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Mecklenburg L, Ducore R, Boyle M, Newell A, Boone L, Luft J, Romeike A, Haverkamp AK, Mansfield K, Penraat KA, Baczenas JJ, Minor N, O'Connor SL, O'Connor DH. A new genotype of hepatitis A virus causing transient liver enzyme elevations in Mauritius-origin laboratory-housed Macaca fascicularis. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:488-496. [PMID: 37953600 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231209691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infects humans and nonhuman primates, typically causing an acute self-limited illness. Three HAV genotypes have been described so far for humans, and three genotypes have been described for nonhuman primates. We observed transiently elevated liver enzymes in Mauritius-origin laboratory-housed macaques in Germany and were not able to demonstrate an etiology including HAV by serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HAV is a rare pathogen in cynomolgus macaques, and since all employees were routinely vaccinated against HAV, it was not a part of the routine vaccination and screening program. A deep sequencing approach identified a new HAV genotype (referred to as Simian_HAV_Macaca/Germany/Mue-1/2022) in blood samples from affected animals. This HAV was demonstrated by reverse transcription PCR in blood and liver and by in situ hybridization in liver, gall bladder, and septal ducts. A commercial vaccine was used to protect animals from liver enzyme elevation. The newly identified simian HAV genotype demonstrates 80% nucleotide sequence identity to other simian and human HAV genotypes. There was deeper divergence between Simian_HAV_Macaca/Germany/Mue-1/2022 and other previously described HAVs, including both human and simian viruses. In situ hybridization indicated persistence in the biliary epithelium up to 3 months after liver enzymes were elevated. Vaccination using a commercial vaccine against human HAV prevented reoccurrence of liver enzyme elevations. Because available assays for HAV did not detect this new HAV genotype, knowledge of its existence may ameliorate potential significant epidemiological and research implications in laboratories globally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Ducore
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Chantilly, VA
| | - Molly Boyle
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Somerset, NJ
| | - Andrew Newell
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Ltd., Harrogate, UK
| | - Laura Boone
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Greenfield, IN
| | - Joerg Luft
- Labcorp Early Development Services GmbH, Muenster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nick Minor
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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Zufan SE, Mercoulia K, Kwong JC, Judd LM, Howden BP, Seemann T, Stinear TP. High-performance enrichment-based genome sequencing to support the investigation of hepatitis A virus outbreaks. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0283423. [PMID: 38018979 PMCID: PMC10783085 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02834-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE This proof-of-concept study introduces a hybrid capture oligo panel for whole-genome sequencing of all six human pathogenic hepatitis A virus (HAV) subgenotypes, exhibiting a higher sensitivity than some conventional genotyping assays. The ability of hybrid capture to enrich multiple targets allows for a single, streamlined workflow, thus facilitating the potential harmonization of molecular surveillance of HAV with other enteric viruses. Even challenging sample matrices can be accommodated, making them suitable for broad implementation in clinical and public health laboratories. This innovative approach has significant implications for enhancing multijurisdictional outbreak investigations as well as our understanding of the global diversity and transmission dynamics of HAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Zufan
- The Center for Pathogen Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karolina Mercoulia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason C. Kwong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise M. Judd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin P. Howden
- The Center for Pathogen Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Torsten Seemann
- The Center for Pathogen Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy P. Stinear
- The Center for Pathogen Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Karami A, El Fihry R, Haddaji A, Jadid FZ, Zaidane I, Chihab H, Ouladlahsen A, Tahiri M, Pineau P, Akarid K, Benjelloun S, Ezzikouri S. Epidemiological characteristics of acute hepatitis A, 2013-2016: a cross-sectional study in Morocco. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023; 55:625-634. [PMID: 37368360 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2023.2228405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the common cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. Indeed, hepatitis A is endemic in developing countries such in Morocco and most residents are exposed in childhood. The characterisation of circulating strains of HAV remains crucial to understand the virological evolution and geo-temporal characteristics, which are essential for controlling infections and outbreaks. The purpose of the current study was the detection and characterisation of HAV strains circulating in Morocco by performing serological test, RT-PCR, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 618 suspected acute hepatitis cases were examined by Architect HAV abIgM. Of the 162 positives, 64 underwent RNA extraction. None of the suspected cases was immune to HAV and none of them had received a blood transfusion. Samples found positive by RT-PCR using primers targeting the VP1/VP2A junction and the VP1/VP3 capsid region of HAV were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. RESULTS HAV Acute infection rate was 26.2% [95% CI, 22.8-29.9], while viraemia reached 45% (29/64) after amplification of the VP3/VP1 region. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1/2A segment revealed the presence of sub-genotypes IA and IB. Eighty-seven percent of the strains belonged to the subgenotype IA, while twelve percent to IB subgenotype. CONCLUSION This first molecular study of acute hepatitis A in Morocco provided information about genetic diversity of HAV, revealing the co-circulating of only two subgenotypes (IA and IB). Notably, subgenotype IA was found to be the predominant subgenotype in Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnane Karami
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
- Santé et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences Aïn Chock, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Raouia El Fihry
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
- Santé et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences Aïn Chock, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Asmaa Haddaji
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Fatima-Zahra Jadid
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | - Hajar Chihab
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Ahd Ouladlahsen
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco
- Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Tahiri
- Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
- Service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Pascal Pineau
- Unité "Organisation Nucléaire et Oncogenèse", INSERM U993, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Khadija Akarid
- Santé et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences Aïn Chock, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Soumaya Benjelloun
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Sayeh Ezzikouri
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
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Fallucca A, Restivo V, Sgariglia MC, Roveta M, Trucchi C. Hepatitis a Vaccine as Opportunity of Primary Prevention for Food Handlers: A Narrative Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1271. [PMID: 37515087 PMCID: PMC10383099 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is still a leading cause of viral hepatitis worldwide. After a long incubation period, the clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic infection to acute liver failure. The severity of the disease increases with age and pre-existing liver disease. The transmission is mainly via person-to-person contact or ingestion of contaminated food or water. Food contamination can occur at any step of the food chain, especially when infected people handle not-heated or otherwise-treated food. HAV is endemic in low-income countries because of poor sanitary and sociodemographic conditions. The populations of developed countries are highly susceptible, and large outbreaks occur when HAV is introduced from endemic countries due to globalization, travel, and movement of foodstuffs. HAV prevention includes hygiene practices, immunoglobulins, and vaccination. Safe and effective inactivated and live attenuated vaccines are available and provide long-term protection. The vaccine targets are children and subjects at increased risk of HAV exposure or serious clinical outcomes. This review discusses the critical role of food handlers in the spread of HAV and the opportunity for food industry employers to consider food handler immunization a tool to manage both food safety in compliance with HACCP principles and food operators' biologic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fallucca
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Restivo
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Marco Roveta
- Food Hygiene and Nutrition Service, Department of Prevention, Local Health Unit 3, 16142 Genoa, Italy
| | - Cecilia Trucchi
- Food Hygiene and Nutrition Service, Department of Prevention, Local Health Unit 3, 16142 Genoa, Italy
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5
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Lee GY, Park K, Lee YS, Kim JH, Byun KS, Kim J, Kim WK, Song JW. Molecular diagnosis of patients with hepatitis A virus infection using amplicon-based nanopore sequencing. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288361. [PMID: 37437048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing is a robust tool used for identifying and tracking pathogen outbreaks. Whole-genome sequencing of hepatitis A virus (HAV) remains poor due to ultra-low viral loads, limitations of next-generation sequencing technology, and its high costs in clinical applications. This study evaluated multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based nanopore sequencing to obtain whole-genome sequences of HAV. The HAV genomes were obtained directly from patient specimens for a rapid molecular diagnosis of viral genotypes. Serum and stool samples were collected from six patients with hepatitis A infection. Amplicon-based nanopore sequencing was performed from the clinical specimens to identify HAV genotypes by acquiring nearly complete-genome sequences. TaqMan-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) was conducted to detect and quantify multiple HAV genes. Singleplex-based nanopore sequencing demonstrated high genome coverage rates (90.4-99.5%) of HAV within 8 h, at viral RNA loads of 10 to 105 copies/μL. TaqMan qPCR showed multiplex quantification of HAV genes namely, VP0, VP3, and 3C. This study provides useful insights into rapid molecular diagnosis during hepatitis A outbreaks and may ultimately augment public health disease surveillance in the hospital and epidemiology field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geum-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmin Park
- Department of Microbiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Graduate Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Soo Byun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Graduate Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Keun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Medical Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Graduate Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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6
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Cleary NG, Bryant PW, Lamson DM, Newman AP, St George K. A custom hepatitis A virus assay for whole-genome sequencing. J Virol Methods 2023; 312:114649. [PMID: 36375537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Since 2016, the United States has experienced a resurgence in the number of hepatitis A virus (HAV) cases and outbreaks. These outbreaks have been sustained by person-to-person transmission with cases occurring predominantly in high-risk populations including intravenous drug users, individuals experiencing homelessness, and men who have sex with men. To investigate HAV transmission, a molecular-surveillance system consisting of real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) for detection, and a conventional RT-PCR assay for genotyping of HAV, was established in New York State (NYS) in 2019. Since then, a total of 271 HAV-positive serum samples collected from cases across NYS between 2019 and 2021 were identified by rRT-PCR. To rapidly and efficiently generate HAV whole-genome sequences, a custom AmpliSeq™ panel was designed in collaboration with Thermo Fisher. To streamline the process, sample preparation was performed on an Ion Chef and sequencing on an Ion S5XL. Of the 271 HAV-positive samples, the whole-genome sequencing (WGS) assay successfully generated 134 near-complete, high-quality HAV sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1-2A region identified 216 IB, 48 IA, and 2 IIIA genotypes, while 5 were unable to be typed due to poor sequence in this key region. The HAV whole-genome sequencing approach provided a more efficient and streamlined approach for genotyping HAV compared to previous methods and resulted in phylogenetic trees with enhanced resolution compared to the HAV VP1-2A region alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora G Cleary
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12208, USA
| | - Patrick W Bryant
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12208, USA.
| | - Daryl M Lamson
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12208, USA
| | - Alexandra P Newman
- Bureau of Communicable Disease Control, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12237, USA
| | - Kirsten St George
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12208, USA; Department of Biomedical Science, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York 12144, USA
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Yan B, Chen P, Feng Y, Lu J, Meng X, Xu Q, Xu A, Zhang L. A community-wide epidemic of hepatitis A virus genotype IA associated with consumption of shellfish in Yantai, eastern China, January to March 2020. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2106081. [PMID: 35969156 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2106081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During the first quarter of 2020, a considerable increase in reports of symptomatic hepatitis A cases was noted in Yantai, a coastal city in eastern China. This study aimed to characterize the epidemic and identify the probable source. Serum samples from cases with onsets from 1 January to 31 March 2020 and suspected bivalve mollusk samples from the local seafood market were screened for hepatitis A virus (HAV) RNA by PCR amplification and sequencing of the VP1/2A region. We also analyzed the characteristics and risk exposures of these cases. In total, 110 confirmed cases were notified during the epidemic. Among the 103 cases investigated, the median age was 41 years (range: 25-70 years), and 74 (71.8%) were male. Eighty-eight cases (85.4%) reported having eaten shellfish and 72 (69.9%) specifically oysters. HAV RNA was detected and sequenced successfully in 80.2% (69/86) of the cases, as well as in one oyster out of 20 shellfish samples. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all isolates belonged to a single genotype IA but presented the co-circulation of five distinct genomic sub-lineages. The oyster-derived HAV strain shared over 98.2% nucleotide identity with all clinical strains obtained during the epidemic, particularly 100% homology with the strains of seven cases. These data indicated that contaminated oyster consumption was probably a common source of this epidemic, although multiple HAV strains were involved. We recommend strengthening shellfish surveillance, changing dietary habits in seafood consumption, and encouraging vaccination for target adults in coastal areas with a high prevalence of hepatitis A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Division of Expanded Immunization Program, Yantai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yantai, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Jingjing Lu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Meng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Aiqiang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.,School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.,School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Dogadov DI, Kyuregyan KK, Mikhailov MI. [Enteral viral hepatitis in monkeys]. Vopr Virusol 2022; 67:173-184. [PMID: 35831960 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Within the last decade, a large number of viruses genetically related to human hepatitis viruses have been identified in different animal species, including monkeys. Numerous viruses related to human hepatitis A virus (HAV, Picornaviridae: Hepatovirus: Hepatovirus A) were detected in various mammalian species in 2015-2018, predominantly in bats and rodents, but also in shrews, seals and marsupials. Zoonotic hepatitis E virus (HEV, Hepeviridae: Orthohepevirus: Orthohepevirus A) genotypes have been found in wild boars, deer, camels, and rabbits, as well as in non human primates. In addition, viruses that are genetically close to HEV have been described in bats, ferrets, rodents, birds, and fish. Nevertheless, monkeys remain important laboratory animals in HAV and HEV research. The study of spontaneous and experimental infection in these animals is an invaluable source of information about the biology and pathogenesis of these viruses and continues to be an indispensable tool for vaccine and drug testing. The purpose of this literature review was to summarize and analyze published data on the circulation of HAV and HEV among wild and captive primates, as well as the results of experimental studies of HAV and HEV infections in monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Dogadov
- FSBRI «Research Institute of Medical Primatology» of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia
| | - K K Kyuregyan
- FSBRI «Research Institute of Medical Primatology» of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia; FSBRI «I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera»
| | - M I Mikhailov
- FSBRI «I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera»; FSBEI FPE «Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
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Shi S, Zheng X, Suzuki R, Li Z, Shiota T, Wang J, Hirai-Yuki A, Liu Q, Muramatsu M, Song SJ. Novel flavonoid hybrids as potent antiviral agents against hepatitis A: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114452. [PMID: 35597006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two series of flavonoid hybrids, totaling 42 compounds, were designed, synthesized and evaluated to develop antiviral compounds effective against hepatitis A virus (HAV). A recombinant viral screening system revealed that most of the synthesized derivatives exhibited significant anti-HAV activity, and compounds B2, B3, B5 and B27 were identified as potential inhibitors of HAV. Post-treatment of cells with B2, B3, B5 and B27 after HAV infection strongly suppressed HAV infection, whereas pretreatment or simultaneous treatment were ineffective. Furthermore, these four compounds significantly inhibited HAV (HM175/18f strain) production in a dose-dependent manner. Analyses using HAV subgenomic replicon systems indicated that these compounds specifically inhibit HAV RNA replication. More importantly, the most potent compounds B2 and B27 also showed clear inhibitory effects on two other HAV strains, KRM031 and TKM005, which also isolated from clinical patients. Our study is the first to report these newly designed flavonoid hybrids as lead compounds for the development of novel anti-HAV drugs.
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Savicka O, Zeltmatis R, Storozenko J. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis A outbreaks and sporadic cases, Latvia, 2017 to 2019. Euro Surveill 2022; 27. [PMID: 35301978 PMCID: PMC8971918 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.11.2100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundHepatitis A is an acute infection of the liver caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV). Molecular detection and typing of the HAV VP1/P2A genomic region is used for genotyping and outbreak investigations. After a large hepatitis A outbreak in Latvia in 2007-08, only sporadic cases were registered until 2017 when a rise in cases occurred. During 2017-19, 179 laboratory-confirmed hepatitis A cases were notified in Latvia.AimTo investigate the observed increase in hepatitis A cases during 2017 and to determine whether these cases were linked to one another, to risk groups, or to other outbreaks. The majority of HAV samples (69.8%) were typed.MethodsThe VP1/P2A genomic region of HAV was amplified and sequenced for 125 case serum samples. Information about hepatitis-related symptoms, hospitalisation, vaccination, a possible source of infection and suspected countries of origin of the virus were analysed for sequenced cases.ResultsMost HAV strains were subgenotype IA (n = 77), of which 41 were strains circulating among men who have sex with men (MSM) populations in Europe (VRD_521_2016 (n = 32), RIVM-HAV16-090 (n = 7) or V16-25801 (n = 2)). Forty-four cases were subgenotype IB and four cases subgenotype IIIA. However, other clusters and sporadic cases were detected with or without identifying the epidemiological link.ConclusionThis work represents molecular epidemiological data of hepatitis A cases in Latvia from 2017 to 2019. Molecular typing methods allow identification of clusters for public health needs and establishing links with other outbreaks, and to compare Latvian strains with reported strains from other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Savicka
- Riga East Clinical University Hospital, Infectology Centre of Latvia, National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Riga, Latvia
| | - Reinis Zeltmatis
- Riga East Clinical University Hospital, Infectology Centre of Latvia, National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Riga, Latvia
| | - Jelena Storozenko
- Riga East Clinical University Hospital, Infectology Centre of Latvia, National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Riga, Latvia
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11
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Moreira LVL, Malheiros AP, Barbosa KMV, Freitas PEB, Silva AL, Cruz ACR, Nunes HM, Corrêa das Chagas AA, Souza de Souza AJ. The first evidence of Hepatitis A virus subgenotype IIIA in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon, 1982‐1983. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2887-2891. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alex Junior Souza de Souza
- Universidade Paulista, Instituto de Ciências da SaúdeCampinasSPBrasil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de PatologiaSão PauloSPBrasil
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12
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Lee GY, Kim WK, Cho S, Park K, Kim J, Lee SH, Lee J, Lee YS, Kim JH, Byun KS, Song JW. Genotyping and Molecular Diagnosis of Hepatitis A Virus in Human Clinical Samples Using Multiplex PCR-Based Next-Generation Sequencing. Microorganisms 2022; 10:100. [PMID: 35056549 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a serious threat to public health worldwide. We used multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) to derive information on viral genetic diversity and conduct precise phylogenetic analysis. Four HAV genome sequences were obtained using multiplex PCR-based NGS. HAV whole-genome sequence of one sample was obtained by conventional Sanger sequencing. The HAV strains demonstrated a geographic cluster with sub-genotype IA strains in the Republic of Korea. The phylogenetic pattern of HAV viral protein (VP) 3 region showed no phylogenetic conflict between the whole-genome and partial-genome sequences. The VP3 region in serum and stool samples showed sensitive detection of HAV with differences of quantification that did not exceed <10 copies/μL than the consensus VP4 region using quantitative PCR (qPCR). In conclusion, multiplex PCR-based NGS was implemented to define HAV genotypes using nearly whole-genome sequences obtained directly from hepatitis A patients. The VP3 region might be a potential candidate for tracking the genotypic origin of emerging HAV outbreaks. VP3-specific qPCR was developed for the molecular diagnosis of HAV infection. This study may be useful to predict for the disease management and subsequent development of hepatitis A infection at high risk of severe illness.
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Ayouni K, Chouikha A, Khamessi O, Touzi H, Hammemi W, Triki H. Evidence of Circulation of Several HAV Genetic Variants and Emergence of Potential Antigenic Variants in an Endemo-Epidemic Country before Vaccine Introduction. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061056. [PMID: 34204862 PMCID: PMC8227776 DOI: 10.3390/v13061056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to several other countries in the world, the epidemiology of hepatitis A virus changed from high to intermediate endemicity level in Tunisia, which led to the occurrence of outbreaks. This study aimed to determine the genetic and antigenic variability of HAV strains circulating in Tunisia during the last few years. Genotyping using complete VP1 gene and VP1-2A junction confirmed the predominance of genotype IA, with co-circulation of several genetic and antigenic variants. Phylogenetic analysis including Tunisian and strains from other regions of the world showed the presence of at least two IA-variants within IA subgenotype. Amino-acid analysis showed several mutations in or close to epitope regions in the VP1-region. This study provides a baseline on the genetic and antigenic variability of HAV circulating strains before the introduction of vaccination into the national immunization schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaouther Ayouni
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (H.T.); (W.H.); (H.T.)
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire, El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
- Correspondence: (K.A.); (A.C.); Tel.: +216-26-199-695 (K.A.); +216-98-528-682 (A.C.)
| | - Anissa Chouikha
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (H.T.); (W.H.); (H.T.)
- Correspondence: (K.A.); (A.C.); Tel.: +216-26-199-695 (K.A.); +216-98-528-682 (A.C.)
| | - Oussema Khamessi
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, LR11IPT08 Venins et Biomolecules Therapeutiques, Tunis 1002, Tunisia;
| | - Henda Touzi
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (H.T.); (W.H.); (H.T.)
| | - Walid Hammemi
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (H.T.); (W.H.); (H.T.)
| | - Henda Triki
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (H.T.); (W.H.); (H.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 15 Rue Djebel Lakhdhar, La Rabta, Tunis 1007, Tunisia
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14
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Abstract
Hepatitis A is an acute infection of the liver, which is mostly asymptomatic in children and increases the severity with age. Although in most patients the infection resolves completely, in a few of them it may follow a prolonged or relapsed course or even a fulminant form. The reason for these different outcomes is unknown, but it is generally accepted that host factors such as the immunological status, age and the occurrence of underlaying hepatic diseases are the main determinants of the severity. However, it cannot be ruled out that some virus traits may also contribute to the severe clinical outcomes. In this review, we will analyze which genetic determinants of the virus may determine virulence, in the context of a paradigmatic virus in terms of its genomic, molecular, replicative, and evolutionary features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Pintó
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco-Javier Pérez-Rodríguez
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Present Address: Division of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Virology, University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria-Isabel Costafreda
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Chavarria-Miró
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Guix
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Ribes
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Bosch
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Wang X, Pan Y, Chen J, Luo J, Xi J, Ye C, Zhao Y, Qiu L, Weng S, Hong S, Lin Y, Sun Q. The excretion rate and stability of HAAg in human fecal samples after live attenuated hepatitis A vaccination. J Med Virol 2020; 92:3312-3318. [PMID: 32134114 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The live attenuated hepatitis A virus vaccine (HA-L) is in routine use in the Chinese national immunization program (NIP). The major disadvantages of HA-L include that theoretically, it may be possible for mutation shifts and secondary infections of the live vaccine viral strain. The aim of this study was to explore variation in the viral strain after vaccination with the HA-L. A total of 1297 fecal samples (including 470 for the 18 to 36-month-old age group, 527 for the 3 to 16-year-old group, and 300 for the 16 years and older group) were collected in the study, and the rate of hepatitis A virus (HAV) positivity in fecal samples was 11.36% (31/273), 11.44% (31/271), 9.70% (26/268), 8.47% (21/248), and 9.70% (23/237) on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28, respectively. A total of 77 HAV positive samples were randomly selected for VP1/2A (360 bp, 2218-2577) gene analysis. Phylogenetic trees were then constructed by the neighbor-joining method. Phylogenetic analyses showed that all the isolated HAV strains belonged to sub-genotype IB, which was the same as the vaccine strain. Compared with the vaccine strain, HM-175/7MK-5 (M16632.1), there were only two base mutations discovered, at 2291 and 2568. However, the amino acid mutation analysis showed that those base mutations were synonymous mutations. The isolated HAV strains were genetically stable. This study provides a reference for the safety concern regarding the routine and wide-range use in people older than 18 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
| | - Yue Pan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
| | - Junying Chen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Juemin Xi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
| | - Chao Ye
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yujiao Zhao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
| | - Lijuan Qiu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Songjiao Weng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
| | - Shan Hong
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yao Lin
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiangming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
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16
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Enkirch T, Severi E, Vennema H, Thornton L, Dean J, Borg ML, Ciccaglione AR, Bruni R, Christova I, Ngui SL, Balogun K, Němeček V, Kontio M, Takács M, Hettmann A, Korotinska R, Löve A, Avellón A, Muñoz-Chimeno M, de Sousa R, Janta D, Epštein J, Klamer S, Suin V, Aberle SW, Holzmann H, Mellou K, Ederth JL, Sundqvist L, Roque-Afonso AM, Filipović SK, Poljak M, Vold L, Stene-Johansen K, Midgley S, Fischer TK, Faber M, Wenzel JJ, Takkinen J, Leitmeyer K. Improving preparedness to respond to cross-border hepatitis A outbreaks in the European Union/European Economic Area: towards comparable sequencing of hepatitis A virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 31311618 PMCID: PMC6636214 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.28.1800397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Sequence-based typing of hepatitis A virus (HAV) is important for outbreak detection, investigation and surveillance. In 2013, sequencing was central to resolving a large European Union (EU)-wide outbreak related to frozen berries. However, as the sequenced HAV genome regions were only partly comparable between countries, results were not always conclusive. Aim The objective was to gather information on HAV surveillance and sequencing in EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries to find ways to harmonise their procedures, for improvement of cross-border outbreak responses. Methods In 2014, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) conducted a survey on HAV surveillance practices in EU/EEA countries. The survey enquired whether a referral system for confirming primary diagnostics of hepatitis A existed as well as a central collection/storage of hepatitis A cases’ samples for typing. Questions on HAV sequencing procedures were also asked. Based on the results, an expert consultation proposed harmonised procedures for cross-border outbreak response, in particular regarding sequencing. In 2016, a follow-up survey assessed uptake of suggested methods. Results Of 31 EU/EEA countries, 23 (2014) and 27 (2016) participated. Numbers of countries with central collection and storage of HAV positive samples and of those performing sequencing increased from 12 to 15 and 12 to 14 respectively in 2016, with all countries typing an overlapping fragment of 218 nt. However, variation existed in the sequenced genomic regions and their lengths. Conclusions While HAV sequences in EU/EEA countries are comparable for surveillance, collaboration in sharing and comparing these can be further strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Enkirch
- European Programme for Public Health Microbiology Training (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Solna, Sweden.,Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ettore Severi
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Solna, Sweden
| | - Harry Vennema
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Lelia Thornton
- HSE - Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Dean
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Iva Christova
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Koye Balogun
- Public Health England (PHE), London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mia Kontio
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mária Takács
- National Public Health Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Arthur Löve
- Landspitali- National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ana Avellón
- Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rita de Sousa
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Denisa Janta
- National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Sofieke Klamer
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Suin
- Sciensano, Directorate Infectious diseases in humans, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stephan W Aberle
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Kassiani Mellou
- Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | - Mario Poljak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Line Vold
- Norwegian institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Thea Kølsen Fischer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mirko Faber
- Robert Koch Institute (RKI), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen J Wenzel
- National Reference Laboratory for HAV, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Takkinen
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Solna, Sweden
| | - Katrin Leitmeyer
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Solna, Sweden
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17
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Nelson NP, Weng MK, Hofmeister MG, Moore KL, Doshani M, Kamili S, Koneru A, Haber P, Hagan L, Romero JR, Schillie S, Harris AM. Prevention of Hepatitis A Virus Infection in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep 2020; 69:1-38. [PMID: 32614811 PMCID: PMC8631741 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.rr6905a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HEPATITIS A IS A VACCINE-PREVENTABLE, COMMUNICABLE DISEASE OF THE LIVER CAUSED BY THE HEPATITIS A VIRUS (HAV). THE INFECTION IS TRANSMITTED VIA THE FECAL-ORAL ROUTE, USUALLY FROM DIRECT PERSON-TO-PERSON CONTACT OR CONSUMPTION OF CONTAMINATED FOOD OR WATER. HEPATITIS A IS AN ACUTE, SELF-LIMITED DISEASE THAT DOES NOT RESULT IN CHRONIC INFECTION. HAV ANTIBODIES (IMMUNOGLOBULIN G [IGG] ANTI-HAV) PRODUCED IN RESPONSE TO HAV INFECTION PERSIST FOR LIFE AND PROTECT AGAINST REINFECTION; IGG ANTI-HAV PRODUCED AFTER VACCINATION CONFER LONG-TERM IMMUNITY. THIS REPORT SUPPLANTS AND SUMMARIZES PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON IMMUNIZATION PRACTICES (ACIP) REGARDING THE PREVENTION OF HAV INFECTION IN THE UNITED STATES. ACIP RECOMMENDS ROUTINE VACCINATION OF CHILDREN AGED 12-23 MONTHS AND CATCH-UP VACCINATION FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS AGED 2-18 YEARS WHO HAVE NOT PREVIOUSLY RECEIVED HEPATITIS A (HEPA) VACCINE AT ANY AGE. ACIP RECOMMENDS HEPA VACCINATION FOR ADULTS AT RISK FOR HAV INFECTION OR SEVERE DISEASE FROM HAV INFECTION AND FOR ADULTS REQUESTING PROTECTION AGAINST HAV WITHOUT ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF A RISK FACTOR. THESE RECOMMENDATIONS ALSO PROVIDE GUIDANCE FOR VACCINATION BEFORE TRAVEL, FOR POSTEXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS, IN SETTINGS PROVIDING SERVICES TO ADULTS, AND DURING OUTBREAKS.
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18
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Prakash S, Shukla S, Shukla R, Bhagat A, Srivastava SS, Jain A. Molecular characterization of hepatitis A virus circulating in Uttar Pradesh, India: A hospital-based study. Indian J Med Res 2020; 151:375-379. [PMID: 32461402 PMCID: PMC7371058 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_429_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Hepatitis A is prevalent worldwide and is among the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis in India. Major geographical differences in endemicity of hepatitis A are closely related to hygienic and sanitary conditions and other indicators of the level of socio-economic development. The present study was aimed to know the seropositivity prevalence and predominant circulating strain of HAV in a north India. Methods Patients with acute viral hepatitis were enrolled. Blood samples were collected over a period of one year from June 2016 to May 2017. Serum samples were tested for anti-immunoglobulin M (IgM) HAV antibodies. The seropositive samples were analyzed for HAV-RNA by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Samples detected on molecular assay were subjected to conventional semi-nested RT-PCR for VP1 gene. Further sequencing of amplified RT-PCR products was done, and data were analyzed. Results A total of 1615 patients were enrolled, and serum samples were collected and tested. The male:female ratio was 1.3:1 with a mean age of 24.31±17.02 yr (range 0-83 yr). Among these, 128 (7.93%) were positive for anti-HAV IgM antibodies; 41.63 per cent of seropositive patients were in their childhood or early adolescent age group. Of all seropositive samples, 59 (46.09%) were positive for HAV RNA. Genotyping sequencing of 10 representative strains was carried out, and the circulating genotype was found to be IIIA. The nucleotide sequences showed homology among the strains. Interpretation & conclusions Our results showed that hepatitis A was a common disease in children with IIIA as a circulating genotype in this region. In approximately 50 per cent of cases, HAV RNA could be detected. Higher number of HAV IgM-seropositive cases was observed during monsoon period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Prakash
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Suruchi Shukla
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ratnam Shukla
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Bhagat
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shakti S Srivastava
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amita Jain
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Abstract
Viruses of human or animal origin can spread in the environment and infect people via water and food. These viruses are released into the environment by various routes including water runoffs and aerosols. Furthermore, zoonotic viruses may infect humans exposed to contaminated surface waters. Viruses are emerging pathogens and are able to adapt by mutation, recombination, and reassortment and can thus become able to infect new hosts and to adjust to new environments. Enteric viruses are among the commonest and most hazardous waterborne pathogens, causing both sporadic and outbreak-related illness. While considerable research has documented the risk of enteric viruses to human health from contact with contaminated water, the current bacterial indicator-based methods for the evaluation of water quality are often ineffectual proxies for pathogenic viruses, but no correlation was established between the enteric bacteria and viruses studied. The present chapter will focus on viral pathogens shown to be transmitted through water. It will also provide an overview of viruses that had not been a concern for waterborne transmission in the past, but that may represent potentially emerging waterborne pathogens due to their occurrence and persistence in water environments. Monitoring effluents from wastewater treatment plants is important to preventing both environmental contamination and the spread of disease.
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20
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Zalesskikh AA, Bystrova TN. Sequencing of the VP1-2A Genome Segment for Hepatitis A Subtyping. Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2020; 12:52-55. [PMID: 34513037 PMCID: PMC8353700 DOI: 10.17691/stm2020.12.1.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to improve the VP1–2A sequencing method and facilitate the hepatitis A virus genotyping technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Zalesskikh
- Senior Researcher, Laboratory for the Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis, Blokhina Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor), 71 Malaya Yamskaya St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - T N Bystrova
- Professor, Leading Researcher, Laboratory for the Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis, Blokhina Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor), 71 Malaya Yamskaya St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
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21
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Abstract
Viruses are diverse parasites of cells and extremely abundant. They might have arisen during an early phase of the evolution of life on Earth dominated by ribonucleic acid or RNA-like macromolecules, or when a cellular world was already well established. The theories of the origin of life on Earth shed light on the possible origin of primitive viruses or virus-like genetic elements in our biosphere. Some features of present-day viruses, notably error-prone replication, might be a consequence of the selective forces that mediated their ancestral origin. Two views on the role of viruses in our biosphere predominate; viruses considered as opportunistic, selfish elements, and viruses considered as active participants in the construction of the cellular world via the lateral transfer of genes. These two models have a bearing on viruses being considered predominantly as disease agents or predominantly as cooperators in the shaping of differentiated cellular organisms.
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22
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Kroneman A, de Sousa R, Verhoef L, Koopmans MPG, Vennema H, On Behalf Of The HAVNet Network. Usability of the international HAVNet hepatitis A virus database for geographical annotation, backtracing and outbreak detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 23. [PMID: 30229723 PMCID: PMC6144472 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.37.1700802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
HAVNet is an international laboratory network sharing sequences and corresponding metadata on hepatitis A virus in an online database. Aim: We give an overview of the epidemiological and genetic data and assess the usability of the present dataset for geographical annotation, backtracing and outbreak detection. Methods: A descriptive analysis was performed on the timeliness, completeness, epidemiological data and geographic coverage of the dataset. Length and genomic region of the sequences were reviewed as well as the numerical and geographical distribution of the genotypes. The geographical signal in the sequences was assessed based on a short common nt stretch using a 100% identity analysis. Results: The 9,211 reports were heterogeneous for completeness and timeliness, and for length and genomic region of the sequences. Some parts of the world were not represented by the sequences. Geographical differences in prevalence of HAV genotypes described previously could be confirmed with this dataset and for a third (1,075/3,124) of the included sequences, 100% identity of the short common sequence coincided with an identical country of origin. Conclusion: Analysis of a subset of short, shared sequences indicates that a geographical annotation on the level of individual countries is possible with the HAVNet data. If the current incompleteness and heterogeneity of the data can be improved on, HAVNet could become very useful as a worldwide reference set for geographical annotation and for backtracing and outbreak detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Kroneman
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Rita de Sousa
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Linda Verhoef
- Office for Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Utrecht, the Netherlands (current affiliation).,National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Harry Vennema
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Probert WS, Hacker JK. New Subgenotyping and Consensus Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Assays for Hepatitis A Outbreak Surveillance. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:e00500-19. [PMID: 31217273 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00500-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory surveillance plays an important role in the detection and control of hepatitis A outbreaks and requires the application of rapid and accurate molecular diagnostic tools for hepatitis A virus (HAV) RNA detection, subgenotype identification, and sequence-based genotyping. We describe the development and validation of a triplex real-time, reverse transcription-PCR (triplex rRT-PCR) assay for the identification and discrimination of HAV subgenotypes IA, IB, and IIIA and a singleplex rRT-PCR assay designed to detect all HAV genotypes infecting humans. Overall, the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the new assays were >97% for serum and plasma specimens collected during unrelated outbreaks of HAV in California and Michigan compared to a nested RT-PCR genotyping assay and the ISO 15216-1 rRT-PCR method for HAV detection. The new assays will permit the rapid detection of HAV RNA and discrimination among subgenotypes IA, IB, and IIIA in serum and plasma specimens, which will strengthen public health surveillance efforts for HAV outbreak detection and response.
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24
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Chen H, Wang W, Wang S, Hu Y. Near-Complete Genome Sequence of a Hepatitis A Subgenotype IB Virus Isolated from Frozen Raspberries. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:e00522-19. [PMID: 31270195 DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00522-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus is one of the most common causes of foodborne viral illness. Here, we report the nearly complete genome sequence of a hepatitis A virus (subgenotype IB) isolated from frozen raspberries using RNA sequencing-based metagenomics. Hepatitis A virus is one of the most common causes of foodborne viral illness. Here, we report the nearly complete genome sequence of a hepatitis A virus (subgenotype IB) isolated from frozen raspberries using RNA sequencing-based metagenomics.
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25
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Andrievskaya M, Lenhart A, Uduman J. Emerging Threat: Changing Epidemiology of Hepatitis A and Acute Kidney Injury. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2019; 26:171-178. [PMID: 31202389 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, hepatitis A has been considered a rare disease in the United States, largely due to targeted vaccination of at-risk children. Evolving epidemiology has resulted in decreasing immunity and increasing hepatitis A infections among adults who are more likely to experience severe disease. A surge in outbreaks has been noted in the past 2 years, resulting in a high volume of hepatitis A related hospitalizations and complications in otherwise healthy individuals. The traditional understanding that acute kidney injury is a rare extrahepatic manifestation is being challenged by the resurgence of hepatitis A in a more vulnerable population. This review examines the epidemiologic factors that contributed to current public health concern and the association between hepatitis A and acute kidney injury.
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26
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Juniastuti, Wahyuddin D, Nihayatussa'adah, Amin M, Yamani LN, Utsumi T, Sustini F, Lusida MI. Analysis of genetic and serology of hepatitis A virus infection during and after outbreak in two junior high schools in Surabaya, Indonesia. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1048-1055. [PMID: 30659645 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of hepatitis A have occurred in some cities in Indonesia. In Surabaya, the capital city of East Java province, Indonesia, hepatitis A outbreaks have been reported since2013, with a marked increase in the number of cases in 2015. The aim of the present study was to analyze the genetic and serology of acute symptomatic cases (early infection) during a hepatitis A outbreak and asymptomatic cases after the outbreak in two junior high schools in Surabaya in 2015 to 2016. Students with acute symptomatic hepatitis A during the outbreak and other students who were asymptomatic 3 to 4 months after the outbreak were enrolled. Asymptomatic students had no symptoms from the outbreak until they were enrolled. Sera were collected to identify anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) IgM (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and HAV genetic variations/genotypes (using polymerase chain reaction [PCR]-sequencing and phylogenetic analysis). A total of 33 (97.1%) out of 34 sera of students with acute symptoms were positive for anti-HAV IgM and 18% of them were positive by PCR, identified as HAV subgenotype IA. No prominent amino acid variations were observed from reported HAV sequences from Indonesia. Among 38 sera of asymptomatic students, most (55.3%) were positive for anti-HAV IgM, while none were positive by PCR. In conclusion, HAV-IA was the only subgenotype identified in acute symptomatic cases during the outbreak. The percentage of HAV-specific IgM-positive cases was very high among acute symptomatic students, but that was also high among asymptomatic students, which might contribute as the important source of infection during the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juniastuti
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.,Master Program of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.,Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C Universitas Airlangga Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Dedy Wahyuddin
- Master Program of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Nihayatussa'adah
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C Universitas Airlangga Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Mochamad Amin
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C Universitas Airlangga Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Laura Navika Yamani
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C Universitas Airlangga Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.,Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C Universitas Airlangga Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Takako Utsumi
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C Universitas Airlangga Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.,Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Florentina Sustini
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Maria Inge Lusida
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.,Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C Universitas Airlangga Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
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27
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Krzowska-Firych JM, Ściślak R, Wójtowicz A, Tomasiewicz K, Lucas G, Lucas C. Acute hepatitis A virus infection in patients hospitalized at the Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Lublin (Eastern Poland) in 2017 - a hospital-based retrospective study. Clin Exp Hepatol 2018; 4:271-4. [PMID: 30603676 DOI: 10.5114/ceh.2018.80131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to analyze medical records of all adult patients with acute hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection who were hospitalized at the Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, Poland in 2017. During the studied period acute HAV infection was confirmed in 33 patients. In the study group there were 30 men and 3 women. The mean time of hospitalization was 12 days. All patients recovered with no clinical sequelae.
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Abstract
The enterically transmitted hepatitis A (HAV) and hepatitis E viruses (HEV) are the leading causes of acute viral hepatitis in humans. Despite the discovery of HAV and HEV 40-50 years ago, their evolutionary origins remain unclear. Recent discoveries of numerous nonprimate hepatoviruses and hepeviruses allow revisiting the evolutionary history of these viruses. In this review, we provide detailed phylogenomic analyses of primate and nonprimate hepatoviruses and hepeviruses. We identify conserved and divergent genomic properties and corroborate historical interspecies transmissions by phylogenetic comparisons and recombination analyses. We discuss the likely non-recent origins of human HAV and HEV precursors carried by mammals other than primates, and detail current zoonotic HEV infections. The novel nonprimate hepatoviruses and hepeviruses offer exciting new possibilities for future research focusing on host range and the unique biological properties of HAV and HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Sander
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Berlin 10117, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany
| | - Victor Max Corman
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Berlin 10117, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany
| | - Alexander N Lukashev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.,Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Preparations, 142782 Moscow, Russia
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Berlin 10117, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany
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29
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Yang Z, Mammel M, Whitehouse CA, Ngo D, Kulka M. Inter- and Intra-Host Nucleotide Variations in Hepatitis A Virus in Culture and Clinical Samples Detected by Next-Generation Sequencing. Viruses 2018; 10:E619. [PMID: 30423964 DOI: 10.3390/v10110619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate virus detection, strain discrimination, and source attribution of contaminated food items remains a persistent challenge because of the high mutation rates anticipated to occur in foodborne RNA viruses, such as hepatitis A virus (HAV). This has led to predictions of the existence of more than one sequence variant between the hosts (inter-host) or within an individual host (intra-host). However, there have been no reports of intra-host variants from an infected single individual, and little is known about the accuracy of the single nucleotide variations (SNVs) calling with various methods. In this study, the presence and identity of viral SNVs, either between HAV clinical specimens or among a series of samples derived from HAV clone1-infected FRhK4 cells, were determined following analyses of nucleotide sequences generated using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and pyrosequencing methods. The results demonstrate the co-existence of inter- and intra-host variants both in the clinical specimens and the cultured samples. The discovery and confirmation of multi-viral RNAs in an infected individual is dependent on the strain discrimination at the SNV level, and critical for successful outbreak traceback and source attribution investigations. The detection of SNVs in a time series of HAV infected FRhK4 cells improved our understanding on the mutation dynamics determined probably by different selective pressures. Additionally, it demonstrated that NGS could potentially provide a valuable investigative approach toward SNV detection and identification for other RNA viruses.
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30
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Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are significant human pathogens and are responsible for a substantial proportion of cases of severe acute hepatitis worldwide. Genetically, both viruses are heterogeneous and are classified into several genotypes that differ in their geographical distribution and risk group association. There is, however, little evidence that variants of HAV or HEV differ antigenically or in their propensity to cause severe disease. Genetically more divergent but primarily hepatotropic variants of both HAV and HEV have been found in several mammalian species, those of HAV being classified into eight species within the genus Hepatovirus in the virus family Picornaviridae. HEV is classified as a member of the species Orthohepevirus A in the virus family Hepeviridae, a species that additionally contains viruses infecting pigs, rabbits, and a variety of other mammalian species. Other species (Orthohepevirus B-D) infect a wide range of other mammalian species including rodents and bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald B Smith
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
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31
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Bai H, Shiota T, Yoshizaki S, Saito-Obata M, Malbas FF, Lupisan SP, Oshitani H, Takeda N, Muramatsu M, Wakita T, Ishii K, Li TC. Detection of Subgenotype IA and IIIA Hepatitis A Viruses in Rivers Flowing through Metro Manila, the Philippines. Jpn J Infect Dis 2018; 72:53-55. [PMID: 30175732 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2018.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a common infectious etiology of acute hepatitis worldwide. The Philippines remains highly endemic for hepatitis A, but there is still a lack of information about HAV in the country. To evaluate the HAV contamination in environmental water in the Philippines, we conducted the detection and genetic analyses of HAV RNA in samples from river water. Twelve water samples were collected at 6 sampling sites of 3 rivers in Metro Manila, in both the dry and wet seasons in 2012 and 2013. The HAV RNA was detected in all the 6 samples collected in the dry season, and in one sample from the wet season. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the HAV strains detected in the river water included multiple sequences belonging to subgenotypes IA and IIIA. This indicates that at least 2 genotypes of the HAV strains are circulating in the environment in the Philippines, posing a risk of HAV infection to not only residents, but also tourists, especially in the dry season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Bai
- Department of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou Inner Mongolia
| | - Tomoyuki Shiota
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Sayaka Yoshizaki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Mariko Saito-Obata
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine.,RITM-Tohoku Collaborating Research Center on Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
| | | | | | - Hitoshi Oshitani
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine.,RITM-Tohoku Collaborating Research Center on Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
| | - Naokazu Takeda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University
| | | | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Koji Ishii
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Tian-Cheng Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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32
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Bennett AJ, Sibley SD, Lauck M, Weny G, Hyeroba D, Tumukunde A, Friedrich TC, O'Connor DH, Johnson CA, Rothman JM, Goldberg TL. Naturally Circulating Hepatitis A Virus in Olive Baboons, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1308-10. [PMID: 27315373 PMCID: PMC4918173 DOI: 10.3201/eid2207.151837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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33
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Dogadov DI, Korzaya LI, Karlsen AA, Kyuregyan KK. Molecular genetic identification of isolates of the hepatitis A virus (HAV) from monkeys at Adler Primate Center. J Med Primatol 2018; 47:87-92. [PMID: 29380396 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess prevalence and genetic variability of hepatitis A virus (HAV) isolates in monkeys born and kept at Adler Primate Center, as well as in imported animals. METHODS The fecal samples from various species of monkeys (n = 119) were studied using reverse transcription seminested PCR, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS HAV RNA was detected in 2 Macaca mulatta and 1 Macaca fascicularis (3.8%) kept at Adler Primate Center (n = 79) and in 11 (27.5%) Chlorocebus pygerythrus (n = 40) imported from Tanzania. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that all HAV strains belonged to simian genotype V, but differed from the prototype genotype V strain (AGM-27) by 5.4%-5.5%. Sequences isolated in this study differed by only 0.1%, suggesting a common source of infection. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the asymptomatic circulation of HAV genotype V among the monkeys at Adler Primate Center, and it indicated the significant genetic diversity within this HAV genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lydia I Korzaya
- Scientific Research Institute of Medical Primatology, Sochi, Russia
| | - Anastasia A Karlsen
- Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow, Russia.,Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Karen K Kyuregyan
- Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow, Russia.,Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
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34
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Bohm K, Filomena A, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Krause G, Sievers C. Validation of HAV biomarker 2A for differential diagnostic of hepatitis A infected and vaccinated individuals using multiplex serology. Vaccine 2017; 35:5883-5889. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Quiñones B, Lee BG, Martinsky TJ, Yambao JC, Haje PK, Schena M. Sensitive Genotyping of Foodborne-Associated Human Noroviruses and Hepatitis A Virus Using an Array-Based Platform. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:E2157. [PMID: 28930175 PMCID: PMC5621023 DOI: 10.3390/s17092157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (NoV) are the leading cause of human gastroenteritis in populations of all ages and are linked to most of the foodborne outbreaks worldwide. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is another important foodborne enteric virus and is considered the most common agent causing acute liver disease worldwide. In the present study, a focused, low-density DNA microarray was developed and validated for the simultaneous identification of foodborne-associated genotypes of NoV and HAV. By employing a novel algorithm, capture probes were designed to target variable genomic regions commonly used for typing these foodborne viruses. Validation results showed that probe signals, specific for the tested NoV or HAV genotypes, were on average 200-times or 38-times higher than those detected for non-targeted genotypes, respectively. To improve the analytical sensitivity of this method, a 12-mer oligonucleotide spacer sequence was added to the capture probes and resulted in a detection threshold of less than 10 cRNA transcripts. These findings have indicated that this array-based typing sensor has the accuracy and sensitivity for identifying NoV and HAV genotypic profiles predominantly linked to food poisoning. The implementation of this typing sensor would thus provide highly relevant and valuable information for use in surveillance and outbreak attribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Quiñones
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Produce Safety and Microbiology Unit, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Bertram G Lee
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Produce Safety and Microbiology Unit, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | | | - Jaszemyn C Yambao
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Produce Safety and Microbiology Unit, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Paul K Haje
- Arrayit Corporation, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA.
| | - Mark Schena
- Arrayit Corporation, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA.
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36
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Yilmaz H, Karakullukcu A, Turan N, Cizmecigil UY, Yilmaz A, Ozkul AA, Aydin O, Gunduz A, Mete M, Zeyrek FY, Kirazoglu TT, Richt JA, Kocazeybek B. Genotypes of hepatitis a virus in Turkey: first report and clinical profile of children infected with sub-genotypes IA and IIIA. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:561. [PMID: 28800730 PMCID: PMC5553755 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a food and water-borne virus causing clinical (mainly hepatitis) and subclinical disease in humans. It is important to characterize circulating strains of HAV in order to prevent HAV infections using efficacious vaccines. The aim of this study was the detection and characterization of the circulating strains of HAV in Turkey by performing serology, RT-PCR, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Methods In this study, 355 HAV suspected cases were analysed by ELISA for the presence of antibodies to HAV. RNA was extracted from 54 HAV IgM positive human sera. None of the suspect cases were vaccinated against HAV and they never received blood transfusions. Samples found positive by RT-PCR using primers targeting the VP1/VP2A junction and VP1/VP3 capsid region of HAV, were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Results IgM type antibodies to HAV were detected in 54 patients. Twenty one of them were students. The age of IgM positive cases was between 3 and 60 years. IgM positivity differed in age groups and was higher in the age group 3 to 10 years. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the majority of HAV strains detected in this study belong to the “HAV 1B” cluster. In addition, the HAV sub-genotypes IA (KT874461.1) and IIIA (KT222963.1) were found in 2 children. These sub-genotypes were not previously reported in Turkey. The child who carried sub-genotype IIIA travelled to Afghanistan and presented with abdominal pain, icterus and vomitus. He was positive for anti-HAV IgM and IgG but negative for hepatitis B and C. Liver enzymes like aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and lactate dehydrogenase were severely elevated. Bilirubin levels were also increased. White blood cells, neutrophils and hemoglobin were decreased while lymphocytes and monocytes were increased. Similar clinical signs and laboratory findings were reported for the child infected with sub-genotype IA but aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were not severely elevated. Conclusions The results indicate that molecular studies determining the HAV genotype variation in Turkey are timely and warranted. The majority of IgM positive cases in 3–10 year old patients indicate that childhood vaccination is important. Sub-genotype IB is the most prevalant genotype in Turkey. Surprisingly, sub-genotype IA and IIIA are also present in Turkey; future diagnostic efforts need to include diagnostic methods which can identify this emerging HAV genotypes. Our results also show that one important risk factor for contracting hepatitis A virus is international travel since genotype IIIA was detected in a child who had travelled to Afghanistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Yilmaz
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Istanbul, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Asiye Karakullukcu
- Department of Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuri Turan
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Istanbul, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Utku Y Cizmecigil
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Istanbul, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysun Yilmaz
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Istanbul, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse A Ozkul
- Department of Child Health and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Izmir, Karsiyaka, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozge Aydin
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Istanbul, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Gunduz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Mete
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Dicle, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Fadile Y Zeyrek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Harran, Urfa, Turkey
| | - Taner T Kirazoglu
- Department of Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA
| | - Bekir Kocazeybek
- Department of Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Costantino A, Coppola N, Spada E, Bruni R, Taffon S, Equestre M, Marcantonio C, Sagnelli C, Dell'Isola C, Tosone G, Mascolo S, Sagnelli E, Ciccaglione AR. Hepatitis A virus strains circulating during 1997-2015 in Campania, a Southern Italy region with periodic outbreaks. J Med Virol 2017. [PMID: 28621437 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In Italy, the incidence of hepatitis A has progressively declined over the last 30 years, though not homogeneously throughout the country. In Campania, Southern Italy, high annual incidence rates have been reported and several periodic outbreaks have occurred. To investigate the phylogenetic and epidemiologic relationships among HAV strains circulating in Campania over the period 1997-2015, 87 hepatitis A cases were investigated. The most frequent risk factor was the consumption of raw/undercooked shellfish (75/87, 86.2%). During 1997-2002 most viral strains were subtype IA (16/23, 70%); the phylogenetic pattern suggests that the incidence peaks observed in 2000-2001 had likely been caused by multiple strains. During a large 2004 outbreak, almost all viral variants were subtype IB (38/41, 93%); most of them (22/38, 58%) were recognized to be one of two main strains (differing for just a single nucleotide), the remaining sequences were strictly related variants. In 2014/2015, only IA strains were observed; two phylogenetically related but distinct strains were responsible, respectively, for a small cluster in 2014 and an outbreak in 2015. In each outbreak, several strains unrelated to those responsible for most cases were detected in a minority of patients, documenting a background of sporadic cases occurring even in the course of outbreaks; some of them proved to be identical to strains detected 11-14 years previously. Overall, the data suggest that several related and unrelated HAV strains have endemically circulated over the last 15 years in Campania, with some strains gaining epidemic transmission likely because of a local combination of multiple factors, including inadequate waste water purification and dietary habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Costantino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Coppola
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Enea Spada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bruni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Taffon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Equestre
- Department of Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Marcantonio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Sagnelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery F. Magrassi and A. Lanzara, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Dell'Isola
- Department of Infectious Diseases-Section of Hepatic Emergencies, Cotugno Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Grazia Tosone
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Viral Infection and AIDS Unit, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Mascolo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Viral Infection and AIDS Unit, Naples, Italy
| | - Evangelista Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Zhou J, Wang D, Xi Y, Zhu X, Yang Y, Lv M, Luo C, Chen J, Ye X, Fang L, Xiao S. Assessing activity of Hepatitis A virus 3C protease using a cyclized luciferase-based biosensor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 488:621-627. [PMID: 28501618 PMCID: PMC7092888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis A is an acute infection caused by Hepatitis A virus (HAV), which is widely distributed throughout the world. The HAV 3C cysteine protease (3Cpro), an important nonstructural protein, is responsible for most cleavage within the viral polyprotein and is critical for the processes of viral replication. Our group has previously demonstrated that HAV 3Cpro cleaves human NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), a kinase required in interferon signaling. Based on this finding, we generated four luciferase-based biosensors containing the NEMO sequence (PVLKAQ↓ADIYKA) that is cleaved by HAV 3Cpro and/or the Nostoc punctiforme DnaE intein, to monitor the activity of HAV 3Cpro in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293T). Western blotting showed that HAV 3Cpro recognized and cleaved the NEMO cleavage sequence incorporated in the four biosensors, whereas only one cyclized luciferase-based biosensor (233-DnaE-HAV, 233DH) showed a measurable and reliable increase in firefly luciferase activity, with very low background, in the presence of HAV 3Cpro. With this biosensor (233DH), we monitored HAV 3Cpro activity in HEK-293T cells, and tested it against a catalytically deficient mutant HAV 3Cpro and other virus-encoded proteases. The results showed that the activity of this luciferase biosensor is specifically dependent on HAV 3Cpro. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the luciferase biosensor developed here might provide a rapid, sensitive, and efficient evaluation of HAV 3Cpro activity, and should extend our better understanding of the biological relevance of HAV 3Cpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yongqiang Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mengting Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chuanzhen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
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La Bella G, Martella V, Basanisi MG, Nobili G, Terio V, La Salandra G. Food-Borne Viruses in Shellfish: Investigation on Norovirus and HAV Presence in Apulia (SE Italy). Food Environ Virol 2017; 9:179-186. [PMID: 27943110 PMCID: PMC5429374 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Shellfish are an important vehicle for transmission of food-borne pathogens including norovirus (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV). The risks related with consumption of shellfish are greater if these products are eaten raw or slightly cooked. As molluscs are filter-feeding organisms, they are able to concentrate pathogens dispersed in the water. Data on shellfish viral contamination are therefore useful to obtain a background information on the presence of contamination in the environment, chiefly in shellfish production areas and to generate a picture of the epidemiology of viral pathogens in local populations. From January 2013 to July 2015, 253 samples of bivalve molluscs collected in harvesting areas from a large coastal tract (860 km) of Southern Italy were screened for HAV and NoV of genogroups GI and GII, using real-time reverse transcription qualitative PCR. The RNA of HAV was not detected in any of the analyzed samples. In contrast, the RNA of NoV was identified in 14.2% of the samples with a higher prevalence of NoVs of genogroup GII (12.2%) than genogroup GI (1.6%). Upon sequence analysis of a short diagnostic region located in capsid region, the NoV strains were characterized as GII.2, GII.4 Sydney 2012, GII.6, GII.13, GI.4, and GI.6, all which were circulating in local populations in the same time span. These data confirm that consumption of mussels can expose consumers to relevant risks of infection. Also, matching between the NoV genotypes circulating in local population and detected in molluscs confirms the diffusion in the environment of NoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G La Bella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - V Martella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - M G Basanisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - G Nobili
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - V Terio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - G La Salandra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy.
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Lin KY, Chen GJ, Lee YL, Huang YC, Cheng A, Sun HY, Chang SY, Liu CE, Hung CC. Hepatitis A virus infection and hepatitis A vaccination in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients: A review. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:3589-3606. [PMID: 28611512 PMCID: PMC5449416 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i20.3589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is one of the most common infectious etiologies of acute hepatitis worldwide. The virus is known to be transmitted fecal-orally, resulting in symptoms ranging from asymptomatic infection to fulminant hepatitis. HAV can also be transmitted through oral-anal sex. Residents from regions of low endemicity for HAV infection often remain susceptible in their adulthood. Therefore, clustered HAV infections or outbreaks of acute hepatitis A among men who have sex with men and injecting drug users have been reported in countries of low endemicity for HAV infection. The duration of HAV viremia and stool shedding of HAV may be longer in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals compared to HIV-negative individuals with acute hepatitis A. Current guidelines recommend HAV vaccination for individuals with increased risks of exposure to HAV (such as from injecting drug use, oral-anal sex, travel to or residence in endemic areas, frequent clotting factor or blood transfusions) or with increased risks of fulminant disease (such as those with chronic hepatitis). The seroconversion rates following the recommended standard adult dosing schedule (2 doses of HAVRIX 1440 U or VAQTA 50 U administered 6-12 mo apart) are lower among HIV-positive individuals compared to HIV-negative individuals. While the response rates may be augmented by adding a booster dose at week 4 sandwiched between the first dose and the 6-mo dose, the need of booster vaccination remain less clear among HIV-positive individuals who have lost anti-HAV antibodies.
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Hamza H, Abd-Elshafy DN, Fayed SA, Bahgat MM, El-Esnawy NA, Abdel-Mobdy E. Detection and characterization of hepatitis A virus circulating in Egypt. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1921-1931. [PMID: 28303345 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) still poses a considerable problem worldwide. In the current study, hepatitis A virus was recovered from wastewater samples collected from three wastewater treatment plants over one year. Using RT-PCR, HAV was detected in 43 out of 68 samples (63.2%) representing both inlet and outlet. Eleven positive samples were subjected to sequencing targeting the VP1-2A junction region. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all samples belonged to subgenotype IB with few substitutions at the amino acid level. The complete sequence of one isolate (HAV/Egy/BI-11/2015) showed that the similarity at the amino acid level was not reflected at the nucleotide level. However, the deduced amino acid sequence derived from the complete nucleotide sequence showed distinct substitutions in the 2B, 2C, and 3A regions. Recombination analysis revealed a recombination event between X75215 (subgenotype IA) and AF268396 (subgenotype IB) involving a portion of the 2B nonstructural protein coding region (nucleotides 3757-3868) assuming the herein characterized sequence an actual recombinant. Despite the role of recombination in picornaviruses evolution, its involvement in HAV evolution has rarely been reported, and this may be due to the limited available complete HAV sequences. To our knowledge, this represents the first characterized complete sequence of an Egyptian isolate and the described recombination event provides an important update on the circulating HAV strains in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Hamza
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Dina Nadeem Abd-Elshafy
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sayed A Fayed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Mohamed Bahgat
- Immune and Biomarkers for Infection Laboratory, The Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nagwa Abass El-Esnawy
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emam Abdel-Mobdy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Ruchusatsawat K, Wongpiyabovorn J, Kawidam C, Thiemsing L, Sangkitporn S, Yoshizaki S, Tatsumi M, Takeda N, Ishii K. An Outbreak of Acute Hepatitis Caused by Genotype IB Hepatitis A Viruses Contaminating the Water Supply in Thailand. Intervirology 2017; 59:197-203. [DOI: 10.1159/000455856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of foodborne diseases worldwide, with viruses now being recognized as a major cause of these illnesses. The most common viruses implicated in foodborne disease are enteric viruses, which are found in the human gastrointestinal tract, excreted in human feces and transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Many different viruses are found in the gastrointestinal tract but not all are recognized as foodborne pathogens. The diseases caused by enteric viruses fall into three main types: gastroenteritis, enterically transmitted hepatitis, and illnesses that can affect other parts of the body such as the eye, the respiratory system and the central nervous system leading to conjunctivitis, poliomyelitis, meningitis and encephalitis. Viral pathogens excreted in human feces include noroviruses, sapoviruses, enteroviruses, adenoviruses, hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), rotaviruses, and astroviruses. Most of these viruses have been associated with foodborne disease outbreaks. Noroviruses and HAV are commonly identified as foodborne causes of gastroenteritis and acute hepatitis, respectively.
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Dahanayaka NJ, Kiyohara T, Agampodi SB, Samaraweera PK, Kulasooriya GK, Ranasinghe JC, Semage SN, Yoshizaki S, Wakita T, Ishii K. Clinical Features and Transmission Pattern of Hepatitis A: An Experience from a Hepatitis A Outbreak Caused by Two Cocirculating Genotypes in Sri Lanka. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:908-914. [PMID: 27382079 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sri Lanka is one of the intermediate-endemic areas for hepatitis A virus (HAV), and concerns exist about the increasing HAV-susceptible population. In fact, Sri Lanka recorded a large hepatitis outbreak, possibly hepatitis A, around the end of the Sri Lankan war. It included more than 14,000 patients consisting of local residents, internally displaced personnel, and military personnel in the main combat zone. The outbreak had slowed down by October 2009; however, acute viral hepatitis continued to occur sequentially among military personnel. We obtained clinical information and serum samples from 222 patients with acute hepatitis who visited the Military Hospital Anuradhapura between January and September 2010. Samples were subjected to laboratory testing including HAV-immunoglobulin M and genotyping. Most patients (98.2%) were confirmed as having hepatitis A belonging to two subgenotypes: IA and IIIA. We did not observe any differences in clinical or biochemical features among patients with subgenotypes IA and IIIA except for pale stools and upper abdominal discomfort. During the investigation period, we observed a serial outbreak caused by identical HAV strains with an interval in line with that of typical HAV incubation periods. Most patients in the first outbreak were found in the training center, and patients in the second outbreak were found in multiple places where soldiers were assigned after the training center. These findings indicate that a strain of HAV diffused from one place to another along with movement of infected persons among the HAV-susceptible population. HAV vaccination for high-risk groups, such as young soldiers, is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niroshana J Dahanayaka
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Tomoko Kiyohara
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Suneth B Agampodi
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Jagath C Ranasinghe
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Saveen N Semage
- Department of Public Health, Sri Lanka Army Medical Services, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Sayaka Yoshizaki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Ishii
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Ouardani I, Turki S, Aouni M, Romalde JL. Detection and Molecular Characterization of Hepatitis A Virus from Tunisian Wastewater Treatment Plants with Different Secondary Treatments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:3834-45. [PMID: 27107113 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00619-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the main causative agent of hepatitis infection associated with waterborne outbreaks worldwide. In Tunisia, there is no specific surveillance system for HAV and current secondary wastewater treatment processes are unable to remove viral particles, which present a potential public health problem. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of HAV in 271 raw and treated wastewater samples from five sewage treatment plants (STPs) during 13 months was performed. Moreover, the efficiency of three secondary wastewater treatment processes (conventional activated sludge, extended aeration, and oxidation ditch activated sludge) was evaluated. Data obtained demonstrated that HAV is endemic in Tunisia and circulates with high prevalence in both raw (66.9%) and treated (40.7%) wastewater. HAV circulates throughout the year in the coastal areas, with the highest rates found during summer and autumn, whereas in central Tunisia, high levels were shown in autumn and winter. Total virus removal was not achieved, since no difference in mean HAV loads was observed in effluents (6.0 × 10(3) genome copies [GC]/ml) and influents (2.7 × 10(3) GC/ml). The comparison of the HAV removal values of the three different wastewater treatment methods indicates that extended aeration and oxidation ditch activated sludge had better efficiency in removing viruses than conventional activated sludge did. Molecular characterization revealed that the vast majority of HAV strains belonged to subgenotype IA, with the cocirculation of subgenotype IB in wastewater treatment plants that collect tourism wastewater. IMPORTANCE This report provides important data on the incidence, behavior, seasonality, and genotype distribution of HAV in the environment in Tunisia, as well as the risk of infection derived from its occurrence in effluents due to inadequate wastewater treatment. In addition, these findings seem to confirm that the prevalence of HAV depends on socioeconomic level, sanitary conditions in the communities, sewage facilities, the locality, and the climate. The wide dispersion of HAV in effluents proves the inefficacity of the current wastewater treatment processes used in Tunisia to remove virus; therefore, establishment of tertiary treatment processes or replacement of the medium-charge activated sludge (conventional activated sludge) by the low-charge version (oxidation ditch activated sludge) is absolutely needed. Rapid detection of the HAV genome in wastewater may provide a timely warning sign to health authorities to implement population protection measures.
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Sa-nguanmoo P, Posuwan N, Vichaiwattana P, Vuthitanachot V, Saelao S, Foonoi M, Fakthongyoo A, Makaroon J, Srisingh K, Asawarachun D, Owatanapanich S, Wutthiratkowit N, Tohtubtiang K, Vongpunsawad S, Yoocharoen P, Poovorawan Y. Declining Trend of Hepatitis A Seroepidemiology in Association with Improved Public Health and Economic Status of Thailand. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151304. [PMID: 27008531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted via the fecal-oral route from contaminated food or water. As part of the most recent survey of viral hepatitis burden in Thailand, we analyzed the current seroprevalence of HAV in the country and compared with data dating back to 1971. From March to October, 2014, a total of 4,260 individuals between one month and 71 years of age from different geographical regions (North = 961; Central = 1,125; Northeast = 1,109; South = 1,065) were screened for anti-HAV IgG antibody using an automated chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Overall, 34.53% (1,471/4,260) possessed anti-HAV IgG antibody, and the age-standardized seroprevalence was 48.6%. Seroprevalence rates were 27.3% (North), 30.8% (Central), 33.8% (Northeast) and 45.8% (South) and were markedly lower than in the past studies especially among younger age groups. The overall trend showed an increase in the age by which 50% of the population were anti-HAV IgG antibody: 4.48 years (1971–1972), 6 (1976), 12.49 (1990), 36.02 (2004) and 42.03 (2014).This suggests that Thailand is transitioning from low to very low HAV endemicity. Lower prevalence of HAV correlated with improved healthcare system as measured by decreased infant mortality rate and improved national economy based on increased GDP per capita. The aging HAV immuno-naïve population may be rendered susceptible to potential HAV outbreaks similar to those in industrialized countries and may benefit from targeted vaccination of high-risk groups.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Transmission of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is primarily fecal-oral. Symptomatic hepatitis, severe disease, and death are more likely to occur when infection occurs at an older age. Improvements in socioeconomic and hygienic conditions have led to a change in its epidemiology worldwide. RECENT FINDINGS In the last two decades, improved hygiene in several resource-poor countries has led to reduced transmission of HAV, an increase in average age at infection, and, consequently, a paradoxical increase in morbidity and mortality because of hepatitis A. In Argentina, introduction of one dose (instead of the conventional two doses, to reduce costs) of inactivated HAV vaccine at 12-month age in a universal childhood immunization program during such 'epidemiologic transition' has markedly reduced the incidence of symptomatic hepatitis A, and of fulminant hepatitis and liver transplantation caused by HAV infection. The monetary value of medical and nonmedical benefits of this strategy outweighed the expenditure on vaccination. These excellent results were possibly contingent upon a high vaccination coverage. SUMMARY Resource-poor countries should closely monitor the epidemiology of HAV infection and periodically undertake cost-effectiveness analyses of HAV immunization strategies. This should allow timely identification of epidemiologic transition and introduction of preventive strategies before HAV infection becomes a public health problem.
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Báez PA, Jaramillo CM, Arismendi L, Rendón JC, Cortés-Mancera F, Peláez D, González MM, Molina F, Navas MC. Evidence of the circulation of hepatitis A virus, subgenotype IA, in environmental samples from Antioquia, Colombia. Biomedica 2016; 36:135-47. [PMID: 27622803 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v36i0.2979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is an important pathogen, typically transmitted via the faecal-oral route. The epidemiology of the infection is directly related to drinking water access and adequate disposal of sewage water. OBJECTIVE To determine the presence and identify the genotype of HAV in environmental samples from eight municipalities and two villages in Antioquia, northwestern Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three serial samplings were done between December, 2012, and April, 2014. Water samples were obtained from drinking water plants prior to treatment, as well as from the main reserve of wastewater in each municipality included in the study. Viral concentrations for the two types of sample sources were determined by filtration/tangential ultrafiltration and polyethyleneglycol plus flocculation with skimmed milk, respectively. Total ARN was subsequently obtained from each sample and the VP3-VP1 region amplified for detection of the viral genome. The genotype was determined by amplification of the VP1-2B region. RESULTS The HAV genome was detected in samples from drinking water plants at Puerto Berrío, Frontino and Nutibara, and in wastewater samples from the municipalities of Arboletes, Zaragoza and Venecia. HAV subgenotype IA was identified using phylogenetic analysis. CONCLUSION In this study, HAV was identified in 6.6% of the samples from drinking water plants and 13.3% of wastewater samples. This is the first report of HAV subgenotype IA circulating in environmental samples from Antioquia.
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Domingo E. Introduction to Virus Origins and Their Role in Biological Evolution. Virus as Populations 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800837-9.00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are extremely abundant and diverse parasites of cells. They might have arisen during an early phase of the evolution of life on Earth dominated by RNA or RNA-like macromolecules, or when a cellular world was already well established. The theories of the origin of life on Earth shed light on the possible origin of primitive viruses or virus-like genetic elements in our biosphere. Some features of present day viruses, notably error-prone replication, might be a consequence of the selective forces that mediated their ancestral origin. Two views on the role of viruses in our biosphere predominate: viruses considered as opportunistic, selfish elements, and viruses considered as active participants in the construction of the cellular world via lateral transfers of genes. These two models bear on considering viruses predominantly as disease agents or predominantly as cooperators in the shaping of differentiated cellular organisms.
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