Vendrig T, Wurdinger T, Cahir-McFarland E, Kieff E, Geerts D, van der Kant R, Neefjes J, Middeldorp JM, Pegtel DM. LMP1 association with CD63 in endosomes and secretion via exosomes limits constitutive NF-κB activation. EMBO J 2011; 30:2115-29. [PMID: 21527913 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous Epstein Barr virus (EBV) exploits human B-cell development to establish a persistent infection in ∼90% of the world population. Constitutive activation of NF-κB by the viral oncogene latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) has an important role in persistence, but is a risk factor for EBV-associated lymphomas. Here, we demonstrate that endogenous LMP1 escapes degradation upon accumulation within intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes and secretion via exosomes. LMP1 associates and traffics with the intracellular tetraspanin CD63 into vesicles that lack MHC II and sustain low cholesterol levels, even in 'cholesterol-trapping' conditions. The lipid-raft anchoring sequence FWLY, nor ubiquitylation of the N-terminus, controls LMP1 sorting into exosomes. Rather, C-terminal modifications that retain LMP1 in Golgi compartments preclude assembly within CD63-enriched domains and/or exosomal discharge leading to NF-κB overstimulation. Interference through shRNAs further proved the antagonizing role of CD63 in LMP1-mediated signalling. Thus, LMP1 exploits CD63-enriched microdomains to restrain downstream NF-κB activation by promoting trafficking in the endosomal-exosomal pathway. CD63 is thus a critical mediator of LMP1 function in- and outside-infected (tumour) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik J Verweij
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Yu KJ, Hsu WL, Pfeiffer RM, Chiang CJ, Wang CP, Lou PJ, Cheng YJ, Gravitt P, Diehl SR, Goldstein AM, Chen CJ, Hildesheim A. Prognostic utility of anti-EBV antibody testing for defining NPC risk among individuals from high-risk NPC families. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:1906-14. [PMID: 21447725 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and a family history of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) are associated with NPC risk. We examined the risk associated with EBV markers and their clinical utility to identify NPC susceptibles within high-risk NPC families. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We evaluated antibody titers against viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgA, EBV nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) IgA, and DNase among unaffected relatives of NPC cases from 358 multiplex families in Taiwan. Incident NPC cases were identified via linkage to the National Cancer Registry. Clinical examinations of 924 individuals were also done to identify occult, asymptomatic NPC. Baseline EBV serology was used to estimate NPC risk using rate ratios with 95% CI. Associated sensitivity/specificity and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated. RESULTS A total of 2,444 unaffected individuals with 15,519 person-years (6.5 years median follow-up) yielded 14 incident NPC cases (nearly 11 times the general population rate). The absolute rate of NPC among anti-EBV EBNA1 IgA seropositives using a standard positivity cutoff versus an optimized cutoff point defined by ROC analyses was 265/100,000 person-years with a 4.7-fold increased risk of NPC (95% CI: 1.4-16) and 166/100,000 person-years with a 6.6-fold increase (95% CI: 1.5-61), respectively. Sensitivity and specificity using the optimized positivity cutoff points were 85.7% and 51.2%, respectively. It is estimated that active evaluation of 49% of individuals from high-risk NPC families seropositive for this marker could lead to earlier detection of up to 86% of NPC cases. Risks associated with the other three EBV markers were weaker. CONCLUSIONS Future efforts are needed to identify susceptibility markers among high-risk NPC families that maximize both sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Yu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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12
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Paramita DK, Fatmawati C, Juwana H, van Schaijk FG, Fachiroh J, Haryana SM, Middeldorp JM. Humoral immune responses to Epstein-Barr virus encoded tumor associated proteins and their putative extracellular domains in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients and regional controls. J Med Virol 2011; 83:665-78. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Hoebe EK, Hutajulu SH, van Beek J, Stevens SJ, Paramita DK, Greijer AE, Middeldorp JM. Purified hexameric Epstein-Barr virus-encoded BARF1 protein for measuring anti-BARF1 antibody responses in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2011; 18:298-304. [PMID: 21123521 DOI: 10.1128/CVI.00193-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
WHO type III nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is highly prevalent in Indonesia and 100% associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). NPC tumor cells express viral proteins, including BARF1, which is secreted and is considered to have oncogenic and immune-modulating properties. Recently, we found conserved mutations in the BARF1 gene in NPC isolates. This study describes the expression and purification of NPC-derived BARF1 and analyzes humoral immune responses against prototype BARF1 (B95-8) and purified native hexameric BARF1 in sera of Indonesian NPC patients (n = 155) compared to healthy EBV-positive (n = 56) and EBV-negative (n = 16) individuals. BARF1 (B95-8) expressed in Escherichia coli and baculovirus, as well as BARF1-derived peptides, did not react with IgG or IgA antibodies in NPC. Purified native hexameric BARF1 protein isolated from culture medium was used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and revealed relatively weak IgG and IgA responses in human sera, although it had strong antibody responses to other EBV proteins. Higher IgG reactivity was found in NPC patients (P = 0.015) than in regional Indonesian controls or EBV-negative individuals (P < 0.001). IgA responses to native BARF1 were marginal. NPC sera with the highest IgG responses to hexameric BARF1 in ELISA showed detectable reactivity with denatured BARF1 by immunoblotting. In conclusion, BARF1 has low immunogenicity for humoral responses and requires native conformation for antibody binding. The presence of antibodies against native BARF1 in the blood of NPC patients provides evidence that the protein is expressed and secreted as a hexameric protein in NPC patients.
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14
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Fachiroh J, Stevens SJ, Haryana SM, Middeldorp JM. Combination of Epstein–Barr virus scaffold (BdRF1/VCA-p40) and small capsid protein (BFRF3/VCA-p18) into a single molecule for improved serodiagnosis of acute and malignant EBV-driven disease. J Virol Methods 2010; 169:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Asito AS, Piriou E, Odada PS, Fiore N, Middeldorp JM, Long C, Dutta S, Lanar DE, Jura WG, Ouma C, Otieno JA, Moormann AM, Rochford R. Elevated anti-Zta IgG levels and EBV viral load are associated with site of tumor presentation in endemic Burkitt's lymphoma patients: a case control study. Infect Agent Cancer 2010; 5:13. [PMID: 20667138 PMCID: PMC2923120 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-5-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endemic Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) is an extranodal tumor appearing predominantly in the jaw in younger children while abdominal tumors predominate with increasing age. Previous studies have identified elevated levels of antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum schizont extracts and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) viral capsid antigens (VCA) in endemic BL relative to malaria exposed controls. However, these studies have neither determined if there were any differences based on the site of clinical presentation of the tumor nor examined a broader panel of EBV and P. falciparum antigens. METHODS We used a suspension bead Luminex assay to measure the IgG levels against EBV antigens, VCA, EAd, EBNA-1 and Zta as well as P. falciparum MSP-1, LSA-1, and AMA-1 antigens in children with BL (n = 32) and in population-based age-and sex-matched controls (n = 25) from a malaria endemic region in Western Kenya with high incidence of BL. EBV viral load in plasma was determined by quantitative PCR. RESULTS Relative to healthy controls, BL patients had significantly increased anti-Zta (p = 0.0017) and VCA IgG levels (p < 0.0001) and plasma EBV viral loads (p < 0.0001). In contrast, comparable IgG levels to all P. falciparum antigens tested were observed in BL patients compared to controls. Interestingly, when we grouped BL patients into those presenting with abdominal tumors or with jaw tumors, we observed significantly higher levels of anti-Zta IgG levels (p < 0.0065) and plasma EBV viral loads (p < 0.033) in patients with abdominal tumors compared to patients with jaw tumors. CONCLUSION Elevated antibodies to Zta and elevated plasma EBV viral load could be relevant biomarkers for BL and could also be used to confirm BL presenting in the abdominal region.
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Lutzky VP, Corban M, Heslop L, Morrison LE, Crooks P, Hall DF, Coman WB, Thomson SA, Moss DJ. Novel approach to the formulation of an Epstein-Barr virus antigen-based nasopharyngeal carcinoma vaccine. J Virol 2010; 84:407-17. [PMID: 19846527 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01303-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with several malignant diseases including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a common neoplasm throughout southeast Asia. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy can achieve remission, but a reemergence of disease is not uncommon. Therefore, there is a need for specific therapies that target the tumor through the recognition of EBV antigens. In NPC, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) and LMP2 offer the best opportunity for specific targeting since they are typically expressed and T-cell determinants in each of these proteins have been defined. We have attempted to maximize the opportunity of incorporating every possible CD4 and CD8 determinant in a single formulation. We have achieved this by generating a scrambled protein incorporating random overlapping peptide sets from EBNA1, LMP1, and LMP2, which was then inserted into a replication-deficient strain of adenovirus (adenovirus scrambled antigen vaccine [Ad-SAVINE]). This report describes the construction of this Ad-SAVINE construct, its utility in generating LMP1 and LMP2 responses in healthy individuals as well as NPC patients, and its capacity to define new epitopes. This formulation could have a role in NPC immunotherapy for all ethnic groups since it has the potential to activate all possible CD4 and CD8 responses within EBNA1 and LMPs.
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Ayadi W, Karray-Hakim H, Feki L, Khabir A, Boudawara T, Ghorbel A, Daoud J, Frikha M, Hammami A. IgA antibodies against the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen1 as a valuable biomarker for the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Tunisian patients. J Med Virol 2009; 81:1412-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Paramita DK, Fachiroh J, Haryana SM, Middeldorp JM. Evaluation of commercial EBV RecombLine assay for diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Clin Virol 2008; 42:343-52. [PMID: 18455473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years a number of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) proteins were defined as being immunodominant for either IgM, IgG or IgA immune responses, yielding promising markers for diagnostic serology. Specific reactivity patterns to these proteins have been described for infectious mononucleosis (IM), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), various types of lymphoma, and healthy EBV carriers. OBJECTIVES To compare the NPC-related diagnostic value of EBV RecombLine test (Mikrogen, Germany) with a standardized immunoblot assay [Fachiroh J, Schouten T, Hariwiyanto B, Paramita DK, Harijadi A, Haryana SM, et al. Molecular diversity of Epstein-Barr virus IgG and IgA antibody responses in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a comparison of Indonesian, Chinese, and European subjects. J Infect Dis 2004;190:53-62] and to define the diagnostic value of individual EBV marker proteins in a population with high incidence of NPC. RESULT Sera from Indonesian NPC patients taken at primary diagnosis (n=108) were analyzed for IgG and IgA reactivity and compared with regional healthy blood donors (n=62), non-NPC patient controls (n=10) and IM patients (n=10). Most NPC patients and controls showed strong IgG reactivity to VCA-p18, -p23, and EBNA1, limiting their diagnostic use. Few (<20%) healthy donors and patient controls showed IgG reactivity to EA proteins p47/54 and p138, yielding combined sensitivity/specificity and PPV/NPV values of 92.6%/98.3% and 99.0%/88.1%, for diagnosing NPC. NPC sera showed significantly more EBV reactive IgA antibody (>80% positive) than controls (<10% positive), although being less broadly reactive and significantly less strong compared to IgG. For IgA best results were observed for RecombLine EBNA1 with sensitivity/specificity and PPV/NPV values of 92%/89% and 93.4%/85.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION In high incidence NPC regions with low incidence IM yet high prevalence of EBV infection, both RecombLine IgG and IgA tests provide a useful alternative to the more complex cell-extract based immunoblot assay as confirmation test for NPC diagnosis in particular when using EA and EBNA1 as discriminators in IgG and IgA testing, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewi K Paramita
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Kobayashi H, Nagato T, Takahara M, Sato K, Kimura S, Aoki N, Azumi M, Tateno M, Harabuchi Y, Celis E. Induction of EBV-latent membrane protein 1-specific MHC class II-restricted T-cell responses against natural killer lymphoma cells. Cancer Res 2008; 68:901-8. [PMID: 18245493 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-3212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) has oncogenic potential and is expressed in many EBV-associated malignancies. Although LMP1 is regarded as a potential tumor-associated antigen for immunotherapy and several LMP1-specific MHC class I-restricted CTL epitopes have been reported, little is known regarding MHC class II-restricted CD4 helper T-lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes for LMP1. The goal of the present studies was to determine whether MHC class II-restricted CD4 T-cell responses could be induced against the LMP1 antigen and to evaluate the antitumor effect of these responses. We have combined the use of a predictive MHC class II binding peptide algorithm with in vitro vaccination of CD4 T cells using candidate peptides to identify naturally processed epitopes derived from LMP1 that elicit immune responses against EBV-expressing tumor cells. Peptide LMP1(159-175) was effective in inducing HTL responses that were restricted by HLA-DR9, HLA-DR53, or HLA-DR15, indicating that this peptide behaves as a promiscuous T-cell epitope. Moreover, LMP1(159-175)-reactive HTL clones directly recognized EBV lymphoblastoid B cells, EBV-infected natural killer (NK)/T-lymphoma cells and naturally processed antigen in the form of LMP1+ tumor cell lysates presented by autologous dendritic cells. Because the newly identified epitope LMP1(159-175) overlaps with an HLA-A2-restricted CTL epitope (LMP1(159-167)), this peptide might have the ability to induce simultaneous CTL and HTL responses against LMP1. Overall, our data should be relevant for the design and optimization of T-cell epitope-based immunotherapy against various EBV-associated malignancies, including NK/T cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
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20
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Paramita DK, Fachiroh J, Artama WT, van Benthem E, Haryana SM, Middeldorp JM. Native early antigen of Epstein-Barr virus, a promising antigen for diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Med Virol 2007; 79:1710-21. [PMID: 17854043 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) early antigen (EA) complex consists of multiple proteins with relevance for diagnosis of acute, chronic and malignant EBV related diseases, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In a recent study, it was found that the molecular diversity of EBV-specific IgG and IgA antibody responses in NPC patients and demonstrated that these reflect independent B-cell triggering leading to distinct EBV antigen-recognition profiles. The fine-specificity of NPC-related IgG and IgA responses was explored further against defined recombinant and synthetic EBV-EA antigens using immunofluorescence, immunoblot and ELISA techniques and determined their diagnostic value in a large panel of sera from NPC (n = 154), non-NPC tumor patients (n = 133), acute mononucleosis patients (n = 70) and healthy EBV carriers (n = 259). Individual recombinant EBV-EA markers yielded sensitivity/specificity values not exceeding 86%, whereas selected EA-specific peptide epitopes were rather poorly recognized by IgG and IgA antibodies in NPC sera. Surprisingly, we found that a "low salt" native EA-protein extract reproducibly prepared from purified nuclei of EA-induced HH514 cells, and containing characteristic EA(D)-polypeptides, such as p47-54 (BMRF1), p138 (BALF2), p55-DNAse (BGLF5), and p65-TK (BXLF1), but without viral capsid (VCA) or nuclear antigen (EBNA) reactivity, gave highest sensitivity (90.4%) and specificity (95.5%) values for NPC diagnosis in both IgG and IgA ELISA. The data support further the notion that EBV-EA reactive IgG and IgA antibodies in NPC patients are directed against distinct conformational and-in part-linear epitopes on EBV-specific proteins, barely recognized in other EBV-related syndromes. The use of a defined native EBV EA-specific antigen opens the way to further improve serological diagnosis of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewi K Paramita
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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21
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de Sanjosé S, Bosch R, Schouten T, Verkuijlen S, Nieters A, Foretova L, Maynadié M, Cocco PL, Staines A, Becker N, Brennan P, Benavente Y, Boffetta P, Meijer CJ, Middeldorp JM. Epstein-Barr virus infection and risk of lymphoma: immunoblot analysis of antibody responses against EBV-related proteins in a large series of lymphoma subjects and matched controls. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:1806-12. [PMID: 17557295 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is consistently associated with distinct lymphoproliferative malignancies and aberrant EBV antibody patterns are found in most EBV cancer patients. We evaluate the detection of an abnormal reactive serological pattern to EBV (ab_EBV) infection and the risk of lymphoma in a multicentric case-control study. Serum samples were collected at study entry from 1,085 incident lymphoma cases from Spain, France, Germany, Czech Republic, Italy and 1,153 age, sex and country matched controls. EBV immunoglobulin G (IgG) serostatus was evaluated through a peptide-based ELISA combining immunodominant epitopes of EBNA1 (BKRF1) and VCA-p18 (BFRF3). Further, immunoblot analysis was performed to evaluate distinct antibody diversity patterns to EBV early antigens (EA), besides EBNA1, VCA-p18, VCA-p40 (BdRF1) and Zebra (BZLF1). Patients with chronic active EBV infection and aberrant EBV activity were characterized as having an abnormal reactive pattern (ab_EBV). Ab_EBV was observed in 20.9% of 2,238 included subjects with an increased proportion of cases presenting ab_EBV as compared to the control population (23.9% vs. 18.0% p = 0.001). Ab_EBV positivity was a risk factor for all lymphomas combined (odds ratio [OR] = 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.15-1.74), and specifically for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (OR = 2.96, 95%CI = 2.22-3.95). Lower levels of ab_EBV were observed for follicular lymphoma (OR = 0.38, 95%CI = 0.15-0.98). EBV may be involved in a larger subset of lymphomas among clinically immunocompetent subjects than previously thought, probably explained by an underlying loss of immune control of EBV latent infection. Ab_EBV is a useful tool to explore EBV imbalances preceding or paralleling possible EBV associated oncogenic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia de Sanjosé
- Servei d'Epidemiologia and Registre del Cancer, IDIBELL, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, Gran Via Km 2.7, 08907 L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain.
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22
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Tedeschi R, Pin E, Martorelli D, Bidoli E, Marus A, Pratesi C, Bortolin MT, Zanussi S, Vaccher E, Dolcetti R, De Paoli P. Serum antibody response to lytic and latent Epstein-Barr virus antigens in undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients from an area of nonendemicity. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007; 14:435-41. [PMID: 17329446 PMCID: PMC1865600 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00466-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 01/27/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated undifferentiated carcinoma of the nasopharyngeal type (UCNT) is highly prevalent in southeast China, where immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to viral capsid antigen and early antigen (EA) represent important markers, routinely used to assist in diagnosing this malignancy. Our study aimed at determining the EBV serological profiles of 78 UCNT patients from Italy, an area of nonendemicity for this tumor, using different assays specific for both lytic and latent EBV antigens. Serum IgA against both EA and EBNA1 and IgG and IgA to the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), to EA, and to the EBV transactivator ZEBRA protein were assessed. These serological responses were then evaluated according to the clinicopathologic parameters at diagnosis. The sensitivities of the IgG assays were 37.7% for LMP1, 73.6% for EA, and 61.0% for ZEBRA. EA/EBNA1 IgA reactivity was 84.4%, and a high association (odds ratio [OR], 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7 to 4.0) with UCNT was observed. When EBV serological reactivities were analyzed according to the tumor, node, and metastasis staging system (TNM), a statistically significant association was found between N stage and IgG antibody rates for EA (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 10.9) and ZEBRA (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 5.5) and between M stage and IgG antibody rates for ZEBRA (OR, 7.1; 95% CI, 3.2 to 16.0) and LMP1 (OR, 14.0; 95% CI, 1.8 to 110.9). Our results show that no single serological marker allows the detection of all UCNT cases. EA/EBNA1 IgA represents a reliable marker for diagnosis, with a high predictive value also in areas where UCNT is not endemic, such as Italy. The analysis of serological results according to TNM classification is consistent with a progressive impairment of humoral immune response to EBV as the disease advances and may be used to improve the accuracy of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Tedeschi
- Microbiology-Immunology and Virology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Istituto di Recovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Aviano, Italy.
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Fachiroh J, Paramita DK, Hariwiyanto B, Harijadi A, Dahlia HL, Indrasari SR, Kusumo H, Zeng YS, Schouten T, Mubarika S, Middeldorp JM. Single-assay combination of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) EBNA1- and viral capsid antigen-p18-derived synthetic peptides for measuring anti-EBV immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibody levels in sera from nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients: options for field screening. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:1459-67. [PMID: 16597877 PMCID: PMC1448657 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.4.1459-1467.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody responses to various Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antigen complexes, usually involving multiple serological assays, is important for the early diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Through combination of two synthetic peptides representing immunodominant epitopes of EBNA1 and viral capsid antigen (VCA)-p18 we developed a one-step sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the specific detection of EBV reactive IgG and IgA antibodies in NPC patients (EBV IgG/IgA ELISA). Sera were obtained from healthy donors (n = 367), non-NPC head and neck cancer patients (n = 43), and biopsy-proven NPC patients (n = 296) of Indonesian and Chinese origin. Higher values of optical density at 450 nm for EBV IgG were observed in NPC patients compared to the healthy EBV carriers, but the large overlap limits its use for NPC diagnosis. Using either EBNA1 or VCA-p18 peptides alone IgA ELISA correctly identified 88.5% and 79.8% of Indonesian NPC patients, with specificities of 80.1% and 70.9%, whereas combined single-well coating with both peptides yielded sensitivity and specificity values of 90.1 and 85.4%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV, respectively) for the combined EBNA1 plus VCA EBV IgA ELISA were 78.7% and 93.9%, respectively. In the Indonesia panel, the level of EBV IgA reactivity was not associated with NPC tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis stage, sex, and age group. In the China panel the sensitivity/specificity values were 86.2/92.0% (EBNA1 IgA) and 84.1/90.3% (VCA-p18 IgA) for single-peptide assays and 95.1/90.6% for the combined VCA plus EBNA1 IgA ELISA, with a PPV and an NPV for the combined EBV IgA ELISA of 95.6 and 89.3%, respectively. Virtually all NPC patients had abnormal anti-EBV IgG diversity patterns as determined by immunoblot analysis. On the other hand, healthy EBV carriers with positive EBV IgA ELISA result showed normal IgG diversity patterns. By using EBV IgG immunoblot diversity as confirmation assay for EBV IgA ELISA-positive samples, the sensitivity and specificity for NPC diagnosis increased to 98% and 99.2%, respectively, in the Indonesian NPC samples. The use of these combined methods for seroepidemiological screening studies is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fachiroh
- Dept. Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Pioche-Durieu C, Keryer C, Souquère S, Bosq J, Faigle W, Loew D, Hirashima M, Nishi N, Middeldorp J, Busson P. In nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 interacts with galectin 9 in membrane raft elements resistant to simvastatin. J Virol 2005; 79:13326-37. [PMID: 16227255 PMCID: PMC1262583 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.21.13326-13337.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC) are etiologically related to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and malignant NPC cells have consistent although heterogeneous expression of the EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). LMP1 trafficking and signaling require its incorporation into membrane rafts. Conversely, raft environment is likely to modulate LMP1 activity. In order to investigate NPC-specific raft partners of LMP1, rafts derived from the C15 NPC xenograft were submitted to preparative immunoprecipitation of LMP1 combined with mass spectrometry analysis of coimmunoprecipitated proteins. Through this procedure, galectin 9, a beta-galactoside binding lectin and Hodgkin tumor antigen, was identified as a novel LMP1 partner. LMP1 interaction with galectin 9 was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation and Western blotting in whole-cell extracts of NPC and EBV-transformed B cells (lymphoblastoid cell lines [LCLs]). Using mutant proteins expressed in HeLa cells, LMP1 was shown to bind galectin 9 in a TRAF3-independent manner. Galectin 9 is abundant in NPC biopsies as well as in LCLs, whereas it is absent in Burkitt lymphoma cells. In subsequent experiments, NPC cells were treated with Simvastatin, a drug reported to dissociate LMP1 from membrane rafts in EBV-transformed B cells. We found no significant effects of Simvastatin on the distribution of LMP1 and galectin 9 in NPC cell rafts. However, Simvastatin was highly cytotoxic for NPC cells, regardless of the presence or absence of LMP1. This suggests that Simvastatin is a potentially useful agent for the treatment of NPCs although it has distinct mechanisms of action in NPC and LCL cells.
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Abstract
In 1994, Chang and Moore reported on the latest of the gammaherpesviruses to infect humans, human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) [1]. This novel herpesvirus has and continues to present challenges to define its scope of involvement in human disease. In this review, aspects of HHV-8 infection are discussed, such as, the human immune response, viral pathogenesis and transmission, viral disease entities, and the virus's epidemiology with an emphasis on HHV-8 diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Edelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Khabir A, Karray H, Rodriguez S, Rosé M, Daoud J, Frikha M, Boudawara T, Middeldorp J, Jlidi R, Busson P. EBV latent membrane protein 1 abundance correlates with patient age but not with metastatic behavior in north African nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Virol J 2005; 2:39. [PMID: 15842731 PMCID: PMC1112617 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-2-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinomas are rare in a majority of countries but they occur at a high incidence in South China and to a lesser extent in North Africa. They are constantly associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) regardless of patient geographic origin. In North Africa, the distribution of NPC cases according to patient age is bi-modal with a large group of patients being around 50 years old (80%) and a smaller group below 25 years old. We and others have previously shown that the juvenile form of NPC has distinct biological characteristics including a low amount of p53 and Bcl2 in the tumor tissue and a low level of anti-EBV IgG and IgA in the peripheral blood. Results To get more insight on potential oncogenic mechanisms specific of these two forms, LMP1 abundance was assessed in 82 NPC patients of both groups, using immuno-histochemistry and semi-quantitative evaluation of tissue staining. Serum levels of anti-EBV antibodies were simultaneously assessed. For LMP1 staining, we used the S12 antibody which has proven to be more sensitive than the common anti-LMP1 CS1-4 for analysis of tissue sections. In all NPC biopsies, at least a small fraction of cells was positively stained by S12. LMP1 abundance was strongly correlated to patient age, with higher amounts of the viral protein detected in specimens of the juvenile form. In contrast, LMP1 abundance was not correlated to the presence of lymph node or visceral metastases, nor to the risk of metastatic recurrence. It was also independent of the level of circulating anti-EBV antibodies. Conclusion The high amount of LMP1 recorded in tumors from young patients confirms that the juvenile form of NPC has specific features regarding not only cellular but also viral gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmajid Khabir
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Hôpital Universitaire Habib Bourguiba, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hela Karray
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Hôpital Universitaire Habib Bourguiba, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sandrine Rodriguez
- UMR 8126 CNRS/IGR, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Mathieu Rosé
- Département de Santé Publique, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Jamel Daoud
- Service de Radiothérapie, Hôpital Universitaire Habib Bourguiba, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mounir Frikha
- Service de Chimiothérapie, Hôpital Universitaire Habib Bourguiba, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Tahia Boudawara
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Hôpital Universitaire Habib Bourguiba, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Jaap Middeldorp
- Dept of Pathology, Free University Hospital, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rachid Jlidi
- Laboratoire Privé de Pathologie, Cité-Jardin, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Pierre Busson
- UMR 8126 CNRS/IGR, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
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Karray H, Ayadi W, Fki L, Hammami A, Daoud J, Drira MM, Frikha M, Jlidi R, Middeldorp JM. Comparison of three different serological techniques for primary diagnosis and monitoring of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in two age groups from Tunisia. J Med Virol 2005; 75:593-602. [PMID: 15714486 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in Tunisia is characterized by its bimodal age distribution involving juvenile patients of 10-24 years and adult patients of 40-60 years. Three serological techniques were compared for primary diagnosis (N = 117) and post-treatment monitoring (N = 21) of NPC patients separated in two age groups. Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was used as the "gold standard" for detection of IgG and IgA antibodies reactive with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) early (EA) and viral capsid (VCA) antigens. Results were compared with ELISA measuring IgG and IgA antibody reactivity to defined EBNA1, EA, and VCA antigens. Immunoblot was used to reveal the molecular diversity underlying the anti-EBV IgG and IgA antibody responses. The results indicate that young NPC patients have significantly more restricted anti-EBV IgG and IgA antibody responses with aberrant IgG VCA/EA levels in 78% compared to 91.7% in elder patients. IgA VCA/EA was detected in 50% of young patients versus 89.4% for the elder group (P < 0.001). Immunoblot revealed a reduced overall diversity of EBV antigen recognition for both IgG and IgA in young patients. A good concordance was observed between ELISA and IFA for primary NPC diagnosis with 81-91% overall agreement. Even better agreement (95-100%) was found for antibody changes during follow-up monitoring, showing declining reactivity in patients in remission and increasing reactivity in patients with persistent disease or relapse. ELISA for IgA anti-VCA-p18 and immunoblot proved most sensitive for predicting tumor relapse. VCA-p18 IgA ELISA seems suitable for routine diagnosis and early detection of NPC complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Karray
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
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Edwards RH, Sitki-Green D, Moore DT, Raab-Traub N. Potential selection of LMP1 variants in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Virol 2004; 78:868-81. [PMID: 14694118 PMCID: PMC368819 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.2.868-881.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2003] [Accepted: 10/06/2003] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven distinct sequence variants of the Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) have been identified by distinguishing amino acid changes in the carboxy-terminal domain. In this study the transmembrane domains are shown to segregate identically with the distinct carboxy-terminal amino acid sequences. Since strains of LMP1 have been shown to differ in abundance between blood and throat washes, nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPCs) from areas of endemicity and nonendemicity with matching blood were analyzed by using a heteroduplex tracking assay to distinguish LMP1 variants. Striking differences were found between the compartments with the Ch1 strain prevalent in the NPCs from areas of endemicity and nonendemicity and the B958 strain prevalent in the blood of the endemic samples, whereas multiple strains of LMP1 were prevalent in the blood of the nonendemic samples. The possible selection against the B958 strain appearing in the tumor was highly significant (P < 0.0001). Sequence analysis of the full-length LMP1 variants revealed changes in many of the known and computer-predicted HLA-restricted epitopes with changes in key positions in multiple, potential epitopes for the specific HLA of the patients. These amino acid substitutions at key positions in the LMP1 epitopes may result in a reduced cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte response. These data indicate that strains with specific variants of LMP1 are more likely to be found in NPC. The predominance of specific LMP1 variants in NPC could reflect differences in the biologic or molecular properties of the distinct forms of LMP1 or possible immune selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H Edwards
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295, USA
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van Beek J, Brink AATP, Vervoort MBHJ, van Zijp MJM, Meijer CJLM, van den Brule AJC, Middeldorp JM. In vivo transcription of the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) BamHI-A region without associated in vivo BARF0 protein expression in multiple EBV-associated disorders. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:2647-2659. [PMID: 13679598 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vivo expression of the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) BamHI-A rightward transcripts (BARTs) as well as the putative BART-encoded BARF0 and RK-BARF0 proteins in various EBV-associated malignancies was investigated. RT-PCRs specific for the different splice variants of the BARTs and both a nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assay and an RT-PCR specific for the BARF0 ORF were used. Abundant transcription of BARTs was found in EBV-associated Hodgkin's lymphomas, Burkitt's lymphomas (BL), T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders, AIDS-related lymphomas and gastric carcinomas. Using RNA in situ hybridization (RISH), BARTs were detected within the neoplastic cells of these malignancies. BARTs encoding RK-BARF0 were not detected. The BARTs detected were shown possibly to encode the RPMS1 and BARF0 proteins, based on their splicing. However, BARTs actually harbouring the BARF0 ORF were detected only in specimens containing a relatively large number of EBV-positive cells. New monoclonal antibodies against the BARF0 protein were generated that efficiently recognized prokaryotic and eukaryotic recombinant BARF0. However, the BARF0 protein was not detected in clinical samples, nor in EBV-positive cell lines, even though these were positive for BARTs by RISH and/or BARF0 RNA in vitro analysis. Using immunoblot analysis, no antibodies against baculovirus-expressed BARF0 protein were detected in the sera of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients, BL patients and Hodgkin's disease patients, patients with chronic EBV infection, infectious mononucleosis patients or EBV-positive healthy donors. Thus, BARTs containing the BARF0 ORF are expressed in vivo but the BARF0 protein cannot be detected and may be expressed only marginally. It is concluded that the BARF0 protein is unlikely to play a role in vivo in EBV-positive malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josine van Beek
- Department of Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antoinette A T P Brink
- Department of Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel B H J Vervoort
- Department of Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mireille J M van Zijp
- Department of Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J L M Meijer
- Department of Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J C van den Brule
- Department of Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap M Middeldorp
- Department of Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Meij P, Vervoort MBHJ, Bloemena E, Schouten TE, Schwartz C, Grufferman S, Ambinder RF, Middeldorp JM. Antibody responses to Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1) and expression of LMP1 in juvenile Hodgkin's disease. J Med Virol 2002; 68:370-7. [PMID: 12226824 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A large group of juvenile Hodgkin's disease patients (n = 242, mean age 11.7 years, 75% [n = 181] seropositive) was evaluated for anti-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibody responses and the presence of EBV-encoded EBER-RNA and latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1)-protein expression in the tumor. The molecular diversity of anti-EBV antibody responses in Hodgkin's disease patients with EBV-positive and-negative tumors was studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblot. Using purified recombinant LMP1 protein as antigen, the presence of antibodies to LMP1 was related to expression of LMP1 in the tumor cells and specific EBV-serological patterns. Antibodies to LMP1 were detected in 30% of the EBV-seropositive Hodgkin's disease patients. The presence of antibodies to LMP1 was not associated with a distinct anti-EBV antibody diversity profile (ELISA), but a significantly higher percentage of patients with antibodies to LMP1 had antibodies to ZEBRA and viral capsid antigen (VCA)-p18 (Immunoblot). Significantly more patients with an EBV-positive tumor had detectable antibody responses to LMP1, but the presence of antibodies to LMP1 did not reflect the expression of LMP1 protein in the tumor cells. Interestingly, all patients with the strongest antibody responses to LMP1 had EBV-negative tumors, suggesting immunological selection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Meij
- Department of Pathology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Meij P, Leen A, Rickinson AB, Verkoeijen S, Vervoort MBHJ, Bloemena E, Middeldorp JM. Identification and prevalence of CD8(+) T-cell responses directed against Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 1 and latent membrane protein 2. Int J Cancer 2002; 99:93-9. [PMID: 11948498 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with several human malignancies that each show different viral gene expression profiles. In malignancies such as Hodgkin's disease and nasopharyngeal carcinoma only Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and varying levels of latent membrane proteins 1 and 2 (LMP1 and -2) are expressed. Since endogenously expressed EBNA1 is protected from CTL recognition, LMP1 and LMP2 are the most likely target antigens for anti-tumor immunotherapy. Therefore, we sought to identify in a systematic way CD8(+) T-cell responses directed against eptitopes derived from LMP1 and LMP2. Using IFNgamma-ELISPOT assays of interferon-gamma release, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy donors were screened with peptide panels (15 mer overlapping by 10) spanning the LMP1 and LMP2 sequences of the prototype EBV strain B95.8. When positive responses were found, CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells were depleted from donor PBMC to determine the origin of the responder population. We detected CD8(+) T-cell responses to LMP1 in 9/50(18%) donors and to LMP2 in 15/28 (54%) donors. In addition to the already described epitopes, 3 new LMP1- and 5 new LMP2-derived CD8(+) epitopes were identified. In most donors LMP1- and LMP2-specific CD8(+) precursor frequencies were low compared with precursors against immunodominant EBV epitopes from latent (EBNA3A, -3B and -3C) and lytic cycle antigens. These results demonstrate that CD8(+) memory T cell responses to LMP1 and especially to LMP2 do exist in Caucasians, albeit at low levels and could potentially be exploited for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Meij
- Department of Pathology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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32
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Leen A, Meij P, Redchenko I, Middeldorp J, Bloemena E, Rickinson A, Blake N. Differential immunogenicity of Epstein-Barr virus latent-cycle proteins for human CD4(+) T-helper 1 responses. J Virol 2001; 75:8649-59. [PMID: 11507210 PMCID: PMC115110 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.18.8649-8659.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human CD4(+) T-helper 1 cell responses to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection are likely to be important in the maintenance of virus-specific CD8(+) memory and/or as antiviral effectors in their own right. The present work has used overlapping peptides as stimulators of gamma interferon release (i) to identify CD4(+) epitopes within four EBV latent-cycle proteins, i.e., the nuclear antigens EBNA1 and EBNA3C and the latent membrane proteins LMP1 and LMP2, and (ii) to determine the frequency and magnitude of memory responses to these proteins in healthy virus carriers. Responses to EBNA1 and EBNA3C epitopes were detected in the majority of donors, and in the case of EBNA1, their antigen specificity was confirmed by in vitro reactivation and cloning of CD4(+) T cells using protein-loaded dendritic cell stimulators. By contrast, responses to LMP1 and LMP2 epitopes were seen much less frequently. EBV latent-cycle proteins therefore display a marked hierarchy of immunodominance for CD4(+) T-helper 1 cells (EBNA1, EBNA3C >> LMP1, LMP2) which is different from that identified for the same proteins with respect to CD8(+)-T-cell responses (EBNA3C > EBNA1 > LMP2 >> LMP1). Furthermore, the range of CD4(+) memory T-cell frequencies in peripheral blood of healthy virus carriers was noticeably lower and narrower than the corresponding range of latent antigen-specific CD8(+)-T-cell frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Leen
- CRC Institute for Cancer Studies and MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bitton
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire, CERVI, INSERM U543, Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere, 83 Bvd de l'Hopital, 75013 Paris, France
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34
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Meij P, Bloemena E, Palmen N, Brink A, Vervoort MB, Meijer CJ, Middeldorp JM. Functional CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses induced by autologous mitomycin C treated Epstein-Barr virus transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines. Cell Immunol 2001; 208:25-33. [PMID: 11277616 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.2001.1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) gene expression in tumor cells of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) patients resembles that of EBV transformed B-cell lines (LCL). EBV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes can be generated by stimulating peripheral blood lymphocytes with autologous LCL. We describe a standardized method for the growth inactivation and cryopreservation of LCL for optimal T-cell stimulation and analyzed the function and phenotype of responding T-cells. LCL growth was completely blocked by mitomycin C treatment (McLCL) and McLCL could be cryopreserved while retaining excellent APC function. McLCL stimulated both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells as measured by HLA-DR and CD25 expression using FACS analysis. EBV-specific CTL activity and T-cell proliferation were induced and immunocytochemical staining showed CD4(+) and (granzyme B positive) CD8(+) T-cells rosetting with McLCL. Granzymes A and B, IFN-gamma, and IL-6 were detected at significant levels in the supernatant. Thus, ex vivo T-cell activation with cryopreserved McLCL results in activation of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells producing a Th1-like cytokine profile, making this a suitable protocol for adoptive therapy of PTLD.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer/methods
- Antigen Presentation/drug effects
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cryopreservation/methods
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Flow Cytometry
- Granzymes
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Mitomycin/pharmacology
- Phenotype
- Rosette Formation
- Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- P Meij
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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Meij P, Vervoort MB, Meijer CJ, Bloemena E, Middeldorp JM. Production monitoring and purification of EBV encoded latent membrane protein 1 expressed and secreted by recombinant baculovirus infected insect cells. J Virol Methods 2000; 90:193-204. [PMID: 11064119 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(00)00233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is expressed in malignancies with latency type II and III and is an important transforming protein. To further study this protein LMP1 was expressed by and purified from recombinant baculovirus infected Sf9 cells. Expression levels of LMP1 in EBV transformed B cell lines and Sf9 cells were analyzed using a newly developed quantitative LMP1-capture ELISA. Highest expression was found in the cell line X50/7 (6.2 ng/10(7) cells), whereas expression levels of recombinant LMP1 (bLMP1) in Sf9 cells reached 506 ng/10(7) cells. Surprisingly bLMP1 could also be detected in the culture medium as a stable full-length protein. Highest expression in Sf9 cells (506 ng/10(7) cells) was observed at 48 h post infection and in the culture medium (1590 ng/ml) at 96 h post infection. Before purification bLMP1 was solubilised using 0.22 m octyl-beta-glucoside at pH 6.0. Purification of bLMP1 using Q-Sepharose FF yielded 10-80 times enriched bLMP1 fractions, indicating that Q-Sepharose can be used for pre-purification. A one-step monoclonal antibody based immunoaffinity chromatography yielded highly purified bLMP1. Although the overall yields (20 microg purified LMP1 from 100 ml culture supernatant) and protein concentrations were low, higher concentrations of >95% purified BLMP1 could be reached after freeze drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Meij
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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36
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Meij P, Vervoort MB, de Gooijer K, Bloemena E, Meijer CJ, Middeldorp JM. Bioreactor-scale production and one-step purification of Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells. Protein Expr Purif 2000; 20:324-33. [PMID: 11049756 DOI: 10.1006/prep.2000.1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is expressed in all EBV-associated malignancies and is essential for EBV-genome maintenance. Antibodies to EBNA1 are abundantly detected in serum of most EBV carriers but EBNA1 escapes recognition by effector T-lymphocytes. To further study the functional and immunological characteristics of EBNA1 it is important to have sufficient quantities of purified EBNA1 available. This paper describes a simple, reproducible method for the production and purification of EBV-encoded EBNA1 expressed in insect cells (bEBNA1). For quantification of EBNA1 expression levels in cell lines and for monitoring bEBNA1 purification and overall yields we developed a quantitative and EBNA1-specific capture ELISA. We observed that EBV-positive cell lines express EBNA1 at different levels, with the B cell lymphoblastoid cell line X50/7 having the highest production. However, much larger quantities (380-fold) were obtained by expressing bEBNA1 in recombinant-baculovirus-infected Sf9 insect cells. Scaling-up experiments revealed that bEBNA1 expression kinetics and protein stability are identical in 1-liter stirred bioreactors when compared to expression in stationary culture flasks. Optimal expression was reached after 72 h following inoculation at 1 pfu/cell, when insect cell viability was about 50%. For purification the nuclear fraction containing most of the bEBNA1 (>95%) was isolated. Solubilized bEBNA1 was purified by a one-step oriP DNA-Sepharose affinity purification procedure, using biotinylated PCR-amplified family of repeats (FR)-domain products immobilized onto streptavidin agarose. A >200-fold specific enrichment was reached and yields of bEBNA1 with an estimated purity of >95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Meij
- Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. p,
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37
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Dukers DF, Meij P, Vervoort MB, Vos W, Scheper RJ, Meijer CJ, Bloemena E, Middeldorp JM. Direct immunosuppressive effects of EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1. J Immunol 2000; 165:663-70. [PMID: 10878338 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.2.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In neoplastic cells of EBV-positive lymphoid malignancies latent membrane protein (LMP1) is expressed. Because no adequate cellular immune response can be detected against LMP1, we investigated whether LMP1 had a direct effect on T lymphocyte activation. In this study we show that nanogram amounts of purified recombinant LMP1 (rLMP1) strongly suppresses activation of T cells. By sequence alignment two sequences (LALLFWL and LLLLAL) in the first transmembrane domain of LMP1 were identified showing strong homology to the immunosuppressive domain (LDLLFL) of the retrovirus-encoded transmembrane protein p15E. The effects of rLMP1 and LMP1-derived peptides were tested in T cell proliferation and NK cytotoxicity assays and an Ag-induced IFN-gamma release enzyme-linked immunospot assay. LMP1 derived LALLFWL peptides showed strong inhibition of T cell proliferation and NK cytotoxicity, while acetylated LALLFWL peptides had an even stronger effect. In addition, Ag-specific IFN-gamma release was severely inhibited. To exert immunosuppressive effects in vivo, LMP1 has to be excreted from the cells. Indeed, LMP1 was detected in supernatant of EBV-positive B cell lines (LCL), and differential centrifugation in combination with Western blot analysis of the pellets indicated that LMP1 is probably secreted by LCL in the form of exosomes. The amount of secreted LMP1 in B cell cultures is well below the immunosuppressive level observed with rLMP1. Our results demonstrate direct immunosuppressive properties of LMP1 (fragments) and suggest that EBV-positive tumor cells may actively secrete LMP1 and thus mediate immunosuppressive effects on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Moreover, we demonstrate, for the first time, that transmembrane protein-mediated immunosuppression is not solely restricted to RNA tumor viruses, but can also be found in DNA tumor viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Dukers
- Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Xu J, Ahmad A, D'Addario M, Knafo L, Jones JF, Prasad U, Dolcetti R, Vaccher E, Menezes J. Analysis and significance of anti-latent membrane protein-1 antibodies in the sera of patients with EBV-associated diseases. J Immunol 2000; 164:2815-22. [PMID: 10679125 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.5.2815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Anti-latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) is an EBV-encoded type III integral membrane protein with oncogenic potential that is expressed most consistently in various EBV-associated malignancies. Unlike many other EBV proteins, LMP-1 Abs have rarely been demonstrated in EBV-associated disease conditions. We established a high level LMP-1-expressing cell clone and used it for the detection, quantitation, and characterization of these Abs in various human sera in immunoblots and ELISA. Our results demonstrate that, in contrast to the commonly held notion, LMP-1 induces significant humoral immune responses in EBV-associated malignant conditions especially in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients in whom >70% sera are positive for these Abs, and their titers correlate with the clinical condition of the tumors. Interestingly, anti-LMP-1 Abs of IgA isotype were found only in NPC patients. These Abs were absent from the sera of infectious mononucleosis and chronic EBV infection patients, whereas a small fraction ( approximately 5%) of the healthy, EBV-seropositive individuals were positive for them; however, their OD values were much lower than those of NPC patients. These studies demonstrate, for the first time, the potential significance of LMP-1-specific Abs for the diagnosis and prognosis of EBV-associated malignancies, especially of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Pediatric Research Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Montreal and Ste.-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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