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Song N, Wu J. Synergistic induction of phytoalexins in Nicotiana attenuata by jasmonate and ethylene signaling mediated by NaWRKY70. J Exp Bot 2024; 75:1063-1080. [PMID: 37870145 PMCID: PMC10837013 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Production of the phytoalexins scopoletin and scopolin is regulated by jasmonate (JA) and ethylene signaling in Nicotiana species in response to Alternaria alternata, the necrotrophic fungal pathogen that causes brown spot disease. However, how these two signaling pathways are coordinated to control this process remains unclear. In this study, we found that the levels of these two phytoalexins and transcripts of their key enzyme gene, feruloyl-CoA 6'-hydroxylase 1 (NaF6'H1), were synergistically induced in Nicotiana attenuata by co-treatment with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ethephon. By combination of RNA sequencing and virus-induced gene silencing, we identified a WRKY transcription factor, NaWRKY70, which had a similar expression pattern to NaF6'H1 and was responsible for A. alternata-induced NaF6'H1 expression. Further evidence from stable transformed plants with RNA interference, knock out and overexpression of NaWRKY70 demonstrated that it is a key player in the synergistic induction of phytoalexins and plant resistance to A. alternata. Electrophoretic mobility shift, chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR, and dual-luciferase assays revealed that NaWRKY70 can bind directly to the NaF6'H1 promoter and activate its expression. Furthermore, the key regulator of the ethylene pathway, NaEIN3-like1, can directly bind to the NaWRKY70 promoter and activate its expression. Meanwhile, NaMYC2s, important JA pathway transcription factors, also indirectly regulate the expression of NaWRKY70 and NaF6'H1 to control scopoletin and scopolin production. Our data reveal that these phytoalexins are synergistically induced by JA and ethylene signaling during A. alternata infection, which is largely mediated by NaWRKY70, thus providing new insights into the defense responses against A. alternata in Nicotiana species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Song
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 10049, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
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2
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Afridi MS, Kumar A, Javed MA, Dubey A, de Medeiros FHV, Santoyo G. Harnessing root exudates for plant microbiome engineering and stress resistance in plants. Microbiol Res 2024; 279:127564. [PMID: 38071833 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of abiotic and biotic stresses adversely affect plant's growth and production. Under stress, one of the main responses of plants is the modulation of exudates excreted in the rhizosphere, which consequently leads to alterations in the resident microbiota. Thus, the exudates discharged into the rhizospheric environment play a preponderant role in the association and formation of plant-microbe interactions. In this review, we aimed to provide a synthesis of the latest and most pertinent literature on the diverse biochemical and structural compositions of plant root exudates. Also, this work investigates into their multifaceted role in microbial nutrition and intricate signaling processes within the rhizosphere, which includes quorum-sensing molecules. Specifically, it explores the contributions of low molecular weight compounds, such as carbohydrates, phenolics, organic acids, amino acids, and secondary metabolites, as well as the significance of high molecular weight compounds, including proteins and polysaccharides. It also discusses the state-of-the-art omics strategies that unveil the vital role of root exudates in plant-microbiome interactions, including defense against pathogens like nematodes and fungi. We propose multiple challenges and perspectives, including exploiting plant root exudates for host-mediated microbiome engineering. In this discourse, root exudates and their derived interactions with the rhizospheric microbiota should receive greater attention due to their positive influence on plant health and stress mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Siddique Afridi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Federal University of Lavras, CP3037, 37200-900 Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Metagenomics and Secretomics Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar 470003, MP, India
| | - Muhammad Ammar Javed
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Anamika Dubey
- Metagenomics and Secretomics Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar 470003, MP, India
| | | | - Gustavo Santoyo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030 Morelia, Mexico.
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3
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Wang SM, Wang YS, Cheng H. Comparative Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Analyses of Avicennia marina and Kandelia obovata under Chilling Stress during Seedling Stage. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16989. [PMID: 38069316 PMCID: PMC10707264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most productive ecosystems in the world, mangroves are susceptible to cold stress. However, there is currently insufficient knowledge of the adaptation mechanisms of mangrove plants in response to chilling stress. This study conducted a comparative analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics to investigate the adaptive responses of Kandelia obovata (chilling-tolerant) and Avicennia marina (chilling-sensitive) to 5 °C. The transcriptomics results revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mostly enriched in signal transduction, photosynthesis-related pathways, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. The expression pattern of genes involved in photosynthesis-related pathways in A. marina presented a downregulation of most DEGs, which correlated with the decrease in total chlorophyll content. In the susceptible A. marina, all DEGs encoding mitogen-activated protein kinase were upregulated. Phenylpropanoid-related genes were observed to be highly induced in K. obovata. Additionally, several metabolites, such as 4-aminobutyric acid, exhibited higher levels in K. obovata than in A. marina, suggesting that chilling-tolerant varieties regulated more metabolites in response to chilling. The investigation defined the inherent distinctions between K. obovata and A. marina in terms of signal transduction gene expression, as well as phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, during exposure to low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (S.-M.W.); (H.C.)
- Daya Bay Marine Biology Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518121, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - You-Shao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (S.-M.W.); (H.C.)
- Daya Bay Marine Biology Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518121, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (S.-M.W.); (H.C.)
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
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4
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Gao H, Ge W, Bai L, Zhang T, Zhao L, Li J, Shen J, Xu N, Zhang H, Wang G, Lin X. Proteomic analysis of leaves and roots during drought stress and recovery in Setaria italica L. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1240164. [PMID: 37885665 PMCID: PMC10598781 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1240164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a major environmental factor that limits agricultural crop productivity and threatens food security. Foxtail millet is a model crop with excellent abiotic stress tolerance and is consequently an important subject for obtaining a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying plant responses to drought and recovery. Here the physiological and proteomic responses of foxtail millet (cultivar Yugu1) leaves and roots to drought treatments and recovery were evaluated. Drought-treated foxtail millet exhibited increased relative electrolyte leakage and decreased relative water content and chlorophyll content compared to control and rewatering plants. A global analysis of protein profiles was evaluated for drought-treated and recovery treatment leaves and roots. We also identified differentially abundant proteins in drought and recovery groups, enabling comparisons between leaf and root tissue responses to the conditions. The principal component analysis suggested a clear distinction between leaf and root proteomes for the drought-treated and recovery treatment plants. Gene Ontology enrichment and co-expression analyses indicated that the biological responses of leaves differed from those in roots after drought and drought recovery. These results provide new insights and data resources to investigate the molecular basis of tissue-specific functional responses of foxtail millet during drought and recovery, thereby significantly informing crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology, Department of Life Science and Technology, College of Marine Resources and Environment, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Utilization for Featured Coarse Cereals(Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Minor Cereal Crops of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Weina Ge
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Lin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Utilization for Featured Coarse Cereals(Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Minor Cereal Crops of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Utilization for Featured Coarse Cereals(Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Minor Cereal Crops of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingshi Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology, Department of Life Science and Technology, College of Marine Resources and Environment, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Jiangjie Shen
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology, Department of Life Science and Technology, College of Marine Resources and Environment, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Ningwei Xu
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Haoshan Zhang
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Utilization for Featured Coarse Cereals(Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Minor Cereal Crops of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Genping Wang
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Utilization for Featured Coarse Cereals(Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Minor Cereal Crops of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaohu Lin
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology, Department of Life Science and Technology, College of Marine Resources and Environment, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
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5
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Yactayo-Chang JP, Block AK. The impact of climate change on maize chemical defenses. Biochem J 2023; 480:1285-1298. [PMID: 37622733 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is increasingly affecting agriculture, both at the levels of crops themselves, and by altering the distribution and damage caused by insect or microbial pests. As global food security depends on the reliable production of major crops such as maize (Zea mays), it is vital that appropriate steps are taken to mitigate these negative impacts. To do this a clear understanding of what the impacts are and how they occur is needed. This review focuses on the impact of climate change on the production and effectiveness of maize chemical defenses, including volatile organic compounds, terpenoid phytoalexins, benzoxazinoids, phenolics, and flavonoids. Drought, flooding, heat stress, and elevated concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide, all impact the production of maize chemical defenses, in a compound and tissue-specific manner. Furthermore, changes in stomatal conductance and altered soil conditions caused by climate change can impact environmental dispersal and effectiveness certain chemicals. This can alter both defensive barrier formation and multitrophic interactions. The production of defense chemicals is controlled by stress signaling networks. The use of similar networks to co-ordinate the response to abiotic and biotic stress can lead to complex integration of these networks in response to the combinatorial stresses that are likely to occur in a changing climate. The impact of multiple stressors on maize chemical defenses can therefore be different from the sum of the responses to individual stressors and challenging to predict. Much work remains to effectively leverage these protective chemicals in climate-resilient maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Yactayo-Chang
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Chemistry Research Unit, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - Anna K Block
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Chemistry Research Unit, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
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Chen X, Nowicki M, Wadl PA, Zhang C, Köllner TG, Payá‐Milans M, Huff ML, Staton ME, Chen F, Trigiano RN. Chemical profile and analysis of biosynthetic pathways and genes of volatile terpenes in Pityopsis ruthii, a rare and endangered flowering plant. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287524. [PMID: 37352235 PMCID: PMC10289357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It is critical to gather biological information about rare and endangered plants to incorporate into conservation efforts. The secondary metabolism of Pityopsis ruthii, an endangered flowering plant that only occurs along limited sections of two rivers (Ocoee and Hiwassee) in Tennessee, USA was studied. Our long-term goal is to understand the mechanisms behind P. ruthii's adaptation to restricted areas in Tennessee. Here, we profiled the secondary metabolites, specifically in flowers, with a focus on terpenes, aiming to uncover the genomic and molecular basis of terpene biosynthesis in P. ruthii flowers using transcriptomic and biochemical approaches. By comparative profiling of the nonpolar portion of metabolites from various tissues, P. ruthii flowers were rich in terpenes, which included 4 monoterpenes and 10 sesquiterpenes. These terpenes were emitted from flowers as volatiles with monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes accounting for almost 68% and 32% of total emission of terpenes, respectively. These findings suggested that floral terpenes play important roles for the biology and adaptation of P. ruthii to its limited range. To investigate the biosynthesis of floral terpenes, transcriptome data for flowers were produced and analyzed. Genes involved in the terpene biosynthetic pathway were identified and their relative expressions determined. Using this approach, 67 putative terpene synthase (TPS) contigs were detected. TPSs in general are critical for terpene biosynthesis. Seven full-length TPS genes encoding putative monoterpene and sesquiterpene synthases were cloned and functionally characterized. Three catalyzed the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes and four catalyzed the biosynthesis of monoterpenes. In conclusion, P. ruthii plants employ multiple TPS genes for the biosynthesis of a mixture of floral monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, which probably play roles in chemical defense and attracting insect pollinators alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Marcin Nowicki
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Phillip A. Wadl
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Tobias G. Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Miriam Payá‐Milans
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Matthew L. Huff
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Margaret E. Staton
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Robert N. Trigiano
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
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7
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Pasam RK, Kant S, Thoday-Kennedy E, Dimech A, Joshi S, Keeble-Gagnere G, Forrest K, Tibbits J, Hayden M. Haplotype-Based Genome-Wide Association Analysis Using Exome Capture Assay and Digital Phenotyping Identifies Genetic Loci Underlying Salt Tolerance Mechanisms in Wheat. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:2367. [PMID: 37375992 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity can impose substantial stress on plant growth and cause significant yield losses. Crop varieties tolerant to salinity stress are needed to sustain yields in saline soils. This requires effective genotyping and phenotyping of germplasm pools to identify novel genes and QTL conferring salt tolerance that can be utilised in crop breeding schemes. We investigated a globally diverse collection of 580 wheat accessions for their growth response to salinity using automated digital phenotyping performed under controlled environmental conditions. The results show that digitally collected plant traits, including digital shoot growth rate and digital senescence rate, can be used as proxy traits for selecting salinity-tolerant accessions. A haplotype-based genome-wide association study was conducted using 58,502 linkage disequilibrium-based haplotype blocks derived from 883,300 genome-wide SNPs and identified 95 QTL for salinity tolerance component traits, of which 54 were novel and 41 overlapped with previously reported QTL. Gene ontology analysis identified a suite of candidate genes for salinity tolerance, some of which are already known to play a role in stress tolerance in other plant species. This study identified wheat accessions that utilise different tolerance mechanisms and which can be used in future studies to investigate the genetic and genic basis of salinity tolerance. Our results suggest salinity tolerance has not arisen from or been bred into accessions from specific regions or groups. Rather, they suggest salinity tolerance is widespread, with small-effect genetic variants contributing to different levels of tolerance in diverse, locally adapted germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj K Pasam
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Surya Kant
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Agriculture Victoria, Grains Innovation Park, Horsham, VIC 3400, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | | | - Adam Dimech
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Sameer Joshi
- Agriculture Victoria, Grains Innovation Park, Horsham, VIC 3400, Australia
| | | | - Kerrie Forrest
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Josquin Tibbits
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Matthew Hayden
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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8
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Murphy KM, Dowd T, Khalil A, Char SN, Yang B, Endelman BJ, Shih PM, Topp C, Schmelz EA, Zerbe P. A dolabralexin-deficient mutant provides insight into specialized diterpenoid metabolism in maize. Plant Physiol 2023; 192:1338-1358. [PMID: 36896653 PMCID: PMC10231366 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Two major groups of specialized metabolites in maize (Zea mays), termed kauralexins and dolabralexins, serve as known or predicted diterpenoid defenses against pathogens, herbivores, and other environmental stressors. To consider the physiological roles of the recently discovered dolabralexin pathway, we examined dolabralexin structural diversity, tissue-specificity, and stress-elicited production in a defined biosynthetic pathway mutant. Metabolomics analyses support a larger number of dolabralexin pathway products than previously known. We identified dolabradienol as a previously undetected pathway metabolite and characterized its enzymatic production. Transcript and metabolite profiling showed that dolabralexin biosynthesis and accumulation predominantly occur in primary roots and show quantitative variation across genetically diverse inbred lines. Generation and analysis of CRISPR-Cas9-derived loss-of-function Kaurene Synthase-Like 4 (Zmksl4) mutants demonstrated dolabralexin production deficiency, thus supporting ZmKSL4 as the diterpene synthase responsible for the conversion of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate precursors into dolabradiene and downstream pathway products. Zmksl4 mutants further display altered root-to-shoot ratios and root architecture in response to water deficit. Collectively, these results demonstrate dolabralexin biosynthesis via ZmKSL4 as a committed pathway node biochemically separating kauralexin and dolabralexin metabolism, and suggest an interactive role of maize dolabralexins in plant vigor during abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Murphy
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tyler Dowd
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Ahmed Khalil
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Si Nian Char
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Benjamin J Endelman
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Patrick M Shih
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Eric A Schmelz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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9
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Liu L, Zhang Y, Tang C, Shen Q, Fu J, Wang Q. Maize Transcription Factor ZmHsf28 Positively Regulates Plant Drought Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098079. [PMID: 37175787 PMCID: PMC10179534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of central genes governing plant drought tolerance is fundamental to molecular breeding and crop improvement. Here, maize transcription factor ZmHsf28 is identified as a positive regulator of plant drought responses. ZmHsf28 exhibited inducible gene expression in response to drought and other abiotic stresses. Overexpression of ZmHsf28 diminished drought effects in Arabidopsis and maize. Gene silencing of ZmHsf28 via the technology of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) impaired maize drought tolerance. Overexpression of ZmHsf28 increased jasmonate (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA) production in transgenic maize and Arabidopsis by more than two times compared to wild-type plants under drought conditions, while it decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and elevated stomatal sensitivity significantly. Transcriptomic analysis revealed extensive gene regulation by ZmHsf28 with upregulation of JA and ABA biosynthesis genes, ROS scavenging genes, and other drought related genes. ABA treatment promoted ZmHsf28 regulation of downstream target genes. Specifically, electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) and yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assay indicated that ZmHsf28 directly bound to the target gene promoters to regulate their gene expression. Taken together, our work provided new and solid evidence that ZmHsf28 improves drought tolerance both in the monocot maize and the dicot Arabidopsis through the implication of JA and ABA signaling and other signaling pathways, shedding light on molecular breeding for drought tolerance in maize and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qinqin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jingye Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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10
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Kopecká R, Kameniarová M, Černý M, Brzobohatý B, Novák J. Abiotic Stress in Crop Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076603. [PMID: 37047573 PMCID: PMC10095105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of agricultural land undergoes abiotic stress that can significantly reduce agricultural yields. Understanding the mechanisms of plant defenses against stresses and putting this knowledge into practice is, therefore, an integral part of sustainable agriculture. In this review, we focus on current findings in plant resistance to four cardinal abiotic stressors—drought, heat, salinity, and low temperatures. Apart from the description of the newly discovered mechanisms of signaling and resistance to abiotic stress, this review also focuses on the importance of primary and secondary metabolites, including carbohydrates, amino acids, phenolics, and phytohormones. A meta-analysis of transcriptomic studies concerning the model plant Arabidopsis demonstrates the long-observed phenomenon that abiotic stressors induce different signals and effects at the level of gene expression, but genes whose regulation is similar under most stressors can still be traced. The analysis further reveals the transcriptional modulation of Golgi-targeted proteins in response to heat stress. Our analysis also highlights several genes that are similarly regulated under all stress conditions. These genes support the central role of phytohormones in the abiotic stress response, and the importance of some of these in plant resistance has not yet been studied. Finally, this review provides information about the response to abiotic stress in major European crop plants—wheat, sugar beet, maize, potatoes, barley, sunflowers, grapes, rapeseed, tomatoes, and apples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Kopecká
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Kameniarová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Novák
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
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Pérez-Llorca M, Pollmann S, Müller M. Ethylene and Jasmonates Signaling Network Mediating Secondary Metabolites under Abiotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065990. [PMID: 36983071 PMCID: PMC10051637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms that face environmental threats throughout their life cycle, but increasing global warming poses an even more existential threat. Despite these unfavorable circumstances, plants try to adapt by developing a variety of strategies coordinated by plant hormones, resulting in a stress-specific phenotype. In this context, ethylene and jasmonates (JAs) present a fascinating case of synergism and antagonism. Here, Ethylene Insensitive 3/Ethylene Insensitive-Like Protein1 (EIN3/EIL1) and Jasmonate-Zim Domain (JAZs)-MYC2 of the ethylene and JAs signaling pathways, respectively, appear to act as nodes connecting multiple networks to regulate stress responses, including secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are multifunctional organic compounds that play crucial roles in stress acclimation of plants. Plants that exhibit high plasticity in their secondary metabolism, which allows them to generate near-infinite chemical diversity through structural and chemical modifications, are likely to have a selective and adaptive advantage, especially in the face of climate change challenges. In contrast, domestication of crop plants has resulted in change or even loss in diversity of phytochemicals, making them significantly more vulnerable to environmental stresses over time. For this reason, there is a need to advance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which plant hormones and secondary metabolites respond to abiotic stress. This knowledge may help to improve the adaptability and resilience of plants to changing climatic conditions without compromising yield and productivity. Our aim in this review was to provide a detailed overview of abiotic stress responses mediated by ethylene and JAs and their impact on secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pérez-Llorca
- Department of Biology, Health and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephan Pollmann
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentación (INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Ali-Mentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maren Müller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Salam U, Ullah S, Tang Z, Elateeq AA, Khan Y, Khan J, Khan A, Ali S. Plant Metabolomics: An Overview of the Role of Primary and Secondary Metabolites against Different Environmental Stress Factors. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:706. [PMID: 36983860 PMCID: PMC10051737 DOI: 10.3390/life13030706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several environmental stresses, including biotic and abiotic factors, adversely affect the growth and development of crops, thereby lowering their yield. However, abiotic factors, e.g., drought, salinity, cold, heat, ultraviolet radiations (UVr), reactive oxygen species (ROS), trace metals (TM), and soil pH, are extremely destructive and decrease crop yield worldwide. It is expected that more than 50% of crop production losses are due to abiotic stresses. Moreover, these factors are responsible for physiological and biochemical changes in plants. The response of different plant species to such stresses is a complex phenomenon with individual features for several species. In addition, it has been shown that abiotic factors stimulate multi-gene responses by making modifications in the accumulation of the primary and secondary metabolites. Metabolomics is a promising way to interpret biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. The study of metabolic profiling revealed different types of metabolites, e.g., amino acids, carbohydrates, phenols, polyamines, terpenes, etc, which are accumulated in plants. Among all, primary metabolites, such as amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids polyamines, and glycine betaine, are considered the major contributing factors that work as osmolytes and osmoprotectants for plants from various environmental stress factors. In contrast, plant-derived secondary metabolites, e.g., phenolics, terpenoids, and nitrogen-containing compounds (alkaloids), have no direct role in the growth and development of plants. Nevertheless, such metabolites could play a significant role as a defense by protecting plants from biotic factors such as herbivores, insects, and pathogens. In addition, they can enhance the resistance against abiotic factors. Therefore, metabolomics practices are becoming essential and influential in plants by identifying different phytochemicals that are part of the acclimation responses to various stimuli. Hence, an accurate metabolome analysis is important to understand the basics of stress physiology and biochemistry. This review provides insight into the current information related to the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on variations of various sets of metabolite levels and explores how primary and secondary metabolites help plants in response to these stresses.
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Tiedge K, Li X, Merrill AT, Davisson D, Chen Y, Yu P, Tantillo DJ, Last RL, Zerbe P. Comparative transcriptomics and metabolomics reveal specialized metabolite drought stress responses in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). New Phytol 2022; 236:1393-1408. [PMID: 36028985 PMCID: PMC9912200 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a bioenergy model crop valued for its energy efficiency and drought tolerance. The related monocot species rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays) deploy species-specific, specialized metabolites as core stress defenses. By contrast, specialized chemical defenses in switchgrass are largely unknown. To investigate specialized metabolic drought responses in switchgrass, we integrated tissue-specific transcriptome and metabolite analyses of the genotypes Alamo and Cave-in-Rock that feature different drought tolerance. The more drought-susceptible Cave-in-Rock featured an earlier onset of transcriptomic changes and significantly more differentially expressed genes in response to drought compared to Alamo. Specialized pathways showed moderate differential expression compared to pronounced transcriptomic alterations in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. However, diterpenoid-biosynthetic genes showed drought-inducible expression in Alamo roots, contrasting largely unaltered triterpenoid and phenylpropanoid pathways. Metabolomic analyses identified common and genotype-specific flavonoids and terpenoids. Consistent with transcriptomic alterations, several root diterpenoids showed significant drought-induced accumulation, whereas triterpenoid abundance remained predominantly unchanged. Structural analysis verified select drought-responsive diterpenoids as oxygenated furanoditerpenoids. Drought-dependent transcriptome and metabolite profiles provide the foundation to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying switchgrass drought responses. Accumulation of specialized root diterpenoids and corresponding pathway transcripts supports a role in drought stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Tiedge
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCA95616USA
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of Groningen9747AG Groningenthe Netherlands
| | - Xingxing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Amy T. Merrill
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California, DavisDavisCA95616USA
| | - Danielle Davisson
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCA95616USA
| | - Yuxuan Chen
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCA95616USA
| | - Ping Yu
- NMR FacilityUniversity of California, DavisDavisCA95616USA
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California, DavisDavisCA95616USA
| | - Robert L. Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Department Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCA95616USA
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Ali S, Khan N, Tang Y. Epigenetic marks for mitigating abiotic stresses in plants. J Plant Physiol 2022; 275:153740. [PMID: 35716656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stressors are one of the major factors affecting agricultural output. Plants have evolved adaptive systems to respond appropriately to various environmental cues. These responses can be accomplished by modulating or fine-tuning genetic and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. Understanding the response of plants' molecular features to abiotic stress is a priority in the current period of continued environmental changes. Epigenetic modifications are necessary that control gene expression by changing chromatin status and recruiting various transcription regulators. The present study summarized the current knowledge on epigenetic modifications concerning plant responses to various environmental stressors. The functional relevance of epigenetic marks in regulating stress tolerance has been revealed, and epigenetic changes impact the effector genes. This study looks at the epigenetic mechanisms that govern plant abiotic stress responses, especially DNA methylation, histone methylation/acetylation, chromatin remodeling, and various metabolites. Plant breeders will benefit from a thorough understanding of these processes to create alternative crop improvement approaches. Genome editing with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR/Cas) provides genetic tools to make agricultural genetic engineering more sustainable and publicly acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Ali
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science, Longhua Institute of Innovative Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong Province, China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Naeem Khan
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Yulin Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science, Longhua Institute of Innovative Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong Province, China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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Sudalaimuthuasari N, Ali R, Kottackal M, Rafi M, Al Nuaimi M, Kundu B, Al-Maskari RS, Wang X, Mishra AK, Balan J, Chaluvadi SR, Al Ansari F, Bennetzen JL, Purugganan MD, Hazzouri KM, Amiri KMA. The Genome of the Mimosoid Legume Prosopis cineraria, a Desert Tree. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158503. [PMID: 35955640 PMCID: PMC9369113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mimosoid legumes are a clade of ~40 genera in the Caesalpinioideae subfamily of the Fabaceae that grow in tropical and subtropical regions. Unlike the better studied Papilionoideae, there are few genomic resources within this legume group. The tree Prosopis cineraria is native to the Near East and Indian subcontinent, where it thrives in very hot desert environments. To develop a tool to better understand desert plant adaptation mechanisms, we sequenced the P. cineraria genome to near-chromosomal assembly, with a total sequence length of ~691 Mb. We predicted 77,579 gene models (76,554 CDS, 361 rRNAs and 664 tRNAs) from the assembled genome, among them 55,325 (~72%) protein-coding genes that were functionally annotated. This genome was found to consist of over 58% repeat sequences, primarily long terminal repeats (LTR-)-retrotransposons. We find an expansion of terpenoid metabolism genes in P. cineraria and its relative Prosopis alba, but not in other legumes. We also observed an amplification of NBS-LRR disease-resistance genes correlated with LTR-associated retrotransposition, and identified 410 retrogenes with an active burst of chimeric retrogene creation that approximately occurred at the same time of divergence of P. cineraria from a common lineage with P. alba~23 Mya. These retrogenes include many biotic defense responses and abiotic stress stimulus responses, as well as the early Nodulin 93 gene. Nodulin 93 gene amplification is consistent with an adaptive response of the species to the low nitrogen in arid desert soil. Consistent with these results, our differentially expressed genes show a tissue specific expression of isoprenoid pathways in shoots, but not in roots, as well as important genes involved in abiotic salt stress in both tissues. Overall, the genome sequence of P. cineraria enriches our understanding of the genomic mechanisms of its disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance. Thus, it is a very important step in crop and legume improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naganeeswaran Sudalaimuthuasari
- Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box. 15551, United Arab Emirates; (N.S.); (R.A.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (M.A.N.); (A.K.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Rashid Ali
- Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box. 15551, United Arab Emirates; (N.S.); (R.A.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (M.A.N.); (A.K.M.); (J.B.)
- Mitrix Bio., 400 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Martin Kottackal
- Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box. 15551, United Arab Emirates; (N.S.); (R.A.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (M.A.N.); (A.K.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Mohammed Rafi
- Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box. 15551, United Arab Emirates; (N.S.); (R.A.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (M.A.N.); (A.K.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Mariam Al Nuaimi
- Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box. 15551, United Arab Emirates; (N.S.); (R.A.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (M.A.N.); (A.K.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Biduth Kundu
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box. 15551, United Arab Emirates; (B.K.); (R.S.A.-M.); (F.A.A.)
| | - Raja Saeed Al-Maskari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box. 15551, United Arab Emirates; (B.K.); (R.S.A.-M.); (F.A.A.)
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (X.W.); (S.R.C.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Ajay Kumar Mishra
- Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box. 15551, United Arab Emirates; (N.S.); (R.A.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (M.A.N.); (A.K.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Jithin Balan
- Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box. 15551, United Arab Emirates; (N.S.); (R.A.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (M.A.N.); (A.K.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Srinivasa R. Chaluvadi
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (X.W.); (S.R.C.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Fatima Al Ansari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box. 15551, United Arab Emirates; (B.K.); (R.S.A.-M.); (F.A.A.)
| | - Jeffrey L. Bennetzen
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (X.W.); (S.R.C.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Michael D. Purugganan
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box. 129188, United Arab Emirates;
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Khaled M. Hazzouri
- Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box. 15551, United Arab Emirates; (N.S.); (R.A.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (M.A.N.); (A.K.M.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: (K.M.H.); (K.M.A.A.); Tel.: +971-37135624 (K.M.A.A.)
| | - Khaled M. A. Amiri
- Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box. 15551, United Arab Emirates; (N.S.); (R.A.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (M.A.N.); (A.K.M.); (J.B.)
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box. 15551, United Arab Emirates; (B.K.); (R.S.A.-M.); (F.A.A.)
- Correspondence: (K.M.H.); (K.M.A.A.); Tel.: +971-37135624 (K.M.A.A.)
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Bano N, Fakhrah S, Mohanty CS, Bag SK. Transcriptome Meta-Analysis Associated Targeting Hub Genes and Pathways of Drought and Salt Stress Responses in Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum): A Network Biology Approach. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:818472. [PMID: 35548277 PMCID: PMC9083274 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.818472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress tolerance is an intricate feature controlled through several genes and networks in the plant system. In abiotic stress, salt, and drought are well known to limit cotton productivity. Transcriptomics meta-analysis has arisen as a robust method to unravel the stress-responsive molecular network in crops. In order to understand drought and salt stress tolerance mechanisms, a meta-analysis of transcriptome studies is crucial. To confront these issues, here, we have given details of genes and networks associated with significant differential expression in response to salt and drought stress. The key regulatory hub genes of drought and salt stress conditions have notable associations with functional drought and salt stress-responsive (DSSR) genes. In the network study, nodulation signaling pathways 2 (NSP2), Dehydration-responsive element1 D (DRE1D), ethylene response factor (ERF61), cycling DOF factor 1 (CDF1), and tubby like protein 3 (TLP3) genes in drought and tubby like protein 1 (TLP1), thaumatin-like proteins (TLP), ethylene-responsive transcription factor ERF109 (EF109), ETS-Related transcription Factor (ELF4), and Arabidopsis thaliana homeodomain leucine-zipper gene (ATHB7) genes in salt showed the significant putative functions and pathways related to providing tolerance against drought and salt stress conditions along with the significant expression values. These outcomes provide potential candidate genes for further in-depth functional studies in cotton, which could be useful for the selection of an improved genotype of Gossypium hirsutum against drought and salt stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreen Bano
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Shafquat Fakhrah
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Lucknow, India
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Chandra Sekhar Mohanty
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Bag
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Yan Y, Li M, Zhang X, Kong W, Bendahmane M, Bao M, Fu X. Tissue-Specific Expression of the Terpene Synthase Family Genes in Rosa chinensis and Effect of Abiotic Stress Conditions. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030547. [PMID: 35328100 PMCID: PMC8950262 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rose (Rosa chinensis) is one of the most famous ornamental plants worldwide, with a variety of colors and fragrances. Terpene synthases (TPSs) play critical roles in the biosynthesis of terpenes. In this work, we report a comprehensive study on the genome-wide identification and characterization of the TPS family in R. chinensis. We identified 49 TPS genes in the R. chinensis genome, and they were grouped into five subfamilies (TPS-a, TPS-b, TPS-c, TPS-g and TPS-e/f). Phylogenetics, gene structure and conserved motif analyses indicated that the RcTPS genes possessed relatively conserved gene structures and the RcTPS proteins contained relatively conserved motifs. Multiple putative cis-acting elements involved in the stress response were identified in the promoter region of RcTPS genes, suggesting that some could be regulated by stress. The expression profile of RcTPS genes showed that they were predominantly expressed in the petals of open flowers, pistils, leaves and roots. Under osmotic and heat stresses, the expression of most RcTPS genes was upregulated. These data provide a useful foundation for deciphering the functional roles of RcTPS genes during plant growth as well as addressing the link between terpene biosynthesis and abiotic stress responses in roses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Y.); (M.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Mouliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Y.); (M.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Xiaoni Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China; (X.Z.); (W.K.)
| | - Weilong Kong
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China; (X.Z.); (W.K.)
| | - Mohammed Bendahmane
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Development des Plantes, Ecole Normale Supérieure Lyon, 520074 Lyon, France;
| | - Manzhu Bao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Y.); (M.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Xiaopeng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Y.); (M.L.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-159-2625-8658; Fax: +86-027-8728-2010
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Abdirad S, Ghaffari MR, Majd A, Irian S, Soleymaniniya A, Daryani P, Koobaz P, Shobbar ZS, Farsad LK, Yazdanpanah P, Sadri A, Mirzaei M, Ghorbanzadeh Z, Kazemi M, Hadidi N, Haynes PA, Salekdeh GH. Genome-Wide Expression Analysis of Root Tips in Contrasting Rice Genotypes Revealed Novel Candidate Genes for Water Stress Adaptation. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:792079. [PMID: 35265092 PMCID: PMC8899714 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.792079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) is an important agronomic trait with vital roles in plant productivity under water stress conditions. A deep and branched root system may help plants to avoid water stress by enabling them to acquire more water and nutrient resources. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the genetics and molecular control mechanisms of RSA is still relatively limited. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome response of root tips to water stress in two well-known genotypes of rice: IR64, a high-yielding lowland genotype, which represents a drought-susceptible and shallow-rooting genotype; and Azucena, a traditional, upland, drought-tolerant and deep-rooting genotype. We collected samples from three zones (Z) of root tip: two consecutive 5 mm sections (Z1 and Z2) and the following next 10 mm section (Z3), which mainly includes meristematic and maturation regions. Our results showed that Z1 of Azucena was enriched for genes involved in cell cycle and division and root growth and development whereas in IR64 root, responses to oxidative stress were strongly enriched. While the expansion of the lateral root system was used as a strategy by both genotypes when facing water shortage, it was more pronounced in Azucena. Our results also suggested that by enhancing meristematic cell wall thickening for insulation purposes as a means of confronting stress, the sensitive IR64 genotype may have reduced its capacity for root elongation to extract water from deeper layers of the soil. Furthermore, several members of gene families such as NAC, AP2/ERF, AUX/IAA, EXPANSIN, WRKY, and MYB emerged as main players in RSA and drought adaptation. We also found that HSP and HSF gene families participated in oxidative stress inhibition in IR64 root tip. Meta-quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis revealed that 288 differentially expressed genes were colocalized with RSA QTLs previously reported under drought and normal conditions. This finding warrants further research into their possible roles in drought adaptation. Overall, our analyses presented several major molecular differences between Azucena and IR64, which may partly explain their differential root growth responses to water stress. It appears that Azucena avoided water stress through enhancing growth and root exploration to access water, whereas IR64 might mainly rely on cell insulation to maintain water and antioxidant system to withstand stress. We identified a large number of novel RSA and drought associated candidate genes, which should encourage further exploration of their potential to enhance drought adaptation in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Abdirad
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ghaffari
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ahmad Majd
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Irian
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Parisa Daryani
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Parisa Koobaz
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Zahra-Sadat Shobbar
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Laleh Karimi Farsad
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Parisa Yazdanpanah
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sadri
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Zahra Ghorbanzadeh
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mehrbano Kazemi
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Naghmeh Hadidi
- Department of Clinical Research and Electronic Microscope, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paul A. Haynes
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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19
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Shahi A, Mafu S. Specialized metabolites as mediators for plant-fungus crosstalk and their evolving roles. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2021; 64:102141. [PMID: 34814027 PMCID: PMC8671350 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants, fungi, and bacteria produce numerous natural products with bioactive properties essential for ecological adaptation. Because of their chemical complexity, these natural products have been adapted for diverse applications in industry. The discovery of their biosynthetic pathways has been accelerated due to improved 'omics' approaches, metabolic engineering, and the availability of genetic manipulation techniques. Ongoing research into these metabolites is not only resolving the enzymatic diversity underlying their biosynthesis but also delving into the physiological and mechanistic basis of their modes of action. This review highlights progress made in the elucidation of biosynthetic pathways and biological roles of specialized metabolites, focusing on some that play important roles at the interface of plant-fungus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayousha Shahi
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 240 Thatcher Way, Life Science Laboratories, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sibongile Mafu
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 240 Thatcher Way, Life Science Laboratories, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, 240 Thatcher Way, Life Science Laboratories, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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20
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Wei X, Klinkhamer PGL, Mulder PPJ, van der Veen-van Wijk K, Vrieling K. Seasonal variation in defence compounds: A case study on pyrrolizidine alkaloids of clones of Jacobaea vulgaris, Jacobaea aquatica and their hybrids. Plant Sci 2021; 313:111067. [PMID: 34763859 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Concentration of plant secondary metabolites (SMs) show seasonal variations. However, it is still not well understood how these abiotic and biotic factors influence the seasonal variations of SMs. In addition, it is of interest to know if and how SMs are reallocated to the different plant organs, in particular whether SMs are reallocated to the remaining tissues when biomass is lost, e.g., during winter. Here we used Jacobaea vulgaris, Jacobaea aquatica, two F1 and four F2 hybrids that differed in their pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) bouquet as a study system. A series of clones of these genotypes were investigated during their vegetative stage spanning 14 months in a semi-natural environment. We found that the total PA concentration in roots and shoots showed a gradual increase until the spring of the second year, whereafter it dropped substantially in shoots. The variation in PA composition due to seasonal changes was significant but relatively small. Senecionine-like PAs were the dominant PAs in roots, while jacobine-/erucifoline-like PAs were dominant in shoots. The variation of PA concentration was significantly correlated with temperature, day length, and plant age. A correlation analysis showed that PAs were not reallocated when biomass was lost in winter. Overall, our study showed that PA composition of each genotype changed over seasons in a different manner but seasonal variation did not overrule the differences in PA composition among genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqin Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China; Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick P J Mulder
- Wageningen Food Safety Research-Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Karin van der Veen-van Wijk
- Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
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21
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Muchlinski A, Jia M, Tiedge K, Fell JS, Pelot KA, Chew L, Davisson D, Chen Y, Siegel J, Lovell JT, Zerbe P. Cytochrome P450-catalyzed biosynthesis of furanoditerpenoids in the bioenergy crop switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Plant J 2021; 108:1053-1068. [PMID: 34514645 PMCID: PMC9292899 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Specialized diterpenoid metabolites are important mediators of plant-environment interactions in monocot crops. To understand metabolite functions in plant environmental adaptation that ultimately can enable crop improvement strategies, a deeper knowledge of the underlying species-specific biosynthetic pathways is required. Here, we report the genomics-enabled discovery of five cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP71Z25-CYP71Z29) that form previously unknown furanoditerpenoids in the monocot bioenergy crop Panicum virgatum (switchgrass). Combinatorial pathway reconstruction showed that CYP71Z25-CYP71Z29 catalyze furan ring addition directly to primary diterpene alcohol intermediates derived from distinct class II diterpene synthase products. Transcriptional co-expression patterns and the presence of select diterpenoids in switchgrass roots support the occurrence of P450-derived furanoditerpenoids in planta. Integrating molecular dynamics, structural analysis and targeted mutagenesis identified active site determinants that contribute to the distinct catalytic specificities underlying the broad substrate promiscuity of CYP71Z25-CYP71Z29 for native and non-native diterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Muchlinski
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
- Present address:
Firmenich Inc.4767 Nexus Center Dr.San DiegoCalifornia9212USA
| | - Meirong Jia
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
- Present address:
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural ProductsInstitute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100050China
| | - Kira Tiedge
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Jason S. Fell
- Genome CenterUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Kyle A. Pelot
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Lisl Chew
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Danielle Davisson
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Yuxuan Chen
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Justin Siegel
- Genome CenterUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular MedicineUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - John T. Lovell
- Genome Sequencing CenterHudson Alpha Institute for BiotechnologyHuntsvilleAlabama35806USA
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
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22
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Gulzar F, Fu J, Zhu C, Yan J, Li X, Meraj TA, Shen Q, Hassan B, Wang Q. Maize WRKY Transcription Factor ZmWRKY79 Positively Regulates Drought Tolerance through Elevating ABA Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10080. [PMID: 34576244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought stress causes heavy damages to crop growth and productivity under global climatic changes. Transcription factors have been extensively studied in many crops to play important roles in plant growth and defense. However, there is a scarcity of studies regarding WRKY transcription factors regulating drought responses in maize crops. Previously, ZmWRKY79 was identified as the regulator of maize phytoalexin biosynthesis with inducible expression under different elicitation. Here, we elucidated the function of ZmWRKY79 in drought stress through regulating ABA biosynthesis. The overexpression of ZmWRKY79 in Arabidopsis improved the survival rate under drought stress, which was accompanied by more lateral roots, lower stomatal aperture, and water loss. ROS scavenging was also boosted by ZmWRKY79 to result in less H2O2 and MDA accumulation and increased antioxidant enzyme activities. Further analysis detected more ABA production in ZmWRKY79 overexpression lines under drought stress, which was consistent with up-regulated ABA biosynthetic gene expression by RNA-seq analysis. ZmWRKY79 was observed to target ZmAAO3 genes in maize protoplast through acting on the specific W-boxes of the corresponding gene promoters. Virus-induced gene silencing of ZmWRKY79 in maize resulted in compromised drought tolerance with more H2O2 accumulation and weaker root system architecture. Together, this study substantiates the role of ZmWRKY79 in the drought-tolerance mechanism through regulating ABA biosynthesis, suggesting its broad functions not only as the regulator in phytoalexin biosynthesis against pathogen infection but also playing the positive role in abiotic stress response, which provides a WRKY candidate gene to improve drought tolerance for maize and other crop plants.
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23
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Block AK, Tang HV, Hopkins D, Mendoza J, Solemslie RK, du Toit LJ, Christensen SA. A maize leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase mediates responses to fungal attack. Planta 2021; 254:73. [PMID: 34529190 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03730-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A maize receptor kinase controls defense response to fungal pathogens by regulating jasmonic acid and antimicrobial phytoalexin production. Plants use a range of pattern recognition receptors to detect and respond to biotic threats. Some of these receptors contain leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains that recognize microbial proteins or peptides. Maize (Zea mays) has 226 LRR-receptor like kinases, making it challenging to identify those important for pathogen recognition. In this study, co-expression analysis with genes for jasmonic acid and phytoalexin biosynthesis was used to identify a fungal induced-receptor like protein kinase (FI-RLPK) likely involved in the response to fungal pathogens. Loss-of-function mutants in fi-rlpk displayed enhanced susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus and reduced accumulation of jasmonic acid and the anti-microbial phytoalexins -kauralexins and zealexins- in infected tissues. In contrast, fi-rlpk mutants displayed increased resistance to stem inoculation with the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. These data indicate that FI-RLPK is important for fungal recognition and activation of defenses, and that F. graminearum may be able to exploit FI-RLPK function to increase its virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Block
- Chemistry Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Hoang V Tang
- Chemistry Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dorothea Hopkins
- Chemistry Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Sakata Seed America, Inc., Ft. Myers Research Station, Fort Myers, FL, USA
| | - Jorrel Mendoza
- Chemistry Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ryan K Solemslie
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA, USA
- Sakata Seed America, Inc., Mount Vernon Research Station, Mount Vernon, WA, USA
| | - Lindsey J du Toit
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA, USA
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- Chemistry Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
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24
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Liang J, Shen Q, Wang L, Liu J, Fu J, Zhao L, Xu M, Peters RJ, Wang Q. Rice contains a biosynthetic gene cluster associated with production of the casbane-type diterpenoid phytoalexin ent-10-oxodepressin. New Phytol 2021; 231:85-93. [PMID: 33892515 PMCID: PMC9044444 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Diterpenoids play important roles in rice microbial disease resistance as phytoalexins, as well as acting in allelopathy and abiotic stress responses. Recently, the casbane-type phytoalexin ent-10-oxodepressin was identified in rice, but its biosynthesis has not yet been elucidated. Here ent-10-oxodepressin biosynthesis was investigated via co-expression analysis and biochemical characterisation, with use of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology for genetic analysis. The results identified a biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) on rice chromosome 7 (c7BGC), containing the relevant ent-casbene synthase (OsECBS), and four cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes from the CYP71Z subfamily. Three of these CYPs were shown to act on ent-casbene, with CYP71Z2 able to produce a keto group at carbon-5 (C5), while the closely related paralogues CYP71Z21 and CYP71Z22 both readily produce a keto group at C10. Together these C5 and C10 oxidases can elaborate ent-casbene to ent-10-oxodepressin (5,10-diketo-ent-casbene). OsECBS knockout lines no longer produce casbane-type diterpenoids and exhibit impaired resistance to the rice fungal blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Elucidation of ent-10-oxodepressin biosynthesis and the associated c7BGC provides not only a potential target for molecular breeding, but also, gives the intriguing parallels to the independently assembled BGCs for casbene-derived diterpenoids in the Euphorbiaceae, further insight into plant BGC evolution, as discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Qinqin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Liping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jingye Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Le Zhao
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Meimei Xu
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
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25
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Rizaludin MS, Stopnisek N, Raaijmakers JM, Garbeva P. The Chemistry of Stress: Understanding the 'Cry for Help' of Plant Roots. Metabolites 2021; 11:357. [PMID: 34199628 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are faced with various biotic and abiotic stresses during their life cycle. To withstand these stresses, plants have evolved adaptive strategies including the production of a wide array of primary and secondary metabolites. Some of these metabolites can have direct defensive effects, while others act as chemical cues attracting beneficial (micro)organisms for protection. Similar to aboveground plant tissues, plant roots also appear to have evolved “a cry for help” response upon exposure to stress, leading to the recruitment of beneficial microorganisms to help minimize the damage caused by the stress. Furthermore, emerging evidence indicates that microbial recruitment to the plant roots is, at least in part, mediated by quantitative and/or qualitative changes in root exudate composition. Both volatile and water-soluble compounds have been implicated as important signals for the recruitment and activation of beneficial root-associated microbes. Here we provide an overview of our current understanding of belowground chemical communication, particularly how stressed plants shape its protective root microbiome.
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26
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27
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Jogawat A, Yadav B, Lakra N, Singh AK, Narayan OP. Crosstalk between phytohormones and secondary metabolites in the drought stress tolerance of crop plants: A review. Physiol Plant 2021; 172:1106-1132. [PMID: 33421146 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress negatively affects crop performance and weakens global food security. It triggers the activation of downstream pathways, mainly through phytohormones homeostasis and their signaling networks, which further initiate the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (SMs). Roots sense drought stress, the signal travels to the above-ground tissues to induce systemic phytohormones signaling. The systemic signals further trigger the biosynthesis of SMs and stomatal closure to prevent water loss. SMs primarily scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) to protect plants from lipid peroxidation and also perform additional defense-related functions. Moreover, drought-induced volatile SMs can alert the plant tissues to perform drought stress mitigating functions in plants. Other phytohormone-induced stress responses include cell wall and cuticle thickening, root and leaf morphology alteration, and anatomical changes of roots, stems, and leaves, which in turn minimize the oxidative stress, water loss, and other adverse effects of drought. Exogenous applications of phytohormones and genetic engineering of phytohormones signaling and biosynthesis pathways mitigate the drought stress effects. Direct modulation of the SMs biosynthetic pathway genes or indirect via phytohormones' regulation provides drought tolerance. Thus, phytohormones and SMs play key roles in plant development under the drought stress environment in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bindu Yadav
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nita Lakra
- Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Om Prakash Narayan
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
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28
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Zhang J, Li R, Xu M, Hoffmann RI, Zhang Y, Liu B, Zhang M, Yang B, Li Z, Peters RJ. A (conditional) role for labdane-related diterpenoid natural products in rice stomatal closure. New Phytol 2021; 230:698-709. [PMID: 33458815 PMCID: PMC7969454 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) is the staple food for over half the world's population. Drought stress imposes major constraints on rice yields. Intriguingly, labdane-related diterpenoid (LRD) phytoalexins in maize (Zea mays) affect drought tolerance, as indicated by the increased susceptibility of an insertion mutant of the class II diterpene cyclase ZmCPS2/An2 that initiates such biosynthesis. Rice also produces LRD phytoalexins, utilizing OsCPS2 and OsCPS4 to initiate a complex metabolic network. For genetic studies of rice LRD biosynthesis the fast-growing Kitaake cultivar was selected for targeted mutagenesis via CRISPR/Cas9, with an initial focus on OsCPS2 and OsCPS4. The resulting cps2 and cps4 knockout lines were further crossed to create a cps2x4 double mutant. Both CPSs also were overexpressed. Strikingly, all of the cv Kitaake cps mutants exhibit significantly increased susceptibility to drought, which was associated with reduced stomatal closure that was evident even under well-watered conditions. However, CPS overexpression did not increase drought resistance, and cps mutants in other cultivars did not alter susceptibility to drought, although these also exhibited lesser effects on LRD production. The results suggest that LRDs may act as a regulatory switch that triggers stomatal closure in rice, which might reflect the role of these openings in microbial entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
- State Key Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Riqing Li
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
| | - Meimei Xu
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
| | - Rachel I. Hoffmann
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
| | - Yushi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
| | - Mingcai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, U.S.A
| | - Zhaohu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Reuben J. Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
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Taylor L, Gutierrez S, McCormick SP, Bakker MG, Proctor RH, Teresi J, Kurtzman B, Hao G, Vaughan MM. Use of the volatile trichodiene to reduce Fusarium head blight and trichothecene contamination in wheat. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 15:513-527. [PMID: 33528888 PMCID: PMC8867995 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the primary cause of Fusarium head blight (FHB), one of the most economically important diseases of wheat worldwide. FHB reduces yield and contaminates grain with the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), which poses a risk to plant, human and animal health. The first committed step in trichothecene biosynthesis is formation of trichodiene (TD). The volatile nature of TD suggests that it could be a useful intra or interspecies signalling molecule, but little is known about the potential signalling role of TD during F. graminearum‐wheat interactions. Previous work using a transgenic Trichoderma harzianum strain engineered to emit TD (Th + TRI5) indicated that TD can function as a signal that can modulate pathogen virulence and host plant resistance. Herein, we demonstrate that Th + TRI5 has enhanced biocontrol activity against F. graminearum and reduced DON contamination by 66% and 70% in a moderately resistant and a susceptible cultivar, respectively. While Th + TRI5 volatiles significantly influenced the expression of the pathogenesis‐related 1 (PR1) gene, the effect was dependent on cultivar. Th + TRI5 volatiles strongly reduced DON production in F. graminearum plate cultures and downregulated the expression of TRI genes. Finally, we confirm that TD fumigation reduced DON accumulation in a detached wheat head assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Taylor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Santiago Gutierrez
- Molecular Biology Department, University of Leon, Campus de Ponferrada, Avda. Astorga s/n 24400, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Susan P McCormick
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Matthew G Bakker
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Jennifer Teresi
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Ben Kurtzman
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Guixia Hao
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Martha M Vaughan
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
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30
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Murphy KM, Edwards J, Louie KB, Bowen BP, Sundaresan V, Northen TR, Zerbe P. Bioactive diterpenoids impact the composition of the root-associated microbiome in maize (Zea mays). Sci Rep 2021; 11:333. [PMID: 33431904 PMCID: PMC7801432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants deploy both primary and species-specific, specialized metabolites to communicate with other organisms and adapt to environmental challenges, including interactions with soil-dwelling microbial communities. However, the role of specialized metabolites in modulating plant-microbiome interactions often remains elusive. In this study, we report that maize (Zea mays) diterpenoid metabolites with known antifungal bioactivities also influence rhizosphere bacterial communities. Metabolite profiling showed that dolabralexins, antibiotic diterpenoids that are highly abundant in roots of some maize varieties, can be exuded from the roots. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing determined the bacterial community composition of the maize mutant Zman2 (anther ear 2), which is deficient in dolabralexins and closely related bioactive kauralexin diterpenoids. The Zman2 rhizosphere microbiome differed significantly from the wild-type sibling with the most significant changes observed for Alphaproteobacteria of the order Sphingomonadales. Metabolomics analyses support that these differences are attributed to the diterpenoid deficiency of the Zman2 mutant, rather than other large-scale metabolome alterations. Together, these findings support physiological functions of maize diterpenoids beyond known chemical defenses, including the assembly of the rhizosphere microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Murphy
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Joseph Edwards
- Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, 2405 Speedway, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Katherine B Louie
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Benjamin P Bowen
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, M/S 100PFG100, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Venkatesan Sundaresan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Trent R Northen
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, M/S 100PFG100, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
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31
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Chávez-Arias CC, Ligarreto-Moreno GA, Ramírez-Godoy A, Restrepo-Díaz H. Maize Responses Challenged by Drought, Elevated Daytime Temperature and Arthropod Herbivory Stresses: A Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular View. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:702841. [PMID: 34367221 PMCID: PMC8341156 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.702841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the main cereals grown around the world. It is used for human and animal nutrition and also as biofuel. However, as a direct consequence of global climate change, increased abiotic and biotic stress events have been reported in different regions of the world, which have become a threat to world maize yields. Drought and heat are environmental stresses that influence the growth, development, and yield processes of maize crops. Plants have developed dynamic responses at the physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels that allow them to escape, avoid and/or tolerate unfavorable environmental conditions. Arthropod herbivory can generate resistance or tolerance responses in plants that are associated with inducible and constitutive defenses. Increases in the frequency and severity of abiotic stress events (drought and heat), as a consequence of climate change, can generate critical variations in plant-insect interactions. However, the behavior of herbivorous arthropods under drought scenarios is not well understood, and this kind of stress may have some positive and negative effects on arthropod populations. The simultaneous appearance of different environmental stresses and biotic factors results in very complex plant responses. In this review, recent information is provided on the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of plants to the combination of drought, heat stress, and the effect on some arthropod pests of interest in the maize crop.
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Antonucci G, Croci M, Miras-Moreno B, Fracasso A, Amaducci S. Integration of Gas Exchange With Metabolomics: High-Throughput Phenotyping Methods for Screening Biostimulant-Elicited Beneficial Responses to Short-Term Water Deficit. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:678925. [PMID: 34140966 PMCID: PMC8204046 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.678925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Biostimulants are emerging as a feasible tool for counteracting reduction in climate change-related yield and quality under water scarcity. As they are gaining attention, the necessity for accurately assessing phenotypic variables in their evaluation is emerging as a critical issue. In light of this, high-throughput phenotyping techniques have been more widely adopted. The main bottleneck of these techniques is represented by data management, which needs to be tailored to the complex, often multifactorial, data. This calls for the adoption of non-linear regression models capable of capturing dynamic data and also the interaction and effects between multiple factors. In this framework, a commercial glycinebetaine- (GB-) based biostimulant (Vegetal B60, ED&F Man) was tested and distributed at a rate of 6 kg/ha. Exogenous application of GB, a widely accumulated and documented stress adaptor molecule in plants, has been demonstrated to enhance the plant abiotic stress tolerance, including drought. Trials were conducted on tomato plants during the flowering stage in a greenhouse. The experiment was designed as a factorial combination of irrigation (water-stressed and well-watered) and biostimulant treatment (treated and control) and adopted a mixed phenotyping-omics approach. The efficacy of a continuous whole-canopy multichamber system coupled with generalized additive mixed modeling (GAMM) was evaluated to discriminate between water-stressed plants under the biostimulant treatment. Photosynthetic performance was evaluated by using GAMM, and was then correlated to metabolic profile. The results confirmed a higher photosynthetic efficiency of the treated plants, which is correlated to biostimulant-mediated drought tolerance. Furthermore, metabolomic analyses demonstrated the priming effect of the biostimulant for stress tolerance and detoxification and stabilization of photosynthetic machinery. In support of this, the overaccumulation of carotenoids was particularly relevant, given their photoprotective role in preventing the overexcitation of photosystem II. Metabolic profile and photosynthetic performance findings suggest an increased effective use of water (EUW) through the overaccumulation of lipids and leaf thickening. The positive effect of GB on water stress resistance could be attributed to both the delayed onset of stress and the elicitation of stress priming through the induction of H2O2-mediated antioxidant mechanisms. Overall, the mixed approach supported by a GAMM analysis could prove a valuable contribution to high-throughput biostimulant testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Antonucci
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (UCSC), Piacenza, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giulia Antonucci
| | - Michele Croci
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (UCSC), Piacenza, Italy
| | - Begoña Miras-Moreno
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Research Centre for Nutrigenomics and Proteomics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fracasso
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (UCSC), Piacenza, Italy
| | - Stefano Amaducci
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (UCSC), Piacenza, Italy
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Zhang Z, Hu M, Xu W, Wang Y, Huang K, Zhang C, Wen J. Understanding the molecular mechanism of anther development under abiotic stresses. Plant Mol Biol 2021; 105:1-10. [PMID: 32930929 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The developmental stage of anther development is generally more sensitive to abiotic stress than other stages of growth. Specific ROS levels, plant hormones and carbohydrate metabolism are disturbed in anthers subjected to abiotic stresses. As sessile organisms, plants are often challenged to multiple extreme abiotic stresses, such as drought, heat, cold, salinity and metal stresses in the field, which reduce plant growth, productivity and yield. The development of reproductive stage is more susceptible to abiotic stresses than the vegetative stage. Anther, the male reproductive organ that generate pollen grains, is more sensitive to abiotic stresses than female organs. Abiotic stresses affect all the processes of anther development, including tapetum development and degradation, microsporogenesis and pollen development, anther dehiscence, and filament elongation. In addition, abiotic stresses significantly interrupt phytohormone, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, alter reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis in anthers, which are strongly responsible for the loss of pollen fertility. At present, the precise molecular mechanisms of anther development under adverse abiotic stresses are still not fully understood. Therefore, more emphasis should be given to understand molecular control of anther development during abiotic stresses to engineer crops with better crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaibao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China.
| | - Menghui Hu
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Weiwei Xu
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Ke Huang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Jie Wen
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
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34
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Niron H, Barlas N, Salih B, Türet M. Comparative Transcriptome, Metabolome, and Ionome Analysis of Two Contrasting Common Bean Genotypes in Saline Conditions. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:599501. [PMID: 33362832 PMCID: PMC7758407 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.599501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress factor that limits agricultural productivity worldwide, and this problem is expected to grow in the future. Common bean is an important protein source in developing countries however highly susceptible to salt stress. To understand the underlying mechanism of salt stress responses, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and ion content analysis were performed on both salt-tolerant and susceptible common bean genotypes in saline conditions. Transcriptomics has demonstrated increased photosynthesis in saline conditions for tolerant genotype while the susceptible genotype acted in contrast. Transcriptome also displayed active carbon and amino-acid metabolism for the tolerant genotype. Analysis of metabolites with GC-MS demonstrated the boosted carbohydrate metabolism in the tolerant genotype with increased sugar content as well as better amino-acid metabolism. Accumulation of lysine, valine, and isoleucine in the roots of the susceptible genotype suggested a halted stress response. According to ion content comparison, the tolerant genotype managed to block accumulation of Na+ in the leaves while accumulating significantly less Na+ in the roots compared to susceptible genotype. K+ levels increased in the leaves of both genotype and the roots of the susceptible one but dropped in the roots of the tolerant genotype. Additionally, Zn+2 and Mn+2 levels were dropped in the tolerant roots, while Mo+2 levels were significantly higher in all tissues in both control and saline conditions for tolerant genotype. The results of the presented study have demonstrated the differences in contrasting genotypes and thus provide valuable information on the pivotal molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Niron
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nazire Barlas
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bekir Salih
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Müge Türet
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
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35
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Poretsky E, Huffaker A. MutRank: an R shiny web-application for exploratory targeted mutual rank-based coexpression analyses integrated with user-provided supporting information. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10264. [PMID: 33240618 PMCID: PMC7659623 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid assignment of genotypes to phenotypes has been a historically challenging process. The discovery of genes encoding biosynthetic pathway enzymes for defined plant specialized metabolites has been informed and accelerated by the detection of gene clusters. Unfortunately, biosynthetic pathway genes are commonly dispersed across chromosomes or reside in genes clusters that provide little predictive value. More reliably, transcript abundance of genes underlying biochemical pathways for plant specialized metabolites display significant coregulation. By rapidly identifying highly coexpressed transcripts, it is possible to efficiently narrow candidate genes encoding pathway enzymes and more easily predict both functions and functional associations. Mutual Rank (MR)-based coexpression analyses in plants accurately demonstrate functional associations for many specialized metabolic pathways; however, despite the clear predictive value of MR analyses, the application is uncommonly used to drive new pathway discoveries. Moreover, many coexpression databases aid in the prediction of both functional associations and gene functions, but lack customizability for refined hypothesis testing. To facilitate and speed flexible MR-based hypothesis testing, we developed MutRank, an R Shiny web-application for coexpression analyses. MutRank provides an intuitive graphical user interface with multiple customizable features that integrates user-provided data and supporting information suitable for personal computers. Tabular and graphical outputs facilitate the rapid analyses of both unbiased and user-defined coexpression results that accelerate gene function predictions. We highlight the recent utility of MR analyses for functional predictions and discoveries in defining two maize terpenoid antibiotic pathways. Beyond applications in biosynthetic pathway discovery, MutRank provides a simple, customizable and user-friendly interface to enable coexpression analyses relating to a breadth of plant biology inquiries. Data and code are available at GitHub: https://github.com/eporetsky/MutRank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Poretsky
- Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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36
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Ding Y, Weckwerth PR, Poretsky E, Murphy KM, Sims J, Saldivar E, Christensen SA, Char SN, Yang B, Tong AD, Shen Z, Kremling KA, Buckler ES, Kono T, Nelson DR, Bohlmann J, Bakker MG, Vaughan MM, Khalil AS, Betsiashvili M, Dressano K, Köllner TG, Briggs SP, Zerbe P, Schmelz EA, Huffaker A. Genetic elucidation of interconnected antibiotic pathways mediating maize innate immunity. Nat Plants 2020; 6:1375-1388. [PMID: 33106639 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-00787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Specialized metabolites constitute key layers of immunity that underlie disease resistance in crops; however, challenges in resolving pathways limit our understanding of the functions and applications of these metabolites. In maize (Zea mays), the inducible accumulation of acidic terpenoids is increasingly considered to be a defence mechanism that contributes to disease resistance. Here, to understand maize antibiotic biosynthesis, we integrated association mapping, pan-genome multi-omic correlations, enzyme structure-function studies and targeted mutagenesis. We define ten genes in three zealexin (Zx) gene clusters that encode four sesquiterpene synthases and six cytochrome P450 proteins that collectively drive the production of diverse antibiotic cocktails. Quadruple mutants in which the ability to produce zealexins (ZXs) is blocked exhibit a broad-spectrum loss of disease resistance. Genetic redundancies ensuring pathway resiliency to single null mutations are combined with enzyme substrate promiscuity, creating a biosynthetic hourglass pathway that uses diverse substrates and in vivo combinatorial chemistry to yield complex antibiotic blends. The elucidated genetic basis of biochemical phenotypes that underlie disease resistance demonstrates a predominant maize defence pathway and informs innovative strategies for transferring chemical immunity between crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yezhang Ding
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Philipp R Weckwerth
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elly Poretsky
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katherine M Murphy
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - James Sims
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Evan Saldivar
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Si Nian Char
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anh-Dao Tong
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zhouxin Shen
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karl A Kremling
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Edward S Buckler
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tom Kono
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David R Nelson
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matthew G Bakker
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Martha M Vaughan
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Ahmed S Khalil
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mariam Betsiashvili
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Keini Dressano
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Steven P Briggs
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eric A Schmelz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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37
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Boncan DAT, Tsang SS, Li C, Lee IH, Lam HM, Chan TF, Hui JH. Terpenes and Terpenoids in Plants: Interactions with Environment and Insects. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7382. [PMID: 33036280 PMCID: PMC7583029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions of plants with environment and insects are bi-directional and dynamic. Consequently, a myriad of mechanisms has evolved to engage organisms in different types of interactions. These interactions can be mediated by allelochemicals known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which include volatile terpenes (VTs). The emission of VTs provides a way for plants to communicate with the environment, including neighboring plants, beneficiaries (e.g., pollinators, seed dispersers), predators, parasitoids, and herbivores, by sending enticing or deterring signals. Understanding terpenoid distribution, biogenesis, and function provides an opportunity for the design and implementation of effective and efficient environmental calamity and pest management strategies. This review provides an overview of plant-environment and plant-insect interactions in the context of terpenes and terpenoids as important chemical mediators of these abiotic and biotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delbert Almerick T. Boncan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong;
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Stacey S.K. Tsang
- Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; (S.S.K.T.); (C.L.); (I.H.T.L.)
| | - Chade Li
- Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; (S.S.K.T.); (C.L.); (I.H.T.L.)
| | - Ivy H.T. Lee
- Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; (S.S.K.T.); (C.L.); (I.H.T.L.)
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong;
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ting-Fung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong;
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jerome H.L. Hui
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong;
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; (S.S.K.T.); (C.L.); (I.H.T.L.)
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Lambarey H, Moola N, Veenstra A, Murray S, Suhail Rafudeen M. Transcriptomic Analysis of a Susceptible African Maize Line to Fusarium verticillioides Infection. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1112. [PMID: 32872156 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a staple crop providing food security to millions of people in sub Saharan Africa. Fusarium verticillioides, an important fungal pathogen, infects maize causing ‘Fusarium Ear Rot’ disease, which decreases maize kernel yield and the quality of the crop harvested. Currently, no African maize line is completely resistant to infection by F. verticillioides. This study investigated an African maize line, Zea mays CML144, infected with F. verticillioides. Analysis of morphological characteristics showed significant differences between mock-infected and infected plants. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was conducted on plants 14 days post-inoculation to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in F. verticillioides infection. Analysis of RNA-seq data revealed DEGs that were both significantly up- and down-regulated in the infected samples compared to the mock-infected control. The maize TPS1 and cytochrome P450 genes were up-regulated, suggesting that kauralexins were involved in the CML144 defense response. This was substantiated by kauralexin analyses, which showed that kauralexins, belonging to class A and B, accumulated in infected maize tissue. Gene ontology terms relating to response to stimulus, chemical stimulus and carbohydrate metabolic processes were enriched, and the genes belonging to these GO-terms were down-regulated. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed on selected DEGs and measurement of phytoalexin accumulation validated the RNA-seq data and GO-analysis results. A comparison of DEGs from this study to DEGs found in F. verticillioides (ITEM 1744) infected susceptible (CO354) and resistant (CO441) maize genotypes in a previous study, matched 18 DEGs with 17 up-regulated and one down-regulated, respectively. This is the first transcriptomic study on the African maize line, CML144, in response to F. verticillioides infection.
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Toyomasu T, Shenton MR, Okada K. Evolution of Labdane-Related Diterpene Synthases in Cereals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 61:1850-9. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) are labdane-related diterpenoid phytohormones that regulate various aspects of higher plant growth. A biosynthetic intermediate of GAs is ent-kaurene, a tetra-cyclic diterpene that is produced through successive cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate catalyzed by the two distinct monofunctional diterpene synthases—ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (ent-CPS) and ent-kaurene synthase (KS). Various homologous genes of the two diterpene synthases have been identified in cereals, including rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and maize (Zea mays), and are believed to have been derived from GA biosynthetic ent-CPS and KS genes through duplication and neofunctionalization. They play roles in specialized metabolism, giving rise to diverse labdane-related diterpenoids for defense because a variety of diterpene synthases generate diverse carbon-skeleton structures. This review mainly describes the diterpene synthase homologs that have been identified and characterized in rice, wheat and maize and shows the evolutionary history of various homologs in rice inferred by comparative genomics studies using wild rice species, such as Oryza rufipogon and Oryza brachyantha. In addition, we introduce labdane-related diterpene synthases in bryophytes and gymnosperms to illuminate the macroscopic evolutionary history of diterpene synthases in the plant kingdom—bifunctional enzymes possessing both CPS and KS activities are present in bryophytes; gymnosperms possess monofunctional CPS and KS responsible for GA biosynthesis and also possess bifunctional diterpene synthases facilitating specialized metabolism for defense.
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Karunanithi PS, Berrios DI, Wang S, Davis J, Shen T, Fiehn O, Maloof JN, Zerbe P. The foxtail millet (Setaria italica) terpene synthase gene family. Plant J 2020; 103:781-800. [PMID: 32282967 PMCID: PMC7497057 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoid metabolism plays vital roles in stress defense and the environmental adaptation of monocot crops. Here, we describe the identification of the terpene synthase (TPS) gene family of the panicoid food and bioenergy model crop foxtail millet (Setaria italica). The diploid S. italica genome contains 32 TPS genes, 17 of which were biochemically characterized in this study. Unlike other thus far investigated grasses, S. italica contains TPSs producing all three ent-, (+)- and syn-copalyl pyrophosphate stereoisomers that naturally occur as central building blocks in the biosynthesis of distinct monocot diterpenoids. Conversion of these intermediates by the promiscuous TPS SiTPS8 yielded different diterpenoid scaffolds. Additionally, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP99A17), which genomically clustered with SiTPS8, catalyzes the C19 hydroxylation of SiTPS8 products to generate the corresponding diterpene alcohols. The presence of syntenic orthologs to about 19% of the S. italica TPSs in related grasses supports a common ancestry of selected pathway branches. Among the identified enzyme products, abietadien-19-ol, syn-pimara-7,15-dien-19-ol and germacrene-d-4-ol were detectable in planta, and gene expression analysis of the biosynthetic TPSs showed distinct and, albeit moderately, inducible expression patterns in response to biotic and abiotic stress. In vitro growth-inhibiting activity of abietadien-19-ol and syn-pimara-7,15-dien-19-ol against Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium subglutinans may indicate pathogen defensive functions, whereas the low antifungal efficacy of tested sesquiterpenoids supports other bioactivities. Together, these findings expand the known chemical space of monocot terpenoid metabolism to enable further investigations of terpenoid-mediated stress resilience in these agriculturally important species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prema S. Karunanithi
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California–DavisOne Shields AvenueDavis95616CAUSA
| | - David I. Berrios
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California–DavisOne Shields AvenueDavis95616CAUSA
| | - Sadira Wang
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California–DavisOne Shields AvenueDavis95616CAUSA
| | - John Davis
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California–DavisOne Shields AvenueDavis95616CAUSA
| | - Tong Shen
- West Coast Metabolomics CenterUniversity of California–DavisOne Shields AvenueDavis95616CAUSA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics CenterUniversity of California–DavisOne Shields AvenueDavis95616CAUSA
| | - Julin N. Maloof
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California–DavisOne Shields AvenueDavis95616CAUSA
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California–DavisOne Shields AvenueDavis95616CAUSA
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Murphy KM, Zerbe P. Specialized diterpenoid metabolism in monocot crops: Biosynthesis and chemical diversity. Phytochemistry 2020; 172:112289. [PMID: 32036187 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Among the myriad specialized metabolites that plants employ to mediate interactions with their environment, diterpenoids form a chemically diverse group with vital biological functions. A few broadly abundant diterpenoids serve as core pathway intermediates in plant general metabolism. The majority of plant diterpenoids, however, function in specialized metabolism as often species-specific chemical defenses against herbivores and microbial diseases, in below-ground allelopathic interactions, as well as abiotic stress responses. Dynamic networks of anti-microbial diterpenoids were first demonstrated in rice (Oryza sativa) over four decades ago, and more recently, unique diterpenoid blends with demonstrated antibiotic bioactivities were also discovered in maize (Zea mays). Enabled by advances in -omics and biochemical approaches, species-specific diterpenoid-diversifying enzymes have been identified in these and other Poaceous species, including wheat (Triticum aestivum) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), and are discussed in this article with an emphasis on the critical diterpene synthase and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase families and their products. The continued investigation of the biosynthesis, diversity, and function of terpenoid-mediated crop defenses provides foundational knowledge to enable the development of strategies for improving crop resistance traits in the face of impeding pest, pathogen, and climate pressures impacting global agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Murphy
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Meraj TA, Fu J, Raza MA, Zhu C, Shen Q, Xu D, Wang Q. Transcriptional Factors Regulate Plant Stress Responses through Mediating Secondary Metabolism. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040346. [PMID: 32218164 PMCID: PMC7230336 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are adapted to sense numerous stress stimuli and mount efficient defense responses by directing intricate signaling pathways. They respond to undesirable circumstances to produce stress-inducible phytochemicals that play indispensable roles in plant immunity. Extensive studies have been made to elucidate the underpinnings of defensive molecular mechanisms in various plant species. Transcriptional factors (TFs) are involved in plant defense regulations through acting as mediators by perceiving stress signals and directing downstream defense gene expression. The cross interactions of TFs and stress signaling crosstalk are decisive in determining accumulation of defense metabolites. Here, we collected the major TFs that are efficient in stress responses through regulating secondary metabolism for the direct cessation of stress factors. We focused on six major TF families including AP2/ERF, WRKY, bHLH, bZIP, MYB, and NAC. This review is the compilation of studies where researches were conducted to explore the roles of TFs in stress responses and the contribution of secondary metabolites in combating stress influences. Modulation of these TFs at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels can facilitate molecular breeding and genetic improvement of crop plants regarding stress sensitivity and response through production of defensive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tehseen Ahmad Meraj
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (T.A.M.); (J.F.); (C.Z.); (Q.S.); (D.X.)
| | - Jingye Fu
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (T.A.M.); (J.F.); (C.Z.); (Q.S.); (D.X.)
| | - Muhammad Ali Raza
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Chenying Zhu
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (T.A.M.); (J.F.); (C.Z.); (Q.S.); (D.X.)
| | - Qinqin Shen
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (T.A.M.); (J.F.); (C.Z.); (Q.S.); (D.X.)
| | - Dongbei Xu
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (T.A.M.); (J.F.); (C.Z.); (Q.S.); (D.X.)
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (T.A.M.); (J.F.); (C.Z.); (Q.S.); (D.X.)
- Correspondence:
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Santisree P, Sanivarapu H, Gundavarapu S, Sharma KK, Bhatnagar-Mathur P. Nitric Oxide as a Signal in Inducing Secondary Metabolites During Plant Stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Fu J, Liu L, Liu Q, Shen Q, Wang C, Yang P, Zhu C, Wang Q. ZmMYC2 exhibits diverse functions and enhances JA signaling in transgenic Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Rep 2020; 39:273-288. [PMID: 31741037 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02490-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ZmMYC2 was identified as the key regulator of JA signaling in maize and exhibited diverse functions through binding to many gene promoters as well as enhanced JA signaling in transgenic Arabidopsis. The plant hormone jasmonate (JA) extensively coordinates plant growth, development and defensive responses. MYC2 is the master regulator of JA signaling and has been widely studied in many plant species. However, little is known about this transcription factor in maize. Here, we identified one maize transcription factor with amino acid identity of 47% to the well-studied Arabidopsis AtMYC2, named as ZmMYC2. Gene expression analysis demonstrated inducible expression patterns of ZmMYC2 in response to multiple plant hormone treatments, as well as biotic and abiotic stresses. The yeast two-hybrid assay indicated physical interaction among ZmMYC2 and JA signal repressors ZmJAZ14, ZmJAZ17, AtJAZ1 and AtJAZ9. ZmMYC2 overexpression in Arabidopsis myc2myc3myc4 restored the sensitivity to JA treatment, resulting in shorter root growth and inducible anthocyanin accumulation. Furthermore, overexpression of ZmMYC2 in Arabidopsis elevated resistance to Botrytis cinerea. Further ChIP-Seq analysis revealed diverse regulatory roles of ZmMYC2 in maize, especially in the signaling crosstalk between JA and auxin. Hence, we identified ZmMYC2 and characterized its roles in regulating JA-mediated growth, development and defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingye Fu
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qinqin Shen
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Panpan Yang
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Chenying Zhu
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Xing J, Yu H, Zhang R, Chen Y, Zhang D, Yin P, Tian X, Wang Q, Duan L, Zhang M, Peters RJ, Li Z. Introducing selective agrochemical manipulation of gibberellin metabolism into a cereal crop. Nat Plants 2020; 6:67-72. [PMID: 32015514 PMCID: PMC7194013 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0582-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Use of growth retardants enables post-planting optimization of vegetative growth, which is particularly important given ongoing climate change. Mepiquat chloride is an economical and safe retardant widely applied in cotton farming, but it is not uniformly effective. Here, identification of its molecular target as the ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase that initiates gibberellin biosynthesis enabled the introduction of selective agrochemical inhibition, leaving intact more specialized metabolism important for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yushi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiapeng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyao Chen
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Delin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoli Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liusheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingcai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Zhaohu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.
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Block AK, Hunter CT, Sattler SE, Rering C, McDonald S, Basset GJ, Christensen SA. Fighting on two fronts: Elevated insect resistance in flooded maize. Plant Cell Environ 2020; 43:223-234. [PMID: 31411732 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To grow and thrive plants must be able to adapt to both adverse environmental conditions and attack by a variety of pests. Elucidating the sophisticated mechanisms plants have developed to achieve this has been the focus of many studies. What is less well understood is how plants respond when faced with multiple stressors simultaneously. In this study, we assess the response of Zea mays (maize) to the combinatorial stress of flooding and infestation with the insect pest Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm). This combined stress leads to elevated production of the defence hormone salicylic acid, which does not occur in the individual stresses, and the resultant salicylic acid-dependent increase in S. frugiperda resistance. Remodelling of phenylpropanoid pathways also occurs in response to this combinatorial stress leading to increased production of the anti-insect C-glycosyl flavones (maysins) and the herbivore-induced volatile phenolics, benzyl acetate, and phenethyl acetate. Furthermore, changes in cellular redox status also occur, as indicated by reductions in peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity. These data suggest that metabolite changes important for flooding tolerance and anti-insect defence may act both additively and synergistically to provide extra protection to the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Block
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Charles T Hunter
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Scott E Sattler
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Caitlin Rering
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Samantha McDonald
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Gilles J Basset
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
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Huang W, Bont Z, Hervé MR, Robert CAM, Erb M. Impact of Seasonal and Temperature-Dependent Variation in Root Defense Metabolites on Herbivore Preference in Taraxacum officinale. J Chem Ecol 2019; 46:63-75. [PMID: 31832894 PMCID: PMC6954900 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants experience seasonal fluctuations in abiotic and biotic factors such as herbivore attack rates. If and how root defense expression co-varies with seasonal fluctuations in abiotic factors and root herbivore attack rates is not well understood. Here, we evaluated seasonal changes in defensive root latex chemistry of Taraxacum officinale plants in the field and correlated the changes with seasonal fluctuations in abiotic factors and damage potential by Melolontha melolontha, a major natural enemy of T. officinale. We then explored the causality and consequences of these relationships under controlled conditions. The concentration of the defensive sesquiterpene lactone taraxinic acid β-D glucopyranosyl ester (TA-G) varied substantially over the year and was most strongly correlated to mean monthly temperature. Both temperature and TA-G levels were correlated with annual fluctuations in potential M. melolontha damage. Under controlled conditions, plants grown under high temperature produced more TA-G and were less attractive for M. melolontha. However, temperature-dependent M. melolontha feeding preferences were not significantly altered in TA-G deficient transgenic lines. Our results suggest that fluctuations in temperature leads to variation in the production of a root defensive metabolites that co-varies with expected attack of a major root herbivore. Temperature-dependent herbivore preference, however, is likely to be modulated by other phenotypic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
| | - Zoe Bont
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maxime R Hervé
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland.,Inra, Agrocampus Ouest, IGEPP - UMR-A 1349, University of Rennes, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Christelle A M Robert
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland.
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Ahkami AH, Wang W, Wietsma TW, Winkler T, Lange I, Jansson C, Lange BM, McDowell NG. Metabolic shifts associated with drought-induced senescence in Brachypodium. Plant Sci 2019; 289:110278. [PMID: 31623774 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic underpinnings of plant survival under severe drought-induced senescence conditions are poorly understood. In this study, we assessed the morphological, physiological and metabolic responses to sustained water deficit in Brachypodium distachyon, a model organism for research on temperate grasses. Relative to control plants, fresh biomass, leaf water potential, and chlorophyll levels decreased rapidly in plants grown under drought conditions, demonstrating an early onset of senescence. The leaf C/N ratio and protein content showed an increase in plants subjected to drought stress. The concentrations of several small molecule carbohydrates and amino acid-derived metabolites previously implicated in osmotic protection increased rapidly in plants experiencing water deficit. Malic acid, a low molecular weight organic acid with demonstrated roles in stomatal closure, also increased rapidly as a response to drought treatment. The concentrations of prenyl lipids, such as phytol and α-tocopherol, increased early during the drought treatment but then dropped dramatically. Surprisingly, continued changes in the quantities of metabolites were observed, even in samples harvested from visibly senesced plants. The data presented here provide insights into the processes underlying persistent metabolic activity during sustained water deficit and can aid in identifying mechanisms of drought tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir H Ahkami
- The Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, USA.
| | - Wenzhi Wang
- Earth Systems Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, USA
| | - Thomas W Wietsma
- The Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, USA
| | - Tanya Winkler
- The Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, USA
| | - Iris Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Christer Jansson
- The Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, USA
| | - B Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Earth Systems Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, USA.
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Abstract
Drought stress affects growth, morphological and biochemical properties in plants. To develop resistance and adapt to drought, plants need metabolic changes. Adaptations to stress involve changes to gene expression that activate metabolic processes that promote drought resistance and that may include biosynthesis and accumulation of specialized metabolites. Such adaptations in specialized metabolism may be important mechanisms leading to plant stress resistance and involve production of phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoid and nitrogen containing compounds that are species and genotype specific. Most plants having special metabolites to adapt to drought stress belong to different botanical families. C3, C4 and CAM plants, apply both morphological and metabolic mechanisms to adapt to drought as well as to accumulate specialized metabolites. Generally, medicinal plants increase their functional metabolites content, when exposed to drought stress. During drought stress, transcription factors and related pathways for biosynthesis of phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins as well as for stress jasmonate and abscisic acid stress hormones are activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Morteza Zahedi
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Karimi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
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Ding Y, Murphy KM, Poretsky E, Mafu S, Yang B, Char SN, Christensen SA, Saldivar E, Wu M, Wang Q, Ji L, Schmitz RJ, Kremling KA, Buckler ES, Shen Z, Briggs SP, Bohlmann J, Sher A, Castro-Falcon G, Hughes CC, Huffaker A, Zerbe P, Schmelz EA. Multiple genes recruited from hormone pathways partition maize diterpenoid defences. Nat Plants 2019; 5:1043-1056. [PMID: 31527844 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0509-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Duplication and divergence of primary pathway genes underlie the evolution of plant specialized metabolism; however, mechanisms partitioning parallel hormone and defence pathways are often speculative. For example, the primary pathway intermediate ent-kaurene is essential for gibberellin biosynthesis and is also a proposed precursor for maize antibiotics. By integrating transcriptional coregulation patterns, genome-wide association studies, combinatorial enzyme assays, proteomics and targeted mutant analyses, we show that maize kauralexin biosynthesis proceeds via the positional isomer ent-isokaurene formed by a diterpene synthase pair recruited from gibberellin metabolism. The oxygenation and subsequent desaturation of ent-isokaurene by three promiscuous cytochrome P450s and a new steroid 5α reductase indirectly yields predominant ent-kaurene-associated antibiotics required for Fusarium stalk rot resistance. The divergence and differential expression of pathway branches derived from multiple duplicated hormone-metabolic genes minimizes dysregulation of primary metabolism via the circuitous biosynthesis of ent-kaurene-related antibiotics without the production of growth hormone precursors during defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yezhang Ding
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katherine M Murphy
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Elly Poretsky
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sibongile Mafu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Si Nian Char
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Evan Saldivar
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mengxi Wu
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lexiang Ji
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Karl A Kremling
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Edward S Buckler
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Zhouxin Shen
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steven P Briggs
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew Sher
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel Castro-Falcon
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chambers C Hughes
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eric A Schmelz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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